Grammar Explorer 2

Answer Key
UNIT 1 Customs and Traditions 4. Do the bride and groom have
The Present 5. Who does the bride dance
6. What do the bride and groom do
LESSON 1 7. What do the guests do
Simple Present: Statements and Questions 8. Who pays

EXPLORE Exercise 7 SPEAK, page 8

Exercise 2 CHECK, page 5 Answers will vary
1. False
2. True Exercise 8, page 8
3. True 1. [Usually] I am [usually] with friends on my
4. True birthday.
5. False 2. Marco is hardly ever on time for parties.
3. My parents never forget my birthday.
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 5 4. Children aren’t always happy at birthday
A parties.
1. S 5. Does your sister [often] send you photos
2. S [often]?
3. P 6. [Sometimes] Jackie [sometimes] buys
4. P unusual presents for her family [sometimes].
5. S 7. In the United States, brides rarely wear red
dresses.
B 8. I [frequently] go back to my hometown
The verbs with a singular subject end in –s, [frequently].
while the verbs with a plural subject do not. 9. Carlos seldom talks to his brother on the
phone.
LEARN 10. Do you ever visit your cousin in Spain?
Exercise 4, page 6
1. eat PRACTICE
2. does not/doesn’t attend Exercise 9, page 9
3. dance 1. do people usually celebrate
4. invite 2. do not/don’t celebrate
5. do not/don’t pay 3. always wait
6. does not/doesn’t end 4. does krada start
7. provides 5. never begins
8. do not/don’t live 6. always starts
7. do you usually do
Exercise 5 SPEAK, page 6 8. often prepare
Answers will vary 9. usually make
10. always fry
Exercise 6, page 7 11. usually eat
1. Do all brides wear
2. What do people give Exercise 10 SPEAK, page 9
3. Does the bride’s mother cut Answers will vary.

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 1

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 A
Exercise 11, page 10 1. Ukraine; Pentecost, Vanuatu
A 2. bungee jumping; land diving
Answers will vary. Possible answers: 3. Answers will vary.
1. We don’t usually give each other expensive
presents. B
2. I always send my parents a card on their 1. Why do the boys climb the tower?
wedding anniversary. 2. How do the boys jump off the tower?
3. We hardly ever get together as a family. 3. Who digs the ground below the tower?
4. I am never late for family parties. 4. Why do the boys rarely get killed?
5. My family frequently has big celebrations.
6. My parents are always happy to see me. C
7. People in my family aren’t often quiet 1. It is a popular vacation activity.
during meals. 2. They attach themselves to a bungee cord.
8. We rarely spend weekends together. 3. Men dig the ground below the tower.
4. Because the ground is soft.
B
Answers will vary Exercise 14 APPLY, page 11
Answers will vary
Exercise 12 EDIT, page 10
Kenji: How often does your family does get LESSON 2
together? Present Progressive and Simple Present
Raoul: We get together about two or three
times a year, but it’s not always easy. EXPLORE
My brother lives on the West Coast, Exercise 2 CHECK, page 13
and my sister is often is away on 1. the Festival of Lights
business trips. 2. (late) October or (early) November
Kenji: So, where do you meet when you get 3. saris/a(n) (new) sari
together? 4. on the floor
Raoul: Well, we usually go usually to my 5. the goddess of wealth and success
parents’ house. We tries try to get home 6. a happy future for the family
to celebrate their wedding anniversary
every year. Sometimes, my brother and Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 13
I visit each other on our birthdays. Once A
every two or three years we take a 1. happening now
vacation together. I’d like to do it every 2. generally true
year, but it costs a lot of money. 3. happening now
Kenji: Have Do you have a good time with 4. happening now
your brother and sister? 5. generally true
Raoul: Oh, yes, most of the time. We have 6. generally true
sometimes We sometimes
have/Sometimes we have a few B
arguments, just like any family. The verb form includes a helping (or auxiliary)
verb, and the main verb ends in –ing.
Exercise 13 LISTEN, WRITE & SPEAK,
page 11 LEARN

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 2

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Exercise 4, page 14 PRACTICE
1. are lighting Exercise 9, page 17
2. are/’re drawing 1. what are you doing
3. is not/’s not/isn’t celebrating 2. I am/I’m reading
4. is/’s studying 3. They look
5. am not/’m not preparing 4. What are they doing
6. is/’s helping 5. Are they dancing
7. is/’s washing 6. They are/They’re performing
8. are/’re getting 7. Do they do
8. It helps
Exercise 5, page 14 9. they believe
1. are attending 10. Does it work
2. celebrate 11. it never surprises
3. organizes 12. The other team usually pays
4. marks 13. the fans love
5. am making 14. the haka always provides
6. makes
7. have Exercise 10 WRITE & SPEAK, page 17
8. is dancing A
1. What holidays do you enjoy?
Exercise 6, page 15 2. What are your classmates doing right now?
1. What are you doing 3. What do you want for your birthday?
2. am/’m buying 4. Are you doing anything interesting these
3. Where are you living days?
4. am/’m renting 5. Do you and your friends like soccer?
5. Why is your computer making 6. Do you often work on weekends?
6. It is not/’s not/isn’t working 7. What is your class studying this week?
7. Is your phone ringing 8. Where do you usually have lunch?
8. brother is/’s calling
B
Exercise 7 SPEAK, page 16 Answers will vary
Answers will vary.
Exercise 11, page 18
Exercise 8, page 16 1. are; doing
1. Do; like 2. hate
2. love 3. think
3. think 4. don’t believe
4. do; miss 5. am/’m having
5. is/’s tasting 6. tastes
6. wants 7. do not/don’t feel
7. does not/doesn’t belong 8. do not/don’t want
8. Do; have 9. do not/don’t look
9. do not/don’t own 10. need
10. Are; having 11. are talking
11. have
Exercise 12 READ AND WRITE, page 19

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 3

© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
A tomatoes every year. These days the festival is
I come from Venice, Italy, and I really becoming so popular that other countries are
love my city. My favorite time of year is starting to organize their own events similar to
Carnival. People wear masks and beautiful La Tomatina.
costumes and parade through the streets. My
family and I always have a little competition to Exercise 3 LISTEN, page 21
see who has the best costume. My sister is in 1. I am talking about
art school, so she usually wins. The rest of us 2. He’s standing
compete for second prize! 3. Someone’s throwing
4. I don’t think
B 5. do you think
Answers will vary 6. he’s not trying
7. He’s having
Exercise 13 APPLY, page 19 8. you’re telling
Answers will vary 9. people like
10. include
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR 11. needs

Exercise 1, page 20 Exercise 4 SPEAK, page 21

1. Why are you sitting Answers will vary
2. am/’m working
3. have CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO
4. always celebrate WRITING
5. usually visit
6. have Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE
7. what are they doing GRAMMAR, page 22
8. is/’s taking A
9. is/’s working Answers will vary
10. works
11. am/’m not doing B
12. Do you want In February, my family and I usually go
13. hear to the Kila Raipur Sports Festival. Kila Raipur
14. Do you like is a town near my home in India. It’s January
15. love now, and we are planning our trip. We are
looking forward to this tradition. Each year,
Exercise 2 EDIT, page 20 thousands of people attend the festival.
In my town, Buñol, Spain, the local At the festival, people race huge
people are organizing organize a festival called tractors. Men lift bicycles with their teeth. In
La Tomatina every year. It always is starting this photo, men are racing carts pulled by oxen.
starts on the last Wednesday in August, and it This is everyone’s favorite event.
lasts for a week. La Tomatina is a food fight.
Every summer, thousands of local people and C
visitors gets together to throw tomatoes at each When: every year
other. Yes, that’s right—tomatoes! And I’m not Where: Kila Raipur, India
talking about just a few tomatoes. La Tomatina Who: writer and family, thousands of people
is using uses around a hundred tons of

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 4

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What: bicycle lifting with teeth, oxen racing,
tractor racing

Exercise 2 BEFORE YOU WRITE, page 23

Answers will vary

Exercise 3 WRITE, page 23

Answers will vary

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 5

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UNIT 2 Survival B: s/he didn’t
The Past 4. A: Did your friend pay
B: s/he did
LESSON 1 5. A: Did you do
Simple Past B: I didn’t
6. A: Did I disturb
EXPLORE B: you didn’t
Exercise CHECK, page 27 7. A: Did it rain
1. False B: it did
2. True 8. A: Did we have
3. False B: we did
4. True
5. True Exercise 6 SPEAK, page 30
Answers will vary
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 27
A Exercise 7, page 30
Group A Group B 1. did you go
killed had 2. did you see
learned became 3. did the camera belong to
died sent 4. Did Katya write
persuaded taught 5. gave
wanted got 6. did the plan arrive

B PRACTICE
Group A verbs add –ed to form the simple past Exercise 8, page 30
and Group B verbs do not. 1. Did you read
2. What did she say
LEARN 3. came
Exercise 4, page 28 4. found
1. were not/weren’t 5. Did it survive
2. killed 6. took
3. sent 7. she took
4. started 9. She sent
5. were not/weren’t
6. gave Exercise 9 LISTEN & WRITE, page 31
7. saw; called A
8. did not/didn’t change; took 1. did it take
9. studied 2. did you choose
10. did not/didn’t save 3. did you see
4. did they walk
Exercise 5, page 29 5. did the females return
1. A: Did your phone ring
B: it did C
2. A: Did your parents give 1. climbed
B: they didn’t 2. walked
3. A: Did the teacher send 3. laid

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4. returned 3. a
5. kept
6. crowded B
7. fell be + verb + -ing
8. survived
9. came LEARN
10. began Exercise 4, page 35
1. was teaching
Exercise 10 EDIT, page 32 2. were listening
Rolf: Hi, Jun. Did you finished your 3. was playing
assignment about animal survival yesterday? 4. were talking; was not/wasn’t listening
Jun: Hi, Rolf. Yes, I did. I write wrote about 5. was looking
giant pandas in China. 6. were living
Rolf: That’s an interesting choice. How did it 7. were speaking
go? 8. was sitting; was not/wasn’t studying; was
Jun: Oh, it didn’t went go very well. reading
Rolf: What did go went wrong?
Jun: Well, I did a lot of research, but I didn’t Exercise 5 WRITE & SPEAK, page 36
found find much new information. Everyone Answers will vary.
else’s assignments were at least five pages, but
my assignment was only two pages. Exercise 6, page 36
Rolf: What did Professor Blake said say? 1. A: was Berta doing
Jun: She didn’t say anything—she just looked B: She was teaching
at me. 2. A: Were they speaking
Rolf: Well, don’t worry too much. I gave her B: they weren’t
the shortest assignment last week and got the 3. A: Were you waiting
highest grade in the class. She sayed said it was B: I was
excellent! 4. A: were you going
B: I was going
Exercise 11 APPLY, page 32 5. A: was Jane talking
Answers will vary B: She was talking
6. A: were those people cheering
LESSON 2 B: their team was playing
Past Progressive and Simple Past 7. A: were you doing
B: I was cooking
EXPLORE 8. A: Was it snowing
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 34 B: it wasn’t
1. b
2. c Exercise 7 SPEAK, page 37
3. a Answers will vary
4. c
PRACTICE
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 34 Exercise 8, page 37
A 1. were listening
1. b 2. played
2. a 3. stopped

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4. wanted A
5. left 1. Where did your team go?
6. asked 2. How many villages did you visit?
7. broke 3. Who did you talk to in the village?
8. fell 4. What were you doing in the village?
9. was walking 5. Answers will vary
10. stepped
11. bought B
12. was sitting Answers will vary
13. were studying
14. were using LESSON 3
15. saw Past Time Clauses
16. was eating
17. went EXPLORE
18. sat Exercise 2 CHECK, page 40
1. False (A Class 4 avalanche can destroy
Exercise 9, page 37 buildings.)
1. was dying 2. False (Chin was skiing with friends.)
2. was walking 3. True
3. owned 4. False (Chin’s friends did not have to dig him
4. thought out.)
5. arrived 5. True
6. saw
7. was sleeping Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 40
8. opened A
1. In 2011, while he was skiing in the Teton
Exercise 10 EDIT, page 38 Mountains [1], an avalanche started behind
Dr. Anderson and his team made some him.
interesting discoveries during a trip to Siberia 2. When he looked up, trees were snapping all
in Russia. They were studying Xyzyl (hizzle), a around him [1].
local language there. They were visiting visited
five villages during their trip, and they found B
that 50 to 60 people in those communities 1. past progressive
spoke Xyzyl in their daily lives. In one village, 2. simple past
they were talking talked to an eleven-year-old
girl called Kristina. She was knowing knew LEARN
how to speak Xyzyl. Her grandmother was Exercise 4, page 41
teaching her. Kristina was the youngest Xyzyl 1. was skiing; began
speaker in the village. Most of the other Xyzyl 2. reached; was lying
speakers got were getting old. It was clear that 3. lost; was swimming
the Xyzyl language died was dying. Dr. 4. sank; were fishing
Anderson and his team studied the language, 5. cut; was cooking
and they were making made recordings to help 6. was shopping; went off
it survive. 7. found; was walking
8. was preparing; felt
Exercise 11 APPLY, page 38 9. broke; was taking

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 8

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10. heard; was hiking 1. 27
2. 1915
Exercise 5, page 42 3. yes
1. When the storm ended [1], the workers
began to clean up [2]. B
2. When Tuan got out of the hospital [1], he 1. was approaching; became
made plans for a vacation [2]. 2. froze; surrounded
3. We looked out the window [2] when we 3. stayed; made
heard the noise [1]. 4. waited; did not/didn’t release
4. When she saw the fire in her kitchen [1], 5. were arranging; began
Michelle screamed for help [2]. 6. started; decided
5. My son called me [2] when his plane landed 7. were trying; spent
[1]. 8. arrived; received
6. The music started [2] when the bride and
groom walked into the room [1]. Exercise 10 APPLY, page 45
7. When the phone range [1], Isabelle turned A
the TV off [2]. You won’t believe what happened to
8. I called my parents [2] when I received my me tonight! While I was crossing Newton
exam results [1]. Street, a truck went through a red light. The
driver was texting when the light changed. He
Exercise 6, page 42 wasn’t looking at the road. When I jumped out
1. got of the way, I fell onto the sidewalk and cut my
2. put knee. I was wearing my new jeans, too! When I
3. walked got home, I took care of my knee and then
4. told called the police. Fortunately, I got the truck’s
5. heard license number while I was lying in the street.
6. bought
7. started B
8. went Answers will vary

Exercise 7 SPEAK, page 43 C

Answers will vary Answers will vary

PRACTICE D
Exercise 8, page 43 Answers will vary
1. fell
2. waited LESSON 4
3. began Repeated Past Actions: Used To and Would
4. arrived
5. attached EXPLORE
6. read Exercise 2 CHECK, page 47
7. completed 1. False
8. watched 2. False
3. True
Exercise 9 LISTEN, page 44 4. True
A 5. False

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 9

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 3. would/’d play
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 47 4. would/’d eat
A 5. would not/wouldn’t go
1. S 6. would/’d relax
2. S 7. would study
3. R 8. would/’d sit
4. R 9. would/’d run
5. R 10. would/’d go

B PRACTICE
used to and would Exercise 8, page 51
1. discovered
LEARN 2. used to think
Exercise 4, page 48 3. used to hunt
1. Archaeologists used to remove objects from 4. would go
historic sites. 5. wouldn’t come
2. I used to go to museums every weekend 6. killed
when I lived in Berlin. 7. didn’t spend
3. My cousin used to live across the street, but I 8. didn’t grow
didn’t see him much. 9. found
4. Jim didn’t use to like math when he was in 10. used
school.
5. There used to be a supermarket near my Exercise 9 WRITE, page 52
home until last year. Answers will vary.
6. Carole used to play in a band in college.
7. I didn’t use to drive much when I lived Exercise 10 APPLY, page 52
downtown. Answers will vary.
8. Mike used to work in a bank before he got
his new job. REVIEW THE GRAMMAR

Exercise 5, page 49 Exercise 1, page 53

1. Did you use to ride 1. used to believe
2. did you use to do 2. put; was talking
3. Did your family use to live 3. landed; started
4. did your mother use to work 4. would walk
5. did your family use to do 5. did Malik write
6. used to be 6. used to live; moved
7. Did you use to visit 7. Did you use to go; were living
8. did you use to go 8. was driving; broke down
9. wanted
Exercise 6 SPEAK, page 49 10. Were you playing; hurt
Answers will vary.
Exercise 2, page 53
Exercise 7, page 50 1. was sitting; saw
1. would take 2. used to write
2. would not/wouldn’t start 3. tried; happened

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 4. were; used to play CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO
5. Did you have; were learning WRITING
6. went
7. was working; called; did not/didn’t answer Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE
8. used to visit GRAMMAR, page 56
A
Exercise 3 EDIT, page 54 Answers will vary. Possible answers:
Northern India is very hot. The area A river near her house flooded.
gets a lot of rain, but the water disappears very She waited for help on the roof with her family.
quickly because of the heat. Around 1500 years
ago, the people of northern India used to begin B
began to build stepped wells to provide water When I was a young girl, we lived near
for the population. They dug deep holes to a river. Every spring when the snow melted, it
reach water underground, and they were caused the river to rise a few feet. Then the
making made rock walls for the wells. In each level of the river would fall again. One spring,
well, they builded built stone steps and however, the river kept rising.
passages to help people reach the water easily. One day that spring, I looked out my
They often were decorating decorated the walls window. The river was rising very quickly. My
of the passages with beautiful designs. parents came and got me. While the water
The stepped wells were long and
was rising higher, we climbed onto the roof of
narrow. They were cool, dark places, and they
our house. From the roof, I looked down at the
were often having had special rooms away
from the heat. While people were collecting river. It was covering everything in its path.
water, they would took take some time out of My family and I waited on our roof for help. I
their busy day and talk with their neighbors. was losing hope when we were finally rescued.
The wells becomed became important social
centers. Exercise 2 BEFORE YOU WRITE, page 57
Answers will vary
4. Listen & Write, page 54
A Exercise 3 WRITE, page 57
Eric Ben Kooto James Answers will vary
Nerhus Nyaumbe Shaw Morrow
Activity diving working sleeping swimming
on a farm
Animal shark python polar alligator
bear
Place Australia Kenya Canada Florida
Reason the shark he bit the a hunter his
for bit his python’s shot the facemask
Survival belt tail polar protected
bear him

B
Answers will vary

Exercise 5 SPEAK, page 55

Answers will vary

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UNIT 3 Health and Fitness 9. lunches
Nouns 10. beliefs

LESSON 1 Exercise 5, page 62

Plural and Possessive Nouns; Another and Answers will vary
Other
Exercise 6, page 63
EXPLORE 1. Maria’s
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 61 2. nurse’s
1. False 3. students’
2. True 4. children’s
3. False 5. doctors’
4. True 6. baby’s
5. False 7. People’s
8. parents’
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 61
A Exercise 7, page 63
1. healers 1. dentist’s
2. dances 2. building’s
3. people 3. Mrs. Achebe’s
4. women 4. doctors’
5. babies 5. Amy’s
6. patients 6. city’s
7. ceremonies 7. women’s
8. drinks 8. Mark and Sam’s
9. bones
10. scientists Exercise 8, page 64
Answers will vary
B
Most plural nouns are formed by adding an –s Exercise 9, page 64
to the singular form (e.g., plants, dances). The 1. another
plural forms of nouns ending in –y (e.g., baby) 2. Other
are formed by changing the –y to an –i and 3. The other
adding –es (e.g., babies). Some nouns have 4. other
irregular plural forms (e.g., people, women). 5. another
6. The other
LEARN 7. the other
Exercise 4, page 62 8. another
1. Scientists
2. stories Exercise 10, page 65
3. babies 1. one
4. children 2. ones
5. lives 3. one
6. teeth 4. one
7. bananas 5. ones
8. potatoes 6. one

