Module IV

Data Analytics and Medical Information Processing- Introduction, Non-invasive Health

Data Collection, Body Temperature, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Respiration Rate, Blood
Oxygen Saturation, Blood Glucose Concentration, Biosignal Transmission and Processing,
Medical Imaging, Medical Image Transmission and Analysis, Patient Records and Data
Mining Applications, Knowledge Management for Clinical Applications, Artificial
Intelligence (AI) in Digital Health, Deep Learning, AI in Mobile Health, Virtual Reality (VR)
and Augmented Reality (AR)

N3. In a wearable device, the heart rate was recorded as 78 bpm. Due to signal noise, 10% of
beats were missed. What was the actual heart rate?

Actual HR from 78 bpm with 10% missed

 78 bpm = 90% of actual

 Actual = 78 / 0.9 = 86.67 bpm
Q1. Deep Learning Integration with Biosignal to Early Detect Cardiac Events

Scenario: All parameters of body temperature, breathing, and heart rate are within normal
limits but there is a cardiac event occurring.
Answer:
Problem: Conventional threshold-based monitoring fails to warn for subclinical cardiac
disease like ischemia, silent arrhythmia, or ventricular fibrillation among all seemingly
normally appearing vital signs.

Proposed System:

 Multimodal Sensing: Integrate the usage of ECG, PPG, skin conductance,

accelerometer, and thermal sensors.
 Sensor Fusion Algorithm: Execute feature-level fusion and temporal signal
correlation to achieve optimal sensitivity.
 Deep Learning Architecture: Use LSTM or Transformer-based architectures for
learning temporal patterns and implied temporal variations.
 Context-Aware Layer: Use metadata like patient history, medications, and activity
patterns to imbue biosignal anomalies with context.

Implementation Strategy:

 Train models on big annotated PhysioNet or MIT-BIH datasets.

 Execute real-time inference on embedded platforms for in-device alerting.
 Establish thresholds not as fixed, but dynamic learned patterns from hidden states.
Effect: Enables early, individual, precise detection at considerably reduced rate of false
negatives.

Q2. AR/VR in Chronic Disease Management Beyond Education

Issue: Leverage AR/VR use beyond education to active, feedback-based disease

management.

Solution:
Immersive Intervention to be Prescribed:

 VR Smart Plate: Simulates glucose reaction in diabetic patient's body following

virtual food consumption.
 AR-Based Biofeedback: Real-time BP or insulin forecasts onto devices such as
Microsoft HoloLens during the course of normal activities.
 Gamification Engine: Incentivize behavior change by visually rewarding optimal
vitals management.

Data Flow and Integration:

 Stream vitals through IoT-based wearables.

 Predict disease progression from current behavior by AI cloud models.
 Model personalized health predictions using Digital Twin technology.

Benefits: Enhances long-term compliance, promotes emotional engagement, and enables

precision lifestyle medicine.

Q3. AI for Mobile Health in COVID-19

Task: Predict early respiratory failure in COVID-19 from analysis of SpO₂ trends.

Solution Design:

 Continuous Monitoring: Utilize wearable pulse oximeters with connectivity through

mobile app.
 AI Prediction: Train GRU/Random Forest models to identify deteriorating trends of
SpO₂ over time (e.g., below 93% with slope threshold).
 Decision Logic: Use rate-of-change, time-of-day, and patient comorbidities for
sensitivity of prediction.

Safety & Redundancy:

 Edge Processing: Enable offline alerting in case of poor connectivity.

 Auto-Escalation: Auto-emergency response and doctor alert should be triggered
automatically using telemedicine APIs.
Outcome: Enables timely hospitalization prior to hypoxic deterioration.

Q4. Context-Aware Temperature System

Challenge: Reduce spurious fever alerts due to natural physiological fluctuation.

Solution:
Intelligent Sensing Framework:

 Devices: Employ IR thermometers and skin patches that measure temperature.

 Metadata Inputs: Gender, age, activity level, time of day, stress level (via HRV).
 ML Model: Train a regression model to produce personalized baselines:
o Temp_threshold = f(Age, Gender, Time, HRV, Ambient Temp)

Use: Accurate fever detection in women (menstrual cycle), the elderly (impaired
thermoregulation), and athletes (exercise-induced warming).

