1.Explain the concept of Object Oriented Programming.

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that organizes code into
objects, which are instances of classes. These objects bundle data (attributes) and functions
(methods) that operate on the data, allowing for better code structure and reusability. OOP
models real-world entities, making complex software easier to understand and manage. The
four key principles of OOP are encapsulation (hiding internal details), inheritance (reusing
existing code), polymorphism (using a common interface for different forms), and abstraction
(simplifying complexity). By using OOP, developers can build modular and scalable
applications. It is widely used in languages like Python, Java, and C++.

2.What is JDK? Explain its tools.

JDK (Java Development Kit) is a software development environment used for building Java
applications. It includes the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), an interpreter/loader (Java), a
compiler (javac), an archiver (jar), and other tools needed for Java development.
Key tools in JDK include:
1. javac – the Java compiler that converts source code into bytecode.
2. java – launches Java applications by running the bytecode.
3. javadoc – generates documentation from Java source code comments.
4. jar – packages multiple Java files into a single JAR (Java Archive) file.
5. jdb – a debugger for finding and fixing bugs in Java programs.

3.What is Operator? Explain its types.

An operator is a symbol that performs a specific operation on one or more operands (values or
variables) in a programming language. Operators are used to perform tasks like arithmetic
calculations, comparisons, and logical operations.
There are several types of operators:
1.Arithmetic Operators (e.g., +, -, *, /) for basic math operations.
2.Relational/Comparison Operators (e.g., ==, !=, >, <) to compare values.
3.Logical Operators (e.g., &&, ||, !) for combining boolean expressions.
4.Assignment Operators (e.g., =, +=, -=) to assign values to variables.
5.Bitwise Operators (e.g., &, |, ^) to perform operations at the bit level.

4. Explain the data types available in Java.

n Java, data types specify the type of data that a variable can hold. They are mainly divided into
primitive and non-primitive (reference) data types.

Primitive data types are the basic types and include:

1. byte, short, int, long – for integer values of varying sizes.

2. float, double – for decimal (floating-point) values.

3. char – for a single 16-bit Unicode character.

4. boolean – for true/false values.Non-primitive data types include Strings, Arrays,

Classes, and Interfaces, which are used to store more complex data and are created
by the programmer.
5.What is a Class? Explain the members of it.
A class in Java is a blueprint or template for creating objects. It defines the properties (fields or
attributes) and behaviors (methods) that the objects created from the class will have. A class
groups related data and functions together, promoting modular and organized code.

Members of a class include:

1. Fields/Variables – store the data or state of an object.

2. Methods – define actions or behaviors an object can perform.

3. Constructors – special methods used to initialize objects.

4. Blocks – initializer blocks that run during object creation.

5. Nested classes – classes defined within another class.

6.What is a member function?

A member function (also called a method) is a function that is defined inside a class and is
used to perform operations on the data (fields) of that class. It defines the behavior of objects
created from the class. Member functions can access and modify the attributes of an object.

There are different types of member functions:

1. Instance methods – operate on object instances.

2. Static methods – belong to the class and not to any specific object.

3. Constructors – special member functions used to initialize new objects.

Member functions help in implementing encapsulation and code reuse in object-oriented

programming.

7.Explain the concept of function overloading.

Function overloading is a concept in Java where multiple methods have the same name but
differ in the number, type, or order of parameters. It allows a class to perform similar
operations in different ways depending on the input. The correct method is selected by the
compiler at compile-time based on the arguments passed.

For example:

java

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void show(int a)

void show(String b)

Function overloading increases code readability and flexibility.

8.What is Constructor? Explain its types.
A constructor in Java is a special method that is automatically called when an object is created.
It is used to initialize objects and set initial values for their fields. A constructor has the same
name as the class and does not have a return type, not even void.

There are two main types of constructors:

1. Default Constructor – takes no arguments and assigns default values.

2. Parameterized Constructor – takes arguments to initialize objects with specific values.

Java also allows constructor overloading, where multiple constructors are defined with
different parameter lists.

9.Explain both the Entry controlled loop.

Entry controlled loops are loops where the condition is checked before the loop body is
executed. In Java, the two main entry controlled loops are for loop and while loop.
1. for loop – Used when the number of iterations is known. It has initialization, condition,
and increment/decrement in one line.
java
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for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
// loop body
}
2. while loop – Used when the number of iterations is not known and depends on a
condition.
java
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while(condition) {
// loop body
}
Both loops check the condition first, and if it’s true, only then the loop body is executed.

10.What is Inheritance? Describe its types.

Inheritance is a core concept of Object-Oriented Programming where a class (called child or
subclass) inherits properties and behaviors (fields and methods) from another class (called
parent or superclass). It promotes code reusability, extensibility, and a clear hierarchical
structure.
Types of inheritance in Java:

1. Single Inheritance – One subclass inherits from one superclass.

2. Multilevel Inheritance – A class inherits from a subclass which in turn inherits from
another class.
3. Hierarchical Inheritance – Multiple subclasses inherit from a single superclass.
(Note: Java doesn't support multiple inheritance with classes to avoid ambiguity, but it
is supported through interface
11.Write a program to overload the Constructor.
Here's a simple example in Python demonstrating constructor overloading using default
arguments (since Python doesn’t support traditional constructor overloading like Java or C++):
python
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class Student:
def __init__(self, name="Unknown", age=0):
self.name = name
self.age = age

s1 = Student() # Uses default values

s2 = Student("Alice", 21) # Uses given values
print(s1.name, s1.age)
print(s2.name, s2.age)
Let me know if you want the same in C++, Java, or another language!