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7. ones (42 degrees Celsius), he or she can die. In a
8. ones burning building, adultes adults can breathe air
at 300 degrees F (149 degrees F) for ten
PRACTICE minutes. Children’s bodys bodies are not as
Exercise 11, page 65 strong.
1. doctor’s COLD: Low temperature’s
2. baby’s temperatures are also very dangerous. In cold
3. patients water, the human body loses heat very quickly.
4. man’s People usually don’t survive for more than 30
5. teachers minutes in water that’s 40 degrees Fahrenheit
6. people (4.4 degrees Celsius).
7. children’s ALTITUDE: Altitude is the
8. feet measurement of height above the level of the
sea. Many people find it difficult to breathe at
Exercise 12 PRONUNCIATION, page 65 15,000 foot feet (4572 meters). Mountain
A climber’s climbers sometimes have serious
1. /əәz/ health problemes problems at very high
2. /s/ altitudes.
3. /z/
4. /s/ Exercise 15 APPLY, page 67
5. /s/ Answers will vary
6. /z/
7. /z/ LESSON 2
8. /z/ Count and Non-Count Nouns
9. /z/
10. / əәz/ EXPLORE
11. / əәz/ Exercise 2 CHECK, page 69
12. / əәz/ 1. b
2. a
Exercise 13, page 66 3. c
1. the other doctor 4. a
2. another bottle of vitamins 5. b
3. The other oranges 6. c
4. another error
5. The other people Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 69
6. Other weeks/The other weeks A
7. another coat 1. The oil from argan nuts is very important to
8. Other students/The other students the people of southwestern Morocco.
2. It adds flavor to food, prevents dry skin, and
Exercise 14 EDIT, page 67 keeps hair soft.
The human body is amazing, but it has 3. Now some companies say that acai helps
limits. Do you know your bodies body’s limits people lose weight.
in these extreme situations? Here are some
helpful facts: B
HEAT: When a person’s body Answers will vary
temperature reaches 107.6 degrees Fahrenheit

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LEARN 3. classes
Exercise 4, page 70 4. assignment
1. hair 5. fun
2. say 6. advice
3. is 7. exercise
4. is; it 8. time
5. stores 9. times
6. An apartment 10. energy
7. time 11. health
8. times
9. information is Exercise 8 LISTEN, WRITE & SPEAK,
10. was page 73
11. is; it A
12. experiences squash, green vegetables, lettuce, cabbage,
oranges
Exercise 5, page 71
1. biology (4) B
2. homework (1) 1. squash
3. food (1) 2. squash
4. cheese (2) 3. oranges
5. fruit (1) 4. oranges
6. coffee (2) 5. green vegetables, lettuce, cabbage
7. experience (3) 6. green vegetables, lettuce, cabbage
8. advice (3)
9. money (1) C
10. energy (3) Answers will vary
11. mail (1)
D
PRACTICE Answers will vary
Exercise 6, page 72
1. fruit is Exercise 9 APPLY, page 73
2. it smells Answers will vary
3. isn’t
4. times LESSON 3
5. look Quantity and Measurement Words
6. They do
7. homework EXPLORE
8. help Exercise 2 CHECK, page 75
9. it’s A
10. time 1. reasons
11. exercise 2. money
12. aren’t 3. teams
4. playing time
Exercise 7, page 72 5. money
1. time
2. homework B

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 14

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1. C 1. a lot of
2. NC 2. glasses
2. C 3. some
4. NC 4. any
5. NC 5. some
6. not many
C 7. slice
1. b 8. much
2. a 9. can
3. b 10. teaspoons
4. b 11. bottle

LEARN Exercise 8 SPEAK, page 78

Exercise 4, page 76 Answers will vary
1. some
2. Many Exercise 9, page 78
3. a few 1. a lot of
4. any 2. jar; pound
5. much 3. any; bowl; piece
6. A lot of 4. much; some
7. some 5. bar; a little
8. some
9. many Exercise 10 LISTEN, WRITE & SPEAK,
10. many page 79
11. a little A
12. much Answers will vary

Exercise 5, page 77 B
1. slices Diet Low- Vegetarian Vegan Paleo
2. tube Comparisons Fat Diet Diet Diet
3. sheet Diet
4. piece vegetables ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
5. sticks fruit ? ✓ ✓ ✓
6. loaves grain ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗
7. bar meat/protein ✓ ? ? ✓
8. bowl dairy ✓ ✓ ? ?
9. pieces sugar ? ✓ ✓ ✗
10. gallons
11. piece
C
12. quart
Answers will vary
Exercise 6 SPEAK, page 77
D
Answers will vary
Answers will vary
PRACTICE
E
Exercise 7, page 78
Answers will vary

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 8. advice
Exercise 11 EDIT & SPEAK, page 80
A Exercise 3, page 81
I wasn’t always fit. I used to eat many a 1. many
lot of fast food, such as hamburgers and pizza, 2. a few
and I didn’t get many much exercise. I wasn’t 3. Many
very happy. I wanted to lose any some weight 4. any
and feel fit and healthy. I didn’t want to go on a 5. a lot of
special diet. Much Many diets have a lot of 6. a few
rules, and I want to enjoy a sheet slice of pizza 7. some
or a jar bowl of ice cream sometimes. Then, a 8. a little
little few months ago, I found a great new 9. some
fitness plan online. The plan lets me eat 10. many
different kinds of food. I even have dessert a
little few times a week. I take a walk or ride my Exercise 4 EDIT, page 82
bike every morning. Now I’m fit and healthy, Much Many species of wild animals are
and I feel great! dying out. This is a huge problem. The healths
health of one group of living things often
B depends on another group of living things. This
Answers will vary is true for humans, too.
An A good example of this is in
Exercise 12 APPLY, page 80 Cambodia. In 2000, scientist Jenny Daltry took
Answers will vary a team of scientists into Cambodia’s
Cardamom Mountains. She wanted to make a
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR list of the different kinds of animals there.
Daltry’s team discovered much many plants.
Exercise 1, page 81 The crocodiles help keep the marsh areas wet
1. a and alive. They dig mud out of the marshes and
2. a help keep a water there, even during the dry
3. some season. As a result, other animals have a good
4. some source of waters water. This is also helpful to
5. a humans.
6. a
7. some Exercise 5 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 83
8. a A
9. some Speaker 1: c, e
10. an Speaker 2: a, g
Speaker 3: h
Exercise 2, page 81 Speaker 4: b
1. machines Speaker 5: d, f
2. equipment
3. fruit B
4. apples Answers will vary
5. fact
6. information C
7. suggestions Answers will vary

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 Answers will vary
CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO
WRITING Exercise 3 WRITE, page 85
Answers will vary
Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE
GRAMMAR, page 84
A
Answers will vary

B
Nouns (Adjective) Quantity Word +
+ Noun (Adjective) + Noun
(with or
without
a/an)
Count your body any shoes
a long walk any fancy machines
comfortable Some people
shoes several miles
30 minutes a lot of drills
an hour
a safe way
a week
Other people
your mind
Non- The best little time
Count exercise a lot of expensive
appropriate clothing
clothing little money
additional a lot of stress
pain

C
Answers may vary. Possible answers:
Reason 1: It’s easy and inexpensive.
Supporting Facts:
1. You only need a comfortable pair of
shoes and some appropriate clothing.
2. It only takes 30 minutes to an hour.
Reason 2: It’s a safe way to stay fit.
Supporting Facts:
1. It doesn’t put a lot of stress on your
body.
2. It doesn’t cause additional pain.

Exercise 2 BEFORE YOU WRITE, page 85

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 17

© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
UNIT 4 Going Places 7. you
Pronouns, Prepositions, and Articles 8. us

LESSON 1 Exercise 6, page 91

Personal Pronouns and Possessive 1. your; mine
Adjectives 2. His; him; hers
3. Our
EXPLORE 4. theirs
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 89 5. yours; mine
1. c 6. Ours
2. b 7. his
3. a; d
4. c Exercise 7, page 92
1. There
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 89 2. it’s
A 3. there
1. Peter and Kate 4. its
2. Peter and Kate’s flight 5. they’re
3. Peter 6. their
4. Bikes 7. their
5. People in Mexico City 8. It’s
9. Its
B 10. it’s
Position in Sentence
Subject Object Possessive Exercise 8, page 92
Adjective 1. yourself
It them your 2. himself
I their 3. yourselves
4. themselves
LEARN 5. myself
Exercise 4, page 90 6. ourselves
1. He 7. itself
2. them 8. herself
3. it
4. She, it PRACTICE
5. They Exercise 9, page 93
6. He; it 1. yours
7. us 2. Your
3. mine
Exercise 5, page 90 4. it
1. It 5. my
2. them 6. me
3. her 7. myself
4. him 8. your
5. me 9. Their
6. It; it 10. It’s

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11. them Prepositions of Time, Place, and Direction
12. ourselves
EXPLORE
Exercise 10, page 93 Exercise 2 CHECK, page 97
1. his; he; himself 1. c
2. I; myself; me 2. b
3. yours/his/hers/theirs; mine 3. c
4. their; they; her
5. itself; its Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 97
6. our; ourselves A
7. I; my; it; his Phrases about Time Phrases about Place
8. yourself; She; hers for many years; from in the Atlantic; from
season to season; In many countries; in the
Exercise 11, page 94 October; In the winter islands’ clear waters;
1. my From above; to
2. I underwater caves; in
3. We the Bahamas; on
4. our Earth; at the surface;
5. them below that; to the sea
6. It
7. us B
8. we In both columns: from, in
In one column: for, on, at, below, to
Exercise 12 LISTEN, page 94
A LEARN
1. Ricardo Exercise 4, page 98
2. Lara 1. for
3. Eva 2. in
4. Aaron 3. in
4. on; until
B 5. on; at
Name What happened? Why? 6. at; in
1. Ricardo He was seasick. He forgot 7. for
his medicine. 8. at
2. Lara She cut herself on a piece
of broken glass. Exercise 5 SPEAK, page 98
3. Eva She lost her balance and fell Answers will vary
down. She hurt her
shoulder. Exercise 6, page 99
4. Aaron He dropped his phone into 1. in
the sea. 2. on
3. at
Exercise 13 APPLY, page 95 4. on
Answers will vary 5. in
6. at
LESSON 2 7. in

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8. at Balyolu (pronounced bal-yoll-oo) is
Turkish for “honey road.” It is also the name of
Exercise 7, page 99 an unusual tour on in northeastern Turkey.
1. behind Catherine Jaffee is a woman from
2. under Colorado in the United States. At In 2008, she
3. across went to Turkey and traveled for two years.
4. between When she reached Kars, a historic region on in
5. toward Turkey, she thought of an idea for a tour.
6. from About 900 years ago, Kars was in on the Silk
7. outside Road, an important trading route from between
8. near Europe and China. Kars was an important
trading center in during/at that time. Jaffee
PRACTICE became fascinated by the way people in Kars
Exercise 8 SPEAK, page 100 earn their living: beekeeping and making
A honey.
1. to Jaffee created a travel experience for
2. for visitors that also helped local people. On a
3. from Balyolu tour, travelers walked several miles a
4. until day at for seven days. They passed under
5. in through many areas with beautiful scenery.
6. at Along the way, the walkers met beekeepers and
7. for their families and tasted different kinds of
8. from honey. It was the perfect trip for anyone with a
9. to sweet tooth!
10. on
11. across Exercise 11 LISTEN, page 102
12. at 1. in Paris
13. between 2. on July 6th
14. on 3. for one month
15. toward 4. in the Latin Quarter
5. at (about) 8 o’clock in the evening
B 6. outside a bookstore/beside the river
Answers will vary 7. in a café/in cafés
8. before the trip
Exercise 9, page 101
1. on May 3rd Exercise 12 APPLY, page 102
2. at the airport Answers will vary
3. at three o’clock
4. in the morning LESSON 3
5. at night Articles
6. on Monday
7. to/into a new house EXPLORE
8. at 24 Oak Road Exercise 2 CHECK, page 104
1. False
Exercise 10 EDIT, page 101 2. False
3. True

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4. False 6. A
5. True 7. some
6. False 8. an
9. Ø
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 104 10. The
The second sentence of each pair is about a
specific thing. Exercise 9 READ, LISTEN & SPEAK, page
108
LEARN A
Exercise 4, page 105 1. a
1. the 2. the
2. a 3. some; the
3. The 4. Ø; the
4. some 5. The; a
5. The 6. a
6. the 7. The
7. The 8. The; Ø
8. a
B
Exercise 5, page 106 1. an
1. National parks are interesting places to visit. 2. a
2. Bikes are fast and cheap. 3. Ø
3. Boats are a slow way to travel. 4. a
4. Cruises are expensive. 5. a
5. Taxis are hard to find at night. 6. The
6. Cars are convenient, but they cost a lot. 7. The
7. Backpacks are useful items. 8. a
8. Explorers have interesting jobs.
C
Exercise 6, page 106 1. False (Kent Couch owns a gas station.)
1. G 2. True
2. G 3. True
3. S 4. False (They expected to fly at a height of
4. S 15,000–18,000 feet.)
5. G 5. False (Each man had a small gun.)
6. S 6. False (The weather in the north was bad.)
7. G 7. True
8. S 8. False (Their journey was not a success.)

PRACTICE D
Exercise 7, page 107 Answers will vary
1. A
2. a Exercise 10 APPLY, page 109
3. some Answers will vary
4. The
5. Some LESSON 4

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© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Articles with Place Names
Exercise 6, page 113
EXPLORE 1. the
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 111 2. Ø
1. Portsmouth, New Hampshire 3. The
2. all over the United States and Canada 4. The
3. the Mojave Desert 5. Ø
4. the Museum of Modern Art 6. the
5. the Plaza Hotel 7. the
8. the
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 111 9. Ø
A 10. the
Place Names with The Place Names 11. Ø
Without The 12. the
the United States Canada
the Rocky Mountains Portsmouth, New PRACTICE
the Mojave Desert Hampshire Exercise 7 SPEAK & WRITE, page 114
the Mississippi River New England A
the Museum of Mount Rushmore Famous Places Locations
Modern Art San Diego 1. the Burj Al Arab a. Ø Japan
the Plaza Hotel New York City Hotel d
the Empire State Grand Central 2. the Great Pyramid b. the Himalayas
Building Station of Giza e
the Brooklyn Bridge Fifth Avenue 3. the Sydney Opera c. Ø Rio de Janeiro
Central Park House f
4. Ø Mount Everest b d. Ø Dubai
B 5. Ø Copacabana e. Ø Egypt
We use the before names of mountain ranges, Beach c
some countries, deserts, rivers, buildings, and 6. the Louvre Museum f. Ø Australia
bridges. g
7. Ø Haneda Airport a g. Ø Paris
LEARN
Exercise 4, page 112 B
1. the Answers will vary
2. Ø; the
3. Ø; Ø C
4. Ø; the Answers will vary
5. Ø
6. The; Ø; the; the Exercise 8 EDIT, page 115
7. The I just got back from a great business trip
8. the to the South America. The trip started in Peru
9. Ø; Ø with two sales meetings in the Lima. Then, I
10. Ø; the flew to Venezuela for a meeting with clients in
the Valencia. They also have an office in the
Exercise 5 SPEAK, page 113 Philippines. I want to go there someday! The
Answers will vary second week I was in Chile. I had some free

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 22

© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
time, so I went skiing in the Andes. The B
scenery was amazing! Answers will vary. Possible answers:
I arrived at the Logan Airport in Boston The Public Newbury Faneuil Hall
last night. I like to travel, but it’s nice to be Garden Street Marketplace
home—the New England is really beautiful this beautiful in a beautiful near the
time of year. the spring and street; popular waterfront;
summer; has shopping are; easy to get to
Exercise 9 APPLY, page 115 a lot of has expensive by public
Answers will vary flowers; a shops; a nice transportation;
nice place to place to meet good place to
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR go for a walk, friends and meet up with
sit on a park window shop; friends; has
Exercise 1, page 116 bench to read good fantastic
1. your and relax, or restaurants in seafood; a
2. she’s have a picnic; the area; popular
3. for very peaceful; restaurants tourist spot;
4. Ø ice skating in have tables an important
5. in the winter outside in the part of the
6. from summer city’s history;
7. Ø a good place
8. some to take out-of-
9. her town visitors
10. by
11. a C
12. an Answers will vary

Exercise 2 EDIT, page 116 Exercise 4, page 117

Last year, I took a vacation to the Answers will vary
Singapore with my sister Ana. We went at in
September and had a great time. We stayed at a CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO
nice hotel, and the food there was delicious. WRITING
We visited all of a the popular tourist places.
We also went shopping in on Orchard Road, Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE
one of the main shopping areas. At In the GRAMMAR, page 118
evenings, we would sit at an outdoor café and B
talk until late in at night. It was a wonderful Last summer I went to Italy with my
vacation. I want to go back there someday! friends Maria and Beth. One day we woke up
early in the morning and drove to a town on the
Exercise 3 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 117 coast. From there, we took a boat to a small
A island. This island is now my favorite place in
1. b the world!
2. b I loved the colorful fishing boats on the
beach and the pretty pink houses. The weather
was perfect and the people were friendly. In
fact, while we were looking at the boats, a
fisherman waved to us. He and his wife invited

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 23

© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
us to have lunch with them. We had a picnic
lunch by the sea. In the afternoon, we walked
along the beach and had coffee at an outdoor
café. When it was time to leave, I didn’t want
to go!

C
Where did she go? to an island; to Italy
When did she visit last summer
this place?
Who was there? the writer, her
friends, a fisherman
and his wife
What did she do? drove to a town on
the coast; took a boat
to a small island; had
a picnic lunch by the
sea; walked along the
beach; had coffee at
an outdoor café
What did she see? colorful fishing
boats; the beach;
pretty pink houses;
an outdoor café

Exercise 2 BEFORE YOU WRITE, page

119
Answers will vary.

Exercise 3 WRITE, page 119

Answers will vary.

