A Book Of

Core Java
For B.B.A.(C.A) : Semester - V
[Course Code CA-503 : Credits-03]
CBCS Pattern
As Per New Syllabus, Effective from June 2021

Dr. Ms. Manisha Bharambe

M.Sc. (Comp. Sci.), M.Phil, Ph.D (Comp. Sci.)
Vice Principal and BCA Coordinator
MES Abasaheb Garware College, Pune 4

Mrs. Manisha Suryawanshi

M.C.S., M.Phil. (CS), M.B.A. (HR)
Asst. Prof., Placement Co-ordinator
Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce
(Autonomous), Pune 5

Mr. Kamil Ajmal Khan

M.Sc. Computer Science
Asst. Prof. Computer Science Department
Abeda Inamdar Senior College, Pune

Price ` 360.00

N4959
CORE JAVA ISBN 978-93-5451-305-3
First Edition : September 2021
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Preface
Preface …

We take an opportunity to present this book entitled as "Core Java" to the students of
Fifth Semester - B.B.A.(C.A). The object of this book is to present the subject matter in a most
concise and simple manner. The book is written strictly according to the New Syllabus
(CBCS Pattern).

The book covers theory of Java Fundamentals, Classes, Objects and Methods, Inheritance,
Package and Collection, File and Exception Handling, Applet, AWT, Event and Swing
Programming.

The book has its own unique features. It brings out the subject in a very simple and lucid
manner for easy and comprehensive understanding of the basic concepts, its intricacies,
procedures and practices. This book will help the readers to have a broader view on Core
Java. The language used in this book is easy and will help students to improve their
vocabulary of Technical terms and understand the matter in a better and happier way.

A special words of thank to Shri. Dineshbhai Furia, Mr. Jignesh Furia for showing full faith
in us to write this text book. We also thank to Mr. Akbar Shaikh of M/s Nirali Prakashan for
their excellent co-operation.

We also thank Mr. Akbar Shaikh, Ms. Chaitali Takale, Mr. Ravindra Walodare, Mr. Sachin
Shinde, Mr. Ashok Bodke, Mr. Moshin Sayyed and Mr. Nitin Thorat.

Although every care has been taken to check mistakes and misprints, any errors,
omission and suggestions from teachers and students for the improvement of this text book
shall be most welcome.

Authors
Syllabus …
1. Java Fundamentals [Lectures 8]
1.1 Introduction to Java
1.2 Basics of Java: Data Types, Variable, Expression, Operators, Constant
1.3 Structure of Java Program
1.4 Execution Process of Java Program
1.5 JDK Tools
1.6 Command Line Arguments
1.7 Array and String
1.7.1 Single Array and Multidimensional Array
1.7.2 String, String Buffer
1.8 Built In Packages and Classes
1.8.1 java.util: Scanner, Date, Math etc.
1.8.2 java.lang
2. Classes, Objects and Methods [Lectures 8]
2.1 Class and Object
2.2 Object Reference
2.3 Constructor: Constructor Overloading
2.4 Method: Method Overloading, Recursion, Passing and Returning Object Form
Method
2.5 New Operator, this and static keyword, finalize() Method
2.6 Nested Class, Inner Class and Anonymous Inner Class
3. Inheritance, Package and Collection [Lectures 10]
3.1 Overview of Inheritance
3.2 Inheritance in Constructor
3.3 Inheriting Data Members and Methods
3.4 Multilevel Inheritance - Method Overriding Handle Multilevel Constructors
3.5 Use of Super and Final Keyword
3.6 Interface
3.7 Creation and Implementation of an Interface, Interface Reference
3.8 Interface Inheritance
3.9 Dynamic Method Dispatch
3.10 Abstract Class
3.11 Comparison between Abstract Class and Interface
3.12 Access Control
3.13 Packages
3.13.1 Packages Concept
3.13.2 Creating User Defined Packages
3.13.3 Java Built Inpackages
3.13.4 Import Statement, Static Import
 3.14 Collection
3.14.1 Collection Framework.
3.14.2 Interfaces: Collection, List, Set
3.14.3 Navigation: Enumeration, Iterator, ListIterator
3.14.4 Classes: LinkedList, ArrayList, Vector, HashSet
4. File and Exception Handling [Lectures 8]
Exception
4.1 Exception and Error
4.2 Use of try, catch, throw, throws and finally
4.3 Built in Exception
4.4 Custom exception
4.5 Throwable Class.
File Handling
4.6 Overview of Different Stream (Byte Stream, Character stream)
4.7 Readers and Writers class
4.8 File Class
4.9 File Input Stream, File Output Stream
4.10 Input Stream Reader and Output Stream Writer
Class
4.11 FileReader and FileWriter Class
4.12 Buffered Reader Class
5. Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming [Lectures 14]
Applet
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Types Applet
5.3 Applet Lifecycle
5.3.1 Creating Applet
5.3.2 Applet Tag
5.4 Applet Classes
5.4.1 Color
5.4.2 Graphics
5.4.3 Font
AWT
5.5 Components and container used in AWT
5.6 Layout Managers
5.7 Listeners and Adapter Classes
5.8 Event Delegation Model
Swing
5.9 Introduction to Swing Component and Container Classes
5.10 Exploring Swing Controls - JLabel and Image Icon, JText Field, The Swing Buttons
JButton, JToggle Button, JCheck Box, JRadio Button, JTabbed Pane, JScroll Pane,
JList, JTable, JComboBox, Swing Menus, Dialogs, JFileOpen, JColorChooser
Contents …

1. Java Fundamentals 1.1 − 1.50

2. Classes, Objects and Methods 2.1 − 2.32

3. Inheritance, Package and Collection 3.1 − 3.72

4. File and Exception Handling 4.1 − 4.40

5. Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming 5.1 − 5.88

Bibliography B.1 − B.1

 1…
Java Fundamentals
Learning Objectives…
▣ To understand Basic Concepts of Java.
▣ To learn Structure of Java.
▣ To study JDK Tools.
▣ To study Command Line Arguments.
▣ To learn about Array and String.
▣ To study Built In Packages and Classes.

1.1 INTRODUCING JAVA

• Java is a class-based, object-oriented, simple programming language. Java makes
writing, compiling, and debugging programming easy. It helps to create reusable
code and modular programs.
• Java is used for Mobile applications, Desktop applications, Web applications, Web
servers and Application servers, Games, Database connection, etc.
• Java works on different platforms like Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc.
• Java is related to C++, which is a direct descendant of C. Much of the character of Java
is inherited from these two languages. From C, Java derives its syntax. Many of Java's
object-oriented features were influenced by C++.
• It is a general-purpose programming language, intended to let application developers
write once, run anywhere. Meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms
that support Java without the need for recompilation. Java applications are typically
compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM).
• Java enables computer programmers to write computer instructions using English
based commands, instead of having to write in numeric codes.
• Like English language, Java has a set of rules (syntax) that determine how the
instructions are written. Once, a program has been written, the high-level
instructions are translated into numeric codes that computers can understand and
execute.
(1.1)
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.2 Java Fundamentals

1.1.1 History of Java

• Java was developed at Sun Microsystems (which has since been acquired by Oracle) in
1991, by a team of James Gosling, Patrick Naughton, Chris Wrath, Ed Frank and Mike
Sheridan as its members. The language was initially called Oak. It was later termed as
Java.
• Between the initial implementation of Oak in the fall of 1992 and the public
announcement of Java in the spring of 1995, many more people contributed to the
design and evolution of the language. Bill Joy, Arthur van Hoff, Jonathan Payne,
Frank Yellin, and Tim Lind holm were key contributors to the maturing of the original
prototype.
• Java is a general-purpose, Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) language. James
Gosling is called the father of Java Programming.
• Java is an Object-Oriented Programming language means Java enables us not only to
organize our program code into logical unit called objects but also to take advantage
of encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism and so on.
• As of March 2021, the latest version is Java 16, with Java 11, a currently supported
long-term support (LTS) version, released on September 25, 2018. Oracle released the
last zero-cost public update for the legacy version Java 8 LTS in January 2019 for
commercial use, although it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for
personal use indefinitely. Other vendors have begun to offer zero-cost builds of
OpenJDK 8 and 11 that are still receiving security and other upgrades.
• Oracle (and others) highly recommend uninstalling outdated versions of Java because
of serious risks due to unresolved security issues. Since Java 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, and 15
are no longer supported, Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the
latest version (currently Java 16) or an LTS release.
• An application is a type of software that allows user to perform specific task. Sun
Microsystems Inc. has divided Java into following parts:
1. Java SE (Java Standard Edition): It contains basic core Java classes and used to
develop standard applets and applications.
2. J2EE (Java Enterprise Edition): It contains classes that are beyond Java SE and used
to providing business solutions on a network.
3. J2ME (Java Micro Edition): Java ME is for developers who develop code for portable
devices like a PDA, a cellular phone and so on.
1.1.2 Features of Java [W-18]
• Following are list of buzzwords:
1. Simple: Java is a simple language. There are various concepts that makes the Java
as a simple language. Java is designed to be easy to learn. Programs in Java are
easy to write and debug because Java does not use the pointers, preprocessor
header files, operator overloading etc.
2. Secure: Java is aimed to be used in networked or distributed environments. Java
does not allocate direct pointer to memory, this makes it impossible to
accidentally reference memory that belongs to other program.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.3 Java Fundamentals

3. Portable: Being architectural-neutral and having no implementation dependent

aspects of the specification makes Java portable. Java code is portable. It was an
important design goal of Java that it be portable so that as new architectures (due
to hardware, operating system, or both) are developed, the Java environment
could be ported to them.
4. Object-oriented: Java is a truly object oriented language. Almost everything in
java is an object. Java has a wide variety of classes. These classes are organized in
various packages. We can use them in our programs while implementing
inheritance. The object model in java is simple and easy to extend.
5. Robust: Java is a robust language because it provides many safeguards to ensure
reliable code. Java does not allow pointer which avoids security problem. There is
no concept of reference variable. This eliminates the possibility of overwriting
memory and corrupting data. Automatic garbage collection eliminates memory
leaks.
6. Multithreaded: Java was designed to meet the real-world requirement of creating
interactive, networked programs. To accomplish this, Java supports
multithreaded programming, which allows you to write programs that do many
things simultaneously. The Java run-time system comes with an elegant yet
sophisticated solution for multi-process synchronization that enables you to
construct smoothly running interactive systems.
7. Architecture-neutral: A central issue for the Java designers was that of code
longevity and portability. One of the main problems facing programmers is that
no guarantee exists that if you write a program today, it will run tomorrow even
on the same machine. Operating system upgrades, processor upgrades, and
changes in core system resources can all combine to make a program
malfunction. Their goal was "write once; run anywhere, anytime, forever." To a
great extent, this goal was accomplished.
8. Interpreted: As described earlier, Java enables the creation of cross-platform
programs by compiling into an intermediate representation called Java bytecode.
Most previous attempts at cross-platform solutions have done so at the expense of
performance.
9. High Performance: The Java bytecode was carefully designed so that it would be
easy to translate directly into native machine code for very high performance by
using a just-in-time compiler.
10. Distributed: Java facilitates the building of distributed application by a collection
of classes for use in networked applications. Java is designed for the distributed
environment of the Internet.
11. Dynamic: Java language is capable of dynamically linking in new class libraries,
methods and objects. Because Java is interpreted, Java is an extremely dynamic
language, at runtime, the Java environment can extends itself by linking in
classes that may be located on remote servers on a network, for example, the
Internet.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.4 Java Fundamentals

BASICS OF JAVA - DATA TYPES, VARIABLE, EXPRESSION,

1.2
OPERATORS, CONSTANT
1.2.1 Data Types
• A computer has to process various types of data. Data type is a term that refers to the
kind of data used in a program. Every programming language comes with a set of
data types ready to use.
• Java is a strongly typed language and this means that every variable and every
expression has a data type known at compile time.
1. The Primitive Types:
• Various primitive data types are listed below:
(i) byte:
o Byte data type is an 8-bit signed two's complement integer.
o Range is –128 to 127.
o Default value is 0.
o Byte data type is used to save space in large arrays, mainly in place of integers,
since a byte is four times smaller than an int.
o Example: byte a = 100, byte b = -50
(ii) short:
o Short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement integer.
o Minimum value is -32,768 and maximum value is 32,767.
o Short data type can also be used to save memory as byte data type. A short is 2
times smaller than an int.
o Default value is 0.
o Example: short s = 10000, short r = – 20000
(iii) int:
o int data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement integer.
o Range is - 2,147,483,648.. to 2,147,483,647.
o int is generally used as the default data type for integral values unless there is
a concern about memory.
o The default value is 0.
o Example: int a = 100000, int b = -200000
(iv) long:
o long data type is a 64-bit signed two's complement integer.
o Range is -9,223,372,036,854,775,808… to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807.
o This type is used when a wider range than int is needed.
o Default value is 0L.
o Example: long a = 100000L, int b = -200000L.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.5 Java Fundamentals

(v) float:
o float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point.
o float is mainly used to save memory in large arrays of floating point numbers.
o default value is 0.0f.
o float data type is never used for precise values such as currency.
o Example: float f1 = 234.5f
(vi) double:
o double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point.
o This data type is generally used as the default data type for decimal values,
generally the default choice.
o Double data type should never be used for precise values such as currency.
o Default value is 0.0d.
o Example: double d1 = 123.4
(vii) boolean:
o boolean data type represents one bit of information.
o There are only two possible values: true and false.
o This data type is used for simple flags that track true/false conditions.
o Default value is false.
o Example: boolean one = true
(viii) char:
o char data type is a single 16-bit unicode character.
o Minimum value is '\u0000' (or 0).
o Maximum value is '\uffff' (or 65,535 inclusive).
o Char data type is used to store any character.
o Example: char letterA ='A'
2. Reference Data Types:
• Reference data types are made by the logical grouping of primitive data types.
• These are called reference data types because they contain the address of a value
rather than the value itself.
• Arrays, classes, enum etc., are the example of reference data type.
1.2.2 Variables
• Variables are the identifier of the memory location, which used to save data
temporarily for later use in the program. During execution of a program, values can
be stored in a variable, and the stored value can be changed.
• While naming Java variables we have following naming rules.
1. Variable names are case-sensitive.
2. Variable name can be an unlimited-length sequence of Unicode letters and digits.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.6 Java Fundamentals

3. Variable name must begin with either a letter or the dollar sign "$", or the
underscore character "_".
4. No white space is permitted in variable names.
5. Variable name must not be a keyword or reserved word.
6. Do not begin with a digit.
7. A name can be of any realistic length.
Program 1.1: Program for variables.
public class AddTwoNumbers
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int num1 = 50;
int num2 = 15;
int sum;
sum = num1 + num2;
System.out.println("Sum of Numbers: "+sum);
}
}
Output:
Sum of Numbers: 65

1.2.3 Expression
• Expressions are essential building blocks of any Java program, usually created to
produce a new value, although sometimes an expression assigns a value to a variable.
• An expression is a construct made up of variables, operators, and method invocations,
which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a
single value.
• Expression evaluation in Java is based upon the following concepts:
1. Type conversion: It has two types based on how the conversion is performed:
(i) Implicit conversion: It is also known as automatic conversion. This type of
conversion is performed automatically by Java due to performance reasons.
Implicit conversion is not performed at all times. For example, Java will
automatically convert a value of byte into int type in expressions since they are
both compatible and int is larger than byte type.
(ii) Explicit conversion: It is also known as Type Casting. There may be situations
where you want to convert a value having a type of size less than the destination
type size. In such cases Java will not help you. You have do it on your own
explicitly. That is why this type of conversion is known as explicit conversion or
casting as the programmer does this manually.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.7 Java Fundamentals

Example:
int a=10;
byte b = (int) a; //integer value to be converted into a byte type
Type promotion rules of Java for expressions are listed below:
o All char, short and byte values are automatically promoted to int type.
o If at least one operand in an expression is a long type, then the entire
expression will be promoted to long.
o If at least one operand in an expression is a float type, then the entire
expression will be promoted to float.
o If at least one operand in an expression is a double type, then the entire
expression will be promoted to double.
2. Operator Precedence: Operator precedence determines the order in which the
operators in an expression are evaluated.
Table 1.1: Operator Precedence
Operators Precedence Associativity
equality == != left to right
bitwise AND & left to right
bitwise exclusive OR ^ left to right
bitwise inclusive OR | left to right

Program 1.2: Program for operator precedence.

class Precedence
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a = 10, b = 5, c = 1, result;
result = a-++c-++b;
System.out.println(result);
}
}
Output: 2
• The operator precedence of prefix ++ is higher than that of - subtraction operator.
3. Associativity of Operators in Java: If an expression has two operators with similar
precedence, the expression is evaluated according to its associativity (either left to
right, or right to left).
Example:
(i) d=a+b+c
Since + operator is left associative therefore a+b will solve first and then the
result will be added to c.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.8 Java Fundamentals

(ii) d=a^b^c
Since exponent operator is right associative therefore b^c will soved first and
then a^ result of b^c .
1.2.4 Operators
• Operators in Java can be classified into 6 types:
1. Unary operators:
+ Unary plus operator; indicates positive value.
− Unary minus operator; negates an expression.
++ Increment operator; increments a value by 1.
−− Decrement operator; decrements a value by 1.
! Logical complement operator; inverts the value of a Boolean.
Program 1.3: Program for unary operator.
public class Unary
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=20;
System.out.println(a++);
System.out.println(++a);
System.out.println(a--);
System.out.println(--a);
}
}
Output:
20
22
22
20
2. Arithmetic operators:
+ Additive operator (also used for String concatenation)
− Subtraction operator
* Multiplication operator
/ Division operator
% Remainder operator
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.9 Java Fundamentals

Program 1.4: Program for Arithmetic operator.

public class Arithmetic
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=20;
int b=10;
System.out.println(a+b);
System.out.println(a-b);
System.out.println(a*b);
System.out.println(a/b);
}
}
Output:
30
10
200
2
3. Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators
~ Unary bitwise complement
<< Signed left shift
>> Signed right shift
>>> Unsigned right shift
& Bitwise AND
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
| Bitwise inclusive OR
Program 1.5: Program for Bitwise and Bit Shift Operator.
public class Bitwise
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=20;
int b=10;
int c=5;
System.out.println(20<<2);
System.out.println(20>>2);
System.out.println(a<b&a<c);
}
}
Output:
80
5
false
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.10 Java Fundamentals

4. Logical operator: The logical && operator doesn't check the second condition if the
first condition is false. It checks the second condition only if the first one is true.
logical AND &&
logical OR ||
Program 1.6: Program for Logical Operator.
public class Logical
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=10;
int b=5;
int c=20;
System.out.println(a<b&&a<c);
System.out.println(a<b||a<c);
}
}
Output:
false
true
5. Ternary Operator: Java ternary operator is used as one line replacement for
if-then-else statement and used a lot in Java programming. It is the only conditional
operator which takes three operands.
Syntax: variable = (expression)? expressionIsTrue : expressionIsFalse;
Program 1.7: Program for ternary operator.
public class Ternary
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=2;
int b=5;
int min=(a<b)?a:b;
System.out.println(min);
}
}
Output:
2
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.11 Java Fundamentals

6. Equality and Relational Operators:

== Equal to
!= Not equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to
Program 1.8: Program for equality and relational Operator.
public class Euqlity
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x = 10;
int y = 20;
if(x== y)
System.out.println("x == y");
if(x != y)
System.out.println("x != y");
if(x > y)
System.out.println("x > y");
if(x < y)
System.out.println("x < y");
if(x <= y)
System.out.println("x <= y");
}
}
Output:
x != y
x < y
x <= y
7. Assignment Operator: Java assignment operator is one of the most common
operators. It is used to assign the value on its right to the operand on its left.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.12 Java Fundamentals

Table 1.2: Assignment Operator, Usage and Effect

Operator Usage Effect
+= a+=b; a=a+b;
−= a−=b; a=a−b;
*= a*=b; a=a*b;
/= a/=b; a=a/b;
%= a%=b; a=a%b;
&= a&=b; a=a&b;
|= a|=b; a=a|b;
^= a^=b; a=a^b;
<<= a<<=b; a=a<<b;
>>= a>>=b; a=a>>b;
>>>= a>>>=b; a=a>>>b;

Program 1.9: Program for assignment Operator.

public class Assignment
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a=10;
int b=20;
a+=4;//a=a+4 (a=10+4)
b-=4;//b=b-4 (b=20-4)
System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(b);
}
}
Output:
14
16

1.2.5 Constant
• A value which is fixed and does not change during the execution of a program is
called Constants in java. In other words, Java constants are fixed (known as
immutable) data values that cannot be changed. Java supports various types of
constants.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.13 Java Fundamentals

Java Constants

Numeric Constants Non-numeric Constants

Integer Real Character String

Constants Constants Constants Constants

Fig. 1.1: Classification of Java Constants

1. Integer Constants:
• An integer constant is a sequence of digits without a decimal point. For example, 10
and -200 are integer constants. There are three types of integer constants. They are as
follows:
o Decimal integer: For example: 24, -55, 0
o Octal integer: Example: 0123,024
o Hexadecimal integer: Example: 0x23, ox5B
2. Real Constants:
• Real constants consist of a sequence of digits with fractional parts or decimal points.
These constants are also called floating-point constants. The valid examples of real
constants are 2.3, 0.0034, −0.75, 56.7, etc.
3. Character Constants:
• A single character constant (or simply character constant) is a single character
enclosed within a pair of single quote. The example of single-character constants are:
'5', 'x', ';' , ' ', etc
4. String Constants:
• A string constant is a sequence of characters within a pair of double-quotes. The
characters can be alphabets, special characters, digits, and blank spaces. The valid
examples of string constants are: "Hello Java", "1924", "?…!", "2+7", "X", etc.
Backslash Character Constants:
• Java provides some special backslash character constants that are used in output
methods. For example, the symbol 'n' which stands for newline character.
• There are various types of backslash character constants that are supported by java.
The list is given in the below table.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.14 Java Fundamentals

Table 1.3: Backslash Character Constant

Constants Meaning

' \b ' back space

' \f ' form feed

' \n ' new line

' \r ' carriage return

' \t ' horizontal tab

'\' ' single quote

' \" ' double quote

\\ backslash

1.2.6 Types of Comments

• Comments are non-executable statements and are ignored by the Java compiler. The
comments increases the readability of the programs.
• Comments are an integral part of any program. They help the person reading the code
(often you) better understand the intent and functionality of the program.
• Java language provides three styles of comments as given below:
1. Line Comments:
o It start with two forward slashes (//) and continue to the end of the current line.
Line comments do not require an ending symbol.
o Java's single line comments are proved useful for supplying short explanations
for variables, function declarations, and expressions.
Example: //This is Single Line Comment
2. Block Comments:
o Java's multi-line or slash-star or traditional comment is a piece of text enclosed in
slash-star (/*) and star-slash (*/).
o Java's multi-line comments are useful when the comment text does not fit into
one line; therefore needs to span across lines.
Example: /*This is Multi Line Comment */
3. Javadoc Comments:
o Javadoc comments are used to document the new classes you create as a
programmer i.e. provide information about the class for users of the class to read.
o Java documentation comments is given by /**.........*/.
Example: /** Welcome to Nirali Prakashan */
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.15 Java Fundamentals

Program 1.10: Program for Java comment.