12.Write a short note on break and continue statement.

break and continue are control flow statements used in loops.
• The break statement is used to exit a loop immediately, regardless of the loop
condition.
• It is commonly used when a certain condition is met, and there's no need to continue
the loop.
• The continue statement is used to skip the current iteration and move to the next one.
• It is useful when certain conditions make the remaining code inside the loop
unnecessary for that iteration.
• Both statements help in controlling the loop flow more precisely and improving logic
clarity.

13.What is "this" keyword? Why it is used?

The this keyword is a reference variable in object-oriented programming languages like Java and
C++.
• It refers to the current object of the class.
• It is used to distinguish between instance variables and parameters when they have the
same name.
• this can also be used to call other constructors in the same class or to pass the current
object as a parameter.
• It helps improve code clarity and avoids confusion between local and instance
variables.
14.Explain the role of access specifiers in inheritance.
Access specifiers (public, protected, and private) control the visibility of class members during
inheritance.
• Public members of the base class remain public in the derived class.
• Protected members remain accessible in the derived class but are not accessible
outside the class hierarchy.
• Private members are not accessible directly in the derived class.
• These specifiers help enforce encapsulation by controlling access to class properties
and methods.
• The access level also depends on the type of inheritance used (public, protected, or
private inheritance in C++).

15.What is an array? Explain two dimensional array with

example.
An array is a data structure that stores a fixed-size sequence of elements of the same type in
contiguous memory locations.
A two-dimensional array is like a table with rows and columns, often used to represent
matrices or grids.
For example, in C++:
cpp
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int matrix[2][3] = {
{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6}
};
This creates a 2x3 array (2 rows, 3 columns). Elements can be accessed using
matrix[row][column], like matrix[1][2] which gives 6.

16.What is a conditional statement? Describe its type.

A conditional statement allows a program to make decisions based on certain conditions. It
executes different blocks of code depending on whether a condition is true or false.
Types of conditional statements include:
• if: Executes code if a condition is true.
• if-else: Executes one block if true, another if false.
• else-if (or elif in Python): Checks multiple conditions in sequence.
 • switch-case (in languages like C++/Java): Selects code to execute based on the value of
a variable.
These help control the flow of a program logically.

17.Write a program to describe the use of switch case

statement.
Here is a simple example of a switch-case statement in C++:
cpp
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#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int day = 3;
switch(day) {
case 1: cout << "Monday"; break;
case 2: cout << "Tuesday"; break;
case 3: cout << "Wednesday"; break;
case 4: cout << "Thursday"; break;
case 5: cout << "Friday"; break;
case 6: cout << "Saturday"; break;
case 7: cout << "Sunday"; break;
default: cout << "Invalid day"; break;
}
return 0;
}
In this program, the switch-case statement checks the value of day and prints the
corresponding day of the week. If day is 3, it prints Wednesday. The default case handles any
invalid input.

18.What is exception? Explain the exception handling feature

of java.
An exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of a program, typically indicating an error
or an unexpected condition.
In Java, exception handling is done using the following keywords:
 • try: The block of code that might throw an exception.
• catch: The block of code that handles the exception if it occurs.
• finally: A block of code that runs regardless of whether an exception occurred or not
(typically used for cleanup).
• throw: Used to explicitly throw an exception.
• throws: Declares that a method might throw an exception.
Example:
java
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try {
int result = 10 / 0; // This will throw ArithmeticException
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Error: Division by zero.");
} finally {
System.out.println("Execution completed.");
}
This mechanism helps manage errors, ensuring the program continues running or fails
gracefully.

19.What is Applet? How does it work?

An applet is a small Java program designed to be embedded in a web page and run within a web
browser. It is typically used for interactive features like animations, games, or small applications
on a webpage.
Applets work by being downloaded and executed by the browser’s Java plugin. The init(), start(),
stop(), and destroy() methods are used to manage the applet's lifecycle. When an applet is
loaded, the init() method is called to initialize it, followed by start() to begin execution.
Applets are now largely obsolete due to security concerns and the discontinuation of browser
support for Java applets. However, they were once widely used for dynamic content on web
pages.

20.Explain the applet life cycle.

The applet life cycle consists of four key methods, which manage its creation, execution, and
termination:
1. init(): Called once when the applet is first loaded. It is used for initialization, such as
setting up resources.
2. start(): Invoked after init(), or when the applet is resumed after being paused (e.g., when
the page is revisited). It starts the applet's execution.
 3. stop(): Called when the applet is no longer visible (e.g., when the user navigates away
from the page). It is used to stop ongoing activities.
4. destroy(): Called when the applet is being removed from memory, allowing for cleanup
of resources.
These methods allow the applet to manage its state efficiently during its life cycle.
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