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© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
UNIT 5 A Changing World read read read
The Present Perfect
Exercise 6 WRITE & SPEAK, page 125
LESSON 1 Answers will vary
Present Perfect: Statements and Questions
Exercise 7, page 126
EXPLORE 1. Have you visited South Africa?
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 122 2. What have you learned this week?
1. b 3. Has Bill started his new job?
2. b 4. Have you read the news today?
3. a 5. Where (in Europe) have you been (in
Europe)?
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 123 6. What have you eaten today?
A 7. Who has been absent this week?
1. a 8. Who has she called today?
2. b
Exercise 8, page 126
B 1. Have you and Scott visited
Answers will vary 2. Has he read
3. have you done
LEARN 4. has she gone
Exercise 4, page 124 5. Has it stopped
1. has/’s become 6. have they decided
2. has not/hasn’t helped 7. Has she finished
3. has/’s been 8. has had
4. have not/haven’t heard
5. has/’s gone Exercise 9, page 127
6. has not/hasn’t read 1. yet
7. have not/haven’t spoken 2. never
8. have/’ve done 3. already
9. has/’s called 4. lately
10. has/’s seen 5. just
11. has/’s returned 6. still
12. have not/haven’t eaten 7. yet
8. lately
Exercise 5, page 125
A Exercise 10 SPEAK, page 127
Base Form Simple Past Past Answers will vary
Participle
be was/were been Exercise 11 WRITE & SPEAK, page 128
become became become A
hear heard heard 1. the population of the Earth has grown to
go went gone over seven billion
do did done 2. human activity has caused changes in the
speak spoke spoken climate
see saw seen 3. Average temperatures have risen

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4. Most of this increase has happened recently Exercise 4, page 132
5. Temperatures in the Arctic have increased 1. since 2009
6. The ice has begun to melt 2. for a long time
7. Sea levels have risen 3. since the 1990s
8. Climate change has already affected many 4. for several years
groups of people 5. for many years
6. Since April
B 7. for two years
Answers will vary 8. For five years

Exercise 12 LISTEN, page 129 Exercise 5, page 133

1. He’s just found 1. Life has changed a lot since
2. I’ve just changed 2. Since his cell phone broke,
3. We’ve eaten 3. we have not/haven’t spoken to her
4. Where have you been 4. I have not/haven’t seen Alicia
5. Who’s finished 5. Since I got a smartphone,
6. Has she ever been 6. Jack has been to Australia twice
7. I’ve never flown 7. the students have enjoyed all of the classes
8. Have they sold; yet 8. I have not/haven’t had any problems with it

Exercise 13 APPLY, page 129 PRACTICE

Answers will vary Exercise 6 WRITE & SPEAK, page 134
A
LESSON 2 1. have been; since
Present Perfect with For and Since 2. have enjoyed; for
3. have/’ve used; for
EXPLORE 4. has/’s had; since
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 130 5. have not/haven’t bought; for
1. False 6. has taken; since
2. True 7. have not/haven’t received; since
3. True 8. has sent; since
4. False
5. True B
Answers will vary
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 131
A Exercise 7 LISTEN, page 134
1. for many years A
2. for a long time phone: 2
3. Since Paro first appeared in 2005 Internet connection: 3
4. since 2008 MP3 player: 1

B B
1. a 1. have you had
2. b 2. had
3. for
LEARN 4. for

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© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
5. has been Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 137
6. I’ve had A
7. recently 1. indefinite time
8. since 2. definite time
9. ’s been 3. indefinite time
10. I’ve been 4. definite time
11. for
12. We’ve had B
13. hasn’t worked the present perfect
14. we lost
LEARN
Exercise 8 EDIT, page 135 Exercise 4, page 138
1. A: That’s a nice watch, Paulo. I don’t 1. Have you ever visited
think I’ve saw seen it before. 2. I looked
B: I’ve only had it since for two weeks. 3. did you think
It was a birthday present from my 4. I haven’t seen
parents. 5. I found
2. A: I’ve been on a diet for two months 6. I started
ago. 7. have read
B: Oh, how much weight have you lost? 8. watched
A: Not much, but I have felt so much 9. surprised
better since I started my diet. 10. looked
3. A: How long are have you been
interested in music, Anna? Exercise 5, page 138
B: Oh, I’ve loved music since I am was 1. Have you seen
a child. My mother used to sing to me 2. watched
all the time. 3. have not/haven’t seen
4. A: Kazu, you speak French! I didn’t 4. Did you enjoy
know that. 5. were
B: Yeah, I took it in high school. But I 6. liked
don’t speak haven’t spoken French for 7. Have you seen
several years. I’ve forgotten a lot. 8. have not/haven’t watched

Exercise 9 APPLY, page 135 Exercise 6, page 139

Answers will vary 1. has/’s been
2. was
LESSON 3 3. used
Present Perfect and Simple Past 4. have/’ve used
5. lived
EXPLORE 6. have lived
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 137 7. has/’s taught
1. b 8. taught
2. c
3. c Exercise 7, page 140
4. a 1. have not/haven’t seen
2. did not/didn’t see

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3. Did you talk written several successful apps for cell phones.
4. Have you talked For example, he has produced a dictionary app,
5. has/’s answered a translation app, and a sports app for soccer
6. answered fans. Some of these apps have received
7. ate international attention, and Sakalala has
8. have/’ve eaten already made almost $400,000 from his work.
But Sakalala is most proud of Uganda
PRACTICE Theme. This is an app that changes the display
Exercise 8 READ & WRITE, page 140 on cell phones with pictures and sounds from
1. has increased his country. When it has appeared on the
2. was Internet, it immediately has become became
3. has grown one of the most popular downloads in the
4. spoke world that week.
5. have designed
6. built Exercise 12 APPLY, page 143
7. appeared A
8. came Janice: Have you ever visited Europe?
9. have become Logan: Yes I’ve been there several times.
10. have allowed Janice: Oh really? Where have you been?
Logan: I’ve been to Italy, France, and Spain.
Exercise 9, page 142 Janice: When did you go to Spain?
1. I finished Logan: I went last summer with some friends.
2. Have you read
3. I have/I’ve read B
4. did you read Answers will vary
5. I read
6. did you think LESSON 4
7. I found Present Perfect Progressive
8. You enjoyed
9. you have not/haven’t read EXPLORE
10. I have not/haven’t had Exercise 2 CHECK, page 145
11. I have/I’ve spent 1. b, e, g
12. I borrowed 2. b, e, d, g
13. I have not/haven’t started 3. a, b, c, e, g
4. a, b, e, g
Exercise 10 WRITE & SPEAK, page 142 5. b, e, f, g
Answers will vary
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 145
Exercise 11 EDIT, page 143 A
Abdu Sakalala is a 22-year-old student 1. still happening
in Uganda. His life has changed when a phone 2. still happening
company has run ran a training course for 3. finished
software developers in Uganda last year. 4. still happening
Sakalala attended the course and then he has 5. still happening
started creating his own apps (programs) for
mobile phones. Since then, Sakalala wrote has B

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The verb of the actions that are still happening 2. you have not/haven’t been exercising
has an –ing ending. 3. I have not/haven’t had
4. I have/I’ve been working
LEARN 5. has/’s it been going
Exercise 4, page 146 6. I have/I’ve just finished
1. have/’ve been reading 7. you have/you’ve been looking
2. have been living 8. I have/I’ve already told
3. has/’s been changing 9. have you read
4. have been earning 10. I have/I’ve been trying
5. have not/haven’t been teaching
6. have been visiting Exercise 9 WRITE & SPEAK, page 149
7. have been writing Answers will vary
8. has been growing
9. have been using Exercise 10 LISTEN, WRITE & SPEAK,
10. have not/haven’t been helping page 149
A
Exercise 5, page 147 1. b
1. What have you been doing recently? 2. b
2. How long has he been living here?
3. Have you been eating a healthy diet? B
4. Has she been going to class? 1. Where has Lars lived all his life?
5. Why has he been shouting? 2. What has/What’s been happening to the
6. Have you been playing the piano for a long ground under Kiruna recently?
time? 3. What has/What’s changed in Kiruna so far?
7. Why has Andre been working on weekends 4. What have the Sami people been doing for
lately? hundreds of years?
8. Who has been teaching the class this week? 5. How have the Sami people’s lives changed?
9. What have you been reading lately?
10. Have you been studying a lot lately? C
Answers will vary
Exercise 6 SPEAK, page 147
Answers will vary D
Answers will vary
Exercise 7, page 148
1. have/’ve changed Exercise 11 APPLY, page 150
2. have/’ve been working Answers will vary
3. have you owned
4. has/’s gone REVIEW THE GRAMMAR
5. have/’ve been using
6. have you been reading Exercise 1, page 151
7. has/’s taken 1. have left/have been leaving
8. has/’s had 2. have returned/have been returning
3. left
PRACTICE 4. returned
Exercise 8, page 148 5. has fallen/has been falling
1. have you seen 6. left

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7. was A
8. have been discussing Answers will vary

Exercise 2, page 151 B

1. have known a
2. since
3. left C
4. crossed 1. has changed; hasn’t changed
5. settled 2. ’ve been using; appeared
6. hasn’t been cleaning 3. came
7. saved 4. received
8. has gone 5. didn’t say
9. has been sending 6. has been shutting
10. for 7. has been

Exercise 3 EDIT, page 152 Exercise 5 SPEAK, page 153

Moyenne Island in the Seychelles was Answers will vary
deserted and forgotten for fifty years. Then, in
1964, British newspaper editor Brendon CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO
Grimshaw has bought the island. He moved WRITING
there nine years later, and lived has lived/has
been living there ever since. Exercise 1, page 154
When Grimshaw moved to Moyenne A
Island, it has been was empty. Small trees and Answers will vary.
bushes covered the land, and there weren’t any
paths. Grimshaw wanted to take care of the B
island, so he asked a local man, Rene The sun went down three hours ago.
Lafortune, to help him. Since the two men have Since then, it’s gotten very dark. The moon has
started working, they has have planted 16,000 risen, and the stars have been appearing in the
trees. Some of the first trees have now been sky.
growing grown to over 60 feet tall. The two Many birds, butterflies, and small
men have also built more than three miles (5 animals have disappeared for the night. Others
km) of nature paths. have become active. A raccoon is in my yard.
Grimshaw has been working hard on It’s been coming into my yard every night this
his project since for around forty years, and winter. I hear an owl. I’ve heard it a few times
today Moyenne Island is a huge success story. before.
Since Grimshaw bought the island, it have has Since the sun went down, it’s become
attracted about 2000 new birds. Grimshaw has much colder. The temperature has already
also raised over 100 giant tortoises on the dropped six degrees. I’ve put on a warm
island. sweater, socks, and slippers. I like a lot of
Since 2008, Moyenne Island was has things about winter, but not the cold!
been a national park. It is a beautiful example
of how one person’s dream can change at least C
a small area of the world. Recent Event: The sun went down.
Changes: The moon has risen.
Exercise 4 LISTEN, page 153 The stars have been appearing

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 30

© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
 in the sky.
Many birds, butterflies, and
small animals have disappeared.
Others have become active.
It’s become much colder.
The temperature has dropped six
degrees.
I’ve put on a warm sweater,
socks, and slippers.

Exercise 2 BEFORE YOU WRITE, page

155
Answers will vary

Exercise 3 WRITE, page 155

Answers will vary

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 31

© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
UNIT 6 Appearances and Behavior
Adjectives and Adverbs 5. Crocodiles have sharp teeth and powerful

LESSON 1 jaws.
Adjectives
That crocodile looks hungry.
EXPLORE
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 159 Exercise 5, page 160
1. False 1. The bear’s fur looks soft.
2. False 2. That is an enormous crocodile.
3. False 3. Kangaroos have strong legs.
4. True 4. Pandas are shy animals.
5. True 5. The zoo has a great exhibit.
6. False 6. Australia has an interesting history.

Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 159 Exercise 6, page 161

A 1. school nurse
1. cute; popular 2. desk drawer
2. very fierce 3. furniture design
3. deep; sharp 4. leather coat
4. harmful 5. car keys
5. water; high 6. computer store
7. grocery bag
B 8. orange juice
1. ✓
2. ✗ Exercise 7, page 161
3. ✓ 1. shoes; shoe
4. ✓ 2. car; cars
3. movie; movies
LEARN 4. mountain; mountains
Exercise 4, page 160 5. books; book
6. restaurant; restaurants
1. Koalas have thick fur. 7. vegetable; vegetables
8. apartment; apartments
2. Thieves didn’t take the angry koala.
Exercise 8, page 162
They were afraid of its sharp claws. 1. big apartment
2. good Mexican
3. Australia is enormous, and 3. round glass
4. nice new winter
Australian animals are fascinating. 5. interesting historical
6. strange old stone
4. The zoo helps sick animals. 7. beautiful green silk
8. great old
The koala appeared ill, but it seems healthy 9. long and sharp/sharp and long
now. 10. impressive and beautiful modern

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 1. b
PRACTICE 2. c
Exercise 9, page 163 3. b
1. favorite 4. c
2. amazing
3. colorful 3 DISCOVER, page 166
4. green A
5. brown 1. wears
6. attractive 2. sat
7. terrible
8. nice B
Adverbs of manner usually come after the verb
Exercise 10, page 164 or after the verb + object. Do not put adverbs
1. common farm animals of manner between the verb and the object.
2. long brown hair
3. an exciting and interesting city/an exciting, LEARN
interesting city/an interesting and exciting Exercise 4, page 167
city/an interesting, exciting city 1. proudly
4. a kind and friendly person 2. quietly
5. small green leaves 3. bravely
6. a scary black spider 4. early
7. a wonderful new shoe store 5. clearly
8. delicious Indian food 6. well
7. honestly
Exercise 11 APPLY, page 164 8. quickly
A 9. hard
1. police 10. fast
2. TV
3. art Exercise 5, page 168
4. phone 1. My brother doesn’t drive safely.
5. grocery 2. We worked hard last semester.
6. computer 3. Journalists write their reports quickly.
7. fire 4. Martina walked (slowly) along the beach
8. train (slowly).
5. The professor didn’t (completely) answer my
B question (completely).
Answers will vary 6. The mail arrived early.
7. The children played (happily) in the yard
C (happily).
Answers will vary 8. I held the baby gently.

LESSON 2 Exercise 6, page 168

Adverbs 1. Steven’s assignment sounds somewhat
boring.
EXPLORE 2. This song is extremely popular.
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 166 3. Elsa’s shoes looked quite expensive.

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© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
4. The discussion ended pretty quickly. I need some advice. I had an interview
5. This software doesn’t seem very helpful. for a job as a DJ at my local radio station, but I
6. I was so tired last night. was unsuccessfully unsuccessful. I’ve had a lot
7. That movie was really scary. of experience as a DJ, and I work very hard. I
8. Liza speaks Russian fairly well. wore a new nice nice new suit to the interview,
and I felt pretty confidently confident when I
Exercise 7, page 169 left my house.
1. weaker Before the interview, I read some
2. stronger interview tips and techniques online. For
3. stronger example, one said, “Copy the interviewer’s
4. weaker movements closely.” Well, I tried that
5. stronger technique, but the interviewers didn’t seem to
6. weaker like it very much. Anyway, I didn’t get the job.
7. stronger Now I’m real really confused. I know I made a
8. stronger few mistakes in the interview, but nothing
really bad. At first, I was nervously nervous but
PRACTICE that was because I arrived lately late. When the
Exercise 8, page 169 interview started, I spoke loudly, smiled
1. suddenly frequently, and talked a lot—well, until they
2. happy asked me to stop. Also, I didn’t ask any
3. hard questions, but in general, I thought it went
4. well good well. Where did I go wrong?
5. proudly
6. cheap; good Thanks,
7. quickly; clearly Kevin in Ohio
8. bad; badly
C
Exercise 9, page 170 Answers will vary
1. nice
2. happily
3. terrific
4. healthy
5. regularly
6. active
7. well
8. beautifully
9. curious
10. frequently
11. interesting
12. great

Exercise 10 EDIT, LISTEN & SPEAK, page

170
A
Hi, Jessica and Mark,

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© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
D Venus is a pet famous famous pet cat.
Kevin’s Behaviors Radio Expert’s She even has her own social networking page.
(Mark’s) Advice She has also appeared on national TV.
1. wore a suit Bad choice. Dress Many people are interested in Venus
appropriately. because she has an unusual appearance, as you
2. arrived late Bad choice. You can see! One half of her face is black with an a
cannot be late. Get green eye, and the other half has stripes orange
there early. orange stripes and a blue eye. How does
3. copied the Bad choice. something like this happen?
interviewers Dangerous. They can According to Leslie Lyons, a professor
think you are making at the University of California, Davis, cats like
fun of them. Venus are extremely rare. Cats with orange and
4. spoke loudly Bad choice. Speak blacks black coats are not unusual. However,
clearly. cats with different colored eyes are unusually
5. smiled frequently Good choice. unusual. This means Professor Lyons is much
6. didn’t ask questions Bad choice. Ask more interested in the real mystery about
questions. Write Venus: her blue beautiful beautiful blue eye.
down questions
beforehand and bring Exercise 3 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 173
them with you. A
1. b
2. a
E
3. b
Answers will vary
4. b
5. a
Exercise 11 APPLY, page 171
Answers will vary
B
Answers will vary
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR
Exercise 4 SPEAK & WRITE, page 173
Exercise 1, page 172
Answers will vary
1. unhappy
2. angry
CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO
3. bad
WRITING
4. hard
5. carefully
Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE
6. good
GRAMMAR, page 174
7. well
A
8. completely
Answers will vary
9. very
10. very
11. smart and studious
12. successful

Exercise 2 EDIT, page 172

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B
The yellow-tailed woolly monkey is a
very rare animal. It has thick brown fur and
white hair around its mouth. The monkey is
named for the bright yellow fur underneath its
long, curled tail. These monkeys live in a small
area in the high mountains of Peru. With their
long arms and legs and powerful tail, they
move quickly through the forests.
Unfortunately, these monkeys have lost
a lot of their natural habitat. Farms and cattle
ranches are some of the reasons for this. People
are now working hard to protect these amazing
animals.

C
Appearance yellow-tailed woolly
monkey; very rare;
thick brown fur;
white hair; bright
yellow fur; long,
curled tail; long arms
and legs; powerful
tail
Habitat (where it small area; high
lives) mountains; natural
habitat
Movements or move quickly
Behavior

Exercise 2 BEFORE YOU WRITE, page

175
Answers will vary

Exercise 3 WRITE, page 175

Answers will vary

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 36

© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
UNIT 7 Tomorrow and Beyond 8. Will the museum be open on major
The Future holidays?

LESSON 1 Exercise 5, page 182

Future with Will and Be Going To 1. Are you going to do
2. I am/I’m going to go
EXPLORE 3. are you going to see
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 179 4. Phil and I are going to take
1. Virgin Galactic/Space Adventures 5. they are/they’re going to love
2. Virgin Galactic 6. are you and Phil going to do
3. Space Adventures 7. We are/We’re going to attend
4. Space Adventures 8. Are you going to study
9. I am/I’m not going to do
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 179 10. I am/I’m going to sleep
A
1. take Exercise 6 SPEAK, page 183
2. have Answers will vary
3. experience
4. be cheap PRACTICE
Exercise 7 LISTEN, page 183
B 1. ’m going to buy
a 2. ’s going to go
3. aren’t going to spend
LEARN 4. will be
Exercise 4, page 180 5. ’m going to be; ’ll wait
A 6. will open
1. will get 7. won’t be
2. will visit 8. won’t like
3. will/’ll talk
4. will have Exercise 8 WRITE & SPEAK, page 184
5. won’t be A
6. will open 1. Are you going to take classes here next
7. will remain semester?
8. will be 2. What are you going to do this weekend?
9. won’t want 3. Will you be in class on Wednesday?
10. will welcome 4. Will people visit Mars someday?
11. won’t miss 5. How will people travel in the future?
6. When are you going to call your parents?
B
1. When will the museum open? B
2. What will the astronauts talk about? Answers will vary
3. Where will the new exhibits be?
4. What will visitors see?
5. Will there be activities for children?
6. When will the exhibit close?
7. Will there be new exhibits every year?