/**
This is a Documentation Comment.
*/
public class CommentsDemoExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
/* This is a Multi-line Comment */
System.out.println("Hello World");// This is a Single Live Comment.
}
}

1.3 STRUCTURE OF JAVA PROGRAM

Java Program Structure: [W-18; S-19]
• Java program may contain many classes, of which main() is defined in only one class.
• Classes in Java program contain data members and methods, that operate on the data
members of the class. Methods in Java program may contain datatype declarations
and executable statements.
• To write a Java program, we first define classes and then put them together.
Documentation Section <----- Suggested
Package Statements <----- Optional
Import Statements <----- Optional
Interface Statements <----- Optional
Class Definitions <----- Optional
Main method class <----- Essential
Fig. 1.2: Structure of Java Program
• A Java program structure contains following sections:
1. Documentation Section: This section is a set of comment lines giving the name of
the program, the author and the other details, which the programmer would like
to refer.
2. Package Statement: In Java files, the first statement allowed is a package
statement. This statement declares a package name and informs the compiler that
the classes defined here belong to this package.
For example: package employee;
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.16 Java Fundamentals

3. Import Statement: Similar to #include statement in C.

For example, import employee.test;
Import statement instructs the interpreter to load the test class contained in
package employee. Using import statement; we can access to classes that part of
other named packages.
4. Interface Statement: An interface is like class but includes group of methods
declaration. Interfaces are used when we want to implement multiple inheritance
feature.
5. Class Definition: Java program may contain many/multiple class definition.
Classes are primary feature of Java program. The classes in Java are used to map
real-world problems.
6. Main Method Class: Java stand-alone program requires main method as starting
point and this is essential part of program main() method in Java program creates
object of various classes and on reaching, end of the main the program terminate
and the control passes back to the operating system.
First Java Program:
1. public class MyProgram
2. {
3. public static void main(String[] args)
4. {
5. System.out.print("My First Java Program");
6. }
7. }
Output: My First Java Program
Explanation:
• The basic unit of a Java program is a class. A class called "MyProgram" is defined via the
keyword "class" in Lines 2–7. The braces {......} encloses the body of the class.
public class MyProgram
{
......
}
• In Java, the name of the source file must be the same as the name of the class with a
mandatory file extension of ".java". Hence, this file must be saved as
"MyProgram.java", case-sensitive.
public static void main(String[] args)
{
......
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.17 Java Fundamentals

• Lines 3-6 defines the so-called main() method, which is the entry point for program
execution. Again, the braces {......} encloses the body of the method, which contains
programming statements.
• In Line 5, the programming statement System.out.println("My First Java
Program") is used to print the string "My First Java Program" to the display console.
A string is surrounded by a pair of double quotes and contain texts. The text will be
printed as it is, without the double quotes. A programming statement ends with a
semi-colon (;).

1.4 EXECUTION PROCESS OF JAVA PROGRAM

• Example:
public class MyFirstJavaProgram
{
/* This is my first java program.
* This will print 'Hello World' as the output
*/
public static void main(String []args)
{
System.out.println("Hello World"); // prints Hello World
}
}
• Let's look at how to compile, and run the program.
Compiling the Program:
• To compile the above program, execute the compiler, javac specifying the name of
the source file on the command line. This is shown below:
C:\> javac MyFirstJavaProgram.java
• Javac compiler creates a file named 'MyFirstJavaProgram.class' which contains the
byte code version of the program. It is an intermediate representation of the program.
Executing the Program:
• To actually run the program you must use the Java application launcher called 'java'.
This is shown below:
C:\> java MyFirstJavaProgram
Output:
C:\> javac MyFirsthelloProgram.java
C:\> java MyFirsthelloProgram
Hello World
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.18 Java Fundamentals

1.5 JDK TOOLS

• The JDK is a software development environment which is used to develop java
applications and applets.
• JDK (Java Development Kit) provides environment to develop and run java
applications.
• Java Development Kit has a collection of tools for Java Development. JDK contains JRE
along with various development tools like Java libraries, Java source compilers, Java
debuggers, bundling and deployment tools. JRE is part of JDK but can be used
independently to run any byte code (compiled java program). It can be called as JVM
implementation.
• The JDK comes with a set of tools that are used for developing and running Java
program. It includes:
1. Javac: It is a Java compiler.
2. Java: It is a java interpreter.
3. Javah: It is for java C header files.
4. Jdb: It is Java debugger.
5. AppletViewer: It is used for viewing the applet.
6. Javap: Java disassembler, which convert byte code into program description.
7. Javadoc: It is used for creating HTML document.

1.6 COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS

• Sometimes you will want to pass information into a program when you run it. This is
accomplished by passing command line arguments to main( ).
• A command line argument is the information that directly follows the program name
on the command line when it is executed.
• A Java application can accept any number of arguments from the command line. This
allows the user to specify configuration information when the application is
launched.
• To access the command line arguments inside a Java program is quite easy – they are
stored as strings in a string array passed to the args parameter of main( ). The first
command line argument is stored at args[0], the second at args[1], and so on.
• The following program displays all of the command line arguments that it is called
with:
public class CommandLine
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
for(int i = 0; i<args.length; i++)
{
System.out.println("args[" + i + "]: " + args[i]);
}
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.19 Java Fundamentals

• Try executing this program as shown here:

$java CommandLine this is a command line 200 -100
• This will produce the following output:
args[0]: this
args[1]: is
args[2]: a
args[3]: command
args[4]: line
args[5]: 200
args[6]: -100
Example: The following Program illustrate that how to take input as two numbers from
the user and display the addition with two input methods: BufferedReader and Command
Line arguments.
import java.io.*;
import java.util.Scanner;
class demo
{
public static void main(String arg[]) throws Exception
{
System.out.println("addition of two numbers using three input
methods");
//input using BufferedReader
int x,y;
BufferedReader b=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader
(System.in));
System.out.println("enter two numbers");
x=Integer.parseInt(b.readLine());
y=Integer.parseInt(b.readLine());
System.out.println("sum is=" +(x+y));
// Input using Command line arguments
int a=Integer.parseInt(arg[0]);
int d=Integer.parseInt(arg[1]);
int sum1=0;
sum1=a+d;
System.out.println(sum1);
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.20 Java Fundamentals

• When we accepting input from console we need to BufferedReader and scanner class.
• BufferedReader improves performance by buffering input. The BufferedReader class
does have a method called readLine that does return a line of text as type by the user.
• In Java, the java.util.Scanner or Scanner class is one of them which allows the user to
read values of various types in java.

1.7 ARRAY AND STRING

1.7.1 Array [W-18]
• An array is a group of similar type variables that are referred to by a common name.
Arrays of any type can be created and may have one or more dimensions.
• A specific element in an array is accessed by its index. Arrays offer a convenient
means of grouping related information.
• Java provides a data structure, the array, which stores a fixed-size sequential
collection of elements of the same type. An array is used to store a collection of data,
but it is often more useful to think of an array as a collection of variables of the same
type.
• Array is a contiguous fixed-length structure for storing multiple values of the same
type. Array in Java is index based, first element of the array is stored at 0 index.
Element
First index
(at index 8)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Indices

Array length is 10
Fig. 1.3: Arrays

1.7.1.1 Single-Dimensional (1D) Array

• An array is a sequence of variables of the same data type. Array having only one
subscript variable is called One-Dimensional array.
• It is also called as Single-Dimensional Array or Linear Array.
• A one-dimensional array is, essentially, a list of similar type variables. To create an
array, you first must create an array variable of the desired type.
• To declare an array, you specify the name of the array and the data type, as you would
for any other variable. Adding an empty set of brackets ([ ]) indicates that the variable
is an array.
• The general form/syntax of a one-dimensional array declaration is given below:
datatype array_name [];
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.21 Java Fundamentals

• Here, type declares the base type of the array. The base type determines the data type
of each element that comprises the array. Thus, the base type for the array
determines what type of data the array will hold.
• For example, the following declares an array named month_days with the type "array
of int":
int month_days[];
Instantiating Arrays:
• As we mentioned earlier, Java arrays are objects, so to allocate memory for an array,
you need to instantiate the array using the new keyword. Here, is the syntax for
instantiating an array:
array_name = new datatype[size];
Where, size is an expression that evaluates to an integer and specifies the number of
elements in the array.
For example: month_days = new int[12];
Assigning Initial Values to Arrays:
• Java allows you to instantiate an array by assigning initial values when the array is
declared. To do this, you specify the initial values using a comma-separated list
within curly braces as given below:
datatype array_name[] = {value0, valuel, value2, … valueN};
Where, valueN is an expression that evaluates to the data type of the array and is the
value to assign to the element at index N.
• Note that, we do not use the new keyword and we do not specify a size for the array,
the number of elements in the array is determined by the number of values in the
initialization list.
• For example, following statement declares and instantiates an array of Numbers:
int nine = 9;
int[ ] Numbers = {2, 4, 3, 8, one, one + 2, 13, 14, 17, 18};
• Because 10 values are given in the initialization list, this array has 10 elements,
Notice that the values can be an expression, for example, one and one + 2.
Program 1.11: Program for one-dimensional (1D) array.
import java.util.*;
class arraydemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a[]={2,4,6,3,1};
System.out.println("Number of elements in array a: "+a.length);
System.out.println("Elements in array a:" + a.length);
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.22 Java Fundamentals

for(int i=0;i <a.length;i++)

System.out.print (a[i] + "\t");
}
}
Output:
Number of elements in array a: 5
Elements in array a: 2 4 6 3 1
Program 1.12: Program to print Odd and Even Numbers from an Array.
public class Exoddevenarray
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int arr[]={10,23,54,61,32,22}; //Declaration of Array
System.out.println("Even Array Elements:");
for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
{
if(arr[i]%2==0)
{
System.out.println(arr[i]);
}
}
System.out.println("Odd Array Elements:");
for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
{
if(arr[i]%2!=0)
{
System.out.println(arr[i]);
}
}
}
}
Output:
Even Array Elements:
10
54
32
22
Odd Array Elements:
23
61
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.23 Java Fundamentals

1.7.1.2 Multi-Dimensional (2D) Array

• In Java, multi-dimensional arrays are actually arrays of arrays. These arrays look and
act like regular multi-dimensional arrays.
• To declare a multi-dimensional array variable, specify each additional index using
another set of square brackets. For example, the following declares a two-
dimensional array variable called twoD.
int twoD[][] = new int[4][5];
Right index determines column

[0] [0] [0] [1] [0] [2] [0] [3] [0] [4]

[1] [0] [1] [1] [1] [2] [1] [3] [1] [4]
Left index
determines row
[2] [0] [2] [1] [2] [2] [2] [3] [2] [4]

[3] [0] [3] [1] [3] [2] [3] [3] [3] [4]

int twoD [ ] [ ] = new int [4] [5] ;

Fig. 1.4: 2D Array Declaration
• To declare a multi-dimensional array, we use the same syntax as for an array, except
that we include an empty set of brackets for each dimension.
• Here is the general syntax for declaring a Two-Dimensional (2D) array:
datatype array_Name[] [];
• Here is the general syntax for declaring a Three-Dimensional (3D) array:
datatype array_name [] [] [];
Instantiating Multi-dimensional Arrays:
• Just like instantiating 1D arrays, you instantiate a multi-dimensional array using the
new keyword. Here, is the syntax for instantiating a 2D array:
array_name = new datatype [expl][exp2];
Where, exp1 and exp2 are expressions that evaluate to integers and specify,
respectively, the number of rows and the number of columns in the array.
• Above statement allocates memory for the array. The number of elements in a two-
dimensional array is equal to the sum of the number of elements in each row.
• When all the rows have the same number of columns, the number of elements in the
array is equal to the number of rows multiplied by the number of columns.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.24 Java Fundamentals

Program 1.13: Program for Two-Dimensional (2D) array.

class TwoDArray
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int twoD[][]= new int[4][5];
int i, j, k = 0;
for(i=0; i<4; i++)
for(j=0; j<5; j++)
{
twoD[i][j] = k;
k++;
}
for(i=0; i<4; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<5; j++)
System.out.print(twoD[i][j] + " ");
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Output:
0 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19
Program 1.14: Program to read and display 2D Array.
class Example2d
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[][] arr = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 },{7, 8, 9 } };
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
{
System.out.println("arr[" + i + "][" + j + "] = " + arr[i][j]);
}
}
System.out.println("Array Elements: ");
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.25 Java Fundamentals

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)

{
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++)
{
System.out.print(" " + arr[i][j]);
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Output:
arr[0][0] = 1
arr[0][1] = 2
arr[0][2] = 3
arr[1][0] = 4
arr[1][1] = 5
arr[1][2] = 6
arr[2][0] = 7
arr[2][1] = 8
arr[2][2] = 9
Array Elements:
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
Program 1.15: Program Demonstrate a three-dimensional array.
class ThreeDMatrix
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int threeD[][][] = new int[3][4][5];
int i, j, k;
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
for(j=0; j<4; j++)
for(k=0; k<5; k++)
threeD[i][j][k] = i * j * k;
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.26 Java Fundamentals

for(i=0; i<3; i++)

{
for(j=0; j<4; j++)
{
for(k=0; k<5; k++)
System.out.print(threeD[i][j][k] + " ");
System.out.println();
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Output:
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Program 1.16: Program addition of two matrices.
class Testarray
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
//creating two matrices
int a[][]={{1,3,4},{3,4,5}};
int b[][]={{1,3,4},{3,4,5}};
//creating another matrix to store the sum of two matrices
int c[][]=new int[2][3];
//adding and printing addition of Two matrices
for(int i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{
c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
System.out.print(c[i][j]+" ");
}
System.out.println();//new line
}
}
}
Output:
2 6 8
6 8 10
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.27 Java Fundamentals

Program 1.17: Program for sorting elements in array.

import java.util.Arrays;
class SortIntArrayExample
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//create an int array
int[] i1 = new int[]{3,2,5,4,1};
//print original int array
System.out.print("Original Array: ");
for(int index=0; index < i1.length ; index++)
System.out.print(" " + i1[index]);
Arrays.sort(i1);
//print sorted int array
System.out.print("Sorted int array: ");
for(int index=0; index < i1.length ; index++)
System.out.print(" " + i1[index]);
int[] i2 = new int[]{5,2,3,1,4};
Arrays.sort(i2,1,4);
//print sorted int array
System.out.print("Partially Sorted int array: ");
for(int index=0; index < i2.length ; index++)
System.out.print(" " + i2[index]);
}
}
Output:
Original Array: 3 2 5 4 1
Sorted int array: 1 2 3 4 5
Partially Sorted int array: 5 1 2 3 4
Program 1.18: Program to reverse elements in array.
import java.util.*;
class ReverseArray
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
// Create java.util.Scanner object for taking input
Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.28 Java Fundamentals

// Take no.of elements and store it in n

System.out.println("Enter the no.of elements:");
int n=s.nextInt();
// Create array of size n
int a[]=new int[n];
// Read elements into the array
System.out.println("Enter the elements into the array:");
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
a[i]=s.nextInt();
}
// Reverse elements in the array
reverse(a);
// Print the array
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
System.out.printf("a[%d]=%d\n",i,a[i]);
}
}
public static void reverse(int[] a)
{
// Loop for length/2 times only else re-swapping takes place
for(int i=0;i<a.length/2;i++)
{
int temp=a[i];
a[i]=a[(a.length-1)-i];
a[(a.length-1)-i]=temp;
}
}
}
Output:
Enter the no.of elements: 4
Enter the elements into the array: 1 2 3 4
a[0]=4
a[1]=3
a[2]=2
a[3]=1
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.29 Java Fundamentals

Program 1.19: Program for transpose matrix.

import java.util.Scanner;
class TransposeaMatrix
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int m, n, c, d;
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number of rows and columns of matrix:");
m = in.nextInt();
n = in.nextInt();
int matrix[][] = new int[m][n];
System.out.println("Enter the elements of matrix:");
for (c = 0 ; c < m ; c++)
for (d = 0 ; d < n ; d++)
matrix[c][d] = in.nextInt();
int transpose[][] = new int[n][m];
for (c = 0 ; c < m ; c++)
{
for (d = 0 ; d < n ; d++)
transpose[d][c] = matrix[c][d];
}
System.out.println("Transpose of entered matrix:-");
for (c = 0 ; c < n ; c++)
{
for (d = 0 ; d < m ; d++)System.out.print(transpose[c][d]+"\t");
System.out.print("\n");
}
}
}
Output:
Enter the number of rows and columns of matrix:2 3
Enter the elements of matrix:
1 2 3
4 5 5
Transpose of entered matrix:
1 4
2 5
3 5
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.30 Java Fundamentals

1.7.2 String
1.7.2.1 String (Basic Functions)
• The strings in Java are treated as objects of type 'String' class. This class is present in
the package java.lang.
• This package contains two string classes:
1. String class, and
2. StringBuffer class.
• The string class is used when we work with the string which cannot change whereas
StringBuffer class is used when we want to manipulate the contents of the string.
• When we create object of String Class they are designed to be immutable. As these
objects are immutable, we can alias to a particular string for many time which we
want. Even if we alias the string class objects, they won't affect each other because
they are read only.
• We can use + operator to overload for string objects. Only two operators i.e. '+' & '+="
are overloaded for string classes. In Java, when we use + operator it allows us to
concatenate two or more number of strings together.
Example: String str = "Kal" + "pa" + "na";
Output: Kalpana
• In the above example, a method append() is called which creates the new String object
having "Kal" and concatenate with the next contents. It generally calls toString()
method which allows you to determine the String representation for objects and
classes which are created.
String Class Methods:
• The String class provides various methods that appear to modify strings.
• The java.lang.String class provides many useful methods to perform operations on
sequence of char values.
Table 1.4: String Class Methods
Sr.
Methods Description
No.
1. char charAt(int index) This method returns char at (value for)
the particular index.
2. int length() This method returns string length.
3. static String format(String This method returns formatted string.
format, Object... args)
4. static String format(Locale l, This method returns formatted string
String format, Object... args) with given locale.
contd. …
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.31 Java Fundamentals

5. String substring(int beginIndex) This method returns substring for

given begin index.
6. String substring(int beginIndex, This method returns substring for
int endIndex) given begin index and end index.
7. boolean contains(CharSequence s) This method returns true or false after
matching the sequence of char value.
8. static String join(CharSequence This method returns a joined string
delimiter, CharSequence... with delimiter.
elements)
9. static String join(CharSequence This method returns a joined string.
delimiter, Iterable<? extends
CharSequence> elements)
10. boolean equals(Object another) This method checks the equality of
string with object.
11. boolean isEmpty() This method checks if string is empty.
12. String concat(String str) This method concatenates specified
string.
13. String replace(char old, char new) This method replaces all occurrences
of specified char value.
14. String replace(CharSequence old, This method replaces all occurrences
CharSequence new) of specified CharSequence.
15. String trim() This method returns trimmed string
omitted leading and trailing spaces.
16. String split(String regex) This method returns splitted string
matching regex.
17. String split(String regex, int This method returns splitted string
limit) matching regex and limit.
18. String intern() This method returns interned string.
19. int indexOf(int ch) This method returns specified char
value index.
20. int indexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) This method returns specified char
value index starting with given index.
21. int indexOf(String substring) This method returns specified
substring index.
contd. …
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.32 Java Fundamentals