Q5. Detection of Tampering with Signals in Blood Glucose Monitoring

Problem: Maintain data integrity of glucose monitoring over wireless networks.

Solution:
Security + AI Framework:

 Error Detection: Verify transmission packets via CRC and parity checks.
 Sequence Integrity: Time-series verification based on temporal continuity (no abrupt
peaks/drops).
 AI Model: LSTM/Autoencoder model trained to detect abnormal progression
patterns.

Data Integrity Measures:

 Blockchain Integration: Immutable logging of glucose values.

 Secure Timestamping: Employing digital signatures for source authentication and
authenticity.

Impact: Enhances dependability in insulin pump activation as well as decision-making.

Q6. BP Monitoring With Micro-Expression AI

Objective: Recognize stress-related hypertensive events that ordinary BP cuffs cannot detect.

Solution:
Multimodal AI Integration:
  Visual Input: Detect micro-expressions (e.g., brow furrow, jaw clench) from facial
cameras.
 Physiological Input: Employ PPG/ECG integration to track heart rate variability
(HRV) and BP variation.
 AI Model: Hybrid CNN+RNN model trained on emotional response data to map
facial features with estimates of stress.

Outcome: Identify hidden hypertension and prevent stress-induced cardiovascular events.

Q7. Deep Learning with Scarce MRI Data

Problem: Train efficient models using sparse MRI data.

Answer:
Approach:

 Data Augmentation: Include rotation, noise injection, and elastic transform for
training data augmentation.
 GANs: Train adversarial models for producing natural synthetic MRIs and
diversifying samples.
 Transfer Learning: Use ImageNet-trained models (ResNet, DenseNet) for medical
imaging and fine-tune.
 Few-shot Learning: Meta-learning techniques for generalizing patterns from few
labeled samples.

Impact: Democratizes AI model training with resource-constrained hospital environments.

Q8. AR Overlay in Orthopedic Surgery

Problem: Balance precision and accuracy in performing real-time surgery through AR.

Solution:
Technical Strategy:

 Employ fiducial markers on tools for precise AR overlay.

 Sensor Fusion: Combine IMU and vision to provide enhanced real-time spatial
mapping accuracy.
 Kalman Filtering: Eliminate hand jitter and pose stabilization.
 Edge Computing + 5G: Keep latency < 20 ms for high-fidelity interaction.

Impact: Improves surgery outcome and minimizes intra-operative navigation error.

POs Associated: PO3 (Design), PO4 (Investigations), PO10 (Communication)

Q9. Filtering of Heart Rate During Marathon

Problem: Minimize motion artifacts of HR signals recorded with wearable sensors.

Solution:
Artifact Reduction Method:

 Bandpass Filtering: Eliminate low-frequency drift and high-frequency noise (0.5–4

Hz).
 Accelerometer Coupling: Identify distortion from motion by tri-axial acceleration.
 ML Reconstruction: Use LSTM or denoising autoencoders to reconstruct original
HR signals from noisy input.

Hybrid Pipeline:
Raw HR → DSP Filtering → ML Noise Suppression → Clean HR Output

Q10. Real-Time Medical Image Transmission

Challenge: Enable timely and high-quality transmission of medical images over low-
bandwidth networks.

Solution:
Optimized Transmission Architecture:

 Progressive Encoding: Use JPEG2000 or wavelet compression for progressive

transmission.
 Adaptive Streaming: QUIC or MPEG-DASH protocols adaptively vary bitrate
according to network bandwidth.
 Edge Cloud Offloading: Locally pre-processing at rural clinic prior to upload.
 QoS Enforcement: DICOM metadata and critical ROI segments are prioritized in
image during packet priority.

Result: Enables successful telemedicine and radiology diagnosis under bandwidth-uncertain

environment.
MODULE-V – 8 hrs

Digital Health for Community Care:

Energy Saving and Safety, Medical Radiation: Risks, Myths, and Misperceptions,
Prognostics in Telemedicine, Telecare, Telecare for Older People, Telemedicine in
Physiotherapy, Quicker Wireless Communications for Enabling Virtual Reality (VR) for
Telemedicine, The Future of Telemedicine and Information Technology for All, Healthcare
Accessibility for Rural Communities, Smart and Assistive Technologies

1. Telecare and Telehealth are distinct from one another. Under what conditions would one
be used in place of the other?

Answer:

 Telecare: Technologies used to offer remote assistance and surveillance, particularly

for those dependent individuals such as the elderly. It is safety and daily living
support oriented.
 Telehealth: A form of telecare that is interested in monitoring clinical data and vital
signs for diagnosis and treatment.