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© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Exercise 9 LISTEN, WRITE & SPEAK, Exercise 11 APPLY, page 185
page 184 Answers will vary
A
Glenn Sylvia Mark LESSON 2
Two be a pilot finish join the Using Present Forms to Express the Future
Years medical Air
school Force EXPLORE
Five start be a be a Exercise 2 CHECK, page 187
Years astronaut doctor flight 1. False
training engineer 2. True
Ten be in go on her work for 3. True
Years space first space NASA 4. False
mission 5. True

B Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 187

Answers will vary. Sample answers: A
1. When will Glenn be in space? Simple Present Present Progressive
2. What is Mark going to do in two years? doesn’t start are you coming
3. When will Mark work for NASA? begins ’m leaving
4. When is Glenn going to start astronaut save ’s going
training? finishes ’re giving
5. What is Sylvia going to be in five years? have

C B
Answers will vary 1. future
2. The simple present refers to schedules and
Exercise 10 EDIT, page 185 the present progressive refers to personal plans.
I grew up in a house with a big yard and
a lot of room to play. However, I don’t think LEARN
that children of the future are going to be so Exercise 4, page 188
lucky. The world’s population will continues 1. does; begin; begins
continue to increase, and this means all of us 2. does; leave; leaves
will live in smaller homes. I think some big 3. does; arrive; arrives
cities in Asia, such as Seoul and Singapore, 4. do; start; do not/don’t start
will serves serve as models for the cities of the 5. do not/don’t open
future. People are going to live in high-rise 6. does; get; gets
apartment buildings. These apartment buildings 7. closes
are going to be cheaper, safer, and more 8. does not/doesn’t leave
practical than separate houses. 9. does; start; starts
There are going to be more advances in 10. finish; has
electronics. Also, people will/are going to have
more entertainment choices in their homes in Exercise 5, page 189
the future. We won’t to go out very often to 1. I am/I’m working
watch movies or concerts. Movie theaters will 2. When are they leaving
go out of business in the future. 3. We are/We’re going
4. Is Craig graduating

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5. He is not/isn’t having 4. b
6. I am/I’m meeting 5. b
7. Where are you going
8. What are you doing Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 193
9. Are you visiting A
10. How are you getting 1. I have
2. you read
Exercise 6 SPEAK, page 189 3. it’s
Answers will vary
B
PRACTICE the simple present
Exercise 7, page 190
1. are you doing LEARN
2. I’m just spending Exercise 4, page 194
3. she’s not coming 1. I’ll carry
4. is speaking 2. I’m going to visit
5. is talking 3. It’s going to snow
6. does it start 4. will be
7. Are you handing 5. is going
8. I don’t understand 6. are going
9. starts 7. I’m staying
10. are meeting 8. is going to have
11. are you meeting 9. I’ll lend
10. I’m going to take
Exercise 8 LISTEN, page 190
1. future; tomorrow Exercise 5, page 194
2. future; next Thursday 1. b/c
3. present; every morning 2. a/c
4. present; right now 3. b
5. future; this afternoon 4. b/c
6. future; on Friday 5. c
7. present; every week 6. b
8. present; right now 7. b
8. a/c
Exercise 9 APPLY, page 191 9. c
Answers will vary 10. a

LESSON 3 Exercise 6, page 196

Comparison of Future Forms; Future Time 1. After I finish my homework (1), I’m going
Clauses to bed (2).
2. When I finish this book about coral reefs (1),
EXPLORE I am going to write my essay.
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 193 3. Lulu is going to call the office (2) as soon as
1. a she receives the information (1).
2. b 4. My sister will read all the instructions (1)
3. a before she uses her new phone (2).

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 39

© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
5. I’ll start cooking dinner (2) when you get 2. When Rui and Fatima arriva, we’re going to
home (1). have dinner./We’re going to have dinner when
6. My brother is going to buy a new computer Rui and Fatima arrive.
(2) when he receives his next paycheck (1). 3. Barbara is going to buy a few things before
7. After I go to the gym (1), I’m going to go to she goes home./Before she goes home, Barbara
the supermarket (2). is going to buy a few things.
8. I’ll clean the living room (1) before our 4. When Mary calls, I’m going to ask about the
guests arrive tonight (2). test./I’m going to ask about the test when Mary
9. I’ll help you (2) as soon as I send this e-mail
calls.
(1). 5. As soon as she finishes law school, she is
10. After she graduates from college (1), she’s going to move to Ohio./She’s going to move to
going to move to Toronto (2). Ohio as soon as she finishes law school.
6. When I finish my homework, I’m going to
Exercise 7, page 196 go for a run./I’m going to go for a run when I
1. After the rain stops, we’re going to take a finish my homework.
walk. 7. Before he sells his house, he’s going to paint
2. Louise will go back to work as soon as she is it./He’s going to paint his house before he sells
better. it.
3. I’ll let you know as soon as my plane lands 8. After I make dinner, I’m going to watch the
in Paris. news./I’m going to watch the news after I make
4. Andy will be surprised when I arrive at his dinner.
birthday party.
5. Before I leave, I will show you that website. Exercise 10 SPEAK, page 198
6. They’re going to take some photos of the Answers will vary
Alps when they visit Switzerland.
7. When my sister saves enough money, she is Exercise 11 EDIT, page 198
going to buy a car. A Canadian company wants to build an
oil pipeline in central Canada. It carries will
PRACTICE carry oil from Alberta to the coast of British
Exercise 8, page 196 Columbia, over 700 miles (1120 km) away.
1. are you doing The pipeline will carrying carry oil to the
2. I’m going to watch coast, where big ships will to collect the oil for
3. are you going to watch the next stage of its journey. The pipeline will
4. starts create a new market for Canadian oil in China
5. does it end and other Asian countries.
6. ends Unfortunately, the plan is going to take
7. Are you going to go the pipeline through the Great Bear Rainforest.
8. I’m giving Many people do not want this to happen. The
9. I’ll watch building of the pipeline will threatens threaten
10. I’ll record animals such as the Kermode Bear. Also, some
of the local people think that the ships are
Exercise 9, page 197 going to cause problems. They are afraid that
1. After I talk to Hans, I’m going to write my one of the ships will spill oil when it will
assignment./I’m going to write my assignment travels along the coast of British Columbia.
after I talk to Hans.
Exercise 12 APPLY, page 199

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© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
A
Answers will vary Exercise 3 LISTEN, WRITE & SPEAK,
page 201
B A
1. is going to answer; calls Speaker 1: Matt—learn to play the guitar
2. When she speaks with Frank, she is/’s going Speaker 2: Tammy—run a marathon
to ask/will ask him about the lion’s diet.
3. is/’s going to call; interviews B
4. is going to use/will use; talks 1. Plans: take a class at a music store; practice
5. finishes; is going to leave/will leave every day; listen to music a lot
6. As soon as she leaves her office, she is going Prediction: I won’t become famous. I probably
to go/will go to the store. won’t be very good.
7. When she goes to the store, she is going to 2. Plans: buy a new pair of running shoes; join
buy/will buy her mother’s birthday present. a running club; enter some short races
8. is going to get/will get; does Prediction: It’s going to be really hard. I’ll get
in great shape.
C
Answers will vary C
Answers will vary
D
Answers will vary Exercise 4 WRITE & SPEAK, page 201
Answers will vary
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR
CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO
Exercise 1, page 200 WRITING
1. I will/I’ll talk; I send
2. do you finish/will you finish; I will/I’ll call; I Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE
leave GRAMMAR, page 202
3. does the library close; it closes A
4. Are you going (to go); I am/I’m leaving, is Answers will vary

Exercise 2 EDIT, page 200 B

Counting zebras in the wild has always Answers will vary. Possible answers:
been difficult. However, counting zebras 1. more people will use them
becomes will become much easier in the future 2. they will take us places quickly and safely
thanks to a new computer program called 3. people will want them when they are cheap
Stripespotter. In the future, scientists will just 4. they will be good for the environment
take photos of zebras. After they will take 5. they will use less fuel than cars
photos of the zebras, Stripespotter is doing will 6. they will also take up less space, so we
do the rest of the work. It will to examine the won’t need as many large parking lots
stripes on each zebra. The pattern of a zebra’s 7. there will be more space for parks and trees
stripes is like the barcode on a product at the 8. there will be more personal transporters at
supermarket. Each one is different. After airports and in large factories
scientists are going to collect enough photos, 9. workers at airports and factories will find
they are having will have an accurate record of them very helpful and convenient
the zebra population.

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 41

© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
10. police officers, letter carriers, and security
guards will probably find them very useful in
their work

C
When they become cheaper; When workers at
these places try them; as soon as I can

Exercise 2 BEFORE YOU WRITE, page

203
Answers will vary

Exercise 3 WRITE, page 203

Answers will vary

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 42

© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
UNIT 8 Consumer Society 3. calls more often than
Comparatives and Superlatives 4. rings more loudly than
5. shops more frequently than
LESSON 1 6. types more quickly than
Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs 7. sings worse than
8. studies harder than
EXPLORE
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 207 Exercise 7, page 210
1. F 1. than yours
2. F 2. than
3. T 3. than I do
4. F 4. more expensive
5. did
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 207 6. mine
A 7. than Kelly’s did
1. wider 8. than he is
2. more responsible
Exercise 8, page 210
B 1. than mine (is)
1. long 2. than his father (does)
2. short 3. than Chad’s (is)
4. than she (did)
LEARN 5. than ours (is)
Exercise 4, page 208 6. than yours (does)
1. more quiet than/quieter than 7. than theirs (is)
2. more important than 8. than her sister (does)
3. nicer than
4. bigger than PRACTICE
5. more efficient Exercise 9, page 211
6. better than 1. worse than
7. easier than 2. older than
8. worse than 3. more modern
9. hotter 4. cheaper than
10. farther than 5. happier/more happy
6. more often than
Exercise 5, page 209 7. bigger
1. better than; more quickly than; more often 8. nicer than
than 9. larger
2. harder than; more frequently than; longer 10. more frequently than
than
3. more rapidly than; more easily than; more Exercise 10, page 211
carefully than 1. larger than; smaller than
2. lighter than; heavier than
Exercise 6, page 209 3. newer than; older than
1. works more efficiently than 4. cheaper than; more expensive than
2. keeps time more accurately than 5. more quickly than; more slowly than

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© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
6. more reliably than 4. as carefully as
7. more quietly than 5. as warm as
8. better than 6. as comfortable as
7. as fast as
Exercise 11 LISTEN, page 212 8. as frequently as
1. green coat; It is more comfortable.
2. family car; It is cheaper to run. Exercise 5, page 215
3. yellow roses; They are much fresher. 1. Desktop computers are as popular as laptops
4. downtown; It is much more convenient for (are).
work. 2. Microwave ovens work as well as regular
5. black boots; The black ones will last longer. ovens (do).
6. small TV; The picture is clearer. 3. Motorcycles go as fast as cars (do).
4. This hotel room is as big as my apartment
Exercise 12 APPLY, page 212 (is).
Answers will vary 5. A smartphone sends messages as quickly as
a laptop (does).
LESSON 2 6. My mother speaks English as well as my
Comparisons with (Not) As … As and Less father (does).
7. Gabi goes shopping as often as Linda (does).
EXPLORE 8. Trains are as comfortable as airplanes (are).
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 214
1. False Exercise 6, page 216
2. True 1. aren’t as nice as
3. True 2. less fashionable than
3. True 3. is not/isn’t as stylish
5. False 4. less expensive
6. False 5. is not/isn’t as fancy as
6. is not/isn’t as efficient
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 214 7. does not/doesn’t make coffee as quickly
A 8. does not/doesn’t taste as good
1. equal
2. not equal Exercise 7, page 217
3. not equal 1. My watch is not/isn’t as attractive as yours.
4. not equal 2. Sally’s shoes are less fancy than Jill’s.
5. equal 3. Adam does not/doesn’t exercise as
6. equal frequently as he used to.
4. This supermarket is less expensive than the
B one across the street.
1. as 5. The actor’s new movie is less exciting than
2. than his last one.
6. This gym is not/isn’t as convenient as the
LEARN one near my house.
Exercise 4, page 215 7. This review is not/isn’t as positive as that
1. as effective as one.
2. as well as 8. The new tablet starts up less quickly than the
3. as useful as old one.

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© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
 6. find movies as easily as
PRACTICE 7. is as good as
Exercise 8, page 217 8. is less helpful than/is not/isn’t as helpful as
1. is not/isn’t as big as
2. is not/isn’t as heavy as Exercise 11 APPLY, page 219
3. less expensive Answers will vary
4. did not/didn’t take photos as often as
5. not as complicated as LESSON 3
6. less difficult Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs
7. as nice as
8. as good as EXPLORE
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 221
Exercise 9 EDIT, page 218 1. dirty
***** A Huge Success! 2. difficult
Our family loves this! Our last 3. a popular
playhouse was much less exciting than the 4. often
Jolly Roger. It was also less attractive as than 5. art
this one. And this is really an important point:
it wasn’t as safe as. –Maria Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 221
A
*** Hard to Build Adjectives with –est Adjectives with most
My kids enjoyed this, but for me, high cold exciting interesting
putting it together was just as hard as building dirty windy attractive expensive
a real pirate ship! It’s true that I probably don’t tough big
build things as quickly as a lot of other people
do. And maybe I’m not as good with tools as B
they do are, but I still think this product should a
be less complicated than it is! –Sam
LEARN
**** Fun for Younger Kids Exercise 4, page 222
My four-year-old son says this play 1. The biggest
structure is as fun as a real pirate ship! He 2. the worst
plays in it as often as he can, but my six-year- 3. the most difficult
old daughter isn’t as enthusiastic as he is about 4. the most experienced
it. I’m a little disappointed because she uses it 5. (the) farthest
less often then than I expected. –Lin 6. the easiest
7. the most quickly
Exercise 10, page 219 8. the highest
1. is as cheap as 9. the best
2. is less expensive than/is not/isn’t as 10. the stupidest/the most stupid
expensive as
3. is not/isn’t as high as Exercise 5, Listen & Speak, page 223
4. adds new movies less frequently A
than/doesn’t/does not add new movies as 1. most efficiently
frequently as 2. the most beautiful
5. is less difficult than/is not as difficult as 3. the worst

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 45

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4. most frequently rainfall. But to the camel, it is home. The camel
5. the most important is one of the most strong strongest animals in
6. the most interesting the world. Camels can go for many days with
7. the closest only a little food and water. When they do find
8. the smartest water, they probably drink the most quickly of
any land animal. Adult camels can drink about
B 25 to 30 gallons (95–114 liters) in ten minutes.
Answers will vary Unfortunately, finding water is not the
seriousest most serious problem camels face.
Exercise 6, page 224 Most The most dangerous threat to camels
1. This is the least popular state park in comes from humans. Tourists in the desert
California. leave trash behind. Camels think the trash is
2. Canada is the largest country in North food and eat it. This is very dangerous for the
America. camels, because it can kill them.
3. Tokyo has the biggest population in Japan. One of the most polluted parts of the
4. This is the least expensive apartment in the desert is outside the city of Abu Dhabi. Each
building. year, many camels die there from eating trash.
5. Alan drives the fastest of my three brothers. Cameron Oliver has been trying to change this.
6. Jane is one of the most intelligent students in Since he was eight years old, Cameron has
her class. been telling people that trash is very dangerous
7. That was one of the least interesting classes for camels. Of all the young people in Abu
I’ve ever taken. Dhabi, Cameron has worked most hard the
8. Mel works the least efficiently of all the hardest to help the camels. When he was 12,
people in this office. Cameron became the most young youngest
9. This is the cheapest computer in the store. person to win an Abu Dhabi award for
10. That’s one of the prettiest streets in this community service.
city.
Exercise 10 APPLY, page 226
Exercise 7 SPEAK, page 224 A
Answers will vary 1. Mount Everest is the highest mountain on
Earth.
PRACTICE 2. The cheetah is the fastest animal in the
Exercise 8, page 225 world.
1. the most modern 3. The Nile River is the longest river in the
2. the rarest world.
3. one of the worst things 4. The Pacific Ocean is the widest ocean on
4. one of the best things Earth.
5. the most important thing 5. Australia is the smallest continent.
6. the most convenient place 6. The blue whale is the largest animal on
7. the least expensive Earth.
8. the least helpful salesperson/salespeople 7. Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth.
8. Mercury is the closest planet to the sun.
Exercise 9 EDIT, page 225
The Arabian Desert in the Middle East B
is one of the most hot hottest environments on Answers will vary
Earth, and it has the less least amount of

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 46

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C overall. They had one of the most bad
Answers will vary worst scores in the housing category.
• Americans had the lowest overall score
D of all the nationalities in the survey.
Answers will vary Food was the only category in which
Americans did not score lower then
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR than the other nationalities.

Exercise 1 READ & WRITE, page 227 Exercise 3 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 229
A A
1. the greenest 1. greener than
2. the least green 2. more carefully than
3. greener 3. as hard as
4. not as green as 4. more difficult
5. not as concerned as/less concerned than 5. more popular
6. the most concerned 6. as quickly as
7. more concerned than 7. more comfortable
8. not as concerned as/less concerned than 8. easier
9. as responsibly as
10. the most responsibly B
11. less responsibly than Answers will vary
12. the least responsibly
C
B Answers will vary
Answers will vary
Exercise 4 WRITE & SPEAK, page 229
Exercise 2 EDIT, page 228 Answers will vary
• According to a recent Greendex survey,
people in India were the most green CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO
greenest in the world. They scored WRITING
lower in transportation than the Chinese
were did, but they scored the highest Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE
higher than the Chinese in three other GRAMMAR, page 230
categories. A
• Mexicans were more concerned about Answers will vary
green transportation as than green food
or goods. For them, the low lowest B
score of all was in the housing category. I needed to buy a new sleeping bag for
• Germans scored as highly in the a winter camping trip. So, I went to a camping
transportation category than as they did store and compared three different brands of
in the food category. However, they sleeping bags: Ultra Comfort, Snowy Down,
were least less concerned about housing and Northern Trek. I wanted to look at each
than goods. sleeping bag very carefully. For winter
• The Japanese were one of the least camping, the Snowy Down had the highest
concerned nationality nationalities rating. But in some ways, the other two
sleeping bags were better than the Snowy

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 47

© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Down. Of the three sleeping bags, the Snowy
Down was the warmest, but it was also the
most expensive. The Northern Trek cost less
than the Snowy Down, but it was also the most
expensive. The Northern Trek cost less than the
Snowy Down, but it was just as expensive as
the Ultra Comfort. The Ultra Comfort was
warmer than the Northern Trek. Finally, the
Ultra Comfort was lighter than the other
sleeping bags, so it was easier to carry.
I decided not to get the Northern Trek
for camping outside. It wasn’t as warm as the
other sleeping bags. But we were having a mild
winter, and I didn’t need the warmest kind of
sleeping bag. So I looked more closely at the
lightest sleeping bag, the Ultra Comfort. That’s
the one I chose.