22. int indexOf(String substring, int This method returns specified

fromIndex) substring index starting with given
index.
23 String toLowerCase() This method returns string in
lowercase.
24. String toLowerCase(Locale l) This method returns string in
lowercase using specified locale.
25. String toUpperCase() This method returns string in
uppercase.
26. String toUpperCase(Locale l) This method returns string in
uppercase using specified locale.
String Class Constructors:
• Constructors are used to initialize the object. The string class supports several
constructors.
• The following table shows the constructors of the string class.
Table 1.5: String Class Constructor
Sr.
Constructor Description
No.
1. String() This constructor creates an empty
string.
2. String(String value) This constructor creates a new string
that is a copy of the given string.
3. String(char[] value) This constructor constructs a new
string based on the character array.
4. String(char[] value, int begin, This constructs a new string based on
int count) the character array starting from the
position begin which is 'count'
characters long.
5. String(byte[] value) This constructor creates a new string
by converting the given array of bytes.
6. String(byte[] value, int offset, This constructor creates a new string
int length) by converting the given sub of array of
bytes.
7. String(StringBuffer buffer) This constructor creates a new string
based on a StringBuffer value.
8. String(char[] value, int begin, This constructor creates a new string
int count, String enc) throws based on the given byte array and uses
UnsupportedEncoding Exception given character encoding that is
denoted by enc.
9. String(char[] value, String enc) This constructor creates a new string
throws UnsupportedEncoding based on the given byte array and uses
Exception given character encoding that is
denoted by enc.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.33 Java Fundamentals

1.7.2.2 StringBuffer
• It is a peer class which provides the functionality of strings. The string generally
represents fixed length, immutable character sequence whereas StringBuffer
represents growable and writeable character sequences.
• StringBuffer may have some characters and if needed substring can be inserted in
the middle or appended at the end. StringBuffer automatically provides a room to
grow such additions.
• Java generally manipulate the strings using + as overloaded operator. StringBuffer
class in Java is used to created mutable (modifiable) string. The StringBuffer class in
Java is same as String class except it is mutable i.e., it can be changed.
• StringBuffer class is a mutable class unlike the String class which is immutable. Both
the capacity and character string of a StringBuffer Class. StringBuffer can be
changed dynamically.
Advantages of StringBuffer Class:
1. Alternative to String class.
2. Can be used wherever a string is used.
3. More flexible than String.
• The StringBuffer defines three types of constructors which we use to initialize the
string value.
1. StringBuffer()
2. StringBuffer (int size)
3. StringBuffer (String str)
• The first type is the default constructor as it has no parameters. It reserves room for
16 characters without reallocation. The second, type accepts an integer argument
which explicitly sets the size of buffer. In third case, the string argument sets the
initial contents of the StringBuffer object and reverse room for 16 more characters.
These 16 characters room is allocated when no specific buffer length is requested.
This is because reallocation is a costly process in terms of time.
• The current length of a StringBuffer can be found via length() method and the total
allocated capacity can be found through capacity() method.
• The general forms are:
int length();
and
int capacity();
• StringBuffer creates string objects that can be changed. String object is
manufactured which contains the substring. In this the original string is unaltered
and immutability remains intact.
• String provides a substring() method which returns a new string. It contains a
specified portion of the invoking string. This method is substring().
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.34 Java Fundamentals

• The syntax is given below:

String subString(int startIndex, int endIndex)
• The startIndex specifies the beginning index and endIndex tells us about stopping
point.
• StringBuffer Class Methods: Here, is the list of important methods supported by
StringBuffer class:
1. public StringBuffer append(String s): Updates the value of the object that
invoked the method.
2. public StringBuffer reverse(): Reverses the value of the StringBuffer object
that invoked the method.
3. public delete(int start, int end): Deletes the string starting from start
index until end index.
4. public insert(int offset, int i): Inserts an string s at the position
mentioned by offset.
5. replace(int start, int end, String str): Replaces the characters in a
substring of this StringBuffer with characters in the specified String.
• Here, is the list of other methods (Except set methods ) which are very similar to
String class:
1. int capacity(): Returns the current capacity of the String buffer.
2. char charAt(int index): The specified character of the sequence currently
represented by the string buffer, as indicated by the index argument, is returned.
3. void ensureCapacity(int minimumCapacity): Ensures that the capacity of the
buffer is at least equal to the specified minimum.
4. void getChars(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, char[] dst, int dstBegin):
Characters are copied from this string buffer into the destination character array
dst.
5. int indexOf(String str): Returns the index within this string of the first
occurrence of the specified substring.
6. int indexOf(String str, int fromIndex): Returns the index within this string
of the first occurrence of the specified substring, starting at the specified index.
7. int lastIndexOf(String str): Returns the index within this string of the
rightmost occurrence of the specified substring.
8. int lastIndexOf(String str, int fromIndex): Returns the index within this
string of the last occurrence of the specified substring.
9. int length(): Returns the length (character count) of this string buffer.
10. void setCharAt(int index, char ch): The character at the specified index of
this string buffer is set to ch.
11. void setLength(int newLength): Sets the length of this String buffer.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.35 Java Fundamentals

12. CharSequence subSequence(int start, int end): Returns a new character

sequence that is a subsequence of this sequence.
13. String substring(int start): Returns a new String that contains a
subsequence of characters currently contained in this StringBuffer.The substring
begins at the specified index and extends to the end of the StringBuffer.
14. String substring(int start, int end): Returns a new String that contains a
subsequence of characters currently contained in this StringBuffer.
15. String toString(): Converts to a string representing the data in this string
buffer.
Program 1.20: Program to show use of substring.
//use of substring
class strTry
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String st1 = "Java is platform independent";
// to construct a substring we write
String sub = st1.substring(9, 16);
// lets print these values
System.out.println("Original string is: + st1");
System.out.println("Substring is: + sub");
} //end main
} //end class
Output:
Original string is: Java is platform independent
Substring is: platform
Difference between String and StringBuffer: [W-18]
• String objects are constants and immutable whereas StringBuffer objects are not.
• StringBuffer Class supports growable and modifiable string whereas String class
supports constant strings.
• Strings once created we cannot modify them. Any such attempt will lead to the
creation of new strings. Whereas StingBuffer objects after creation also can be able to
delete or append any characteres to it.
• String values are resolved at run time whereas StringBuffer values are resolved at
compile time.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.36 Java Fundamentals

1.8 BUILT IN PACKAGES AND CLASSES

Defining a Package:
• A package is a collection of classes and interfaces.
• A package does not contain the source code of any type of Java file. Each Java source
code file is a collection of one or more classes, or one or more interface with their
members.
1.8.1 java.util:- Scanner, Date, Math
• Java.util Package contains the collections framework, legacy collection classes, event
model, date and time facilities, internationalization, and miscellaneous utility classes
(a string tokenizer, a random-number generator, and a bit array).
• Following are the Important Classes in Java.util package:
1. Scanner:
• Scanner is a class in java.util package used for obtaining the input of the primitive
types like int, double, etc. and strings. It is the easiest way to read input in a Java
program though not very efficient if you want an input method for scenarios where
time is a constraint like in competitive programming.
• Methods of scanner class:
1. nextBoolean() : Reads a boolean value from the user.
2. nextByte() : Reads a byte value from the user.
3. nextDouble() : Reads a double value from the user.
4. nextFloat() : Reads a float value from the user.
5. nextInt() : Reads a int value from the user.
6. nextLine() : Reads a String value from the user.
7. nextLong() : Reads a long value from the user.
8. nextShort() : Reads a short value from the user.
• To use the Scanner class, create an object of the class and use any of the available
methods found in the Scanner class documentation. In our example, we will use the
NextInt() method, which is used to read integer value from user:
Program 1.21: The following Program illustrate that how to take input as two numbers
from the user and display the addition with three input methods: Scanner.
import java.io.*;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class demo
{
public static void main(String arg[]) throws Exception
{
Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.37 Java Fundamentals

System.out.println("enter two numbers");

int l=s.nextInt();
int n=s.nextInt();
int sum=0;
sum=l+n;
System.out.println("sum is="+sum);
}
}
Output:
enter two numbers
5
5
sum is=10
2. Date:
• Java does not have a built-in Date class, but we can import the java.time package to
work with the date and time API. The package includes many date and time classes. For
example:
• Date and Time classes:
1. LocalDate : Represents a date (year, month, day (yyyy-MM-dd))
2. LocalTime : Represents a time (hour, minute, second and nanoseconds
(HH-mm-ss-ns))
3. LocalDateTime : Represents both a date and a time (yyyy-MM-dd-HH-mm-
ss-ns)
4. DateTimeFormatter : Formatter for displaying and parsing date-time objects
Program 1.22: To display current date and time with formatting.
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
LocalDateTime myDateObj = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println("Before formatting: " + myDateObj);
DateTimeFormatter myFormatObj = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("dd-MM-
yyyy HH:mm:ss");
String formattedDate = myDateObj.format(myFormatObj);
System.out.println("After formatting: " + formattedDate);
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.38 Java Fundamentals

Output:
Before formatting: 2021-08-03T07:40:54.347413
After formatting: 03-08-2021 07:40:54
• The "T" in the example above is used to separate the date from the time. You can use
the DateTimeFormatter class with the of Pattern() method in the same package to
format or parse date-time objects.
3. Math:
• java Math class provides several methods to work on math calculations like min(),
max(), avg(), sin(), cos(), tan(), round(), ceil(), floor(), abs() etc.
• Unlike some of the StrictMath class numeric methods, all implementations of the
equivalent function of Math class can't define to return the bit-for-bit same results.
This relaxation permits implementation with better-performance where strict
reproducibility is not required.
• If the size is int or long and the results overflow the range of value, the methods
addExact(), subtractExact(), multiplyExact(), and toIntExact() throw an
ArithmeticException.
• For other arithmetic operations like increment, decrement, divide, absolute value,
and negation overflow occur only with a specific minimum or maximum value. It
should be checked against the maximum and minimum value as appropriate.
Math Methods:
• The java.lang.Math class contains various methods for performing basic numeric
operations such as the logarithm, cube root, and trigonometric functions etc. The
various java math methods are as follows:
Table 1.6: Basic Math methods
Method Description
Math.abs() It will return the Absolute value of the given value.
Math.max() It returns the Largest of two values.
Math.min() It is used to return the Smallest of two values.
Math.round() It is used to round of the decimal numbers to the nearest
value.
Math.sqrt() It is used to return the square root of a number.
Math.cbrt() It is used to return the cube root of a number.
Math.pow() It returns the value of first argument raised to the power to
second argument.
Math.signum() It is used to find the sign of a given value.
Math.ceil() It is used to find the smallest integer value that is greater
than or equal to the argument or mathematical integer.
contd. …
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.39 Java Fundamentals

Math.copySign() It is used to find the Absolute value of first argument along

with sign specified in second argument.
Math.nextAfter() It is used to return the floating-point number adjacent to the
first argument in the direction of the second argument.
Math.nextUp() It returns the floating-point value adjacent to d in the
direction of positive infinity.
Math.nextDown() It returns the floating-point value adjacent to d in the
direction of negative infinity.
Math.floor() It is used to find the largest integer value which is less than
or equal to the argument and is equal to the mathematical
integer of a double value.
Math.floorDiv() It is used to find the largest integer value that is less than or
equal to the algebraic quotient.
Math.random() It returns a double value with a positive sign, greater than or
equal to 0.0 and less than 1.0.
Math.rint() It returns the double value that is closest to the given
argument and equal to mathematical integer.
2 2
Math.hypot() It returns sqrt(x +y ) without intermediate overflow or
underflow.
Math.ulp() It returns the size of an ulp of the argument.
Math.getExponent() It is used to return the unbiased exponent used in the
representation of a value.
Math.IEEEremainder() It is used to calculate the remainder operation on two
arguments as prescribed by the IEEE 754 standard and
returns value.
Math.addExact() It is used to return the sum of its arguments, throwing an
exception if the result overflows an int or long.
Math.subtractExact() It returns the difference of the arguments, throwing an
exception if the result overflows an int.
Math.multiplyExact() It is used to return the product of the arguments, throwing
an exception if the result overflows an int or long.
Math.incrementExact() It returns the argument incremented by one, throwing an
exception if the result overflows an int.
Math.decrementExact() It is used to return the argument decremented by one,
throwing an exception if the result overflows an int or long.
Math.negateExact() It is used to return the negation of the argument, throwing
an exception if the result overflows an int or long.
Math.toIntExact() It returns the value of the long argument, throwing an
exception if the value overflows an int.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.40 Java Fundamentals

Program 1.23: Pragram for math class.

public class JavaMathExample1
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double x = 28;
double y = 4;
System.out.println("Maximum number of x and y is:" +Math.max(x, y));
System.out.println("Square root of y is: " + Math.sqrt(y));
System.out.println("Power of x and y is: " + Math.pow(x, y));
System.out.println("Logarithm of x is: " + Math.log(x));
System.out.println("Logarithm of y is: " + Math.log(y));
System.out.println("log10 of x is: " + Math.log10(x));
System.out.println("log10 of y is: " + Math.log10(y));
System.out.println("log1p of x is: " +Math.log1p(x));
System.out.println("exp of a is: " +Math.exp(x));
System.out.println("expm1 of a is: " +Math.expm1(x));
}
}
Output:
Maximum number of x and y is: 28.0
Square root of y is: 2.0
Power of x and y is: 614656.0
Logarithm of x is: 3.332204510175204
Logarithm of y is: 1.3862943611198906
log10 of x is: 1.4471580313422192
log10 of y is: 0.6020599913279624
log1p of x is: 3.367295829986474
exp of a is: 1.446257064291475E12
expm1 of a is: 1.446257064290475E12

1.8.2 java.lang
• Provides classes that are fundamental to the design of the Java programming language.
The most important classes are object, which is the root of the class hierarchy, and
class, instances of which represent classes at run time.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.41 Java Fundamentals

• Following are the Important Classes in Java.lang package:

1. Boolean: The Boolean class wraps a value of the primitive type boolean in an
object.
2. Byte: The Byte class wraps a value of primitive type byte in an object.
3. Character – Set 1, Set 2: The Character class wraps a value of the primitive
type char in an object.
4. Character.Subset: Instances of this class represent particular subsets of the
Unicode character set.
5. Character.UnicodeBlock: A family of character subsets representing the
character blocks in the Unicode specification.
6. Class – Set 1, Set 2: Instances of the class Class represent classes and
interfaces in a running Java application.
7. ClassLoader: A class loader is an object that is responsible for loading classes.
8. ClassValue: Lazily associate a computed value with (potentially) every type.
9. Compiler: The Compiler class is provided to support Java-to-native-code compilers
and related services.
10. Double: The Double class wraps a value of the primitive type double in an object.
11. Enum: This is the common base class of all Java language enumeration types.
12. Float: The Float class wraps a value of primitive type float in an object.
13. InheritableThreadLocal: This class extends Thread Local to provide inheritance
of values from parent thread to child thread: when a child thread is created, the
child receives initial values for all inheritable thread-local variables for which the
parent has values.
14. Integer: The Integer class wraps a value of the primitive type int in an object.
15. Long: The Long class wraps a value of the primitive type long in an object.
16. Math – Set 1, Set 2: The class Math contains methods for performing basic
numeric operations such as the elementary exponential, logarithm, square root,
and trigonometric functions.
17. Number: The abstract class Number is the superclass of classes BigDecimal,
BigInteger, Byte, Double, Float, Integer, Long, and Short.
18. Object: Class Object is the root of the class hierarchy.
19. Package: Package objects contain version information about the implementation
and specification of a Java package.
20. Process: The ProcessBuilder.start() and Runtime.exec methods create a native
process and return an instance of a subclass of Process that can be used to control
the process and obtain information about it.
21. ProcessBuilder: This class is used to create operating system processes.
22. ProcessBuilder.Redirect: Represents a source of subprocess input or a
destination of subprocess output.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.42 Java Fundamentals

23. Runtime: Every Java application has a single instance of class Runtime that allows
the application to interface with the environment in which the application is
running.
24. RuntimePermission: This class is for runtime permissions.
25. SecurityManager: The security manager is a class that allows applications to
implement a security policy.
26. Short: The Short class wraps a value of primitive type short in an object.
27. StackTraceElement: An element in a stack trace, as returned by
Throwable.getStackTrace().
28. StrictMath - Set1, Set2: The class StrictMath contains methods for performing
basic numeric operations such as the elementary exponential, logarithm, square
root, and trigonometric functions.
29. String - Set1, Set2: The String class represents character strings.
30. StringBuffer: A thread-safe, mutable sequence of characters.
31. StringBuilder: A mutable sequence of characters.
32. System: The System class contains several useful class fields and methods.
33. Thread: A thread is a thread of execution in a program.
34. ThreadGroup: A thread group represents a set of threads.
35. ThreadLocal: This class provides thread-local variables.
36. Throwable: The Throwable class is the superclass of all errors and exceptions in
the Java language.
37. Void: The Void class is an uninstantiable placeholder class to hold a reference to
the Class object representing the Java keyword void.
Program 1.24: Write a Java program to accept 'n' numbers through command line and
store all prime numbers into an array and display elements of array. [W-18]
import java.io.*;
public class ArrayDemo2
{
public static void main (String args[]) throws IOException
{
int j,s,i,k=0,m=0,n;
int r[]=new int[10] ;
int prime[]=new int[10] ;
int perfect[]=new int[10] ;
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader
(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter the Number of Elements :=>");
n=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.43 Java Fundamentals

for (i=0;i<n;i++)
{
System.out.println("Enter the "+i+" Number of the Array :=> ");
r[i]= Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
}
for(j=0;j<10;j++)
{
int flag=0;
if(r[j]==0||r[j]==1)
{
continue;
}
else
{
for(i=2;i<r[j];i++)
{
if(r[j]%i==0)
flag=1;
}
}
if(flag==0)
{
prime[k]=r[j];
k++;
}
}
System.out.println("\nPrime Numbers are");
for(i=0;i<k;i++)
{
System.out.print(prime[i]+" ");
}
}
}
Output:
Enter the Number of Elements :=>
3
Enter the 0 Number of the Array :=>
3
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.44 Java Fundamentals

Enter the 1 Number of the Array :=>

2
Enter the 2 Number of the Array :=>
4
Prime Numbers are
3
2
Program 1.25: Java program to count vowels, consonants, digits, and spaces of given
word. [W-18]
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String line = "This website is aw3som3.";
int vowels = 0, consonants = 0, digits = 0, spaces = 0;
line = line.toLowerCase();
for (int i = 0; i < line.length(); ++i)
{
char ch = line.charAt(i);
// check if character is any of a, e, i, o, u
if (ch == 'a' || ch == 'e' || ch == 'i' || ch == 'o' || ch == 'u')
{
++vowels;
}
// check if character is in between a to z
else if ((ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z'))
{
++consonants;
}
// check if character is in between 0 to 9
else if (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9')
{
++digits;
}
// check if character is a white space
else if (ch == ' ')
{
++spaces;
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.45 Java Fundamentals

System.out.println("Vowels: " + vowels);

System.out.println("Consonants: " + consonants);
System.out.println("Digits: " + digits);
System.out.println("White spaces: " + spaces);
}
}
Output:
Vowels: 7
Consonants: 11
Digits: 2
White spaces: 3
Program 1.26: Write a java program to accept n names of cities from users and display
them in descending order. [S-19]
import java.util.*;
class City
{
//declaration of array
String a[];
int n;
City()
{
Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter how many city you want to enter : ");
n=s.nextInt();
//redeclartion of array
a=new String[n];
//To accept values
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
System.out.print("Enter {i+1} element: ");
a[i]=s.next();
}
}
//To display values
void display()
{
String temp="";
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.46 Java Fundamentals

for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(int j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(a[i].compareTo(a[j])>0)
{
temp=a[i];
a[i]=a[j];
a[j]=temp;
}
}
}
System.out.println("Sorted Cities are ");
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
System.out.print(a[i]+" ");
}
}
}
//To create object
public class TestCity
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
City obj=new City();
obj.display();
}
}
Output:
Enter how many city you want to enter : 5
Enter {i+1} element: Pune
Enter {i+1} element: Satara
Enter {i+1} element: Kolhapur
Enter {i+1} element: Nagpur
Enter {i+1} element: Pimpri
Sorted Cities are
Kolhapur Nagpur Pimpri Pune Satara
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.47 Java Fundamentals

Summary
James Gosling is called Father of Java Programming. Java is an Object Oriented
Programming language means Java enables us not only to organize our program
code into logical unit called objects but also to take advantage of encapsulation,
inheritance and polymorphism and so on.
Various features of java includes Simple, Secure, Portable, Object-oriented,
Robust, Multithreaded, Architecture-neutral, Interpreted, High Performance,
Distributed, Dynamic.
Java defines eight primitive types of data: byte, short, int, long, char, float, double,
and Boolean.
An array is a group of like-typed variables that are referred to by a common name.
Arrays of any type can be created and may have one or more dimensions.
Array is a data structure where we store similar elements. We can store only fixed
set of elements in a Java array. Types of array-1D array, 2D array.
A one-dimensional array having only one subscript. In Java 2D array is a matrix of
rows and columns.
Java Math class provides several methods to work on math calculations like min(),
max(), avg(), sin(), cos(), tan(), round(), ceil(), floor(), abs() etc.
Scanner is a class in java.util package used for obtaining the input of the
primitive types like int, double, etc. and strings.
A package is a collection of classes and interfaces.