Use-Case:

 Telecare: Older people who may need reminders for medicine or fall alarms.
 Telehealth: Remote monitoring of blood glucose or heart rate in chronically ill
patients.

2. How is mobile phone radiation different from ionizing medical radiation, and are there
safety concerns?

Answer:

 Mobile phone radiation is non-ionizing radio frequency, which does not break DNA.
 Medical radiation (e.g., X-rays) is ionizing and can change cell structures or induce
mutations.

Safety Implications:

 SAR values can be applied to check handset safety.

 Safety precautions include limiting call time and moving away.
 Medical radiation must be controlled dosage under medical supervision.
3. What are some of the common myths about mobile radiation, and how do they get
debunked by scientific facts?

Answer:

 Myth: Mobile phones create cancer.

Fact: Non-ionizing radiation has no energy to kill DNA.
 Myth: More bars = more radiation.
Fact: Weaker signal = more phone transmission, thus more radiation.

Conclusion:
Scientific evidence and WHO recommendations ensure safety with proper usage precautions
such as using headsets and restricting exposure.

4. Describe the application of Virtual Reality (VR) in chemotherapy and physiotherapy. How
is more rapid wireless communication beneficial to it?

Answer:

 For Chemotherapy: VR induces distraction for pain relief and stress reduction.
 For Physiotherapy: VR facilitates interactive accurate motion analysis and
rehabilitation.

Faster Wireless (e.g., 5G) role:

Supports real-time low-latency communication and high-definition video streaming, which
are critical for VR-based healthcare applications.

5. Ways assistive smartphones allow older individuals to stay independent. List significant
features.

Answer:

 Health Monitoring: Heart rate, ECG, blood glucose.

 RFID Integration: Reminders to lock doors, key management.
 Medication Management: Color-coded medication consoles.
 Emergency Alerts: Fall detection, panic buttons.
 Entertainment & Cognitive Support: Music, memory games.

These are designed to enable independent living with integrated safety and caregiver
connectivity.

6. Plot the development of telemedicine's journey from infancy to old age throughout the life
cycle of the patient.

Answer:
  Infants: Infant monitor pressure sensors and cry analysis.
 Youth: Sports injury monitoring and physical activity monitoring.
 Adults: Management of chronic disease by biosensors.
 Older adults: Smart homes-based care and fall detection.

Global Impact:
Wireless technology facilitates round-the-clock, preventive, and personalized care across life
stages.

7. Specify how biosensors and wearable clothes are used in telecare systems. Technical
challenges?

Answer:

 Implant sensors: To monitor ECG, temperature, and motion.

 Biosensors: Offer real-time detection of health anomalies.

Challenges Include:

 Power management
 Data privacy and security
 Integration with IT infrastructure
 Usability and comfort

8. What are rural telemedicine challenges, and how does ICT offer a solution to them?

Answer:
Challenges:

 Destructive network infrastructure

 Low digital literacy
 Limited access to smart devices

ICT Solutions:

 Launch of 3G/4G for increased accessibility

 Wearable devices at affordable prices
 Rural practitioner training programs
 Cloud-based Electronic Health Records (EHR) systems

9. What is the role of telemedicine in prognostics? How does it affect healthcare delivery?

Answer:
  Prognostics uses predictive analytics to predict the patient's future state of health.
 Enables early diagnosis, timely intervention, and tailor-made treatment plans.
 Aids decision-making and optimizes resource allocation with AI-enabled alerting and
monitoring.

10. Why is personalization of dosage required under medical radiation, and what are the
determinants?

Answer:
Purpose:
To accurately diagnose while maintaining the risk of radiation exposure to a minimum.

Determinants Include:

 Patient's metabolic rate

 Kind of diagnostic process
 Body area affected
 Age and history

Tailor-made doses reduce risks such as mutations, tissue damage, or chronic carcinogenicity.