C
Product Ultra Snowy Northern
Details Comfort Down Trek
Cost as the most less than
expensive expensive Snowy
as the Down
Northern
Trek
Warmth warmer the warm
warmest
Weight lightest heavier heavier
than Ultra than
Comfort Ultra
Comfort

Exercise 2 BEFORE YOU WRITE, page

231
Answers will vary

Exercise 3 WRITE, page 231

Answers will vary

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© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
UNIT 9 The Natural World 2. e
Conjunctions and Adverb Clauses 3. a
4. f
LESSON 1 5. g
Conjunctions 6. d
7. h
EXPLORE 8. b
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 234
1. d Exercise 7, page 238
2. a 1. so do
3. e 2. neither is
4. c 3. does not/doesn’t either
5. b 4. did too
5. so has
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 235 6. neither will
A 7. is too
1. a 8. neither has
2. a
3. b Exercise 8, page 238
1. a/b
B 2. c
Answers will vary 3. a/c
4. b
LEARN 5. a/b
Exercise 4, page 236 6. b/c
1. and 7. a
2. or 8. a/c
3. and
4. so PRACTICE
5. but Exercise 9, page 239
6. or 1. or the day after
7. so 2. , but she doesn’t like roses
8. but 3. , so I’m not hungry
4. and learn to play it
Exercise 5, page 236 5. , but the tickets are very expensive
1. or 6. and a sleeping bag
2. , but 7. or go for a walk
3. and 8. , so she is free tonight
4. , so
5. , but Exercise 10, page 239
6. or 1. my brother has not/hasn’t either
7. and 2. Aunt Jill does too
8. , so 3. neither are the red ones
4. so has Jane
Exercise 6 SPEAK, page 237 5. I am/I’m not either
1. c 6. neither does his brother

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7. their parents do too
8. so will Sally B
Answers will vary. Sample answer:
Exercise 11 EDIT, page 240 The giant redwood is found in California, and
• Saguaros can reach a height of over 40 so are other types of redwood trees. They are
feet (12.2 meters), so but in their first tall and wide. Their leaves are long and flat.
ten years they only grow around one Their roots are shallow but strong. The tallest
inch (2.54 cm). trees are in deep valleys, and so are the oldest
• The fruit of the saguaro is red, so and it trees.
contains around 2000 seeds. It is very
tasty, but and/so it is popular with local C
people. Answers will vary
• Saguaros grow arms, but so they have
room for a lot of flowers and fruit. This Exercise 13 APPLY, page 241
gives them a better chance to Answers will vary
reproduce.
• The largest known saguaro is in LESSON 2
Maricopa County, Arizona, in the Adverb Clauses: Cause and Contrast
United States. It is 45.3 feet (13.8 m)
tall and 10 feet (3.1 m) wide. EXPLORE
• Saguaros live in the desert. There are Exercise 2 CHECK, page 243
hardly any rivers there, and it doesn’t 1. It’s an active volcano.
rain much neither either. When it rains, 2. They want to know when it will erupt again.
saguaros store the rainwater inside their 3. He’s a scientist.
stems. 4. He climbed into a volcano.
• Old western movies show saguaros in 5. It will help Sims predict the next eruption.
Texas and New Mexico, but Texas does
not have any saguaros, and New Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 243
Mexico doesn’t either. A
1. Although
• The saguaro used to provide both food
or and shelter for Native Americans. 2. since
3. Even though
• Bats help spread saguaro seeds, and
4. because
birds do so too.
B
Exercise 12 LISTEN & WRITE, page 241
1. although; even though
A
2. since; because
1. (a) California
(b) Oregon
LEARN
2. (a) 379 feet
Exercise 4, page 244
(b) 26 feet
1. Since Mount Nyiragongo is so close (C), the
3. (a) long
city of Goma is in danger (R).
(b) flat
2. Scientists study volcanoes (R) because they
4. (a) shallow
want to predict their eruptions (C).
(b) strong
5. (a) tallest
(b) oldest

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3. The people of Goma are worried (R) since 7. Mark didn’t pass his math test even though
there was a lot of damage after the last eruption he studied hard.
(C). 8. Although the movie was exciting, a lot of
4. Because some volcanoes don’t erupt often people left early.
(C), people don’t worry about them (R).
5. Since volcanoes are so interesting (C), I like PRACTICE
to read about them (R). Exercise 7, page 246
6. The film about volcanoes was popular (R) 1. g
because it had wonderful photography (C). 2. a
7. Since I’m afraid of volcanoes (C), I don’t go 3. h
near them (R). 4. b
8. Lava is dangerous (R) because it is 5. f
extremely hot (C). 6. e
7. c
Exercise 5, page 245 8. d
1. Since there are around 1900 active volcanoes
on Earth, it is important to study them. Exercise 8, page 247
2. Since my friend and I were in Sicily, we saw 1. because
Mount Etna. 2. Although
3. Mount Etna is interesting because it erupts 3. Since
frequently. 4. since
4. Because it was a hot day, we wore shorts and 5. although
t-shirts. 6. Since
5. Because the volcano was very high, we 7. Because
didn’t climb to the top. 8. since
6. We had a wonderful view because it was a
clear day. Exercise 9, page 247
7. Since we climbed for several hours, we were 1. Marie wants to move to another city
very tired. although/even though she likes her hometown.
8. My friend was excited because he found 2. Since/Because Dana likes her hometown,
some lava. she wants to stay there for the rest of her life.
3. Miguel is good at basketball since/because
Exercise 6, page 246 he is tall and fast.
1. Even though the lava was hot, the scientist 4. Although/Even though Alan is not very fast,
picked it up. he is good at basketball.
2. Even though Erica looked everywhere, she 5. I studied math in college although/even
couldn’t find her book. though it wasn’t my best subject in high
3. Although I am tired, I’m going to go to the school.
gym. 6. Since/Because my sister enjoyed history in
4. The book was useful even though it was very high school, she decided to study it in college.
old. 7. The children didn’t eat much at the party
5. Marsha likes her new apartment even though since/because they didn’t like the food.
it’s very small. 8. Lin liked the food at the party although/even
6. Although I went to bed early last night, I’m though she didn’t eat very much.
tired today.
Exercise 10 WRITE & SPEAK, page 248

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Answers will vary
Exercise 5, page 252
Exercise 11 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 249 1. go; will/’ll bring
A 2. have; will/’ll help
1. b 3. snows; will not/won’t have
2. a 4. does not/doesn’t call; will/’ll be
3. b 5. goes; will stay
4. b 6. will miss; do not/don’t hurry
5. a 7. are; will not/won’t go
8. want; will/’ll drive
B
Answers will vary Exercise 6 SPEAK, page 253
Answers will vary
Exercise 12 APPLY, page 249
Answers will vary Exercise 7, page 253
1. If the dolphin swims too close to the shore,
LESSON 3 2. If the whale comes near the boat,
Adverb Clauses: Future Conditional 3. When I see Ray,
4. if Noor leaves her job
EXPLORE 5. when they go to Paris
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 251 6. When the lecture ends,
1. True 7. If it rains tomorrow,
2. True 8. When my brother graduates,
3. False
4. False PRACTICE
5. False Exercise 8, page 254
1. If I do not/don’t work
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 251 2. If the weather is
A 3. If it is not/it’s not/it isn’t
1. gets; will stop 4. When you get
2. stop; will be 5. if we do
3. do; will 6. If you see
7. if you make
B 8. if we go
b
Exercise 9 WRITE & SPEAK, page 255
LEARN A
Exercise 4, page 252 1. If there is a storm tonight,
1. finds 2. If I miss two weeks of class,
2. make 3. When my friend arrives tonight,
3. will continue 4. if I get a new job
4. don’t 5. when I see you at the party tomorrow
5. watch; will learn 6. if I miss the train
6. will be; don’t leave 7. If my foot still hurts tomorrow
7. will get; keeps 8. When the store opens in five minutes,
8. will help; has 9. When I get home later,

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10. If it snows this afternoon, Exercise 2, page 258
1. John was upset because his flight was
B delayed./Because John’s flight was delayed, he
Answers will vary was upset.
2. My parents are going on vacation, and so am
Exercise 10 EDIT, page 256 I.
Jean: Today, I’m talking to Dr. Ruth Lowe, an 3. Lin didn’t pass the exam, and Brian did
expert on the Sundarbans region of Bangladesh not/didn’t either.
and India. Dr. Lowe, if you will be are ready, 4. Anne didn’t go out even though it was her
we’ll start the interview now. Can you explain birthday./Even though it was her birthday,
why the Sundarbans are so important? Anne didn’t go out.
Dr. Lowe: Of course, Jean. First, the mangrove 5. Patricia enjoyed the trip, and her sister did
forests of the Sundarbans are home to wildlife too.
such as the Bengal tiger. These forests also 6. I’m going to visit my uncle since I have a
protect the region from serious storms that hit few days off./Since I have a few days off, I’m
the coast every year. If the forests will going to visit my uncle.
disappear, millions of people will be in danger. 7. Although Boris was sick, he still went to
Unfortunately, people are harming the work./Boris still went to work although he was
Sundarbans. If they do not stop, they is will be sick.
in serious danger. 8. Jane didn’t go to the party, and neither did
Jean: What exactly will happen if the Danny.
mangroves will continue to disappear?
Dr. Lowe: Well, when if people don’t stop Exercise 3 EDIT, page 259
destroying the mangroves, the Sundarbans 1. We do not see most lightning even though
won’t be able to protect towns and cities on the because/since it happens inside clouds.
coast from storms. If the storms will hit these 2. Lightning usually strikes near the center of a
places, there will be a lot of damage, and storm, because and/but it can also strike far
people’s lives will be at risk. from the center.
Jean: That sounds like a real problem. 3. Rubber shoes do not protect people from
Dr. Lowe: Well, yes, it really is… lightning, and so neither do small buildings.
4. Lightning can travel through wires, although
Exercise 11 APPLY, page 257 so it’s dangerous to use electrical equipment
Answers will vary during a storm.
5. Lightning doesn’t just happen in
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR thunderstorms. People have seen lightning
during forest fires, snowstorms, but and
Exercise 1, page 258 volcanic eruptions.
1. and 6. Many people believe that lightning never
2. and strikes in the same place twice, so but that is
3. but not true. Keep away from places that attract
4. so lightning.
5. If
6. or Exercise 4 LISTEN, WRITE & SPEAK,
7. when page 259
8. when A
1. They live in Africa. Both

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2. They have tails. Neither C
3. They are intelligent. Both Causes: Situation: Effects:
4. They eat meat. Chimpanzees trucks, noise hearing loss,
5. They are strong. Both motorcycles, pollution sleep
6. They can be aggressive. Both loud problems,
7. They behave in a funny way. Chimpanzees machines, stress,
power tools, difficult to
B music concentrate,
Answers will vary lower grades
CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO Exercise 2 BEFORE YOU WRITE, page
WRITING 261
Answers will vary
Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE
GRAMMAR, page 260 Exercise 3 WRITE, page 261
A Answers will vary
Answers will vary
B
Since we can’t see, smell, or touch
noise pollution, many of us don’t notice it.
People that do notice it think it’s annoying, but
they don’t worry too much about it. However,
noise pollution is all around us, and it
sometimes causes some very serious problems.
Many things that we see every day
cause noise pollution. Trucks, motorcycles,
airplanes, loud machines, and power tools all
make a lot of noise. Even music is noise
pollution when people play it very loudly.
Noise pollution can cause a number of
health problems. For example, it can lead to
hearing loss. It can also lead to sleep problems.
Near airports, people often wake up at night
because the planes are so loud. They don’t
sleep enough, so they get sick more easily.
Noise pollution also makes people feel
stressed. Stress makes it difficult for them to
concentrate, so they can’t do their work very
well. For example, if a child goes to a noisy
school, he or she will probably get lower
grades than a child in a quiet school.
These are just some of the ways that
noise pollution affects our everyday lives.

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UNIT 10 Work and Play 7. for leaving
Gerunds and Infinitives 8. of studying
9. by practicing
LESSON 1 10. of swimming
Gerunds
Exercise 7 SPEAK, page 268
EXPLORE Answers will vary
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 265
1. True PRACTICE
2. False Exercise 8, page 268
3. False 1. between taking
4. True 2. becoming
5. False 3. skiing
4. doing
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 265 5. being
A 6. helping
1. Combining 7. at teaching
2. Saving 8. sitting
3. diving 9. Finding
4. seeing 10. posting
5. growing 11. at taking
12. about working
B 13. getting
a, b, c 14. going
15. seeing
LEARN 16. leaving
Exercise 4, page 266 17. Traveling
1. diving 18. going
2. Swimming
3. visiting Exercise 9 READ, WRITE & SPEAK, page
4. seeing 269
5. touching A
6. Taking 1. Listening to music
7. going 2. Surfing the Internet
8. waiting 3. Going shopping
4. Going to a friend’s house
Exercise 5 WRITE & SPEAK, page 266 5. texting friends; talking on the phone
Answers will vary 6. Listening to music; watching
TV/DVDs/Watching TV/DVDs/listening to
Exercise 6, page 267 music
1. on seeing 7. surfing the Internet; reading books or
2. in taking magazines
3. by studying 8. Playing computer games
4. about going
5. between fixing; buying B
6. at solving Answers will vary

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 Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 272
Exercise 10 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 270 A
A 1. to become
Answers will vary 2. to make; to skydive
3. to fly
B
1. going for a hike on weekends B
2. watching another action movie the infinitive (to + base form of verb)
3. visiting the museum
4. not going to the/missing the LEARN
5. not going to all the attractions/missing some Exercise 4, page 273
attractions 1. The skydiver decided to jump from space.
6. going to the beach 2. My brother wants to go skydiving.
7. Dealing with any problems 3. Bruce is planning to take a skydiving class.
8. to keep waiting 4. Shelly seems to love dangerous sports.
5. Fred pretended not to be nervous about
C skydiving.
Answers will vary 6. He never forgets to check his equipment.
7. I refused to go skydiving with my friends.
Exercise 11 APPLY, page 270 8. Kyle agreed to stay and help us.
A
1. missed doing Exercise 5, page 274
2. stopped doing 1. to do/their children to do
3. interested in learning 2. us not to go
4. good at doing 3. him to come
5. terrible at doing 4. to stay/my sister to stay
6. thinking about doing 5. us to finish
7. enjoy doing 6. to paint/me to paint
8. reason for taking 7. everyone to leave
8. me to take
B 9. to be/you to be
Answers will vary 10. your friends to borrow
11. children to play
C 12. to wait/you to wait
Answers will vary
Exercise 6, page 275
LESSON 2 1. playing
Infinitives; Infinitives and Gerunds 2. waiting
3. being
EXPLORE 4. giving; cooking
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 272 5. to exercise
1. a 6. to swim
2. b 7. to play
3. b 8. to live
4. a
Exercise 7 SPEAK, page 275

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Answers will vary
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 280
PRACTICE A
Exercise 8, page 276 b
1. to climb/climbing
2. to visit B
3. to go b
4. to have
5. to get LEARN
6. to take Exercise 4, page 281
7. to reach 1. to start a discussion about jobs
8. reaching 2. to show his interest in the ocean
9. not to continue 3. to understand climate systems
10. reading/to read 4. to do some research and finish her project
5. To get a good grade
Exercise 9 PRONUNCIATION, page 277 6. to find some answers to her questions
B 7. to get good grades
Answers will vary 8. to ask the professor questions

Exercise 10 LISTEN, page 277 Exercise 5 SPEAK, page 281

1. invited her to climb Answers will vary
2. refused to go
3. loves climbing/loves to climb Exercise 6, page 282
4. wanted to spend time; agreed to go 1. too late to speak
on/agreed to make 2. too long to read
5. needed to borrow 3. too many patients to take
6. can’t stand getting wet 4. too much work to finish
7. didn’t mind going 5. too slowly to reach
8. prefers climbing mountains/prefers to climb 6. too experienced to make
mountains 7. too many e-mails to answer
8. too many books to carry
Exercise 11 WRITE & SPEAK, page 278
Answers will vary Exercise 7, page 282
1. too quickly for me to understand
Exercise 12 APPLY, page 278 2. too much homework for the teacher to
Answers will vary correct in one night
3. too much work for one person to do
LESSON 3 4. too dangerous for an inexperienced person to
More Uses of Infinitives do
5. too many calls for the employees to answer
EXPLORE 6. too much money for John to spend
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 280 7. too many assignments for us to do
1. b 8. too old for me to take
2. a
3. a Exercise 8, page 283
4. b 1. enough salespeople to help

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2. well enough to get In the Great Indian Desert, it’s too hot
3. enough staff to fill and dry for langur monkeys to live comfortably
4. good enough to win all year round. That’s why over 2000 of them
5. enough money to take come into the city to Jodhpur for to find
6. easy enough to follow something to eat. Local people like the langurs,
7. enough sugar to make so they bring food to sharing share with the
8. comfortable enough to sleep monkeys. It’s enough easy easy enough for
langurs to survive in the city, but it’s not all fun
Exercise 9, page 284 and free food! Many of them have to work for
1. loudly enough for everyone to hear a living… controlling other monkeys!
2. enough time for me to finish Langurs are welcome in Indian cities,
3. small enough for everyone to know but other kinds of monkeys aren’t. There are
4. light enough for him to carry too much many of these monkeys to control,
5. enough room for all of us to stay and they sometimes attack people to get food.
6. warm enough for me to wear Langurs scare other types of monkeys, so cities
7. quickly enough for the flight to leave use them to keep these monkeys away. In
8. enough books for every student to have Delhi, for example, during a big sports event in
2010, 38 langurs patrolled the streets, and the
PRACTICE other monkeys were too much scared to stay in
Exercise 10, page 284 the area. The plan was successful enough for
1. too many mistakes to work most people enjoying to enjoy the event in
2. too much new vocabulary for me to peace.
remember
3. too fast for me to follow Exercise 13 APPLY, page 286
4. slowly enough for us to understand Answers will vary
5. too fast for us to understand
6. enough time to get REVIEW THE GRAMMAR
7. enough students to keep
8. interesting enough to attract Exercise 1, page 287
1. to get
Exercise 11 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 285 2. to take
A 3. defending
1. a 4. me to do
2. b 5. to do
3. b 6. working
4. a 7. getting
5. a 8. to hurt
6. a 9. strong enough
7. a 10. to get
8. a
Exercise 2, page 287
B 1. studying
Answers will vary 2. helping/to help
3. becoming
Exercise 12 EDIT, page 286 4. to study
5. to work

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6. to do CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO
7. becoming WRITING
8. working
9. teaching Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE
10. teaching/to teach GRAMMAR, page 290
11. working A
12. to finish Answers will vary
13. knowing
B
Exercise 3, page 288 When Carlos was five years old, he
1. reading magazines moved in with his abuela, or grandmother. She
2. Exploring new places loved to cook, and Carlos spent a lot of time
3. me to wait with her in the kitchen. Being in the warm
4. in skiing kitchen with his grandmother was fun. She
5. being late for work liked telling stories about her childhood, and
6. working/to work Carlos enjoyed listening to her. He also
7. short to be useful enjoyed learning to cook by watching and
8. me to swim helping her. In the beginning, most dishes were
too difficult for him to make. First, he chopped
Exercise 4 EDIT, page 288 vegetables and stirred beans. Then, he learned
In 2007, Barrington Irving became how to make soups and other simple dishes
famous on for being the youngest person to fly when he was seven. By the time he turned 13,
solo around the world. Irving was born in Carlos was cooking full meals for his family
Jamaica and lived there until his parents and friends. He enjoyed making people happy
decided to move to Miami. Although life was with his food.
not always easy, Irving has always been good Eventually, Carlos realized that he had
at overcome overcoming difficulties. When he enough talent to become a chef. At the age of
was 15, Irving met a professional pilot who 18, he began working at a local restaurant.
invited him to take a look at his plane. That Then 12 years later, after a lot of hard work,
was when Irving became interested in learning Carlos opened his own restaurant. He invited
to fly. He didn’t have money enough enough his family and friends to come to the grand
money to go to flight school, so he earned
opening. To honor his grandmother, Carlos
money by washing planes. He practiced to fly
named his restaurant Abuela’s Kitchen.
flying in video games. When he was 23, Irving
built his own plane and succeeded in flying
C
around the world in 97 days.
Age 5: Moved in with Grandma
After this success, Irving created
Age 7: Learned to make soup and simple
exciting programs for to encourage children to
dishes
learn about science, math, and technology. He
Age 13: Was cooking full meals
believes in showing children that studying hard
Age 18: Began working at a restaurant
brings success. If they do their best, no goal is
Age 30: Opened his own restaurant
too difficult to achieve.
Exercise 2 BEFORE YOU WRITE, page
Exercise 5 WRITE & SPEAK, page 289
291
Answers will vary
Answers will vary

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Exercise 3 WRITE, page 291
Answers will vary

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UNIT 11 People and Places
Relative Clauses 7. The buildings that make up the old part of
Petra are carved into the hills.
LESSON 1
Subject Relative Clauses 8. Anyone who wants to know more about
Petra can find information on the Internet.
EXPLORE
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 294 Exercise 5, page 297
1. F 1. is
2. F 2. sell
3. T 3. understands
4. F 4. takes
5. T 5. does not/doesn’t talk
6. are
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 295
A Exercise 6, page 297
1. that was on TV last night 1. was
2. which make up the oldest part of the city 2. have
3. that has lived in the area for over 200 years 3. cost
4. who visit Petra 4. have lost
5. who prefer to keep goats and grow crops 5. doesn’t arrive
6. has been
B 7. travel
that, which, who 8. goes

LEARN PRACTICE
Exercise 4, page 296 Exercise 7, page 298
1. that/which explains
1. The Bedul are people who live near Petra, 2. that/who lives
Jordan. 3. that/which attract
4. that/who visit
2. Tourists that visit Petra buy souvenirs from 5. that/which offer
the Bedul. 6. that/which allows
7. that/who tell
3. The Bedul used to be farmers who lived 8. that/which has
simply.
Exercise 8 PRONUNCIATION, page 298
4. The building that is most popular with A
tourists is the Treasury. 1. I like visiting places that are warm, sunny,
and relaxing.
5. The guides that show tourists around Petra 2. I have friends that don’t like to fly.
are often Bedul. 3. I don’t like guides that talk all the time.
4. My friend likes trips that allow plenty of
6. The name Petra comes from the Greek word time to shop.
5. I don’t buy souvenirs that break easily.
that means “stone.”