Practice Questions
1. Which of these is necessary to specify at time of array initialization?
(a) Row (b) Column
(c) Both Row and Column (d) None of the mentioned
2. Which of these classes is not included in java.lang?
(a) Byte (b) Integer
(c) Array (d) Class
3. Which of these is a super class of wrappers Double & Integer?
(a) Long (b) Digits
(c) Float (d) Number
4. Which of the following package stores all the simple data types in java?
(a) lang (b) java
(c) util (d) java.packages
5. Which one of the following will declare an array and initialize it with five
numbers?
(a) Array a = new Array(5); (b) int [] a = {23,22,21,20,19};
(c) int a [] = new int[5]; (d) int [5] array;
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.48 Java Fundamentals

6. Which Scanner class method is used to read integer value from the user?
(a) next() (b) nextInteger()
(c) nextInt() (d) readInt()
7. What is the output of this program?
class increment
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int g = 3;
System.out.print(++g * 8);
}
}
(a) 25 (b) 24
(c) 32 (d) 33
8. Which is the correct syntax to declare Scanner class object?
(a) Scanner objectName= Scanner();
(b) Scanner objectName= new Scanner();
(c) Scanner objectName= Scanner(System.in);
(d) Scanner objectName= new Scanner(System.in);
9. How to format date from one form to another?
(a) SimpleDateFormat (b) DateFormat
(c) SimpleFormat (d) DateConverter
10. How to format date from one form to another?
(a) SimpleDateFormat (b) DateFormat
(c) SimpleFormat (d) DateConverter
Answers
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (a)

Practice Questions
Q.I Answer the following questions in short.
1. What is Java?
2. Why Java is platform-neutral language?
3. Explain the secure feature of Java.
4. Why Java is called portable?
5. How to compile Java program?
6. How to run Java program?
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.49 Java Fundamentals

Q.II Answer the following Questions.

1. Explain atleast five features of Java.
2. Why Java needs compiler and interpreter?
3. What is a variable? What rules can be applied to have a valid variable name?
4. Explain primitive data types in detail.
5. Explain reference or non-primitive data types.
6. What is array?
7. How a comment is added in java program?
8. What are the types of array?
9. Explain java.lang package.
10. Explain java.util package.
11. Explain scanner, math, date class in java.
12. Predict the output:
Class Test
{
Public static void main (string [ ] args)
{
int [ ] x = { 1, 2, 3, 4};
int [ ] y = x ;
x = new int [2];
for (int i = 0; i < y.length; i ++)
System. out. println (y [i]);
}
}
Ans.: 1
2
3
4
Q.III Define the terms.
1. Array
2. String
3. Package
4. Variable
5. Constant
6. Type casting
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 1.50 Java Fundamentals

Previous Exam Questions

Winter 2018
1. Describe any two features of Java programming language. [2 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 1.1.2.
2. What are differences between String and StringBuffer class? [2 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 1.7.2.2.
3. "Import statement is not essential in java." True/False. Justify. [2 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 1.3.
4. Explain Array in Java. How does it differ from C++? [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 1.7.1.
5. Write a Java program to accept 'n' numbers through command line and store all
prime numbers into an array and display elements of array. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Program 1.24.
6. Write a Java Program that displays the number of non-vowels in the given
word. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Program 1.25.

Summer 2019
1. Does the order of public static void matter in main method. [2 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 1.3.
2. Write a java program to accept n names of cities from users and display them in
descending order. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Program 1.26.
 2…
Classes, Objects and Methods

Learning Objectives…
▣ To understand Basic Concepts of Objects and Classes.
▣ To study Constructors and Methods.
▣ To learn Nested Classes, Inner Class, Anonymous Inner Class in Java.
▣ To learn New Operator, this and static keyword, finalize() method.

2.1 CLASS AND OBJECT [S-19]

• In Object Oriented Programming (OOP) technique, we design a program using objects

and classes. Object is the physical as well as logical entity whereas class is the logical
entity only.
• Java is not fully object oriented programming language because it makes use of eight
data types such as boolean, int, char, double, long, short, float and byte which are not
object.
2.1.1 Overview of Classes
• Classes in Java provide a convenient method for packing together a group of logically
related data items and functions that work on them.
• In Java language, the data items are called fields and the functions are called
methods. Calling a specific method in an object is described as sending the object of
message.
• A class can be defined as, "a template/blueprint that describes the behaviors that
object of its type support".
• A class is declared by use of the class keyword. The classes that have been used up to
this point are actually very limited examples of its complete form.
(2.1)
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.2 Classes, Objects and Methods

• A simplified general form/syntax of a class definition is shown here:

class classname
{
type instance-variable1;
type instance-variable2;
type instance-variableN;
type methodname1(parameter-list)
{
// body of method
}
type methodname2(parameter-list)
{
// body of method
}
type methodnameN(parameter-list)
{
// body of method
}
}
• Example of Class:
Class Employee
{
int EmpID;
float salary;
}
Program 2.1: Program for class.
public class JavaClassExample
{
public static void main(String[] arg)
{
for (int i = 0; i<4; i++)
{
System.out.println("Number is: "+i);
}
}
}
Output:
Number is: 0
Number is: 1
Number is: 2
Number is: 3
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.3 Classes, Objects and Methods

2.1.2 Overview of Objects

• A real-world entity that has state and behavior is known as an Object.
• These real-world objects share two characteristics i.e. state and behavior.
• Example: A cat has states - color, name, etc. as well as behaviors like walking and
eating.
• In simple words, object is an instance of a class.
• Fig. 2.1 shows a real world example of class and objects. Fig. 2.1 shows class Car has
objects like Audi, Nissan, Volvo.
class objects

Car Audi Nissan Volvo

Fig. 2.1: Example of Class and Object
Declaring Objects:
• When you create a class, you are creating a new data type. You can use this type to
declare objects of that type. However, obtaining objects of a class is a two-step
process.
(i) Declaration:
o We have to specify what type (i.e. class) the object will be. A variable declaration
with a variable name with an object type.
o Syntax: <classname> objectname;
Where, classname is the name of the already defined class and the objectname is a
valid identifier.
(ii) Instantiation (Creating Objects):
o Objects are created using the ‘new’ keyword. This ‘new’ keyword creates an object
of the specified class and returns the reference of that object.
o The 'new' keyword is followed by a call to a constructor. This call initializes the
new object.
o Syntax: <objectname> = new classname([arguments]);
o Let us create an object for the Box class.
Box mybox = new Box();
o This statement combines the two steps just described. It can be rewritten like this
to show each step more clearly:
Box mybox; // declare reference to object
mybox = new Box(); // allocate a Box object
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.4 Classes, Objects and Methods

Statement Effect

Box mybox; null

mybox

mybox = new Box(); Width

mybox Height

Depth

Box object
Fig. 2.2: Object Instantitation
(iii) Accessing Class Members:
o The dot operator (.) or member selection operator is used to access the instance
variables of the class.
o We cannot access the instance variables outside of the class without referring to
the object.
o Member access follows the following syntax:
objectname.variablename
Here, the objectname is the name of the object and variablename is name of the
instance variable.
o So, the instance variables of the class Employee can be accessed as,
Employee.E_id=1234;
Employee.salary=30000;
Program 2.2: Program for declaration and instantiation of object.
class MyObject
{
public void getMessage()
{
System.out.println("Object Created and Functioned Called");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
MyObject x = new MyObject(); //x is declared and initialized with an
instance of MyObject
x.getMessage();
}
}
Output:
Object Created and Functioned Called
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.5 Classes, Objects and Methods

Difference between Class and Object:

• There are many differences between object and class. A list of differences between
object and class are given below:
Table 2.1: Difference between Class and Object
Sr. No. Class Object
1. Class is a blueprint or template from Object is an instance of a class.
which objects are created.
2. Class is a group of similar objects. Object is a real world entity such as
pen, laptop, mobile, bed, keyboard,
mouse, chair etc.
3. Class is a logical entity. Object is a physical entity.
4. Class is declared using class keyword Object is created through new
like class Student{ … } keyword like, Student s1=new
Student();
5. Class is declared once. Object is created many times as per
requirement.
6. Class doesn't allocated memory when Object allocates memory when it is
it is created. created.

2.2 OBJECT REFERENCE

• The objects are constructed and allocated in memory independently from the
declarations of variables. Specifically:
1. Objects denoted by a literal (such as literals of type String, e.g., "foo", "ciao", etc.)
are allocated in memory at compilation time.
2. All other objects must be constructed and allocated through an explicit statement.
• A variable whose type is a class contains a reference to an object of the class (i.e., the
address of the memory location where the object is allocated).
• A variable is a reference to a memory location in which an object is stored. To
represent variables and their values we use the following graphical notation.

0011
0001 Class1 Class1
Class1 var1 0011 var1
String x 1011 x "hello"
0010
int y 15 y 15
int var2 25 var2 25

1111
1011
Type3 var3 ? var3 ?
String

"hello"
h e l l o

Fig. 2.3: Reference to object of variable

Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.6 Classes, Objects and Methods

2.3 CONSTRUCTOR
• A constructor is a special method of a class in Java programming that initializes an
object of that type.
• Constructors have the same name as the class itself. A constructor is automatically
called when an object is created.
• Constructor constructs the values i.e. provides data for the object that is why it is
known as constructor.
• Syntax:
class_Name
{
Constructor_Name(same as class_Name); // Constructor
{
//constructor body…..
}// end of Constructor
}// end of Class
• There are basically following rules defined for the constructor:
1. Constructor name must be same as its class name.
2. Constructor must have no explicit return type.
3. Constructors may be private, protected or public.
4. Multiple constructors may exist, but they must have different signatures,
i.e., different numbers and/or types of input parameters.
Program 2.3: Program for constructors.
class Rectangle
{
int length;
int breadth;
//constructor to initialize length and breadth of rectangle
Rectangle()
{
length = 5;
breadth= 6;
}
//method to calculate area of rectangle
int area()
{
int rectArea = length * breadth;
return rectArea;
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.7 Classes, Objects and Methods

//class to create rectangle objects and calculates area

class ConstructorExample
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Rectangle firstRect = new Rectangle();
System.out.println("Area of Rectantangle: "+ firstRect.area());
}
}
Output:
Area of Rectangle: 30

2.3.1 Types of Constructor

• Constructors can be classified into two types, Default Constructors and
Parameterized Constructors as shown in Fig. 2.4.
Types of Java Constructor

Default Constructor Parameterized Constructor

Fig. 2.4: Types of Constructor

1. Default Constructor:
• The constructors which does not accept any argument is called Default Constructor.
The argument list is void.
• In other word, when the object is created Java creates a no-argument constructor
automatically known as Default Constructor.
• It does not contain any parameters nor does it contain any statements in its body. Its
only purpose is to enable you to create object of class type.
• Default constructor provides the default values to the object like 0, null etc.
depending on the type.
• Syntax: ConstructorName(){}
Program 2.4: Program for default constructor.
class StudentInfo
{
int rollno;
int marks1;
int marks2;
int total;
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.8 Classes, Objects and Methods

StudentInfo() //no-arg default constructor

{
rollno=2;
marks1=30;
marks2=40;
}
//method to calculate total
int Total()
{
total = marks1 + marks2;
return total;
}
//method to display the result
void displayResult()
{
System.out.println("Roll no of student is" + rollno );
System.out.println("marks1 are" + marks1 );
System.out.println("marks2 are" + marks2);
System.out.println("total is" + total);
}
}
class StudentResult
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int total1,total2,grandtotal;
StudentInfo student1 =new StudentInfo(); //creates first object
StudentInfo student2 =new StudentInfo(); //creates second object
total1=student1.Total();
total2=student2.Total();
grandtotal=total1+total2;
student1.displayResult();
student2.displayResult();
System.out.println("Grand Total is" + grandtotal);
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.9 Classes, Objects and Methods

Output:
Roll no of student is 1
marks1 are 30
marks2 are 40
total is 70
Roll no of student is 2
marks1 are 30
marks2 are 40
total is 70
Grand Total is 140
2. Parameterized Constructor:
• Constructor can take value, value is called as argument. A constructor that has
parameters is known as Parameterized Constructor. Parameterized constructor is
used to provide different values to the distinct objects.
• Using parameterized constructor, it is possible to initialize objects with different set
of values at the time of their creation. These different set of values initialized to
objects must be passed as arguments when constructor is invoked.
• The parameter list can be specified in the parentheses in the same way as parameter
list is specified in the method.
• The syntax for constructor is as follows:
ConstructorName([parameterList])
{
//constructor body …
}
• Here, the ConstructorName is same as the class name it belongs to. The parameterList
is the list of optional zero or more parameter(s) that is specified after the classname
in parentheses. Each parameter specification, if any, consists of a type and a name
and is separated from each other by commas.
Program 2.5: Program for parametrized constructor.
class StudentInfo
{
int rollno;
int marks1;
int marks2;
int total;
StudentInfo(int roll_no,int m1,int m2) //Parameterized constructor
{
rollno=roll_no;
marks1=m1;
marks2=m2;
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.10 Classes, Objects and Methods

//method to calculate total

int Total() //Method declaration
{
total = marks1 + marks2;
return total;
}
//method to display the result
void displayResult()
{
System.out.println("Roll no of student is" + rollno );
System.out.println("marks1 are" + marks1 );
System.out.println("marks2 are" + marks2);
System.out.println("total is" + total);
}
}
class StudentResult
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int total1,total2,grandtotal;
StudentInfo student1 = new StudentInfo(1,50,80);
StudentInfo student2 = new StudentInfo(2,40,60);
total1=student1.Total();
total2=student2.Total();
grandtotal=total1+total2;
student1.displayResult();
student2.displayResult();
System.out.println("Grand Total is" + grandtotal);
}
}
Output:
Roll no of student is 1
marks1 are 50
marks2 are 80
total is 130
Roll no of student is 2
marks1 are 40
marks2 are 60
total is 100
Grand Total is 230
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.11 Classes, Objects and Methods

2.3.2 Constructor Overloading

• Constructor overloading is a technique in Java in which a class can have any number
of constructors that differ in parameter lists.
• The compiler differentiates these constructors by taking into account the number of
parameters in the list and their type.
• Constructors having the same name with different parameter list is called as
Constructor overloading.
Program 2.6: Program for constructor overloading.
class Student
{
int id;
String name;
int age;
Student(int i,String n)
{
id = i;
name = n;
}
Student(int i,String n,int a)
{
id = i;
name = n;
age=a;
}
void display()
{
System.out.println(id+" "+name+" "+age);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Student s1 = new Student(1,"Kamil", 22);
Student s2 = new Student(2,"Prajakta",20);
s1.display();
s2.display();
}
}
Output:
1 Kamil 22
2 Prajakta 20
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.12 Classes, Objects and Methods

2.4 METHOD
Methods in Java:
• A Java method is a collection of statements that are grouped together to perform a
certain task.
• Method describes behaviour of an object. A method is a collection of statements that
are group together to perform an operation.
• The only required elements of a method declaration are the method's return type,
name, a pair of parentheses (), and a body between braces {}.
• More generally, method declarations have following components, in order:
1. Modifiers: Such as public, private, default, protected.
2. The return type: The data type of the value returned by the method, or void if the
method does not return a value.
3. The method name: The rules for field names apply to method names as well, but
the convention is a little different.
4. The parameter list in parenthesis: A comma-delimited list of input parameters,
preceded by their data types, enclosed by parentheses (). If there are no
parameters, you must use empty parentheses.
5. The method body, enclosed between braces: The method's code, including the
declaration of local variables, goes here.
Syntax:
return_type methodName(parameter_list)
{
//body of method …
}
Program 2.7: Program for the method.
public class Main
{
public String getName(String st)
{
System.out.println("Kamil Ajmal Khan");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Main Obj=new Main();
Obj.getName();
}
}
Output:
Kamil Ajmal Khan
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.13 Classes, Objects and Methods

2.4.1 Methods Overloading

• In Java, we can define number of methods in a class with the same name. Defining
two or more methods with the same name in a class is called Method Overloading.
• The overloaded constructors are called here as method overloading because we are
allowed to create methods with same name, but different parameters can be passed
with different definitions. This is referred as Polymorphism.
• When we call a method with its object, Java first checks for the method name and
then for the number of parameters and its types. Then it decides which method
should be executed.
Program 2.8: Program for method overloading.
class overload
{
int m, n;
overload() //default constructor
{
m = 5;
n = 28;
}
overload(int p, int q) //parameterized constructor
{
m = p;
n = q;
}
overload(double x, double y)
{
m = x;
n = y;
}
void display()
{
System.out.println(m);
System.out.println(n);
}
}
class mainover
{
public static void main(String args[])
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.14 Classes, Objects and Methods

{
overload ob1 = new overload();
overload ob2 = new overload(10, 5);
overload ob3 = new overload(25.6, 80.5);
ob1.display();
ob2.display();
ob3.display();
}
}
Output:
5 

28  for ob1
10 
 for ob2
5 
25 

80  for ob3
• Here, for object ob1, the default constructor is called. For object ob2 the
parameterized constructor "overload (int p, int q)" is called, whereas for object ob3,
the parameterized constructor "overload (double x, double y)" is called. But because of
the data type of m and n are int, the value of x and y i.e. 25.6 and 80.5 get truncated to
integer part.
Table 2.2: Difference between Constructor and Method
Sr. No. Constructor Method
1. Constructor is used to initialize the Method is used to expose behaviour of
state of an object. an object.
2. Constructor name must be same as Method name may or may not be
the class name. same as class name.
3. Constructor is invoked implicitly. Method is invoked explicitly.
4. The java compiler provides a default Method is not provided by compiler in
constructor if you don't have any any case.
constructor.
5. Constructor must not have return Method must have return type.
type.

2.4.2 Recursion
• The process in which a function calls itself directly or indirectly is called recursion
and the corresponding function is called as recursive function. Using recursive
algorithm, certain problems can be solved quite easily. Examples of such problems are
Towers of Hanoi (TOH), Inorder/Preorder/Postorder Tree Traversals, DFS of Graph,
etc.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.15 Classes, Objects and Methods

How a particular problem is solved using recursion?

• The idea is to represent a problem in terms of one or more smaller problems, and add
one or more base conditions that stop the recursion. For example, we compute
factorial n if we know factorial of (n-1). The base case for factorial would be n = 0. We
return 1 when n = 0.
What is the difference between direct and indirect recursion?
• A function fun is called direct recursive if it calls the same function fun. A function
fun is called indirect recursive if it calls another function say fun_new and fun_new
calls fun directly or indirectly.
Direct recursion:
void directRecFun()
{
// Some code....
directRecFun();
// Some code...
}
Indirect recursion:
void indirectRecFun1()
{
// Some code...
indirectRecFun2();
// Some code...
}
void indirectRecFun2()
{
// Some code...
indirectRecFun1();
// Some code...
}
Program 2.9: Write java program to find factorial of given number.
class Factorial
{
static int factorial(int n)
{
if (n == 0)
return 1;
else
return(n * factorial(n-1));
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.16 Classes, Objects and Methods

public static void main(String args[])

{
int i, fact=1;
int number=4;//It is the number to calculate factorial
fact = factorial(number);
System.out.println("Factorial of "+number+" is: "+fact);
}
}
Output:
Factorial of 4 is: 24

2.4.3 Passing and Returning Object form Method

• When we pass a primitive type to a method, it is passed by value. But when we pass an
object to a method, the situation changes dramatically, because objects are passed by
what is effectively call-by-reference. Java does this interesting thing that’s sort of a
hybrid between pass-by-value and pass-by-reference.
• Basically, a parameter cannot be changed by the function, but the function can ask
the parameter to change itself via calling some method within it.
• While creating a variable of a class type, we only create a reference to an object. Thus,
when we pass this reference to a method, the parameter that receives it will refer to
the same object as that referred to by the argument.
• This effectively means that objects act as if they are passed to methods by use of call-
by-reference.
• Changes to the object inside the method do reflect in the object used as an argument.
Program 2.10: Program to passing & returning object as parameter in method.
class ObjectPassDemo
{
int a, b;
ObjectPassDemo(int i, int j)
{
a = i;
b = j;
}
boolean equalTo(ObjectPassDemo o)
{
return (o.a == a && o.b == b);
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.17 Classes, Objects and Methods

public class Test

{
public static void main (String args[])
{
ObjectPassDemo ob1 = new ObjectPassDemo(100, 22);
ObjectPassDemo ob2 = new ObjectPassDemo(100, 22);
ObjectPassDemo ob3 = new ObjectPassDemo(-1, -1);
System.out.println("ob1 == ob2: " + ob1.equalTo(ob2));
System.out.println("ob1 == ob3: " + ob1.equalTo(ob3));
}
}
Output:
ob1 == ob2: true
ob1 == ob3: false

2.5 new OPERATOR, this and static KEYWORD, finalize() METHOD

2.5.1 'new' Operator
• The new operator is used in Java to create new objects. It can also be used to create an
array object.
• In other words, it instantiates a class by allocating memory for a new object and
returning a reference to that memory. We can also use the new keyword to create the
array object.
• Syntax:
NewExample obj = new NewExample();
Program 2.11: Program for new operator.
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double[] myList = new double[] {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};
for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++)
{
System.out.println(myList[i] + " ");
}
double total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++)
{
total += myList[i];
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.18 Classes, Objects and Methods

System.out.println("Total is: " + total);

double max = myList[0];
for (int i = 1; i < myList.length; i++)
{
if (myList[i] > max) max = myList[i];
}
System.out.println("Max is: " + max);
}
}
Output:
1.9
2.9
3.4
3.5
Total is: 11.7
Max is: 3.5

2.5.2 'this' Keyword

• Many times it is necessary to refer to its own object in a Method or a Constructor. To
allow this Java defines the ‘this’ keyword.
• As we know in C++, sometimes a method will need to refer to the object that invoked
it. To do so, Java also has a 'this' keyword. 'this' can be used inside any method to refer
to the current object. It means that 'this' is always a reference to the object on which
the method was invoked.
• The ‘this’ is used inside the method or constructor to refer its own object i.e., ‘this’ is
always a reference to the object of the current class’ type.
• Syntax: this.field
• Usage of this Keyword:
1. 'this' keyword can be used to refer current class instance variable.
2. 'this' keyword can be used to invoke current class constructor.
3. 'this' keyword can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly).
4. 'this' can be passed as an argument in the method call.
• Fig. 2.5 shows use of 'this' keyword.

State
this
Behaviour
Reference
variable
Object
Fig. 2.5: this keyword
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.19 Classes, Objects and Methods

• Example:
class BoxDim
{
int height;
int depth;
int length;
BoxDim(int height, int depth, int length)
{
this.height = height;
this.depth = depth;
this.length = length;
}
}
• The class ‘BoxDim’ contains three instance variables i.e. height, depth and length. The
constructor of the class also contains three different local variables with the same
names of instance variables.
• Compiler will not show any error here. Then how differentiate among these
variables? The ‘this’ keyword does this job. ‘this’ will refer to the variables of its own
class. It is acting as the object of the current class.
• In method, the ‘this’ keyword is used to differentiate between instance and local
variables. This concept is also referred as ‘Instance variable hiding’. This resolves the
name-space collisions.
Program 2.12: Program for 'this' keyword.
class Rectangle
{
int length,breadth;
void show(int length,int breadth)
//Formal and instance variable name are same
{
this.length=length; //Use of this keyword
this.breadth=breadth;
}
int calculate()
{
return(length*breadth);
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.20 Classes, Objects and Methods

/* Main class */
public class UseOfThisOperator
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Rectangle rectangle=new Rectangle();
rectangle.show(8,6);
int area = rectangle.calculate();
System.out.println("The area of a Rectangle is: " + area);
}
}
Output:
The area of a Rectangle is: 48

2.5.3 'static' Keyword

• The static keyword is used to create variables that will exist independently of any
instances created for the class. Only one copy of the static variable exists regardless of
the number of instances of the class.
• Static variables are also known as class variables. Local variables cannot be declared
static.
Static Block:
• Java supports a special block, called static block (also called static clause) which can be
used for static initializations of a class. This code inside static block is executed only
once when the first time the class is loaded into memory.
Program 2.13: Program of static block.
class Test
{
static int i;
int j; // start of static block
static
{
i = 10;
System.out.println("static block called ");
}
}
class Main
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(Test.i);
}
}
Output:
static block called
10
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.21 Classes, Objects and Methods

Static Methods:
• The static keyword is used to create methods that will exist independently of any
instances created for the class.
• Static methods do not use any instance variables of any object of the class they are
defined in. Static methods take all the data from parameters and compute something
from those parameters, with no reference to variables.
Program 2.14: Java program to use of static methods.
public class CountInstance
{
private static int numInstances = 0;
protected static int getCount()
{
return numInstances;
}
private static void addInstance()
{
numInstances++;
}
CountInstance()
{
CountInstance.addInstance();
}
public static void main(String[] arguments)
{
System.out.println("Starting with " + CountInstance.getCount()
+ " instances");
for (int i = 0; i < 500; ++i)
{
new CountInstance();
}
System.out.println("Created " + CountInstance.getCount()
+ " instances");
}
}
Output:
Starting with 0 instances
Created 500 instances
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.22 Classes, Objects and Methods

Program 2.15: Program using static method which maintain bank account information
about various customers.
class Account
{
int accountNo; //account ID)
double balance;
static double rate = 0.05;
void setData(int n,double bai)
{
accountNo = n;
balance = bai;
}
void quarterRatecal()
{
double interest = balance * rate * 0.25;
balance += interest;
}
static void modifyRate(double incr)
{
rate += incr;
System.out.println("Modified Rate of Interest: " + rate);
}
void show()
{
System.out.println("Account Number: " + accountNo);
System.out.println("Rate of Interest: " +rate)
System.out.println("Balance: "+ balance);
}
}
public class StaticMethod
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Account acc1 = new Account();
Account acc2 = new Account();
Account.modifyRate(0.01);
System.out.println("Customerl Information...");
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.23 Classes, Objects and Methods

acc1.setData(201,1000);
acc1.quarterRatecal(); //Calculate interest
acc1.show(); //display account interest
System.out.println("Customer2 Information...");
acc1.setData(202,1000);
acc2.quarterRatecal(); //Calcuate interest
acc2.show(); //display account information
}
}
Output:
Modified Rate of Interest: 0.060000000000000005
Customer1 Information…
Account Number: 201
Rate of Interest: 0.06
Balance: 1000.0
Customer2 Information…
Account Number: 202
Rate of Interest: 0.06
Balance: 1000.0
• The Account class in program contains a static method modifyRate(). It modifies the
rate of interest by the value specified as argument (0.01). The method modifyRate() is
made static in the class as we are only using static field rate in it. Only static method
can access a static field.
2.5.4 finalize() Method [W-18]
• When the reference of an object is not exists, then it is assumed that object is no
longer needed. And the memory which is occupied by the object is reclaimed. So
garbage collector automatically frees the memory resources used by the objects.
• But sometimes the object may hold some non-java resources such as file handle or
window character font. The garbage collector cannot free these resources.
• In order to free these resources we need finalize() method. This is called finalization.
By using the finalization, we can define specific action that will occur when an object
being destroyed by the garbage collector.
• To add a finalizer to our class, we have to define it as a finalize() method.
• The finalize() method has following general form/Syntax:
protected void finalize()
{
// finalization code here …
}
Here, the keyword protected is a specifier that prevents access to finalize() by code
defined outside its class.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.24 Classes, Objects and Methods

• The garbage collector runs periodically. It checks for objects which are no longer
referenced by any running state or indirectly through any running object. Before it
gets free, the java run-time calls the finalize() method.
• Protected keyword prevents the access of finalize() code from outside class. Java does
not support destructors.
Program 2.16: Following example shows that the objects allocated external resources
should provide a finalize method that cleans them up or class will create a resource leak.
import java.util.*;
public class ObjectfinDemo extends GregorianCalendar
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
// create a new ObjectfinDemo object
ObjectfinDemo cal = new ObjectfinDemo();
// print current time
System.out.println("" + cal.getTime());
// finalize cal
System.out.println("Finalizing...");
cal.finalize();
System.out.println("Finalized.");
}
catch (Throwable ex)
{
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
Output:
Sat Sep 22 00:27:21 EEST 2014
Finalizing...
Finalized.

2.6 NESTED CLASS, INNER CLASS, AND ANONYMOUS INNER CLASS

2.6.1 Nested Class
• It is possible to put the definition of one class inside the definition of another class.
The class which is defined inside is called nested class.
• Inner class is a part of nested class. Non-static nested classes are known as inner
classes.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.25 Classes, Objects and Methods

Instance
Inner class

Non-Static Local
Inner class
Inner class
Anonymous
Static Inner class
Fig. 2.6: Types of Nested Classes
Types of Nested Classes:
• There are two types of nested classes, Non-static and Static nested classes. The Non-
static nested classes are also known as Inner Classes.
(i) Non-static Nested Class:
• The nested class for which static modifier is not applied, such a class is known as non-
static nested class.
• This class can also be refer as inner class, because it is fully within the scope of its
enclosing class.
• It has access to all the variables and methods of its outer class or enclosing class.
• The general form/syntax of non-static definition is as follows:
public class OutClass
{
//Members of outclass
public class InClass //Nested class
{
//Members of inclass
}
//More members of outclass
}
• You can't create any object of InClass, without creating any object of OutClass. For
example, an object of Outclass can be created as:
OutClass Outobj = new OutClass();
• After creating an object of OutClass, an object of InClass will not be automatically
created. To refer a nested class type, we must have to use the name of enclosing class
as a qualifier.
• For example, to create an object of InClass:
OutClass.InClass InObj = OutObj.new InClass();
• That means an object of the nested class is created in the context of an object of
enclosing class.
• But non-static methods that are members of enclosing class can refer the nested class
without any qualifier.
• The main purpose of nested classes is for grouping a set of related classed under the
single enclosing class.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.26 Classes, Objects and Methods

• Following program, illustrates the creation of an object and calling method of inner
class inside outer class. It also shows, how to create and access an object of inner class
outside the outer class.
Program 2.17: Program for Non-static nested class.
class OutClass
{
int a = 5;
void outmethod()
{
//creation of an object of inner class
InClass InObj = new InClass();
InObj.InMethod();
}
class InClass
{
int b = 10;
void Inmethod()
{
//Member of outerclass can refer here
System.out.println("a of OutClass =" + a);
System.out.println("b of InClass =" + b);
}
} //end of inclass
}//end of outclass
Class TestNested1
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
//create object of outclass
Outclass Outobj=new Outclass();
//Call to method of outclass
OutObj.Outmethod();
//Creation of InnerClass Object
OutClass.InClass InObj = OutObj.new InClass();
//Calling a method of inner class
InObj.Inmethod();
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.27 Classes, Objects and Methods

Output:
a of OutClass = 5
b of InClass = 10
a of OutClass = 5
b of Inclass = 10
(ii) Static Nested Class:
• A class which is defined as a static inside other enclosing class, such a class is called
as Static Nested Class.
• This type of nested class, cannot refer any member of its enclosing class directly, that
means it must access members of enclosing class through an object. This is shown in
following program.
Program 2.18: Program for Static Nested Class.
class Outclass
{
int a = 5;
public static class InClass
{
int b = 10;
void Inmethod()
{
//Member of enclosing class
//Should refer through its object
OutClass.OutObj=new OutClass();
System.out.println("a of Outclass=" + OutObj.a);
System.out.println("b of Inclass=" + b);
}
}//end of Inclass
}//end of Outclass
class TestNested 2
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
//Nested class object can be created
//Without creating enclosing classobject
Outclass.Inclass Inobj=new Outclass.Inclass();
Inobj.Inmethod();
}
}
Output:
a of Outclass = 5
b of Inclass = 10
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.28 Classes, Objects and Methods

2.6.2 Inner Classes [W-18]

• Inner classes are syntactic feature that was added to Java in JDK 1.1. They provide a
convenient way for a developer to define classes within the body of another class.
• Java inner class or nested class is a class i.e. declared inside the class or interface.
• We use inner classes to logically group classes and interfaces in one place so that it
can be more readable and maintainable.
• Additionally, it can access all the members of outer class including private data
members and methods.
• Syntax:
class Java_Outer_class
{
//code …
class Java_Inner_class
{
//code …
}
}
Advantages of Inner Classes:
1. Inner classes can access all members of the outer class including private
members.
2. Inner classes help you hide the implementation of a class completely.
3. Inner classes provides a shorter way of writing listeners.
4. Inner classes helps us to write optimized code.
5. It requires less code to write.
Program 2.19: Program for Inner Class.
class TestMemberOuter1
{
private int data=30;
class Inner
{
void msg(){System.out.println("data is "+data);}
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
TestMemberOuter1 obj=new TestMemberOuter1();
TestMemberOuter1.Inner in=obj.new Inner();
in.msg();
}
}
Output:
data is 30
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.29 Classes, Objects and Methods

2.6.3 Anonymous Inner Class

• It is an inner class without a name and for which only a single object is created. An
anonymous inner class can be useful when making an instance of an object with
certain "extras" such as overloading methods of a class or interface, without having to
actually subclass a class.
• A class that have no name is known as anonymous inner class in Java.
• It should be used if you have to override method of class or interface.
• Java Anonymous inner class can be created by two ways:
1. Class (may be abstract or concrete)
2. Interface.
Program 2.20: Program for anonymous inner class.
abstract class Person
{
abstract void eat();
}
class TestAnonymousInner
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Person p=new Person()
{
void eat(){System.out.println("nice fruits");}
};
p.eat();
}
}
Output:
nice fruits

Summary
A Java program is basically a collection of classes. A class is defined by a set of
declaration statements and methods containing executable statements.
Object is the physical as well as logical entity whereas class is the logical entity
only.
A constructor is a special method of a class in Java programming that initializes
an object of that type. Constructors have the same name as the class itself.
A constructor is automatically called when an object is created.
We know that constructors are used to initialize an object when it is declared. This
process is referred as initialization.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.30 Classes, Objects and Methods

Inner classes are syntactic feature that was added to Java in JDK 1.1. They provide
a convenient way for a developer to define classes within the body of another
class.
Java inner class or nested class is a class i.e. declared inside the class or interface.
An anonymous inner class can be useful when making an instance of an object
with certain "extras" such as overloading methods of a class or interface, without
having to actually subclass a class.

Check Your Understanding

1. Which is true about an anonymous inner class?
(a) It can extend exactly one class and implement exactly one interface.
(b) It can extend exactly one class and can implement multiple interfaces.
(c) It can extend exactly one class or implement exactly one interface.
(d) It can implement multiple interfaces regardless of whether it also extends a
class.
2. What is the stored in the object obj in following lines of code?
box obj;
(a) Memory address of allocated memory of object
(b) NULL
(c) Any arbitrary pointer
(d) Garbage
3. Which of these operators is used to allocate memory for an object?
(a) malloc (b) alloc
(c) new (d) give
4. What is the output of this program?
class main_class
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x = 9;
if (x == 9)
{
int x = 8;
System.out.println(x);
}
}
}
(a) 9 (b) 8
(c) Compilation error (d) Runtime error
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.31 Classes, Objects and Methods

5. What would be the behaviour if this() and super() used in a method?

(a) Runtime error (b) Compile time error
(c) Throws exception (d) Runs successfully
6. What is false about constructor?
(a) Constructors cannot be synchronized in Java
(b) Java does not provide default copy constructor
(c) Constructor can have a return type
(d) "this" and "super" can be used in a constructor
7. Abstract class cannot have a constructor.
(a) True (b) False
8. What is the process of defining more than one method in a class differentiated by
method signature?
(a) Function overriding (b) Function overloading
(c) Function doubling (d) None of the mentioned
9. Which method can be defined only once in a program?
(a) main method (b) finalize method
(c) static method (d) private method
10. The new operator is used to create a:
(a) function object (b) class object
(c) method object (d) all of above
11. Which of these methods must be made static?
(a) main() (b) delete()
(c) run() (d) finalize()
12. Which of these is the method which is executed first before execution of any
other thing takes place in a program?
(a) main method (b) finalize method
(c) static method (d) private method
13. Which of these data type can be used for a method having a return statement in
it?
(a) void (b) int
(c) float (d) both int and float
Answers
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (d)

Practice Questions
Q.1 Answer the following Questions in short.
1. What is a method?
2. What is method overloading?
3. What is inner class?
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 2.32 Classes, Objects and Methods

4. Enlist types of inner classes.

5. What is anonymous class?
6. Enlist types constructors.
7. Define Parameterized constructor.
8. Define Default constructor.
9. What is Recursion?
10. What is use of new operator?
11. What is constructor overloading?
Q.II Long Answers the following Questions.
1. Explain the significance of each of the following:
(i) finalize() (ii) this
(iii) static (iv) new operator
2. Discuss object reference in Java.
3. What are objects? How to create objects?
4. What is a constructor? How many types of constructors are present in Java?
5. Explain static block.
6. Explain static methods.
7. Explain various types constructors.
8. Create a class circle, consider pi and radius. Calculate the area of a circle and
display it.
9. Explain accepting input using Command line argument.
10. Explain anonymous class in detail.
11. Create a class distance with variable feet and inches, method get_val(),
show_dist(). Use constructor. Create two objects and display their distance.
Q.III Define the terms.
1. this keyword 2. static keyword
3. class 4. object
5. Constructor 6. Finalize ()
Previous Exam Questions
Winter 2018
1. Write any two advantages of inner class. [2 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 2.6.2.
2. Explain the following keywords: Finalized. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 2.5.4.

Summer 2019
1. Justify True/False Java is not fully object oriented. [2 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 2.1.
 3…
Inheritance, Package and
Collection
Learning Objectives…
▣ To understand Basic Concepts of Inheritance.
▣ To study Types of inheritance.
▣ To learn Inheriting Data members and Methods.
▣ To study Use of super and final keyword.
▣ To study abstract class.
▣ To study Interfaces.
▣ To learn about Packages.
▣ To study Creating, Accessing and using Packages.
▣ To study about Collection.

3.1 OVERVIEW OF INHERITANCE

• Object Oriented Programming (OOP) allows you to create new class based on a class
that has been already defined using inheritance.
• It is an important feature of the OOP's because it supports the hierarchical
classifications, reusability of class and defined to specialization.
• Using inheritance, a class can be inherited by another class. This base class is called
superclass and the inherited class is called as subclass.
• Inheritance represents the 'IS-A relationship', also known as 'parent-child
relationship'.
• To support the concept of multiple inheritance, Java provides the alternative
approach known as Interface.
• Inheritance is the capability of a class to use the properties and methods of another
class while adding its own functionality.
• Inheritance can be defined as, "the process where one object acquires the properties
of another". In simple words, the mechanism of deriving a new class from an old class
is called inheritance.
(3.1)
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.2 Inheritance, Package and Collection

• A class that is derived from any another class is called a subclass or derived class or
extended class or child class. The class from which a subclass is derived is called super
class or base class or parent class.
• Fig. 3.1 illustrating a class called Food, which has two subclasses called Pizza and
Pasta
Food

Pizza Pasta

Fig. 3.1: Example of Inheritance

• The class Pizza and Pasta inherits from the class Food. The Food class is the superclass
of Pizza and Pasta. Pizza and Pasta are subclasses of Food.
Advantages of Inheritance:
1. Reusability of code.
2. Easy and simple to understand since model structure is provided.
3. Code is easily managed by dividing into parent and child classes.
4. Coding can be done using existing classes and representing the objects.
5. It's used easily to convert smaller systems into larger systems.
3.1.1 extends Keyword
• To inherit a class, we have to simply incorporate the definition of one class into
another by using the 'extends' keyword.
• The syntax is given below:
class subclassname extends superclassname
{
//Body of the class …
}
• The keyword 'extends' specifies that the properties of superclassname are extended to
subclassname. After this the subclass will contain all the methods of super class and it
will add the members of its own. Note that we cannot extend a subclass from more
than one super class. Direct multiple inheritance is not supported in Java.
Program 3.1: A simple example of inheritance with extends.
class Super
{
int i,j;
void show()
{
System.out.print("i and j: ");
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.3 Inheritance, Package and Collection

System.out.println( + i + " " + j);

}
}
class Sub extends Super
{
int k;
void display()
{
System.out.println("k: " + k);
}
void sum()
{
System.out.println("i+j+k: " + (i+j+k));
}
}
public class SimpleInheritance
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Super a = new Super();
Sub b = new Sub();
a.i = 5;
a.j = 12;
System.out.println("Contents of super: ");
a.show();
System.out.println();
b.i = 11;
b.j = 13;
b.k = 17;
System.out.println("Contents of sub: ");
b.show();
b.display();
System.out.println();
System.out.println("Sum of i, j and k in sub:");
b.sum();
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.4 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Output:
Contents of super: i and j: 5 12
Contents of sub: i and j: 11 13 k: 17
Sum of i, j and k in sub: i+j+k: 41
• Above program shows an example of simple inheritance in which the 'Sub' class is
inherited from 'Super' class. So the members of 'Super' class that is, 'i', 'j' and method
'show()' are available in 'Sub' class. By creating the object of 'Sub' class we can access
all these members. But the methods 'display()', 'sum()' and variable 'k' cannot
accessed in 'Super' class. So 'Super' class object cannot use these members.
3.1.2 Types of Inheritance
• Fig. 3.2 shows various types of inheritance in Java.
Types of inheritance

Single Multilevel Hierarchical

inheritance inheritance inheritance

Fig. 3.2: Types of Inheritance

1. Single Inheritance:
• In this one class extends another class at single level.
• In case of single inheritance there is only a sub class and it's parent class. It is also
called simple inheritance or one level inheritance.
• Fig. 3.3 shows that class Mango extends only one class which is Fruit. Here, Fruit is a
parent class of Mango and Mango would be a child class of Fruit.
Fruit Base class