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6. My classmate likes places that aren’t very 6. A spreadsheet is a computer program
crowded. that/which allows you to organize numbers or
7. I like to stay in hotels that have exercise data.
rooms.
8. My brother likes to eat at restaurants that C
have fixed menus. Answers will vary

B D
Answers will vary Answers will vary

C LESSON 2
Answers will vary Object Relative Clauses

Exercise 9 LISTEN, page 299 EXPLORE

1. that took place Exercise 2 CHECK, page 302
2. who watched 1. b
3. that made 2. c
4. who were using 3. b
5. that have happened 4. a
6. which brought 5. c
7. who thought
8. who came Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 302
9. that spoke A
b, c
Exercise 10 APPLY, page 300
A B
1. b The word that comes after that in the clauses in
2. e the sentences from exercise A is a noun. In a
3. d subject relative clause, the word that comes
4. f after the relative pronoun is a verb.
5. c
6. a LEARN
Exercise 4, page 303
B 1. that/which; use
1. A vuvuzela is an instrument that/which is 2. that/who/whom; meets
similar to a horn. 3. that/which; helps
2. Archaeologists are scientists that/who study 4. that/which; visit
historic places and objects. 5. that/which; find
3. A magnifying glass is a tool that/which 6. that/who/whom; hires
makes small objects look bigger. 7. that/which; receives
4. Statisticians are scientists that/who calculate 8. that/who/whom; admire
and analyze numbers.
5. A carving is a piece of art that/which is cut Exercise 5, page 304
from stone, wood, or another material. 1. Jan Peng is an elephant that people treated
badly.

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2. Jan Peng worked in a camp that loggers Exercise 8 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 305
built. A
3. The trees which Jan Peng moved were large Answers will vary
and very heavy.
4. As Jan Peng got older, the work that she was B
doing became too hard for her. Answers will vary
5. The people whom Lek interviewed about Jan
Peng promised not to make her work again. C
6. Jan Peng seemed afraid when she had to go 1. b
with people that she did not know. 2. a
7. The team members that Lek brought to the 3. a
logging camp took good care of Jan Peng. 4. a
8. Jan Peng liked the new home that Lek and 5. b
her team provided for her. 6. a
7. b
Exercise 6, page 304 8. a
1. that/which/Ø
2. that/which/Ø D
3. that/who/whom/Ø Answers will vary
4. that/which/Ø
5. that/who/whom/Ø Exercise 9 EDIT, page 306
6. that/who/whom/Ø Kyoto
7. that/who/whom/Ø Kyoto was the capital of Japan for over
8. that/which/Ø a thousand years. It is a city which visitors find
it fascinating. In the eastern part of the city,
PRACTICE there are many temples and gardens who
Exercise 7, page 305 that/which/Ø every visitor wants to see.
1. The notebook that I lost had important Kuala Lumpur
information in it. The Malaysian capital, Kuala Lumpur
2. The person that I talked to on the phone was (or “KL”), has changed a lot in the last 50
rude to me. years. The historic buildings whom
3. The car that my sister bought is easy to that/which/Ø you can visit in Kuala Lumpur
drive. are now mixed with modern skyscrapers such
4. Most of the people who I met on vacation as the Petronas Towers. KL is a busy but
speak German. friendly place, and the different cultures that
5. The doctor whom I called is not taking new you can experience them will make your visit
patients. fun.
6. The song which Alan was singing was
beautiful. Exercise 10 APPLY, page 307
7. The report that I’m writing is really difficult. Answers will vary
8. Do you have a map of the city that I can use?
9. Have you seen the books that I left on the LESSON 3
table? Relative Clauses with Prepositions and with
10. Meryl Streep is an actress whom I would Whose
like to meet.
EXPLORE

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Exercise 2 CHECK, page 309 4. whose name is Freddy
1. False (between Great Britain and Ireland) 5. that/who/Ø Marianne spoke to/[to] whom
2. True Marianne spoke [to]
3. False (hills and valleys) 6. whose mother is a doctor
4. False (in 2011) 7. that/which/Ø we went to last night
5. False (under 90,000) 8. that/who/Ø Lucy works with/[with] whom
Lucy works [with]
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 309
A Exercise 7 WRITE & SPEAK, page 312
1. for A
2. about 1. that/which/Ø Tim is interested in
2. that/which/Ø you talked/were talking about
B 3. that/which/Ø you applied for
b 4. that/which/Ø we traveled to
5. that/who/we spoke to/we’ve spoken to/[to]
LEARN whom we spoke/we’ve spoken [to]
Exercise 4, page 310
1. that she rode in B
2. that Roberto is/was most interested in Answers will vary
3. [for] whom you are looking/were
looking/have been looking [for] Exercise 8 EDIT, page 313
4. you are/were friends with The people that we think of them as
5. Valerie was talking to Vikings were not in fact one group of people.
6. your brother works/is working for They were different groups of people whose
7. [on] which Sue decided/had decided [on] native countries they were in southern
8. I hadn’t spoken/haven’t been speaking/didn’t Scandinavia. The areas that they lived in them
speak to are now called Norway, Sweden, and
9. you worked/were working with Denmark.
10. that we talked/were talking/had talked In addition to the violence that they are
about famous for it, the Vikings were explorers
whose love of the sea everyone know knows
Exercise 5, page 311 about. The Vikings were great travelers and
1. His traders. They sailed their small wooden ships
2. Their as far as Russia to the east and to North Africa
3. His to the south. They were also the first Europeans
4. the team’s to reach America. The Vikings even settled for
5. the bike shop’s a short time in an area who whose Norse name
6. Her was Vinland. Its modern name is
7. her Newfoundland, Canada.
8. Its
Exercise 9 APPLY, page 313
PRACTICE A
Exercise 6, page 312 Answers will vary
1. whose signature you need
2. whose movies have made millions of dollars B
3. that/which/Ø my son goes to Answers will vary

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 5. who flew
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR 6. whose mother was
7. who loves
Exercise 1, page 314 8. I took
1. that/which/Ø my son took on our vacation
2. that/which/Ø I visited yesterday B
3. that/which/Ø Stefan applied for was in Answers will vary
Mexico City
4. whose wallet I found CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO
5. that/who travels all over the world WRITING
6. that/which/Ø we took on Saturday was
wonderful Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE
7. that/which/Ø our guide told us about GRAMMAR, page 316
yesterday A
8. that/which/Ø I bought for my family weren’t Answers will vary
very expensive
B.
Exercise 2 EDIT & SPEAK, page 314 treatments I learned about
A
I come from the Tanga region of neighbor who is from Italy
Tanzania, Africa. It is a place that/which is full
of history and beauty. Tanga has many tourist tea that has sage and bay leaves in it
destinations such as Mount Kilimanjaro that is
are famous around the world. People whom tea that my friend Deedee drinks
who/that go to see this mountain will never
forget it. There are guides which who/that take classmate whose grandparents are from Turkey
people up the mountain. These trips can be
dangerous, so only people that they are cereal she calls jook
physically fit should try to climb to the top of
the mountain. Another place is Zanzibar. This soup that my friend Jason’s grandfather from
is a group of islands that/which became famous Hungary makes
for its spices. These days, Zanzibar’s economy
depends more on tourism than spices. The person whose remedy was most unusual
Serengeti National Park also attracts a lot of
tourists. There you can go on safari and see the tree that grows there
many amazing animals that live there.
people I know
B
Answers will vary place that hurts them

Exercise 3 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 315 remedy that many people use
A
1. you just took
2. who went
3. that I’ll never forget
4. that you chose

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C
Topic: Cold Treatments Around the World
Group 1: Group 2: Group 3:
drinks foods activities
tea with sage jook (hot rice (sit in a)
and bay cereal); room full of
leaves; tea chicken soup; steam; (take
with herbs bark of a tree a) hot
and honey shower; (put
a) hot stone
(on the place
that hurts);
(sit in) the
sun

Exercise 2 BEFORE YOU WRITE, page

317
Answers will vary

Exercise 3 WRITE, page 317

Answers will vary

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 66

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UNIT 12 Art and Music 4. can
Modals: Part 1 5. can

LESSON 1 B
Ability: Past, Present, and Future Answers will vary

EXPLORE Exercise 6, page 324

Exercise 2 CHECK, page 231 1. are/’re able to
1. change people’s behavior 2. is able to/will be able to
2. thousand 3. are; able to; are/’re able to
3. less wasteful 4. was not/wasn’t able to; was able to
4. still 5. will be able to
6. is not/isn’t able to/will not/won’t be able to
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 321 7. was able to
A 8. are able to, weren’t able to
1. is able to change 9. will be able to
2. were able to view 10. is/’s able to
3. could see
4. couldn’t understand Exercise 7, page 325
5. aren’t able to see; can learn 1. was able to/could
2. wasn’t able to/could
B 3. was able to; wasn’t able to/couldn’t
Present or Past 4. Were you able to/Could you;
Future wasn’t/couldn’t
Affirmative is able to were able to 5. was able to
change; can view; could 6. were able to/could
learn see 7. was able to
Negative aren’t able to couldn’t 8. were able to/could
see understand
PRACTICE
LEARN Exercise 8, page 326
Exercise 4, page 322 1. can play; Chris is able to play the piano
1. can create fairly well.
2. Can we see 2. could not/couldn’t go; My parents were
3. could not/couldn’t hear; could create not/weren’t able to go to the concert yesterday.
4. could not/couldn’t discuss; can talk 3. cannot/can’t dance; Tanya hasn’t been
5. cannot/can’t understand practicing, so she will not/won’t be able to
6. Could van Gogh write; could paint dance next week.
7. could da Vinci do; could do 4. Could you understand; I could not/couldn’t;
8. can I A: Were you able to understand the actors last
night? B: No, I was not/wasn’t.
Exercise 5 PRONUNCIATION, page 323 5. could not/couldn’t find; I wasn’t able to find
A the artist’s biography on the website
1. can 6. can finish; The children will be able to finish
2. can’t their paintings tomorrow.
3. can’t

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7. cannot/can’t teach; The professor will Host: And what do you think, miss? Can art
not/won’t be able to teach the art class have positive effects on people as they age?
tomorrow. Woman: Well, research shows that people are
8. could not/couldn’t hear; I was not/wasn’t will be able to live longer in the future, but is
able to hear the movie because people were art the reason? I’m not sure. I like to believe
talking. that it can help. I love to see and create art, so I
hope when I’m older, I will be able to think
Exercise 9 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 326 clearly.
A
1. is not/isn’t able to help Exercise 11 LISTEN, page 329
2. Are; able to come 1. False
3. will not/won’t be able to get 2. True
4. were able to do 3. True
5. is/’s able to create 4. True
6. was not/wasn’t able to see 5. False
7. will; be able to meet 6. True
8. will be able to relax 7. True
8. False
C
1. cannot/can’t help Exercise 12 APPLY, page 329
2. Can; come Answers will vary
3. cannot/can’t get
4. were able to do LESSON 2
5. can create Possibility and Logical Conclusions
6. could not/couldn’t see
7. can; meet EXPLORE
8. can relax Exercise 2 CHECK, page 331
1. a
Exercise 10 EDIT, page 328 2. b
Host: Welcome to the Guggenheim Museum in 3. a
New York. This is Ava Paterson, and I’m 4. b
talking to visitors here about this week’s
question: Can art keeps keep us young? What Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 331
do you think, sir? Are people able to fight the A
effects of aging with creative activities? 1. may
Man: Yes, I think so. My grandfather was able 2. might not
to organize his thoughts easily, and he thought 3. must
art helped him. He was a painter. A lot of older 4. may
people have trouble with their memories. 5. could
People with Alzheimer’s disease sometimes
can’t remember their own families, for B
example. My grandfather was 93 when he died, 1. may, might, could
and he can could remember absolutely 2. must
everything! The last time I saw him, I could
was able to ask him many questions about his LEARN
life. Exercise 4, page 332

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1. Alisha could become a great DJ.
2. Eric Clapton might play the guitar better Exercise 9 WRITE & SPEAK, page 335
than anyone else. Answers will vary
3. The Nutcracker might be the best ballet I
have ever seen. Exercise 10, page 335
4. That website might provide free music. A
5. The art gallery could become more United Kingdom 1
successful next year. Portugal 3
6. His new movie could win a lot of prizes. India 5
7. La Yegros might soon have a lot more fans. Jamaica 4
8. Her latest album may surprise her followers. Japan 2

Exercise 5 ANALYZE THE GRAMMAR, B

page 333 Answers will vary
1. FP
2. PA LESSON 3
3. PA Permission and Requests
4. PP
5. PA EXPLORE
6. FP Exercise 2 CHECK, page 337
7. FP 1. True
8. PP 2. True
3. False
Exercise 6 SPEAK, page 333 4. False
Answers will vary 5. False

Exercise 7, page 334 Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 337

1. must A
2. must not 1. May
3. must 2. would
4. must not 3. Can
5. must 4. will
6. must 5. Would
7. must
8. must not B.
1. 1, 3
PRACTICE 2. 2, 4, 5
Exercise 8, page 334
1. must not LEARN
2. may Exercise 4, page 338
3. might A
4. must 1. may/can/could
5. could 2. may/can/could; may not/can’t
6. could be 3. may/can; may/can
7. Maybe 4. may/can
8. may not 5. may/can/could, may/can

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6. may/can A
1. Could/Can/May I take
B 2. problem
Answers will vary 3. would you let
4. course
Exercise 5 SPEAK, page 339 5. Could/Can/Would you try
Answers will vary 6. Could/Can/Would you stand
7. Could/Can/Would you move
Exercise 6, page 339 8. could/can/would you smile
A 9. could/can/may I see
1. Could you download the concert tickets? 10. can/may
2. Would you help me practice my lines for the 11. Could/Can/Would you send
play? 12. No
3. Could you listen to me play the new song I
just learned? Exercise 9 EDIT, page 342
4. Would you rent the new Wes Anderson Kira: Excuse me, Professor Howard, may I to
movie? speak with you?
5. Could you take our picture? Professor: Yes, of course you may, Kira.
What’s the problem?
B SPEAK, page 340 Kira: Well, it’s about my report on John
Questions: Coltrane. I spent a lot of time researching his
1. Could you download the concert tickets life. I’m surprised at the low grade I received.
please? Would May/Could/Can I ask you what I did
2. Would you help me practice my lines for the wrong?
play, please? Professor: Yes, of course. If I remember
3. Could you listen to me play the new song I correctly, you wrote too much about his life
just learned, please? and not enough about his music and its
4. Would you rent the new Wes Anderson influence on jazz. Could you come to my office
movie, please? to discuss it?
5. Could you take our picture, please? Kira: Yes, I could can. May I come in
Answers to the questions will vary. tomorrow or Friday?
Professor: Sure. May Could/Can you come and
Exercise 7 PRONUNCIATION, page 340 see me on Friday around 1:00 p.m.?
A Kira: Um, I’m already seeing Dr. Stein then.
1. Could you tell me your full name? Would Could/Can we talk at 1:30?
2. Would you lend me five dollars? Professor: Yes, that’s perfect, and would you
3. Could you repeat the last question? please bring your report with you?
4. Would you speak more slowly? Kira: Yes, I would will. Thank you so much,
5. Could you tell me the time? Professor Howard. See you Friday.
6. Would you raise your hands in the air?
Exercise 10, page 343
B A
Answers will vary Megan: Hey, I’m looking forward to hearing
you sing. Can I help you set up your
PRACTICE equipment?
Exercise 8, page 341

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Angel: Thanks, that’ll be great. Will you put Christine: So, who is the best dancer you’ve
the microphone stand on the stage for me? seen?
Megan: Sure… Is this all right? Joan: Last summer, I could was able to get
Angel: Yes, uh, could you move it forward just tickets to see South Korean ballerina Hee Seo
a little? It has to be in front of the speakers. dance in New York. She is amazing! She is
Megan: No problem. able to communicate many emotions just with
her movements. I think she could become one
B SPEAK, page 343 of the best ballet dancers of all time. This
Answers will vary summer she is going to appear in Swan Lake,
which I love. Unfortunately, I maybe may be
Exercise 11 APPLY, page 343 out of the country then. If I’m here, I’m going
Answers will vary to get tickets for the first night.
Christine: Would you to let me know when
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR they go one sale? From what you say, I’m sure
Hee Seo might must/will/would be amazing to
Exercise 1, page 344 watch.
1. can’t
2. Will you Exercise 4 SPEAK, page 345
3. was able to Answers will vary
4. I’m not able to
5. must CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO
6. must not WRITING
7. you can
8. Will Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE
9. Maybe GRAMMAR, page 346
10. you’ll be able to A
Answers will vary
Exercise 2 LISTEN, page 344
1. couldn’t see; a B
2. must not like; b Past Present or
3. might buy; b Future
4. would you teach; b …I couldn’t look …movie could
5. may become; a at the world… change the
6. will be able to; a I was able to see way you see…
7. could hear; b my place in the …it might turn
8. can I use; b world… your view…
They aren’t able
Exercise 3 EDIT, page 345 to get back…
Christine: What is your favorite art form, Joan? …and they will
Joan: Oh, ballet, without a doubt. I must probably not…
spending spend half my money on ballet …viewers can
tickets! experience
Christine: Really? Could you explain why? floating…
Joan: I appreciate the skill of the dancers. They You may feel…
must not work very hard to make it look so …you too might
easy. leave…

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C
Answers may vary. Sample answer:
Title/Name: Gravity
Main characters: two astronauts
Basic idea: Disaster strikes while they are on a
mission.
Setting (place): in space while on a space walk
Artistic quality: 3-D movie; can experience
floating in space

Exercise 2 BEFORE YOU WRITE, page

347
Answers will vary

Exercise 3 WRITE, page 347

Answers will vary

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 72

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UNIT 13 Sports 5. you must/have to bring; I have/’ve got to
Modals: Part 2 hurry

LESSON 1 Exercise 6, page 354

Necessity and Prohibition 1. must not
2. must not
EXPLORE 3. doesn’t have to
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 351 4. can’t
1. False 5. didn’t have to
2. False 6. must not
3. True 7. don’t have to
4. False 8. couldn’t
5. False 8. have to
10. may not
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 351
A Exercise 7 WRITE & SPEAK, page 354
1. don’t have to Answers will vary
2. have to
3. cannot PRACTICE
4. may not Exercise 8 PRONUNCIATION, page 355
5. must not A
6. must 1. have to
2. has got to
B 3. have got to
1. 2, 6 4. have to
2. 1 5. has to
3. 3, 4, 5 6. have to