Inherits from

Mango Derived class

Fig. 3.3: Single Inheritance

• The Fig. 3.3 shows that class Fruit is super class and class Mango is the sub class. Let us
consider that we have class 'First' which is inherited by class 'Second', (See Fig. 3.4).
First

Second

Fig. 3.4: Example of Single Inheritance

Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.5 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Program 3.2: Program of single inheritance.

class First
{
int val;
void init()
{
BufferedReadaer in = new BufferedReader
(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print("Enter a number: ");
try
{
val =Integer.parseInt(in.readLine());
}
catch(IOException ioe)
{
ioe.printStackTrace();
}
int square()
{
return(val*val);
}
}
}
class Second extends First
{
int mem;
int cube()
{
mem = square() * val;
return mem;
}
}
public class SingleInheritance
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Second s = new Second();
s.init();
System.out.println("Cube: "+s.cube());
}
}
Output:
Enter a number: 5
Cube: 125
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.6 Inheritance, Package and Collection

• Here, 'Second' class is inherited from 'First' class. In 'Second' class, the member
method 'Square()' has been called in an expression. After creating the object of the
'Second' class, we called the method 'init()' of the 'First' class.
2. Multilevel Inheritance:
• We can create any layers/levels in the inheritance as we want, this is called Multilevel
Inheritance. This hierarchy can be created at any level of inheritance.
• When a subclass is derived from a derived class then this mechanism is known as the
Multilevel Inheritance.
• The derived class is called the subclass or child class for its parent class and this
parent class works as the child class for it's just above (parent) class.
• The general form/syntax is,
class A
{
……
……
……
}
class B extends A
{
……
……
……
}
class C extends B
{
……
……
……
}
• Class A may be the superclass for Class B and Class B may be the superclass for Class C
and Class C may be the superclass for Class D. In above case, Class B inherits all
properties of Class A, Class C inherits all properties of Class B and Class D inherits all
properties of Class C.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.7 Inheritance, Package and Collection

A is superclass class A

B is subclass of A
class B
and superclass of C

C is subclass of B
and superclass of D class C

D is subclass of C class D

Fig. 3.5: Representation of Multilevel Inheritance

Program 3.3: Program illustrates the concept of multilevel inheritance.
class White
{
int num;
White(int x) //statement1
{
num = x;
}
}
class Red extends White
{
Red(int y)
{
super(y); //statement2
}
void print()
{
System.out.println("Value of num: "+num);
}
}
class Magenta extends Red
{
int maggy;
Magenta(int z)
{
super(z); //statement3
maggy = z;
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.8 Inheritance, Package and Collection

public class MultiLevel

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Magenta m = new Magenta(96); //statement4
m.print();
System.out.println("Value of maggy: "+m.maggy);
}
}
Output:
Value of num: 96
Value of maggy: 96
• In above program, three different classes i.e. White, Red and Magenta are created.
'Magenta' is inherited from 'Red' and 'Red' is inherited from 'White'. So 'Magenta'
will contain all the members from both 'Red' and 'White' and including its own
members. 'Red' will contain its own members and members from 'White'.
• When statement4 is executed, statement3, statement2 and statement1 are executed
in sequence. Because, 'super()' has linked all of them. Remember, super() can only
call immediate super class' constructor. That is, 'super' from 'Magenta' can call only
the constructor of 'Red' and 'super' from 'Red' can call only the constructor of
'White'. The object 'm' has access to both the variables used in the hierarchy i.e.
'num' and 'maggy'. It can call the 'print()' method.
3. Hierarchical Inheritance:
• When a class has more than one child classes (sub classes) have the same parent class
then such kind of inheritance is known as Hierarchical Inheritance.
• In case of hierarchical inheritance we derive more than one subclass from a single
super class.
• In below example class B, C and D inherits the same class A. A is parent class (or base
class) of B, C and D.
A

B C D

Fig. 3.6: Hierarchical Inheritance

• Fig. 3.7 represents hierarchical inheritance. Here, class Student is having children as
'Medical, Engineering, and Non-science at first level, where class Engineering itself is
having some child at the second level. Hierarchical inheritance is basically the
combination of more then one type of inheritance.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.9 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Student

Medical Engineering Non science

Ayurvedic Dental Homeo Comp. Elect. Mech. Art Commerce

Fig. 3.7: Example of Hierarchical Inheritance

Program 3.4: Program for hierarchical inheritance.
class A
{
public void methodA()
{
System.out.println("Method of Class A");
}
}
class B extends A
{
public void methodB()
{
System.out.println("Method of Class B");
}
}
class C extends A
{
public void methodC()
{
System.out.println("Method of Class C");
}
}
class D extends A
{
public void MethodD()
{
System.out.println("method of Class D");
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.10 Inheritance, Package and Collection

class MyClass
{
public void methodB()
{
System.out.println("Method of Class B");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
B obj1 = new B();
C obj2 = new C();
D obj3 = new D();
obj1.methodA();
obj2.methodA();
obj3.methodA();
}
}
Output:
Method of Class A
Method of Class A
Method of Class A

3.2 INHERITANCE IN CONSTRUCTOR

• The constructors never get inherited to any child class in inheritance.
• In Java, the default constructor of a parent class is called automatically by the
constructor of its child class. When an object of the child class is created, the parent
class constructor is executed, followed by the child class constructor's execution.
However, if the parent class contains both default and parameterized constructor,
then only the default constructor is called automatically by the child class
constructor.
Program 3.5: Program using inheritance, constructor.
class Sports
{
int i;
Sports()
{
System.out.println("Sports Default Constructor Called......");
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.11 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Sports(int i)
{
System.out.println("Sports Parameterized Constructor Called.....");
this.i = i;
}
}
class FootBall extends Sports
{
FootBall()
{
System.out.println("\n FootBall Class Default Constructor Called
.....");
}
}
public class Temp
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
FootBall obj = new FootBall();
}
}
Output:
Sports Default Constructor Called......
FootBall Class Default Constructor Called.....

3.3 INHERITING DATA MEMBERS AND METHODS

• In inheritance one class attributes or methods can be inherited in another class. In
Java extends keyword is used for inheritance. The class whose properties/ attributes
and methods are inherited is called Super class or base class or parent class. Child
class/subclass can extend the attributes/methods of Parent class and also can have its
own attributes and methods.
Program 3.6: Using Data Members and methods.
class DryFruit
{
int i = 10;
String s1 = "Almond....."; // Data Members
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.12 Inheritance, Package and Collection

void show() // Member Functions

{
System.out.println("\n Enjoy DryFruits ");
System.out.println("\n \t i = " +i);
System.out.println("\n \t Dry Friut: = "+ s1);
}
}
class Pistachio extends DryFruit
{
int j = 20;
String s2 = " Pista...."; // Data Members
void show() // Member Functions
{
DryFruit d1 = new DryFruit ();
d1.show();
System.out.println("\n \t j = " +j);
System.out.println("\n \t Dry Friut: = " + s2 );
}
}
public class Walnut extends Pistachio
{
int k = 30;
String s3 = " Walnut...."; // Data Members
void show() // Member Functions
{
Pistachio p1 = new Pistachio();
p1.show();
System.out.println("\n\t k = " +k);
System.out.println("\n \t Dry Friut: = " + s3 );
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Walnut w1 = new Walnut();
w1.show();
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.13 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Output:
Enjoy DryFruits
i = 10
Dry Friut: = Almond.....
j = 20
Dry Friut: = Pista....
k = 30
Dry Friut: = Walnut....

MULTILEVEL INHERITANCE – METHOD OVERRIDING HANDLE

3.4
MULTILEVEL CONSTRUCTORS
• In Multilevel Inheritance one class extends another class which in turn extends
another class. Example, Class C is extended from Class B and Class B is extended from
Class A. In method overriding we have same function name, parameters/arguments
and same prototype in all the inherited classes. We can also have multilevel
constructors as shown in the below program.
Program 3.7: Program using multilevel inheritance with multilevel constructors.
class DairyMilk
{
int i;
DairyMilk(int i)
{
this.i = i;
System.out.println(" Enjoy Dairy Milk.....");
}
void display() // Member Functions
{
System.out.println("\n Kuch meetha ho jay. DairyMilk ");
}
}
class DairyMilk_Silk extends DairyMilk
{
int j;
DairyMilk_Silk(int i, int j)
{
super(i);
this.j = j;
System.out.println("Enjoy Dairy Milk Silk....");
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.14 Inheritance, Package and Collection

void display() // Member Functions

{
System.out.println("\n Kuch meetha ho jay. DairyMilk_Silk ");
}
}
class DairyMilk_Hazelnut extends DairyMilk_Silk
{
int k;
DairyMilk_Hazelnut(int i, int j, int k)
{
super(i, j);
this.k = k;
System.out.println("DairyMilk_Hazelnut..... Enjoyed ");
}
void display() // Member Functions
{
System.out.println("\n Kuch meetha ho jay. DairyMilk_Hazelnut ");
}
}
public class MultiLevel
{
public static void main(String arg[])
{
System.out.println("\n ______________________");
DairyMilk d1 = new DairyMilk (100);
d1.display();
System.out.println("\n ______________________");
DairyMilk_Silk d2 = new DairyMilk_Silk(200,300);
d2.display();
System.out.println("\n _____________________");
DairyMilk_Hazelnut d3 = new DairyMilk_Hazelnut(400, 500, 600);
d3.display();
System.out.println("\n ____________________");
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.15 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Output:
__________________
Enjoy Dairy Milk.....
Kuch meetha ho jay. DairyMilk
______________________
Enjoy Dairy Milk.....
Enjoy Dairy Milk Silk....
Kuch meetha ho jay. DairyMilk_Silk
_____________________
Enjoy Dairy Milk.....
Enjoy Dairy Milk Silk....
DairyMilk_Hazelnut..... Enjoyed
Kuch meetha ho jay. DairyMilk_Hazelnut

3.5 USE OF 'super' AND 'final' KEYWORD [S-19]

3.5.1 Use of 'super' Keyword

• A subclass inherits the accessible data fields and methods from its superclass, but the
constructors of the superclass are not inherited in the subclass. They can only be
invoked from constructors of the subclass using the keyword 'super'.
• When invoking a superclass version of an overridden method the super keyword is
used.
• 'super' keyword is used by subclass to refer its immediate superclass.
Program 3.8: Program using the super keyword.
class Animal
{
public void move()
{
System.out.println("Animals can move.");
}
}
class Cat extends Animal
{
public void move()
{
super.move(); // invokes the super class method
System.out.println("Cats can Walk and Run");
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.16 Inheritance, Package and Collection

public class TestCat

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Animal b = new Cat(); // Animal reference but Cat object
b.move(); //Runs the method in Cat class
}
}
Output:
Animals can move .
Cats can Walk and Run
• There are two different forms of using super.
1. 'super' calls the superclass constructor.
2. 'super' can access members of the superclass those have been hidden by members
of a subclass.
1. 'super' calls Superclass Constructor:
• In the constructor of subclass, the keyword super can be used to invoke the
constructor method of the superclass.
• A subclass can call the constructor defined by superclass by using the following form
of the 'super' keyword.
class subclass extends superclass
{
subclass(args)
{
super(arg_list);
//Statements;
}
................
}
• The use of super() in this form must follow the following conditions:
(i) super() must always be the first statement in subclass constructor.
(ii) The order and type of parameters specified in super() must matches with the
parameters in constructor of superclass.
Program 3.9: Use of super keyword to access superclass constructor.
class Primary
{
int cal; //declaration1
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.17 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Primary(int a)
{
cal = a;
}
void show()
{
System.out.println("Super class cal: "+cal);
}
}
class Secondary extends Primary
{
int cal; //declaration2
Secondary(int x,int y) //statement1
{
super(y); //statement2
cal = x; //statement3
}
void display()
{
System.out.println("Sub class cal: "+cal);
}
}
public class SuperUse2
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Secondary s = new Secondary(10,20);
s.show();
s.display();
}
}
Output:
Super class cal: 22
Sub class cal: 15
• The super class 'Primary' has been added with a constructor of one parameter. This
constructor has been called in 'sub class' constructor in statement2 by passing one
parameter to super(). If the super class contains more number of constructors all that
can be called using super keyword in 'sub class' constructor. Statement that contains
'super' must be a first statement in the 'sub class' constructor.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.18 Inheritance, Package and Collection

2. 'super' Access Member of Superclass:

• Any member of immediate superclass can be referred in subclass using super
keyword.
• Syntax:
super.member_name
• Use of super keyword is somewhat like this. But difference is that super always refers
to the superclass of the class in which it is used, whereas this refers to the members of
that class itself.
• This form of super keyword is most useful when member in subclass hides the
member of superclass due to similar names.
• Consider the following program, the variable name n is used in superclass as well as
in subclass. To access a variable n of superclass in subclass, we use the super keyword.
Program 3.10: Program for super refers member of superclass.
class SuperClass
{
int n;
}
class Subclass extends SuperClass
{
int n; //This hides n of superclass
SubClass (int x, int y)
{
if (x > y)
{
Super.n = x; n = y;
}
else
{
Super.n = y; n = x;
}
}
void display()
{
System.out.println("n is SuperClass=" + super.n);
System.out.println("n is SubClass=" + n);
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.19 Inheritance, Package and Collection

class TestSuper2
{
pubic static void main(String args[])
{
//create object of subclass
SubClass myobj = new SubClass(10,4);
//call display method
myobj.display();
}
}
Output:
n in SuperClass = 10
n in SubClass = 4
• In similar way, super keyword can also be used to call methods of superclass that are
hidden by subclass due to same names. This is called as Method Overriding.

3.5.2 Use of 'final' Keyword [W-18]

• The word, 'final' is a keyword in Java Language.
• The 'final' keyword is used in several different contexts with the variable declaration,
methods and classes as a modifier meaning that what it modifies cannot be changed
in some sense.
• Any 'final' keyword when declared with variables, methods and classes specifically
means:
1. A final variable cannot be reassigned once initialized.
2. A final method cannot be overridden.
3. A final class cannot be extended.
• 'final' is a keyword which is used to prevent method overriding. This is possibly done
by specifying 'final' as a modifier at the start of its declaration. The method whenever
is declared as final, it cannot be overridden.
3.5.2.1 Use of Final Keyword Related to Variable
• If any variable in Java is declare using 'final' keyword then they are known as final
variable.
• Syntax: final datatype variableName;
• When a variable is declared final, it is a constant which will not and cannot change.
• Example: final PI=3.14;
• The value of PI is declared as 'final' so, it cannot be changed in the course of the
program.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.20 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Program 3.11: Program using 'final' variables.

public class FinalVar
{
public static void main()
{
int x=10;
final int y=20;
System.out.println("x is:"+x);
System.out.println("y is:"+y);
x=30;
y=40;
System.out.println("x is:"+x);
System.out.println("y is:"+y);
}
}
Output:
error: cannot assign a value to final variable y

3.5.2.2 Use of Final Keyword Related to Methods

• A method that is declared final cannot be overridden in a subclass.
• If method of any class is defined using final keyword then they are known as final
methods in Java because they cannot be redefined.
• The syntax is simple, just put the keyword 'final' after the access specifier and before
the return type.
• Syntax:
access specifier final returntype methodname(arguments)
{
//method body
}
• When you try to override method that has been declared final it will generate compile
time error.
Program 3.12: Program for final with methods.
class FM
{
final void disp()
{
System.out.println("\n Inside Temp Class ....");
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.21 Inheritance, Package and Collection

public class Temp1 extends FM

{
void disp()
{
System.out.println("\n Inside Temp1 Class .... ");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Temp1 t= new Temp1();
t.disp();
}
}
Output:
error: disp() in Temp1 cannot override disp() in FM
void disp(){^
overridden method is final
1 error

3.5.2.3 Use of final keyword related to Classes

• If you want the class not be subclassed (or extended) by any other class, declare it
final.
• In Java, if we define any class using 'final' keyword then this type of class is known as
final class in Java.
• When classes declared as final, they cannot be extended. That is, any class can use the
methods of a final class by creating an object of the final class and call the methods
with the object(final class object).
• Syntax:
final class ClassName
{
//Members
}
• Example:
final class finalclass
{
//Definitions of members …
}
class errorclass extends finalclass
{
//Definitions of members …
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.22 Inheritance, Package and Collection

• The above program segment contains error since we tried to extend a final class.
Program 3.13: Program using 'final' with classes.
import java.io.*;
final class Demo1
{
public void display()
{
System.out.println("hi");
}
}
public class Demo3 extends Demo1
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Demo1 d=new Demo1();
d.display();
}
}
Output:
error: cannot inherit from final Demo1

3.6 INTERFACE
• An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class. It has static constants and abstract
methods only.
• An interface is a way of describing what classes should do, without specifying how
they should do it.
• There are mainly three reasons to use interface. They are given below:
1. It is used to achieve fully abstraction.
2. By interface, we can support the functionality of multiple inheritance.
3. It can be used to achieve loose coupling.
• A class can implement more than one interface. In Java, an interface is not a class but
a set of requirements for the class that we want to conform to the interface.
• All the methods of an interface are by default public. So, it is not required to use the
keyword public when declaring a method in an interface.
• Interfaces can also have more than one method. Interfaces can also define constants
but do not implement methods.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.23 Inheritance, Package and Collection

CREATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INTERFACE,

3.7
INTERFACE REFERENCE

3.7.1 Defining Interface [W-18, S-19]

• To support the concept of multiple inheritance, Java provides the alternate approach.
This is known as Interface.
• Java Interface also represents IS-A relationship. Interface cannot be instantiated just
like abstract class.
• Interface is similar to class which is collection of public static final variables
(constants) and abstract methods.
• The interface is a mechanism to achieve fully abstraction in Java.
• An interface is defined like a class. Its general form/syntax is:
access_specifier interface InterfaceName
{
Return-type Method-l(Parameters);
Return-type Method-2(Parameters);
Type variable-l=value;
Type variable-2=value;
.
.
Return-type Method-N(Parameters);
Type variable-N=value;
}
• Following is the definition of an interface containing two constants and four abstract
methods.
interface conversions
{
double GM_TO_KG = 1000;
double CM_TO_FT = 30;
double gmtokg(double gm);
double cmtoft(double cm);
double kgtogm(double kg);
double fttocm(double ft);
}
3.7.2 Implementation of an Interface
• The methods in an interface are always abstract, therefore it is necessary to create a
class, which inherits the interface. One or more classes can implement the single
interface.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.24 Inheritance, Package and Collection

• To make a class implement an interface, we must declare that the class intends to
implement the given interface and we need to supply definitions for all methods
using the implements keyword.
• When an interface has been defined, any of the classes can implement that interface.
• The general form/syntax of the class that includes an implements clause is:
class classname extends superclass implements interface
{
//class body …
}
Program 3.14: Program of interface implementation. [W-18]
import java.io.*;
interface conversions
{
double GM_TO_KG = 1000;
double gmtokg(double gm);
double kgtogm(double kg);
}
class convert implements conversions
{
public double gmtokg(double gm)
{
return gm/GM_TO_KG;
}
public double kgtogm(double kg)
{
return kg*GM_TO_KG;
}
}
public class ImplIface1
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
convert ConvObj = new convert();
conversions c;
c = ConvObj;
System.out.println("2000 gm =" + c.gmtokg(2000) + " kg ");
System.out.println("50 kg = " + c.kgtogm(50) + " gm ");
}
}
Output:
2000 gm = 2.0 kg
50 kg = 50000.0 gm
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.25 Inheritance, Package and Collection

3.7.3 Interface Reference

Partial Implementation of Interface:
• If a class implements an interface, but does not implement all the methods declared
by that interface, then the class must be declared as abstract.
• For example, following class partially implementing the interface-conversions.
abstract class convert implements conversions
{
public double gmtokg (double gm)
{
return gm/GM_TO_KG;
}
}
• This class does not implement the method kgtogm(), so it is abstract.
• Now you cannot create objects of type convert class, since it is abstract, so you must
define a subclass of convert class that implements the remaining methods in the
interface.
Program 3.15: Following program shows the partial implementation of an
interface. [S-19]
interface conversions
{
double GM_TO_KG = 1000;
double gmtokg (double gm);
double kgtogm (double kg);
}
abstract class convert implements conversions
{
public double gmtokg (double gm)
{
return gm / GM_TO_KG;
}
}
class convert_sub extends convert implements conversions
{
public double kgtogm (double kg)
{
return kg*GM_TO_KG;
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.26 Inheritance, Package and Collection

public class Implface2

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
convert_sub ConvObj=new convert_sub();
conversions c;
c = ConvObj;
System.out.println("2000 gm =" + c.gmtokg(2000) + " kg ");
System.out.println("50 kg =" + c.kgtogm(50) + " gm ");
}
}
Output:
2000 gm =2.0 kg
50 kg =50000.0 gm

3.8 INTERFACE INHERITANCE

Extending Interfaces:
• An interface can extend another interface, similarly to the way that a class can
extend another class.
• The extends keyword is used to extend an interface, and the child interface inherits
the methods of the parent interface.
• When any class implements an extended interface, it must implement all the
methods defined within the chain of inherited interfaces.
• Consider the following program, an interface emp_show inherits all the members of
an interface emp_info.
• The class emp is implementing an interface emp_show, it must define the code of all
the methods declared in emp_info as well as emp_show.
Program 3.16: Program extending Interfaces.
interface emp_info
{
int empid = 10;
String empname = "Neetu";
String empaddr = "Pune";
void disp1();
}
interface emp_show extends emp_info
{
void disp2();
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.27 Inheritance, Package and Collection

class emp implements emp_show

{
public void disp()
{
System.out.println("\n Inside Display Function ,,,,,, ");
System.out.println("\n ");
}
public void disp1()
{
disp();
System.out.println("Empid="+empid);
System.out.println("Name="+empname);
}
public void disp2()
{
disp();
System.out.println("Name="+ empname);
System.out.println("Address="+ empaddr);
}
}
public class ImplIface3
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
emp e = new emp();
System.out.println("From Method disp1");
e.disp1();
System.out.println();
System.out.println("From Method disp2");
e.disp2();
}
}
Output:
From Method disp1
Inside Display Function ,,,,,,
Empid=10
Name=Neetu
From Method disp2
Inside Display Function ,,,,,,
Name=Neetu
Address=Pune
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.28 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Extending Multiple Interfaces:

• A Java class can only extend one parent class. Multiple inheritance is not allowed.
Interfaces are not classes, however, and an interface can extend more than one
parent interface.
• The extends keyword is used once and the parent interfaces are declared in a comma-
separated list.
• If a class implements multiple interfaces, or an interface extends multiple interfaces
i.e. known as multiple inheritance.

Interface Interface Interface Interface

implements extends

class Interface

(a) (b)
Fig. 3.8: Multiple Inheritance in Java
Program 3.17: Program to implementation of multiple inheritance using Interface.
class employee
{
String ename;
void get_ename(String name)
{
ename = name;
}
void print_ename()
{
System.out.println("Name = " + ename);
}
}
class gross_sal extends employee
{
float basic, da, hra, gsal;
void calc_gross_sal(int b, int dapercent, int hrpercent)
{
basic = b; //calculate DA & HRA
da = basic* dapercent/100;
hra = basic*hrpercent/100;
gsal = basic + da + hra;
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.29 Inheritance, Package and Collection

void print_gross_sal()
{
System.out.println("Gross sal = " + gsal);
}
}
interface taxes
{
float ptax = 200f;
float itaxpercent = 20f;
float calc_taxes();
}
class salary extends gross_sal implements taxes
{
public float calc_taxes()
{ //Method from interface
return ptax + (gsal * itaxpercent/100);
}
void display()
{ //Method not from interface
float tax = calc_taxes();
float nsal = gsal;
print_ename();
print_gross_sal();
System.out.println("taxes=" + tax);
System.out.println("Net Sal = " + nsal);
}
}
public class ImplIface6
{
public static void main(String args[ ])
{
salary empsal = new salary();
empsal.get_ename("Adhiraj");
empsal.calc_gross_sal(9100,50,10);
empsal.display();
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.30 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Output:
Name = Adhiraj
Gross sal = 14560.0
taxes = 3112.0
Net Sal = 14560.0
3.8.1 Nested Interfaces
• An interface which is declared within another interface or class is known as Nested
Interface.
• The nested interfaces are used to group related interfaces so that they can be easy to
maintain. The nested interface must be referred by the outer interface or class. It
cannot be accessed directly.
• Nested interface must be public if it is declared inside the interface but it can have
any access modifier if declared within the class.
• Nested interfaces are declared static implicitly.
• Syntax of nested interface which is declared within the interface:
interface interface_name
{
...
interface nested_interface_name
{
...
}
}
• Syntax of nested interface which is declared within the class:
class class_name
{
...
interface nested_interface_name
{
...
}
}
Program 3.18: Program declare the Nested Interface and how we can access it.
interface ShowableExe
{
void show();
interface Message
{
void msg();
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.31 Inheritance, Package and Collection

public class TestNestedInterface1 implements ShowableExe.Message

{
public void msg()
{
System.out.println("Program for Nested Interface .....");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
ShowableExe.Message message=new TestNestedInterface1();
//Upcasting Here
message.msg();
}
}
Output:
Program for Nested Interface.....

3.9 DYNAMIC METHOD DISPATCH / RUNTIME POLYMORPHISM

Runtime Polymorphism:
• Polymorphism in Java is a concept by which different ways can we used to perform
different action. Polymorphism implies many forms which is derived from 2 Greek
words: poly and morphs. The word "poly" means many and "morphs" means forms.
Method overriding is an example of runtime polymorphism.
• Types of polymorphism in Java: compile-time polymorphism and runtime
polymorphism.
• Runtime polymorphism or Dynamic Method Dispatch is a process in which a call to
an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than compile-time.
• In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a
superclass. The determination of the method to be called is based on the object being
referred to by the reference variable.
• We can perform polymorphism in java by method overloading and method
overriding.
• When reference variable of Parent class refers to the object of Child class, it is known
as Upcasting.
• In following program, we are creating two classes Bike and Platina. Platina class
extends Bike class and overrides its run() method. We are calling the run method by
the reference variable of Parent class. Since it refers to the subclass object and
subclass method overrides the Parent class method, subclass method is invoked at
run-time.
• Since method invocation is determined by the JVM not compiler, it is known as Run-
time Polymorphism.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.32 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Program 3.19: Program for run-time polymorphism.

class Bike
{
void run()
{
System.out.println("running");
}
}
class Platina extends Bike
{
void run(){System.out.println("Running safely with 80km");}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Bike b = new Platina();//upcasting
b.run();
}
}
Output:
Running safely with 80 km.
Program 3.20: Program for Runtime Polymorphism.
class Mexican_Dish
{
void disp()
{
System.out.println("\n Inside Mexican Dish Class...");
}
}
class Guacamole extends Mexican_Dish
{
void disp()
{
System.out.println("\n WELCOME TO MEXICAN DISHES ...");
System.out.println("\n Inside Guacamole Dish Class...");
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.33 Inheritance, Package and Collection

class Tacos extends Mexican_Dish

{
void disp()
{
System.out.println("\n Inside Tacos Dish Class...");
}
}
class Mexican_Pizza extends Mexican_Dish
{
void disp()
{
System.out.println("\n Inside Mexican_Pizza Dish Class...");
}
}
public class RunTime_Poly
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Mexican_Dish md;
md=new Guacamole();
md.disp();
md=new Tacos();
md.disp();
md=new Mexican_Pizza();
md.disp();
}
}
Output:
WELCOME TO MEXICAN DISHES ...
Inside Guacamole Dish Class...
Inside Tacos Dish Class...
Inside Mexican_Pizza Dish Class...
Runtime Polymorphism can be categorized in following two parts:
1. Runtime Polymorphism with Data Member:
• The method is overridden but not the data members, so run-time polymorphism
cannot be done with data members.
• In the program given below, we created a Student class and Monitor class. Both the
classes have data members, in other words name and roll number. We are accessing
the data members by the reference variable of the parent class that refers to the
subclass object.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.34 Inheritance, Package and Collection

• Since, we are accessing the data members of the subclass that are not overridden, the
data members of the parent class will always be invoked.
Program 3.21: Program using Runtime Polymorphism.
class Student
{
String name="Om";
}
class Monitor extends Student
{
String name="Yash";
public static void main(String args[])
{
Student s=new Monitor();
System.out.println(s.name);
}
}
Output: Om
2. Runtime Polymorphism with Multilevel Inheritance:
• In method overriding, a subclass overrides a method with the same signature as that
of in its superclass. Reference type check is made during compile time. We can
override a method at any level of multilevel inheritance. See the program below to
understand the concept.
Program 3.22: Runtime Polymorphism with Multilevel inheritance.
class Electronics
{
void function()
{
System.out.println("Made for various purpose");
}
}
class Phone extends Electronics
{
void function()
{
System.out.println("Display,Voice");
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.35 Inheritance, Package and Collection

public class Computer extends Phone

{
void function()
{
System.out.println("Calculation,Internetworking");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Electronics e1=new Electronics();
Electronics e2=new Phone();
Electronics e3=new Computer();
e1.function();
e2.function();
e3.function();
}
}
Output:
Display,Voice
Calculation,Internetworking
Made for various purpose

3.10 ABSTRACT CLASS

• An abstract class is a class in which one or more methods are declared, but not
defined. That means the body of these methods are omitted. Such methods are called
Abstract Methods.
• Abstract class cannot be instantiated. Class that is declared with abstract keyword, is
known as Abstract Class in Java.
• Abstract class is a superclass that only defines a generalized form which will be
shared by all of its subclasses.
• The purpose of abstract class is to function as base classes which can be extended by
subclasses to create a full implementation.
• When a class contains one or more abstract methods, then it should be declared
abstract. You must use abstract keyword to make a class abstract.
Employee Abstract

Consultant
Part-time

Full-time

Fig. 3.9: Abstract Class

Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.36 Inheritance, Package and Collection

• An abstract class is used to provide abstraction.

• Syntax: abstract class class_name{ }
• The abstract methods of an abstract class must be defined in its subclass. We cannot
declare abstract constructors or abstract static methods. Abstract class has both
methods - abstract as well as non-abstract methods. Abstract class also has a member
variables and constructors.
Abstract Methods:
• An abstract method is a method declared without any implementation. The methods
body (implementation) is provided by the subclass. Abstract methods can never be
final or strict.
• Any class that extends an abstract class must implement all the abstract methods of
the super class, unless the subclass is also an abstract class.
• It is the responsibility of the concrete subclass to implement all abstract method of
superclass.
In short, the methods which have only declaration and no method body in the class
are called abstract methods.
• The abstract methods are declared using the keyword abstract. The abstract methods
should be defined in the subclass. Abstract method does not have any body, it always
ends with semicolon (;).
• Syntax: abstract returntype method_name(arguments);
• Example: abstract void area();
Program 3.23: Program using abstract class and abstract methods.
abstract class Shape
{
abstract void draw();
}
class Rectangle extends Shape
{
void draw()
{
System.out.println("Drawing rectangle");
}
}
class Circle1 extends Shape
{
void draw()
{
System.out.println("Drawing circle");
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.37 Inheritance, Package and Collection

public class TestAbstraction1

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Shape s=new Circle1();
s.draw();
}
}
Output:
Drawing circle
Program 3.24: Program using abstract class and methods.
abstract class shape //Abstract class
{
double pi=3.14;
abstract void area(); //Abstract method
void display()
{
System.out.println("\n Non_abstract method of Class shape");
}
}
class rectangle extends shape //Sub class
{
int l,b;
rectangle(int x,int y)
{
l=x;
b=y;
}
void area() //Implementing abstract method
{
System.out.println("\n Area of Rectangle");
System.out.println("Length="+ l);
System.out.println("Breadth="+ b);
System.out.println("Area ="+ (l*b));
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.38 Inheritance, Package and Collection

class circle extends shape //Sub class

{
double r;
circle(double x)
{
r=x;
}
void area() //Implementing abstract method
{
System.out.println("\n Area of Circle");
System.out.println("Radius="+ r);
System.out.println("Area ="+ (pi*r*r));
}
}
/* Main class */
public class abst
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
shape s;
rectangle r=new rectangle(10,5);
s=r; //Shape referenece rectangle
s.area();
circle c=new circle(2.5);
c.area();
}
}
Output:
Area of Rectangle
Length=10
Breadth=5
Area=50
Area of Circle
Radius=2.5
Area=19.625
• In above program, shape is the abstract class, its implementation is provided by the
Rectangle and Circle classes. Mostly, we don't know about the implementation class,
(i.e. hidden to the end user) and object of the implementation class is provided by the
factory method.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.39 Inheritance, Package and Collection

• A factory method is the method that returns the instance of the class.
• In this example, if you create the instance of Rectangle class, draw() method of
Rectangle class will be invoked.

3.11 COMPARISON BETWEEN ABSTRACT CLASS AND INTERFACE

• Abstraction can be achieved using abstract class and interface in which you can
declare the abstract methods. You cannot instantiate abstract class and interface.
Table 3.1: Comparison between abstract class and interface [S-19]

Abstract class Interface

1. In this abstract and non-abstract It can include only abstract methods.
methods can be used. Default and static methods can also be
included.
2. In this multiple inheritance is not It support's multiple inheritance.
supported.
3. Final, non-final, static and non- Only static and final variables can be
static variables can be used used.
4. Implementation of interface is Implementation of abstract class can't be
provided. provided.
5. It uses abstract keyword. It uses interface keyword.
6. It might extend another Java class It might extend another Java interface
and implement multiple Java only.
interfaces.
7. "extends" keyword is used to extend "implements" keyword is used to
an abstract class. implement an interface.
8. Class members like private, By default members are public.
protected, etc. can be used.
9. Example: Example:
public abstract class Movie public interface Movie
{ {
public abstract void trailer(); void trailer();
} }

3.12 ACCESS CONTROL

• In this access of certain members of a class is restricted to specific parts of a program.
Access modifiers can be used to control the access to members of a class. There are
four access modifiers in Java. They are:
1. public
2. protected
3. default
4. private
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.40 Inheritance, Package and Collection

• If the member (variable or method) is not declared as either public or protected or

private, the access modifier for that member will be default.
• Among the four access modifiers, private is the most restrictive access modifier and
public is the least restrictive access modifier.
• Syntax for declaring a access modifier is as follows:
access-modifier data-type variable-name;
• Private integer variable declaration is as follows:
private int x;
Program 3.25: Program using access modifier.
public class Student
{
private int Rno;
private String name;
private float mks;
public void disp(float mks)
{
if(mks < 0)
{
System.out.println("Please enter Mks > 0 ");
}
else
{
// marks = mks;
System.out.println(" Students Mks = "+ mks);
}
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Student s1 = new Student();
s1.disp(98);
}
}
Output:
Students Mks = 98.0

3.13 PACKAGES [W-18, S-19]

• Java is an Object Oriented programming language. Any Java programmer will quickly
build large number of different classes for use in each application that they develop.
• Initially it may be tempting to store the classes in the same directory as the end
application, but as the complexity of applications grow so will the number of classes.
The answer is to organize the classes into packages.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.41 Inheritance, Package and Collection

• A Java package is a mechanism for organizing Java classes. Package are used in Java,
in-order to avoid name conflicts and to control access of class, interface and
enumeration etc.
• A package can be defined as, "a group of similar types of classes, interface,
enumeration and sub-packages".
• A package does not contain the source code of any type of Java file. Each Java source
code file is a collection of one or more classes, or one or more interface with their
members.
3.13.1 Packages Concept
• A package is a collection of classes and interfaces.
• A package does not contain the source code of any type of Java file. Each Java source
code file is a collection of one or more classes, or one or more interface with their
members.
• After compilation, a separate class file is created for individual class or interface,
either these are part of one Java file or stored in individual file.
• That class file (byte code) is placed in a particular related package using a package
declaration.
3.13.2 Creating user defined Packages [S-19]
• Java package created by user to categorized classes, interface and enumeration.
• Declaration Syntax:
package <package name>;
• The package declaration statement must be the first statement of the source file. The
package name is stored in the byte code (class file).
• The dot (.) notation is used to distinctively spot (identify) the package name in the
package hierarchy. One naming convention for a package is that, package name is
written in all lowercase. It will escape the confliction with classes and interfaces
name.
• Example:
package mypck;
• Here, mypck is the package name. Moreover a file belonging to same package can
include the same package name.
• We can also create a hierarchy of packages, i.e. package within a package called
subpackage for further classification and categorization of classes and interfaces.
package mypck.mypck2.mypck3;
• Here, mypck2 is a subpackage in package mypck, mypck3 is a subpackage in
subpackage mypck2. If there is no package declaration in a source file, then the
compiled file is stored in the default package (unnamed package), and that is the
current working directory.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.42 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Package mypck1 mypck 1

Package mypck2 mypck 2

Package mypck3 mypck 3

Class is member of
package Class X
mypck1.mypck2.mypck3
Fig. 3.10: Package Hierarchy
• In the above package hierarchy class X is identified by the name
mypckl.mypck2.mypck3.
3.13.2.1 Accessing and Using Packages
• There are three ways to access the package from outside the package i.e., import
package.*; import package.classname; fully qualified name.
1. Using packagename:
• If you use package.* then all the classes and interfaces of this package will be
accessible but not subpackages.
• The import keyword is used to make the classes and interface of another package
accessible to the current package.
Program 3.26: Program for package that import the packagename. [W-18]
//Program save by X.java
package pkg;
public class X
{
public void msg(){System.out.println("Hello, Take Care");}
}
//save by y.java
package mypkg;
import pkg.*;
class Y
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
X obj = new X();
obj.msg();
}
}
Output:
Hello, Take Care
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.43 Inheritance, Package and Collection

2. Using packagename.classname:
• If you import package.classname then only declared class of this package will be
accessible.
Program 3.27: Program Using packagename.classname.
//save by X.java
package pkg;
public class X
{
public void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}
}
//save by Y.java
package mypkg;
import pkg.X;
class Y
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
X obj = new X();
obj.msg();
}
}
Output:
Hello
3. Using fully qualified name:
• If you use fully qualified name then only declared class of this package will be
accessible. Now there is no need to import. But you need to use fully qualified name
every time when you are accessing the class or interface.
• It is generally used when two packages have same class name e.g. java.util and
java.sql packages contain Date class.
Program 3.28: Program using fully qualified name.
//save by X.java
package pkg;
public class X
{
public void msg() {System.out.println("Hello");}
}
//save by Y.java
package mypkg;
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.44 Inheritance, Package and Collection

class Y
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
pack.X obj = new pack.X(); //Using fully qualified name
obj.msg();
}
}
Output:
Hello

3.13.3 Java Built-in Packages

• In Java group of related classes are put together in a package. E.g. File directory has
different folders.
• In Java you can either use built-in packages or user defined packages.
o java.lang: It has classes for primitive types, strings, threads, exceptions and math
functions.
o java.io: It has stream classes for Input/Output.
o java.awt: Classes for implementing Graphical User Interface – menus, windows,
buttons etc.
o java.util: It has classes such as dates, Calendars, vectors, hash tables, etc.
o java.net: Classes for networking.
o java. Applet: Classes for creating and implementing applets.
3.13.4 Import statement, Static import
Import statement:
• Import statement brings certain classes or the entire packages, into visibility. Class
can be referred directly by using only its name once imported.
• Import statements occurs immediately followed by package statement (if exists) and
before any class definitions.
• Import statement is as:
import packg1[.packg2].(classname|*);
• packg1 is the name of top-level package, and packg2 is the name of subordinate
package inside outer package separated by dot (.). Explicit classname or a star (*),
indicates that the Java compiler must import the full package.
import java.util.Date;
import java.io.*;
• In a Java package, all the basic Java classes are stored. The fundamental language
functions are stored in a package inside of the java package i.e., java.lang.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.45 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Program 3.29: Program using import statement.

import java.lang.Math.*;
public class Sample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i=30, x=3;
System.out.println(" Sqrt of 25 = " + Math.sqrt(625));
System.out.println(" \n Absolute of -2178 = " + Math.abs(-2178));
System.out.println(" \n Power of 2 = " + Math.pow(2,3));
// return a power of 2
System.out.println("\n Exp of x = " + Math.exp(x));
System.out.println("\n Cosine value of i = " +Math.cos(i));
}
}
Output:
Sqrt of 25 = 25.0
Absolute of -2178 = 2178
Power of 2 = 8.0
Exp of x = 20.085536923187668
Cosine value of i = 0.15425144988758405
Static import:
• It is used to allow Java program to access any static member of a class directly so less
coding is required. Its not needed to qualify it by the class name.
Program 3.30: Program using Static import.
import static java.lang.System.*;
public class Happy
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
out.println("\n Be Happy ……");
out.println("\t\t Always ……");
}
}
Output:
Be Happy ……
Always ……
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.46 Inheritance, Package and Collection

3.14 COLLECTION [S-19]

• Java.util is an important package which contains a large collection of classes and
interfaces which supports a broad range of functionality. It contains Java's most
powerful subsystem collections framework.
• Collection Framework is a sophisticated hierarchy of classes and interfaces for
managing groups of objects.
Table 3.2: List of classes from java.util package
AbstractCollection EventObject Random
AbstractList FormattableFlags ResourceBundle
AbstractMap Formatter Scanner
AbstractQueue GregorianCalendar ServiceLoader (Added by Java
SE 6.)
AbstractSequentialList HashMap SimpleTimeZone
AbstractSet HashSet Stack
ArrayDeque Hashtable StringTokenizer
ArrayList IdentityHashMap Timer
Arrays LinkedHashMap TimerTask
BitSet LinkedHashSet TimeZone
Calendar LinkedList TreeMap
Collections ListResourceBundle TreeSet
Currency Locale UUID
Date Observable Vector
Dictionary PriorityQueue WeakHashMap
EnumMap Properties
EnumSet PropertyPermission
EventListenerProxy PropertyResourceBundle
Table 3.3: List of interfaces defined by java.util package
Collection List Queue
Comparator Listlterator RandomAccess
Deque Map Set
Enumeration Map.Entry SortedMap
EventListener NavigableMap SortedSet
Formattable NavigableSet
lterator Observer
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.47 Inheritance, Package and Collection