LEARN B
Exercise 4, page 352 Answers will vary
1. must/have to
2. have to Exercise 10, page 356
3. must/have to Answers may vary. Sample answers:
4. have to 1. Rosa couldn’t eat sweets all weekend.
5. had to 2. She didn’t have to meet her study group.
6. had to 3. She had to work from 8–noon on Saturday.
7. have to 4. She doesn’t have to go to work.
8. had to 5. She can’t/must not forget tennis practice.
9. ’ve got to 6. She has to/must write a draft of her essay.
10. had
Exercise 11 SPEAK, page 356
Exercise 5, page 353 Answers will vary
1. Students must arrive
2. Do we have to take off; You must remove Exercise 12 LISTEN, page 357
3. we have to wear; It has to be A
4. you have to remove 1. b

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2. c Exercise 2 CHECK, page 360
3. b 1. False
4. b 2. True
5. a 3. True
6. a 4. False
5. True
B 6. False
1. have to
2. doesn’t have to Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 360
3. couldn’t A
4. can’t 1. I’m supposed to run in the “Man versus
5. must not/can’t Horse” race in Wales in a few months.
6. must not/can’t 2. Well, you shouldn’t run on hills all the time.
3. Hills are important, but you ought to run on
Exercise 13 EDIT, page 358 flat surfaces as well.
You may not don’t have to be an expert 4. And you should do at least one run that’s
rock climber to enjoy Yosemite National Park, longer than the race.
but it doesn’t hurt. According to climbers, if 5. So, you are supposed to keep away from the
you want the best views, you must to climb horses, right?
some of the park’s famous mountains. If you
are a climber, you have to visit Camp 4, the B
base camp where many famous climbs have 1. 2, 3, 4
started. 2. 1, 5
Lynn Hill arrived at Camp 4 for the first
time as a 15-year-old in the 1970s. She was a LEARN
gymnast, so she hadn’t didn’t have to learn to Exercise 4, page 361
control her movements. She soon showed great 1. Should; should/ought to
ability. 2. shouldn’t
In her thirties, she came back to Camp 3. should/ought to
4 with a goal. To reach her goal, she had got to 4. shouldn’t; should/ought to
‘free climb’ the challenging route—the Nose, 5. shouldn’t
within 24 hours. Free climbing means it’s just 6. should/ought to
you and the rock. You have to put your hands 7. shouldn’t
and feet into cracks in the rock, and you don’t 8. should
have to must not/cannot/can’t use ropes or
other equipment. At times during her climb, Exercise 5 SPEAK, page 362
Hill must had to hang by just her fingers. She A
completed her famous climb in 23 hours. 1. c
2. d
Exercise 14 APPLY, page 358 3. a
Answers will vary 4. b
LESSON 2 B
Advisability and Expectation Answers will vary
EXPLORE Exercise 6, page 362

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1. are supposed to be college athletes don’t earn any money, but they
2. are not/aren’t supposed to kick risk a lot. They should to get paid, too.
3. Is, supposed to win 2. Should there be so much advertising in
4. is supposed to call sports?
5. was not/wasn’t supposed to arrive Tim in Texas: I understand the need for
6. is supposed to go advertising—sports are a very expensive
7. Is, supposed to train business. However, there ought to be more
8. was supposed to drive control.
9. were supposed to arrive Gene in Georgia: Sports are supposed to be
10. are not/aren’t supposed to wear attractive to fans, and advertising adds a lot of
color to events. There shouldn’t be more
Exercise 7 WRITE & SPEAK, page 363 control.
Answers will vary 3. Should children compete or ought should
they just have fun?
PRACTICE Tim in Texas: Small children are supposed to
Exercise 8, page 363 enjoy sports. They ought to concentrate on
1. shouldn’t; should/ought to learning skills, not winning games.
2. was supposed to Gene in Georgia: All sports are supposed to
3. ought to produce stars for world championships. If we
4. isn’t supposed to/shouldn’t want that to happen, then competition should
5. ’m supposed to start as early as possible.
6. should
7. ought to/should Exercise 11 APPLY, page 365
8. wasn’t supposed to Answers will vary

Exercise 9, page 364 REVIEW THE GRAMMAR

1. was supposed to be
2. should call Exercise 1, page 366
3. shouldn’t worry 1. may not/can’t/must not
4. Should I call 2. can’t
5. ought to learn 3. must/have to
6. It’s supposed to be 4. didn’t have to
7. ought to provide 5. ’m supposed to
8. are supposed to use 6. ought to/has to/should
9. Should I try 7. had to
8. may not/can’t
Exercise 10 EDIT, page 365
1. Should top athletes to earn millions of Exercise 2 LISTEN, page 366
dollars a year? 1. People expect me
Tim in Texas: No, I think it’s gotten crazy. 2. necessary
There ought to be a maximum salary in every 3. must
sport. 4. should
Gene in Georgia: Yes, I think so. Athletes 5. didn’t go
should earn a fair amount. Sports stars are 6. must
supposed to provide entertainment for millions 7. ought to
of people. That is worth a lot of money. Also, 8. necessary

Answer Key for Grammar Explorer 2 75

© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
9. can’t Answers will vary
10. prohibited
B
Exercise 3 WRITE, page 366 Necessity: You must practice to become
Answers will vary advanced; First, you have to learn to control
the board on small hits.
Exercise 4 EDIT, page 367 Advisability: In fact, you should rent a board at
Perhaps, like many tennis players, you first.
love playing the game, but hate serving. Well,
good news! You don’t have to feel that way C
anymore! We asked our readers to share their Topic: Opinion:
advice on serving like a pro. Here are the Snowboarding You should try it!
results.
• You shouldn’t practice during a Reason 1: Support/Explanation:
competition. You ought to practice your great exercise It strengthens your
serve only when you don’t have to muscles and it’s good for
worry about winning or losing. your heart.
• You got have/have got/’ve got to relax.
Serving ought to be easy, but it can be Reason 2: Support/Explanation:
very difficult if you are nervous. easy to get started Instructors are easy to
• You must not take your eye off the ball! find, and you don’t have
You should watch it all the way from to buy a lot of
your hand until you hit it. equipment.
• You shouldn’t throw the ball too high.
You’re not supposed to wait a long time Exercise 2 BEFORE YOU WRITE, page
for the ball to drop. If you do that, you 369
are throwing it too high. Answers will vary
• You don’t have to should not/shouldn’t
throw the ball straight up. Instead, you Exercise 3 WRITE, page 369
should to throw the ball slightly to your Answers will vary
right, if you are right-handed. Left-
handers should throw to the left.
• You must not be afraid of your serve.
It’s the only time in tennis that you
have complete control of what happens.
Serving is supposed to be fun!

Exercise 5 SPEAK, page 367

Answers will vary

CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO

WRITING

Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE

GRAMMAR, page 368
A

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UNIT 14 Innovations (b) T; the windows
Verbs 3. (a) T; the new car
(b) I
LESSON 1 4. (a) I
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs (b) T; the class
5. (a) T; the class
EXPLORE (b) I
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 373 6. (a) I
1. b (b) T; us
2. b 7. (a) T; the car door
3. c (b) I
4. b 8. (a) I
(b) T; your tires
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 373
A Exercise 6 READ, WRITE & SPEAK, page
1. difficult moral questions 376
2. their passengers A
3. X 1. for
4. driverless cars 2. to
5. X 3. for
6. its computer program 4. to
7. X 5. for
8. an instant response 6. to
9. direction 7. to
10. the morally wrong choice 8. to

B B
No 1. provide healthy food (for)
2. offered a prize (to)
LEARN 3. solve the problem (for)
Exercise 4, page 374 4. showed his ideas (to)
1. T; Eve always tries the latest things. 5. keep food safe (for)
2. T; Last week, she tested a driverless car. 6. gave the prize (to)
3. I; She traveled to the beach in the car. 7. send fresh food (to)
4. I; She slept for about 30 minutes. 8. explain the reasons (to)
5. I; Then, a dog ran in front of the car.
6. T; Luckily, the car didn’t hit the dog. C
7. I; Eve went to the store. Answers will vary
8. I; She arrived safely.
9. T; However, she didn’t like the car. Exercise 7, page 377
10. T; Eve won’t buy a driverless car. 1. my cousin my e-book reader.
2. her husband the latest smartphone.
Exercise 5, page 374 3. his boss the new product design.
1. (a) T; the meeting 4. me the new Internet password?
(b) I 5. her professor her homework assignment.
2. (a) I 6. her friend the article about robots.

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© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
7. me a new tablet. 4. (IO); (DO)
8. my coworker the files. 5. (DO); (IO)

Exercise 8, page 378 B

1. me a car/a car for me Answers will vary
2. me his car/his car to me
3. it to my brother Exercise 12 LISTEN, page 380
4. my grandfather a photo of it/a photo of it to A
my grandfather 1. 1825
5. me a nice e-mail 2. 1886
6. my sister a card/a card for my sister 3. 1813
7. her a card/a card for her 4. 1450
8. her the card/the card to her
9. it to my sister B
Subject Verb Object
PRACTICE 1. Rail Stephenson changed the way we
Travel travel
Exercise 9, page 378
He operated the first
1. a/b train for
2. a/c human
3. c passengers
4. a/c 2. The Cochran made dishwashers
5. a/c Dishwasher for her
friends
6. a/b/c She started her own
7. a/b/c business
8. a/b 3. The Babbitt invented a large
Circular circular saw
Exercise 10 READ & SPEAK, page 379 Saw Men used large
straight
A
saws
1. for 4. The Gutenberg did not books
2. Ø Printing invent
3. to Press The printing changed the world
4. Ø press
5. to
6. Ø C
7. for Answers will vary. Sample answers:
8. to 1. George Stephenson changed the way we
travel. He operated the first train for human
B passengers.
Answers will vary 2. Josephine Cochran made dishwashers for her
friends. She started her own business.
Exercise 11 WRITE & SPEAK, page 379 3. Tabitha Babbitt invented a large circular
A saw. Men used large straight saws.
Answers will vary 4. Johannes Gutenberg did not invent books.
1. (DO); (IO) The printing press changed the world.
2. (IO); (DO)
3. (DO); (IO) Exercise 13 EDIT, page 381

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© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Markus: Hey Dave, I told to you how much I Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 383
like my new phone, right? It gives me all the A
information I need when I’m away from my about ahead from out up
computer. Well, I just watched a video about a talk get comes find hook
new pair of glasses that does the same thing. thinking check grew
They show for you the same information as figure give
your phone, but right in front of your eyes!
Dave: Oh yeah, Mira sent me a photo of hers a B
couple days ago. Her parents got (her) a pair Answers will vary. Sample answers:
her (for her). I don’t understand the attraction. about: talk, think
Can you explain me it to me? ahead: get, go
Markus: Well, I guess they make life easier for from: come
people. out: drop, eat, figure, fill, find, go, help, look,
Dave: Are you serious? … I’m pretty sure move, put, run, sort, take, throw, watch, work
they’d give me a headache to me, and I really up: add, blow, break, bring, cheer, clear, dress,
don’t mind checking my phone for get, give, go, grow, make, pick, set, sign,
information. Are you seriously going to get a speak, stand, stay, straighten, turn, wake
pair? I’m sure they will cost you a lot of money
you. LEARN
Marcus: Maybe, but I can’t wait to get some. Exercise 4, page 384
Dave: I guess I won’t need to buy a pair—you 1. find out; b
can lend to me (me) yours (to me)! 2. give up; a
3. look up; a
Exercise 14 APPLY, page 381 4. thinking about; a
A 5. go away; b
The inventor made the picture phone 6. go back to; b
for people who wanted more meaningful 7. call off; a
communication. The invention looks unusual, 8. turned off; a
but nowadays people can easily talk to and see
their friends and family on their phones or Exercise 5 READ & WRITE, page 385
computers. A
1. down
B 2. away
Answers will vary 3. up
4. over
LESSON 2 5. up
Phrasal Verbs 6. up
7. out
EXPLORE 8. up
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 383 9. away
1. False 10. by
2. True
3. False B
4. False throw away their garbage
5. True talk over the problem
clean up these areas

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set up an organization 3. run into
send out teams 4. give up
pick up garbage 5. keep on
come by our next meeting 6. come from
7. figure out
Exercise 6, page 386 8. bring up
1. go 9. talking about
2. out 10. came up with
3. from
4. figure B
5. over/about; come 1. a
6. over/about 2. b
3. c
Exercise 7, page 387 4. a
1. a 5. b
2. b 6. a
3. a 7. c
4. a 8. b
5. a 9. a
6. b 10. a
7. a
8. a Exercise 11 APPLY, page 389
A
PRACTICE 1. Have you run into any problems recently?
Exercise 8, page 387 2. How do you think up new ideas?
1. up 3. What have you found out about inventors?
2. the flight status up/up the flight status 4. What words have you looked up in this
3. off lesson?
4. off my speech/my speech off 5. Who do you count on for advice?
5. out
6. into B
7. over to Answers will vary
8. it over
9. along REVIEW THE GRAMMAR

Exercise 9, page 388 Exercise 1, page 390

1. hand in 1. sent me
2. think over 2. working on an assignment
3. turn down 3. takes in energy/takes energy in
4. talk over 4. hits the sail
5. talk about 5. move
6. take off
Exercise 10 LISTEN, page 388 7. arrived in space
A 8. carried out its task/carried its task out
1. dream up 9. going back/going ahead
2. wakes up 10. look it over

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 Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE
Exercise 2 EDIT, page 391 GRAMMAR, page 392
[posted @ 10:20 pm by techwizard33] A
A few days ago, my friend showed to Answers will vary
me his 3D printer. I wanted to see it because I
might buy for my son one one for my son/my B
son one. The printer was smaller than I Answers will vary
expected. It cost my friend a lot of money, too,
but apparently the price is coming down. He C
turned on it it on, so I was able to see how it Answers will vary. Sample answers:
worked. My friend uses his computer to design What is the people have too
items for other companies. To test his ideas, he problem/need? many passwords to
needs to try out them them out. Making an item remember
to test used to be a long process, but now my Who invented the the Motorola
friend can make one quickly with his 3D product? company
printer. It seems incredible! I think I will buy How does it solve the You take the pill and
one! problem? it reacts with the acid
[posted @ 10:33 pm by kbb4210] in your stomach,
I agree. These sound great. The other which then sends an
day I ran a friend into into a friend when I was electronic signal, or
downtown. She does research on historical “password,” to your
objects. She does a lot of work to for the phone, laptop, or
Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. In other digital device.
the past, she had to travel twice a month to When is it useful? every day; whenever
examine the real objects at the Institution, but you are online, using
recently she also bought a 3D printer. Now the a digital device
Institution sends to here the exact Why is (or isn’t) it a The FDA has
measurements of an object and she prints out it good idea? approved the pill for
it out at home. It’s great! sale in the U.S., but
many might not feel
Exercise 3 LISTEN & SPEAK, page 391 comfortable with the
A idea of sending
Answers will vary. Sample answers: information with
1. a computer disk notebook their bodies.
2. to take notes/to reuse old disks
3. her uncle/her friends and family Exercise 2 BEFORE YOU WRITE, page
4. by wanting to make something useful with 393
old disks Answers will vary
5. yes, she couldn’t figure out how to keep the
disks and paper together Exercise 3 WRITE, page 393
6. no Answers will vary

CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO

WRITING

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© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
UNIT 15 Windows on the Past 4. was found
Passive Voice and Participial Adjectives 5. believed
6. found
LESSON 1 7. knew
Passive Voice 8. were taken
9. was removed
EXPLORE 10. found
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 397
1. e Exercise 6, page 400
2. c 1. were used
3. d 2. was discovered
4. a 3. were removed
5. b 4. will be completed
5. is not owned
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 397 6. Are; displayed; are
A 7. will not be announced
1. are known 8. was; prepared
2. was found 9. are; kept
3. were used 10. is not taught
4. will be uncovered
PRACTICE
B Exercise 7, page 400
Verb Form Passive Voice: Be + A
Past Participle When team members find an artifact, they
Present are known follow a standard procedure.
Past was found; were • A student assistant places the artifact in
used a special container.
Future will be uncovered • The assistant writes the information
about the artifact on the container label.
LEARN • The assistant records the artifact in the
Exercise 4, page 398 project’s database.
1. P • Experts analyze the artifact at the
2. P laboratory.
3. A B
4. P 1. is found
5. A 2. is followed
6. P 3. is placed
7. P 4. is written
8. A 5. is recorded
9. P 6. is analyzed
10. P
C
Exercise 5, page 399 1. wasn’t followed
1. ruled 2. were not labeled
2. was discovered 3. Were; placed
3. weren’t known 4. were damaged

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5. Were; recorded a child, so I never knew him. His tools are kept
6. was done carefully by my family. I like to do woodwork
7. was found myself, so his drill is still used, and it works
very well. I’m going to give the drill to my son.
D WRITE & SPEAK It’s nice to think that my grandfather will be
Answers will vary remembered through his tools.

Exercise 8 EDIT & SPEAK, page 402 B

A Item: Woodworking
The temple of Angkor Wat in drill
Cambodia was build built in the 12th century Who was it owned Paul’s grandfather
by a Khmer king. It was the state temple and by?
also the place where the king was buried. Many How was it used? for woodworking/in
parts of the temple are damaged. Water and his work as a
time have done much of the damage. But also, carpenter
the temple was constructed in a way that has Where was it used? on ships
not lasted. Recently, restoration work on one Other details still used and will be
important part of the temple was completed by kept in the family
a team of specialists. Restoration is when a
damaged building is brought back to a good C
condition. Answers will vary
For this restoration, special techniques
were required, and the Cambodian team was D
well trained for the job. Gradually, over a five- Answers will vary
year period, important parts of the temple were
cleaned and dangerous cracks were filled. The LESSON 2
project was a big success, and the team plans to Passive Voice with Modals; Using the By
continue its work on other buildings at the site. Phrase
Hopefully, all of Angkor Wat will be restored
in an equally successful way. EXPLORE
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 405
B 1. False
1. was; built 2. False
2. was buried 3. True
3. was; damaged 4. False
4. Will; be restored 5. True

C Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 405

Answers will vary A
1. were loaded
Exercise 9, page 403 2. could be used
A 3. was discovered
I have chosen a woodworking drill. It 4. were recovered
was owned by my grandfather and was used in 5. can now be viewed
his work as a carpenter on ships. Sadly, my
grandfather was lost at sea when my father was B

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© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Passive without Modal: were loaded; was Answers will vary.\
discovered, were recovered
Passive with Modal: could be used; can now be PRACTICE
viewed Exercise 7, page 408
1. can be seen
LEARN 2. can’t be bought by groups
Exercise 4, page 406 3. may not be parked
1. may be found 4. must not be used by adults
2. might be recovered 5. may be taken by children on school visits
3. must be taken 6. should be left
4. may not be used 7. might be changed
5. must not be moved 8. can be purchased
6. could be required
7. should be worn Exercise 8 READ, WRITE & SPEAK, page
8. can be consulted 409
A
Exercise 5, page 407 Theme – What can we learn from disastrous or
The wreck of the SS Republic was mysterious events?
discovered in 2003 by a private company What to do
called Odyssey Marine Exploration. The ship • Choose a historical event from any
was found by the company at the bottom of the period.
ocean 100 miles southeast of Savannah, • You can write about any country or
Georgia. culture.
The remains of the SS Republic were • You can do the work alone or with a
around 1700 feet (518 meters) deep. New high- partner.
tech equipment was used by Odyssey to aid in What to study
the exploration and recovery effort. For • Read accounts of the event soon after it
example, items were removed from the wreck happened.
by a robotic craft called ZEUS. • Study artifacts from the site.
Over 51,000 gold and silver coins were • Research the opinion of archaeologists
recovered by the Odyssey team from the and anthropologists.
wreck. Everyday items such as shoes, cups, and Resources to use
bottles were also found by the team. Photos of • Visit the college library.
these artifacts are displayed on the company’s
• Use the Internet.
website. Facts and details are also given by the
company on the site for anyone who wants • Interview members of the faculty (for
more information. interview, by appointment).
Choose a topic – January 31: Professor Lopez
Exercise 6 WRITE & SPEAK, page 408 has to approve all topics.
A Complete outline – February 7: A faculty
1. Who was the SS Republic discovered by? member must sign your outline before you
2. Who was the company started by? begin your project.
3. Who was the new equipment bought by? Present project – February 26: Dr. Henderson
4. Who was the ocean searched by? will arrange exact times.

B B
1. be chosen

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© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
2. be written one on board, but the goods that the Mary
3. be done Celeste was carrying were still on the ship.
4. be read There was no sign of trouble, but the
5. be studied; be researched sailors, the captain, and his family could not be
6. be used found. The ship’s lifeboat was missing, and a
7. be interviewed long rope was attached to the back of the ship.
8. be approved; Professor Lopez Some versions of the story say that a fully
9. be signed; a faculty member prepared meal could see be seen on the table,
10. be arranged; Dr. Henderson so maybe everyone left in a hurry. This,
however, cannot be confirmed. Even now we
C don’t understand exactly what happened, and
1. Who must the outline be signed by? the truth may never know be known.
2. Can the work be done with a partner? In my opinion, the evidence should be
3. Whose opinions should be researched? examined again by people. New information
4. Can the Internet be used? might discover be discovered using modern
5. Who must the topic be approved by? technology. Many people don’t agree with me,
6. Who will the presentations be arranged by? though. They think some things just can’t be
explained.
D
Answers will vary Exercise 11 APPLY, page 412
Answers will vary
Exercise 9 WRITE & LISTEN, page 410
A LESSON 3
1. by disaster Participial Adjectives
2. by Mount Vesuvius
3. by archaeologists EXPLORE
4. by millions of tourists Exercise 2 CHECK, page 414
1. b
B 2. b
1. can be shared 3. a
2. can’t; be believed 4. c
3. should be included 5. a
4. should be respected
5. might be shown Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 414
6. can be found A
7. might be chosen 1. disturbing
8. may not be approved 2. interested
3. carved
Exercise 10 EDIT, page 412 4. fascinated; entertaining
I have chosen to research the mystery
of the ship Mary Celeste. This famous story B
should include be included on any list of 1, 3, 5
historical mysteries. In early November 1872,
the ship left New York carrying goods to Italy. LEARN
One month later, the ship was discovered in the Exercise 4, page 415
Atlantic Ocean by another ship. There was no A

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© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
1. qualified for Answers will vary
2. frightened of
3. involved in B
4. surprised by 1. disgusted
5. satisfied with 2. annoyed
6. exhausted 3. interesting
7. excited about 4. boring
8. sold out 5. exciting
9. interested in 6. satisfied
10. disappointed with 7. excited
8. surprising
B
1. for C
2. in 1. Why is Jesse disgusted?
3. with/by 2. Why is Tom annoyed?
4. of 3. Why does Sue think the work is interesting?
5. by/at 4. Why does Dave think studying garbage is
6. about boring?
7. with/by 5. Why would Dave like to do something more
interesting?
Exercise 5, page 416 6. Why isn’t Rick satisfied with the amount of
1. amazing work they have done?
2. interesting 7. Why is Angela excited?
3. fascinating 8. Why does Rick think their information is
4. disappointing surprising?
5. exciting
6. boring D
7. exhausting Answers will vary
8. entertaining
Exercise 8 EDIT, page 419
PRACTICE Most people think garbage is not very
Exercise 6, page 417 interesting, but archaeologists are fascinating
1. buried fascinated by it. When archaeologists found
2. exciting 2000-year-old waste from Rome, they were
3. carved excited about it. The waste taught them about
4. known the diet and daily life of people in ancient
5. made Rome. You can learn a lot about a culture by
6. interesting studying its trash.
7. disappointed Garbology can be described as the
8. worried study of garbage to learn about a culture.
9. amusing Professor William Rathje and his students in
10. boring Arizona invented the term when they were
studying waste in modern America. Rathje and
Exercise 7 LISTEN, WRITE & SPEAK, his students studied a number of landfill sites.
page 418 Sorting through garbage can be a tired tiring
A and sometimes disgusted disgusting activity,

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© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
but when the information from their research they must not be moved. Photos can take be
was collected, they were not disappointing taken, but the artifacts should not be picked up.
disappointed with the results. The project led to
some interested interesting discoveries. It was Exercise 3 WRITE & LISTEN, page 421
clear that some popular ideas about modern A
American garbage were mistaken. For 1. Where were the first public baths built?
example, the team discovered that almost half 2. When was the first moon landing
of the garbage in the landfills is paper—a fact completed?
that many people found surprised surprising. 3. Where were scissors invented?
4. When was the first airplane flown?
Exercise 9 APPLY, page 419 5. Who was popcorn invented by?
Answers will vary 6. When were the first CDs sold?

REVIEW THE GRAMMAR B

1. c
Exercise 1, page 420 2. c
1. should be supported 3. a
2. was made; was filmed 4. b
3. gave 5. a
4. must be completed 6. c
5. might finish
6. Is the mail delivered/Will the mail be C
delivered Answers will vary
7. must not be left
8. can obtain Exercise 4 WRITE & SPEAK, page 421
9. can’t be repaired Answers will vary
10. do you keep
CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO
Exercise 2 EDIT, page 420 WRITING
The giant stone balls of Costa Rica are
one of the most fascinated fascinating human Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE
artifacts. The balls were made in prehistoric GRAMMAR, page 422
times and are perfectly round. The stone comes A
from local mountains. It’s likely that stone Answers will vary
tools were used to make the balls. The biggest
ball is eight feet across and it is weighed
weighs 16 tons.
Unfortunately, we may never be
discovered discover the true purpose of the
stones, since only a small number of stones can
be studied in context. Many of the stones were
removed from their original place.
Archaeologists are annoying annoyed
about this situation. They say that when
artifacts are found by members of the public,

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© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
B
Passive Voice Agent in text Agent not in
(necessary text (clear
information) from context)
1. fountain ✓ (by people)
pens were
used
2. his name ✓ (by
was engraved someone)
3. his mother ✓ (by
was killed someone or
something)
4. he was ✓ by his
raised father
5. his stories ✓ by people
can … be all over the
enjoyed world

C
Answers will vary. Sample answer:
Event: Receiving gift
from grandfather
What is the memory? Receiving a special
pen from my
grandfather
Why is this event the pen was a gift for
important? his 10th birthday; felt
a connection with my
grandfather
Details grandfather is a
writer; is rarely
without his pen; the
pen is very
sentimental; I was
stunned and
incredibly happy

Exercise 2 BEFORE YOU WRITE, page

423
Answers will vary

Exercise 3 WRITE, page 423

Answers will vary

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UNIT 16 Exploration Exercise 4, page 428
Noun Clauses and Reported Speech s v
1. Explorers always hope that they will make
LESSON 1 discoveries.
Noun Clauses with That s v
2. Goddio decided that he wanted to look for
EXPLORE Heracleion.
Exercise 2 DISCOVER, page 427 s v
1. a 3. He though that he and his team could find
2. c the city.
3. a s v
4. b 4. They discovered that the city was near the
coast.
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 427 s v
A 5. The team realized that the ruins were very
Subject Verb Clause with old.
That s v
Stories suggest that some of 6. The divers noticed that the ruins contained
these places statues and jewelry.
are lost s v
beneath the 7. Archaeologists know that the site is very
sea. important.
His work has shown that these s v
lost places 8. They believe that it will help our
can be
understanding of ancient Egypt.
found.
Historians thought that Thonis Exercise 5, page 428
and 1. The students found out that the lecture on
Heracleion ancient Egypt was canceled.
were two 2. Archaeologists learned that the city was
separate important.
cities 3. Scientists discovered that the statues were
Historians think that the city over 2000 years old.
was founded 4. I dreamed that I found a lost city.
in the 8th 5. Some explorers hope that their discoveries
century B.C. will be famous.
Experts believe that the city 6. I believe that her book has information on
was hit by ancient Greece.
several
natural Exercise 6 WRITE & SPEAK, page 429
disasters … A
1. it is under the sea
B 2. they are the same
2 3. it was a little boring
4. it has improved a lot
LEARN

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B Pam: I agree. And I’m sure I saw some steps.
Answers will vary. Sample answers: They seemed to lead to the top of the
1. I remember that Heracleion was hit by many monument.
natural disasters. Michaela: Hmmm. I’m not sure I agree. The
2. I learned that Thonis was the Egyptian name rocks looked natural to me.
and Heracleion was the Greek name. Kenji: What about the head-shaped rock? Did
3. I thought that it was interesting. you see that, Michaela?
4. I’ve realized that it takes time to learn a Michaela: No, I had to go back to the surface
language. because I had a problem with my diving
equipment. I was afraid I didn’t have enough
Exercise 7, page 430 air.
Ben: Is it true that you’re leading the search Pam: I’m sorry you didn’t see it.
tomorrow? Kenji: I know there are some Japanese
Lucia: Yes, it is. I’m surprised that you know scientists who agree with us, Pam.
about it already. Michaela: But the Japanese government
Ben: News travels fast! Anyway, I’m glad that doesn’t agree. Don’t forget the monument is
you’ve been chosen. You’ll be a great team officially considered a natural site.
leader. Dave doesn’t have enough experience. I
was afraid that we were going to get lost today. B
Lucia: I know. I was worried that someone Answers will vary. Sample answers:
might get lost when he split us up into pairs. In 1. (that) Yonaguni was made by man
my opinion, we should all stay together. 2. (that) it is natural, not man-made
Ben: Yes, I agree. Professor Kim is 3. (that) the head-shaped rock means it is not
disappointed that we haven’t found any sign of natural
the city yet. He’s sure that we’re in the right 4. (that) the site is man-made
place, though. 5. (that) his students thought about how the
Lucia: Well, it’s true that people have been monument was formed
looking for it for years… 6. (that) the dive went well
7. Answers will vary.
Exercise 8 SPEAK, page 430 8. Answers will vary.
Answers will vary
C
PRACTICE Answers will vary
Exercise 9 READ, WRITE & SPEAK, page
431 Exercise 10 LISTEN & WRITE, page 432
A A
Professor: Great dive, everyone! So what do 1. False
you think after seeing the Yonaguni monument 2. True
for yourselves? Do you think it’s natural or 3. True
man-made? It is a pile of rocks or the remains 4. False
of an ancient civilization? 5. False
Kenji: Well, I can understand all the
excitement. It’s true the rocks look like they B
have been carved. The edges are so straight… Answers will vary. Sample answers:
1. early morning/late afternoon
2. Sunday, fewest visitors

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3. as early as possible; the number of tickets is A
limited 1. when people started
4. yes—there is only one road; it takes 2–4 2. where the islands are
days to walk the trail 3. how many days the Kon-Tiki took
5. bus (walking takes too long: 2–4 days) 4. what the DNA results showed
5. who you believe
C
Answers will vary B
Answers will vary
Exercise 11 APPLY, page 433
Answers will vary Exercise 6, page 438
1 period
LESSON 2 2. question mark
Noun Clauses with Wh- Words and 3. period
If/Whether 4. period
5. question mark
EXPLORE 6. question mark
Exercise 2 CHECK, page 435
1. b Exercise 7, page 438
2. c A
3. a 1. Diego speaks Japanese?
4. c 2. I turned the TV off.
5. c 3. Alex is on vacation.
4. Joanne was at the lecture.
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 435 5. the bus goes to the park.
A 6. the concert is tonight?
1. where 7. Shari left.
2. where 8. they are happy.
3. how
B
B Answers will vary
1. questions
2. statement PRACTICE
Exercise 8, page 439
LEARN 1. where the Gateway of India is
Exercise 4, page 436 2. if/whether there is time
1. Polynesia is 3. if/whether it is a long way
2. Thor Heyerdahl was 4. how we can get
3. the Kon-Tiki was built 5. if/whether we will be able to see
4. Heyerdahl sailed 6. which street goes
5. Heyerdahl was 7. where Crawford Market is
6. he was trying 8. if/whether we need
7. the Kon-Tiki sailed to
8. the new research shows Exercise 9 LISTEN & WRITE, page 440
A
Exercise 5, page 436 1. a

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2. b Exercise 2 CHECK, page 443
1. True
B 2. False
Answers will vary 3. True
4. True
C 5. False
Answers will vary
Exercise 3 DISCOVER, page 443
D A
1. a 1. My grandmother told me that it was an
2. a incredible moment.
3. b 2. … Neil Armstrong said, “That’s one small
4. b step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.”
5. a 3. …, scientists tell us that we have learned a
6. b lot from space travel.
4. Some people even say the survival of
Exercise 10 WRITE & SPEAK, page 441 humankind may depend on space exploration.
A 5. Carl Sagan said, “We have a basic
1. where the zoo is? responsibility to our species to venture to other
2. how I can get to the theater? worlds.”
3. if there is a good bookstore near here?
4. when the bus to the castle leaves? B
5. what time the stores close? 1. 2, 5
6. whether the museum is open today? 2. 1, 3, 4
B LEARN
Answers will vary. Sample answers: Exercise 4, page 444
1. The zoo is just outside of Castletown on 1. b
Highway 15. 2. a
2. The Main Street Theater is on the corner of 3. b
Main St. and 7th Ave. 4. b
3. Yes, the Old Towne Bookstore is on the 5. a
corner of Main Street and 4th Ave. 6. b
4. The bus leaves every hour, starting at 10
a.m. Exercise 5, page 445
5. The bookstore closes at 8 p.m. A
6. Yes, it’s Tuesday, so the museum is open 1. Julie said, “I’d love to be an astronaut.”
until 6 p.m. 2. “Why is that?” Hector asked.
3. Julie said, “I want to see the Earth from
Exercise 11 APPLY, page 441 space.”
Answers will vary 4. Hector said, “Yes, that must be an amazing
sight.”
LESSON 3 5. “Are you worried about the dangers?” Ratna
Quoted and Reported Speech asked.
6. “It’s worth the risk,” Julie said.
EXPLORE

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7. Ratna said, “I don’t like the idea of 4. Mei said (that) the mission commander was
spacewalks.” giving a report.
8. “I think they sound amazing,” said Hector. 5. Will asked why the woman’s hair was like
that.
B 6. Mei said (that) it was because of zero
1. “I’d love to be an astronaut,” Julie said. gravity.
2. Hector asked, “Why is that?”
3. “I want to see the Earth from space,” Julie PRACTICE
said. Exercise 10, page 449
4. “Yes, that must be an amazing sight,” Hector A
said. 1. , “What are you watching?”
5. Ratna asked, “Are you worried about the 2. “It’s a video about insects in space,”
dangers?” 3. , “Are you serious?”
6. Julie said, “It’s worth the risk.” 4. , “Yes, astronauts sometimes take spiders
7. “I don’t like the idea of spacewalks,” Ratna and ants into space.”
said. 5. “Oh, why do they do that?”
8. Hector said, “I think they sound amazing.” 6. , “They study their movements and feeding
habits.”
Exercise 6, page 446
1. he was coming B
2. if the assignment was due on Friday 1. what she was watching.
3. there was going to be a storm 2. it was a video about insects in space.
4. he was doing 3. if she was serious.
5. she was too busy 4. astronauts sometimes took spiders and ants
6. he had too much work into space.
7. she wasn’t enjoying the movie 5. why they did that.
8. he didn’t think so 6. they studied their movements and feeding
habits.
Exercise 7 SPEAK, page 447
Answers will vary Exercise 11 SPEAK, page 450
Answers will vary
Exercise 8, page 447
1. asked/asked me Exercise 12 EDIT, page 451
2. replied For this assignment, I watched an
3. told me interview with Ellen Ochoa, who became the
4. said first Hispanic American woman in space in
5. told me/said 1991. She went on to make several more flights
6. asked and has spent over 950 hours in space.
7. answered When the interviewer asked her what
8. asked him was NASA training was like, Ochoa replied
that everything was harder in training than in
Exercise 9, page 448 space. Next, the interviewer asked Ochoa how
1. Will asked Mei what she was watching. did it feel it felt to float in zero gravity. She
2. Mei said (that) it was a video from the space replied that it was fun to be weightless. She
station. told told the interviewer/said there was really
3. Will asked who was talking. nothing to compare it to on Earth. She said the

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closest activity was probably swimming. 7. if/how
Ochoa said her told her/said that astronauts had 8. whether
to prepare for all sorts of problems and 9. that
accidents. The interviewer then asked the 10. asked/asked them
former astronaut did she miss if/whether she
missed her family when she was in space. Exercise 2 LISTEN & WRITE, page 453
Ochoa said it is was difficult. She said told the A
interviewer she used e-mail to communicate 1. a
with her husband when she was in space. 2. a
3. b
Exercise 13 LISTEN, page 451 4. b
A 5. a
1. asked 6. b
2. was reading 7. a
3. asked if 8. a
4. said that
5. why it B
6. replied Answers will vary
7. if
8. answered C
Answers will vary
B
1. , “How is your research going?” Exercise 3 EDIT, page 455
2. , “Great. I’m reading about the Voyager 1 Often, we ask ourselves why we are we
space probe.” here. This semester, I have learned a lot about
3. “It is a useful article for the assignment?” this question. After learning about fossils from
4. , “Yes, the mission is at a very exciting different parts of the world, I am convinced
stage.” that humans began a great journey out of
5. , “What’s happening?” eastern Africa around 60,000 years ago.
6. “The probe is no longer in the solar system,” Evidence shows that early humans explored all
7. “Does that mean a man-made object is flying areas of the globe. How did they survive?
around the galaxy?” Scientists say us that these early humans
8. , “Yes. It’s the first time in history.” discovered plants and animals to eat and found
ways to stay warm. But, they are not certain
Exercise 14 APPLY, page 452 how did they move they moved across wide
Answers will vary oceans and over rough terrain. I’m sure many
didn’t survive.
REVIEW THE GRAMMAR The question is why they did it?. I
believe the reason is that humans have an
Exercise 1, page 453 innate desire to explore, learn, and take risks.
1. when/whether The author T.S. Eliot said, “only Only those
2. that who will risk going too far can possibly find
3. the city.” how far one can go.” This suggests that being
4. I’m not sure an explorer and taking risks helps us to survive
5. I believe/I believe that and succeed. We should all ask ourselves,
6. said

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“What I am am I doing to improve life for the C.
people who will live after me?” Where did she go? to Illinois, to a town
hit by a horrible
Exercise 4 WRITE & SPEAK, page 455 tornado
Answers will vary What did she do? cleared broken
furniture, bricks,
CONNECT THE GRAMMAR TO papers and pieces of
WRITING cars and household
appliances; moved
Exercise 1 READ & NOTICE THE branches and fallen
GRAMMAR, page 456 trees; talked with
A people whose homes
Answers will vary were gone
What did she learn? She learned that some
B thing are more
Answers may vary. Sample answers: important than others.
1. I also learned that we had a lot of work to Quotes “My family is safe;
do./I wanted to believe that I could be that nothing else really
strong. matters.”
2. I was surprised that many of them could still “Life is too short to be
laugh./I was amazed that complete sad for too long. We
neighborhoods were flattened. will rebuild and make
3. My friend Bo asked me if I wanted to take a new memories.”
trip to Illinois./He said that some volunteers at
the university were going to help people Exercise 2 BEFORE YOU WRITE, page
affected by a terrible tornado. 457
4. One man said, “My family is safe; nothing Answers will vary
else really matters.”/An older woman said,
“Life is too short to be sad for too long. We Exercise 3 WRITE, page 457
will rebuild and make new memories.” Answers will vary

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