• Java Collections is the standard way of groups of objects that are used by your
program. Collections were not part of the initial Java release. It was added by J2SE 1.2.
Before Collections framework, Java had ad hoc classes such as Dictionary, Vector,
Stack and Properties for manipulating groups of objects.
• Collections altered the architecture of many utility classes. But it did not deprecate
any of the previously used classes. It simply provides a better way of doing things.
3.14.1 Collection Framework
• The Collections Framework defines several interfaces. Collections interfaces
determine the fundamental nature of Collection classes.
• Goals of Collection Framework:
o Framework had to be high performance. Implementations for fundamental
collections are highly efficient.
o Framework had to allow different types of collections to work in a similar
manner.
o Extending and / or adapting a collection had to be easy. Entire Collection
Framework is built upon a set of standard interfaces. Java has provided several
implementations of these interfaces like LinkedList, HashSet, TreeSet etc. You can
use these implementations as it is. But you can implement your own Collection as
well.
o Java provides mechanism for integrating standard arrays into the Collections
Framework.
• Algorithm is another important part of Collection mechanism. They provide standard
means of manipulating Collections.
• Iterator is also very closely associated with Collections Framework. Iterator interface
offers a standard way of accessing elements within a collection.
• Framework also defines several map interfaces and classes. Map stores key and value
pairs. Maps cannot be called as Collections though they come under Collections
Framework. But you can obtain Collection view of Map.
3.14.2 Interfaces: Collection, List, Set

3.14.2.1 Collection Interface

• Collection in java represents a single unit of objects i.e. a group. The Java Collection
interface is the root of the collection interface hierarchy.
• The Collection interface is the foundation upon which the collections framework is
built. It declares the core methods that all collections will have.
• Because all collections implement Collection, familiarity with its methods is
necessary for a clear understanding of the framework. Several of these methods can
throw an UnsupportedOperationException.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.48 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Table 3.4: Collection interfaces

Interface Explanation
Collection Allow you to work with groups of objects; Collection interface is at the
top of the collections hierarchy.
Deque It extends Queue that handles a double-ended queue.
List It extends Collection which handles sequences.
NavigableSet Extends SortedSet to handle reclaimation of elements based on
closest-match searches.
Queue Extends Collection to handle special types of lists in which elements
are to be removed only from the head.
Set Extends Collection to handle sets that contain unique elements.
SortedSet Extends Set to handle sorted sets.
• Methods defined by Collection Interface are given in Table 3.5.
Table 3.5: Methods defined by Collection Interface
Method Explanation
boolean add(E obj) Adds obj to the invoking collection.
Returns true if obj is inserted to the
collection. Returns false if obj is already a
member of the collection and the collection
does not allow duplicates.
boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) Adds all the elements of c to the invoking
collection. Returns true if the operation
succeeded (i.e., the elements were added).
Otherwise, returns false.
void clear( ) Removes all elements from the invoking
collection.
boolean contains(Object obj) Returns true if obj is an element of the
invoking collection. Otherwise, returns
false.
boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c) This method returns true if the invoking
collection contains all elements of c.
Otherwise, a method returns false.
boolean equals(Object obj) Returns true if the call upon (invoking)
collection and obj are equal. Otherwise, it
returns false.
contd. …
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.49 Inheritance, Package and Collection

int hashCode( ) Returns the hashcode for the invoking

collection.
boolean isEmpty( ) Returns true if the invoking collection is
empty. Otherwise, returns false.
lterator<E> iterator( ) Returns an iterator for the invoking
collection.
boolean remove(Object obj) Removes an instance of obj from the
invoking collection. Returns true if the
element was removed. Otherwise, returns
false.
boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) Removes all elements of c from the
invoking collection. Returns true if the
elements were removed. Otherwise,
returns false.
boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) Removes all elements from the invoking
collection except those in c. Returns true if
the elements were removed from the
invoking collection. Otherwise, returns
false.
int size( ) Returns the number of elements seized in
the invoking collection.
Object[ ] toArray( ) Returns an array which contains all the
elements stored in the invoking collection.
The array elements are copies of the
collection elements.

3.14.2.2 List Interface

• List interface extends Collection. This interface has a behavior that stores a sequence
of elements. Elements can be inserted or accessed by their position in the list.
• A list may contain duplicate elements. In addition to the methods defined by
Collection interface, List defines its own methods. It represents the ordered collection,
(This order refers to the order in which items are added).
Table 3.6: Methods defined by List interface
Method Explanation
void add(int index, E obj) It adds obj into the invoking list at the given index
passed in index parameter. Any previous elements
at or after the point of insertion are shifted up.
Thus, elements are not overwritten.
contd. …
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.50 Inheritance, Package and Collection

boolean addAll(int index, It adds all elements of c into the invoking list at
Collection<? extends E> c) given index passed in index parameter. Any
previous elements at or after the point of insertion
are shifted up. Thus, elements are not overwritten.
Method returns true if the invoking list changes and
returns false otherwise.
E get(int index) Returns the object E stored at the specified index
within the invoking collection.
int indexOf(Object obj) Returns the index of the first instance of obj in the
invoking list. If obj is not an element of the list, −1 is
returned.
int lastIndexOf(Object obj) Returns the index of the last instance of obj in the
invoking list. If obj is not an element of the list, −1 is
returned.
Listlterator<E> Returns an iterator to the beginning of the invoking
listlterator( ) list.
Listlterator(E> Returns an iterator that starts at the specified index
listlterator(int index) of the invoking list.
E remove(int index) Removes the element at the specified position index
from the invoking list and returns the removed
element. The resulting list is compressed. This
means, the indexes of subsequent elements are
decremented by one.
E set(int index, E obj) Assigns obj to the position specified by index within
the invoking list.
List<E> subList(int start, int Returns a list which includes elements from start to
end) (end −1) in the invoking list. Elements in the
returned list are also referenced by the invoking
object.

3.14.2.3 Set Interface

• The Set Interface defines a set. It extends Collection. Behavior of a collection is that it
does not allow duplicate elements to store in the collection. It does not define any
additional method of its own. It represents unordered collection.
SortedSet Interface:
• SortedSet interface extends Set. The behavior of a collection is that a set is sorted in
ascending order. SortedSet defines several methods that make set processing more
convenient. SortedSet interface methods are summarized below in the table.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.51 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Table 3.7: Methods defined by SortedSet interface

Method Explanation
Comparator<? super E> Returns the invoking sorted set's comparator. If the
comparator( ) natural ordering is used for this set, null is
returned.
E first( ) Returns the first element in the invoking sorted set.
SortedSet<E> headSet(E end) Returns a SortedSet containing those elements less
than given end that are contained in the invoking
sorted set. Elements in the returned sorted set are
also referenced by the invoking sorted set.
E last( ) Returns the last element in the invoking sorted set.
SortedSet<E> subSet(E start, E Returns a SortedSet which includes those elements
end) between start and (end −1). Elements in the
returned collection are also referenced by the
invoking object.
SortedSet<E> tailSet(E start) Returns a SortedSet which contains those elements
greater than or equal to start that are contained in
the sorted set. Elements in the returned set are also
referenced by the invoking object.

3.14.3 Navigation: Enumeration, Iterator, ListIterator

3.14.3.1 Iterator Interface

• If you want to cycle through the elements of collection, then the collection must have
an iterator.
• Iterator enables you to cycle through the collection. Following table shows the
methods from Iterator interface.
Methods defined by Iterator:
1. boolean hasNext(): It returns true if there are more elements. Otherwise,
returns false.
2. E next(): It returns the next element. Throws NoSuchElementException if there
is not a next element.
3. void remove(): It removes the current element. Throws IllegalStateException if
an attempt is made to call remove( ) that is not preceded by a call to next( ).
Program 3.31: Program using Iterator Interface.
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.52 Inheritance, Package and Collection

public class JavaIteratorExample1

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
List<String> list = new LinkedList<>();
list.add("Ohio");
list.add("Florida");
list.add("California");
list.add("Alaska");
System.out.println("The list is given as: "+list);
Iterator<String> i = list.iterator();
while(i.hasNext())
{
// next element returned
System.out.println(i.next());
}
// last element removed
i.remove();
System.out.println("List after removing Last element: "+list);
}
}
Output:
The list is given as: [Ohio, Florida, California, Alaska]
Ohio
Florida
California
Alaska
List after removing Last element: [Ohio, Florida, California]

3.14.3.2 ListIterator Interface

• ListIterator extends Iterator. With the help of ListIterator, we can traverse the
elements of the list bi-directionally.
Methods defined by ListIterator:
1. void add(E obj): Adds obj into the list in front of the element that will be
returned by the next call to next( ).
2. boolean hasNext(): Returns true if there is a next element. Otherwise, returns
false.
3. boolean hasPrevious(): Returns true if there is a previous element. Otherwise,
returns false.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.53 Inheritance, Package and Collection

4. E next(): Returns the next element. A NoSuchElementException is thrown if a

next element is not present.
5. int nextIndex(): Returns the index of the next element. If there is no next
element, it returns the size of the list.
6. E previous(): Returns the previous element. A NoSuchElementException is
thrown if there is no such previous element.
7. int previousIndex(): Returns the index of the previous element. If there is no
such previous element, returns −1.
8. void remove(): Removes the current element from the list. An
IllegalStateException is thrown if remove( ) method is called before next( ) or
previous( ) is invoked.
9. void set(E obj): Assigns obj to the current element. This is the element last
returned by a call to either next( ) or previous( ).
Steps to use an Iterator to cycle through the elements:
• Obtain an iterator by calling the collections iterator() method.
• Write a loop that will give a call to hasNext() method. This method returns true, as
long as there are elements in the collection.
• Obtain each element of collection by calling next() method.
• For collections which implement List interface, you can also obtain an iterator by
calling listIterator() method. With list iterator, you can access the elements of a
collection in both directions forward as well as backward.
For-each alternative to Iterators:
• If you do not want to modify the contents of collection or you do not want to obtain
the elements in reverse order, then For-Each loop is convenient to use to cycle
through a collection than iterator. The collection that implements Iterable interface,
can operate upon by 'for' loop.
• Use of 'for' loop is shorter and simpler than Iterator approach. But you cannot modify
the contents and you can cycle through the collection only in forward direction while
using for loop.
Program 3.32: Java program to demonstrate working of ListIterator.
import java. util.*;
public class Test
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Vector<Integer> k = new Vector<Integer>();
k.add(111);
k.add(222);
k.add(333);
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.54 Inheritance, Package and Collection

ListIterator l1 = k.listIterator();
System.out.println("Iterates in Forward direction");
while (l1.hasNext())
System.out.print(l1.next()+" ");
System.out.print("\n\nIterates in backward direction");
while (l1.hasPrevious())
System.out.print(l1.previous()+" ");
}
}
Output:
Iterates in Forward direction
111 222 333
Iterates in backward direction 333 222 111

3.14.3.3 Enumeration Interface

• Enumeration interface defines methods by which you can obtain elements one at a
time from the collection of objects. Though this interface is not deprecated it has been
superseded by Iterator. It is still used by several legacy classes such as Vector and
Properties.
• Enumeration has two methods:
1. boolean hasMoreElements(): Returns true if there are still more elements.
2. E nextElement(): Returns next object in enumeration.
Program 3.33: Enumeration Interface.
public class Enum
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
java.util.Vector v1;
v1 = new java.util.Vector();
System.out.println("\n New Elements In Vector ........ \n \n");
v1.add(new Integer(1000));
v1.add(new Integer(2000));
v1.add(new Integer(3000));
v1.addElement(new Boolean(true));
java.util.Enumeration e1 = v1.elements();
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.55 Inheritance, Package and Collection

while(e1.hasMoreElements())
{
System.out.println(e1.nextElement());
}
}
}
Output:
New Elements In Vector ........
1000
2000
3000
true

3.14.4 Classes: LinkedList, ArrayList, Vector, HashSet

3.14.4.1 LinkedList
• Linked List is Collection framework present in java.util.package. In this data
structure every element is separate object with data and address. Each elements i.e.
nodes are linked using pointers and addresses.
• A linear collection supports element insertion and removal at both ends. The name
deque is short implies "double ended queue". Deque implementations has no fixed
limits on the number of elements they may contain.
public interface Deque<E>
extends Queue<E>
• LinkedList class extends AbstractSequentialList and implements List, Queue and
Deque interfaces. It Provides a linkedList data structure.
LinkedList Constructors:
1. LinkedList(): Constructs an empty list.
2. LinkedList(Collection<? extends E> c): Constructs a list containing the elements
of the specified collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's iterator.
• Because LinkedList implements Deque interface, you can access all the methods
defined by Deque like addFirst(), addLast(), getFirst(), getLast(), removeFirst(),
removeLast() etc.
• LinkedList also implement List interface, so it has access to all the methods defined by
this List interface.
Program 3.34: The following program illustrates the use of class LinkedList. The
following program stores the contents in the linked list data structure. Program adds
items to the linkedlist. Items can be removed from the linked list by calling remove()
method. It uses set() method to update the items from the given list.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.56 Inheritance, Package and Collection

import java.util.*;
public class LinkedlistDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
LinkedList linkedlist1 = new LinkedList();
linkedlist1.add("Item 2");
linkedlist1.add("Item 3");
linkedlist1.add("Item 4");
linkedlist1.add("Item 5");
linkedlist1.addFirst("Item 0");
linkedlist1.addLast("Item 6");
linkedlist1.add(1, "Item 1");
System.out.println(linkedlist1);
linkedlist1.remove("Item 6");
System.out.println(linkedlist1);
linkedlist1.removeLast();
System.out.println(linkedlist1);
System.out.println("\nUpdating linked list items");
linkedlist1.set(0, "Red");
linkedlist1.set(1, "Blue");
linkedlist1.set(2, "Green");
linkedlist1.set(3, "Yellow");
linkedlist1.set(4, "Purple");
System.out.println(linkedlist1);
}
}
Output:
[Item 0, Item 1, Item 2, Item 3, Item 4, Item 5, Item 6]
[Item 0, Item 1, Item 2, Item 3, Item 4, Item 5]
[Item 0, Item 1, Item 2, Item 3, Item 4]
Updating linked list Items
[Red, Blue, Green, Yellow, Purple]

3.14.4.2 ArrayList [W-18]

• ArrayList class extends AbstractList and implements the List interface. It supports
dynamic arrays that can grow as and when needed.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.57 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Table 3.8: Difference between Array and ArrayList

Array ArrayList
It is a dynamically created object. It is a class of Java Collections framework.
It has classes like Vector, HashTable, and
HashMap.
Static in size. Dynamic in size.
Fixed-length data structure. Variable-length data structure.
It performs fast. Slow down the performance.
It stores both objects and primitives type. It converts primitive type to object.
We use for loop or for each loop to iterate We use an iterator to iterate over
over an array. ArrayList.
We cannot use generics along with array ArrayList allows us to store only generic/
because it is not a convertible type of type, that's why it is type-safe.
array.
Array can be multi-dimensional. ArrayList is always single-dimensional.
ArrayList Constructors:
1. ArrayList(): An empty array list.
2. ArrayList(Collection c): Array list with the elements of collection c.
3. ArrayList(int capacity): Initial capacity of an array.
Program 3.35: The following program illustrates the use of ArrayList. We firstly create an
object of ArrayList class and adds items to the array list using add() method. We can
remove an item from the list by calling remove() method. We get the iterator with the
help of iterator() method. Iterator iterates through the array list and display items from
the list one by one using next() and hasNext() methods.
import java.util.*;
class ArraylistDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
ArrayList arraylist = new ArrayList();
arraylist.add("Item 3");
arraylist.add("Item 4");
arraylist.add("Item 5");
arraylist.add("Item 6");
arraylist.add("Item 0");
arraylist.add("Item 2");
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.58 Inheritance, Package and Collection

arraylist.add(1, "Item 1");

System.out.println("\nUsing the add method\n");
System.out.println(arraylist);
arraylist.remove("Item 5");
System.out.println(arraylist);
System.out.println("\nUsing the Iterator interface");
String s;
Iterator e = arraylist.iterator();
while (e.hasNext())
{
s = (String)e.next();
System.out.println(s);
}
}
}
Output:
Using the add method
[Item 3, Item 1, Item 4, Item 5, Item 6, Item 0, Item 2]
[Item 3, Item 1, Item 4, Item 6, Item 0, Item 2]
Using the Iterator Interface
Item 3
Item 1
Item 4
Item 6
Item 0
Item 2
• If we want to insert the elements in arraylist of primitive data types, then wrapper
class is used.
For example, arraylist.add(new Integer (10)); will insert integer 10 in arraylist.
• Increase the capacity of storing objects into ArrayList by calling ensureCapacity(int
capacity) method.
• Call trimToSize()method which trims the capacity of this ArrayList instance to be the
list's current size.
• To obtain an array from ArrayList, call toArray() method. Below is the format for
calling toArray() method.
T[] toArray(T array[]);
//T is the type of array, the method returns.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.59 Inheritance, Package and Collection

• For example,
Integer intAr[] = new Integer[al.size()];
intAr = al.toArray(intAr);
3.14.4.3 Vector
• Vector implements dynamic array. It is similar to ArrayList with two major
differences. Vector class is re-engineered to extend AbstractList and it implements
List interface. It is also re-engineered to implement Iterable interface. Means, Vector
can have its elements traversed through for loop. Vector is fully compatible with
collections.
Table 3.9: Difference between ArrayList and Vector

ArrayList Vector
1. It's faster since it's not synchronized. It's slower since it's synchronized.
2. If the number of elements exceeds If the total number of elements exceeds
from its capacity 50% of current array than its capacity it increases 100% of
size is increased. array size.

3. Not a legacy class. Legacy class.

4. It uses the Iterator interface to It can use the Iterator interface or
traverse the elements. Enumeration interface to traverse the
elements.
Vector Constructors:
1. Vector(): Default vector with initial size 10.
2. Vector(int size): Vector whose initial capacity is specified by size.
3. Vector(int size, int increment): Vector whose initial capacity is specified by size
and increment is specified by increment. Increment is the number of elements
allocated each time a vector is resized in upward direction. Constructors which do not
accept increment, will resize vector with capacity 10 by default in upward direction.
4. Vector(Collection<?extends E> c): Vector that contains the elements of collection
c.
• Some of the important methods defined by Vector class are summarized in the
following table.
Table 3.10: Legacy methods defined by Vector
Method Explanation
void addElement(E element) The object specified by element is added to
the vector.
int capacity() Returns the capacity of the vector.
Object clone( ) Returns a duplicate of the invoking
vector.
contd. …
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.60 Inheritance, Package and Collection

boolean contains(Object element) Returns true if elements is contained by

the vector, and returns false if it is not.
E elementAt(int index) Returns the element at the given location
specified by index.
Enumeration<E> elements( ) Returns an enumeration of the elements
in the vector.
void ensureCapacity(int size) Sets the minimum capacity of the vector
to size.
E firstElement( ) Returns the first element in the vector.
int indexOf(Object element) Returns the index of the first occurrence
of element. If the object is not in the
vector, −1 is returned.
int indexOf(Object element, int start) Returns the index of the first occurrence
of element at or after start. If the object is
not in that portion of the vector, −1 is
returned.

void insertElementAt(E element, int index) Adds element to the vector at the location
specified by index.
boolean isEmpty( ) Returns true if the vector is empty, and
returns false if it contains one or more
elements.
E lastElement( ) Returns the last element in the vector.
int lastindexOf(Object element) Returns the index of the last occurrence of
element. If the object is not in the vector,
−1 is returned.
int lastindexOf(Object element, int start) Returns the index of the last occurrence of
element before start. If the object is not in
that portion of the vector, −1 is returned.
void removeAllElements( ) Empties the vector. After this method
executes, the size of the vector is zero.
boolean removeElement(Object element) Removes element from the vector. If more
than one instance of the specified object
exists in the vector, then it is the first one
that is removed. Returns true if successful
and false if the object is not found.
contd. …
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.61 Inheritance, Package and Collection

void removeElementAt(int index) Removes the element at the given location

specified by index.
void setElementAt(E element, int index) The location specified by index is assigned
element.
void setSize(int size) Sets the number of elements in the vector
to size. If the new size is less than the old
size, elements are lost. If the new size is
larger than the old size, null elements are
added.
int size( ) Returns the number of elements currently
in the vector.
String to String( ) Returns the string equivalent of the
vector.
void trimToSize( ) Sets the vector's capacity equal to the
number of elements that it currently
holds.

Program 3.36: The following program demonstrates Vector class. A program uses a
vector to store various types of numeric objects. It demonstrates several legacy methods
defined by the Vector class. W-18 S-19
File: VectorDemo.java
import java.util.*;
public class VectorDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Vector vector = new Vector(5);
System.out.println("Size: " + vector.size());
System.out.println("Capacity: " + vector.capacity());
vector.addElement(new Integer(0));
vector.addElement(new Integer(1));
vector.addElement(new Integer(2));
vector.addElement(new Integer(3));
vector.addElement(new Integer(4));
vector.addElement(new Integer(5));
vector.addElement(new Integer(6));
vector.addElement(new Integer(5));
vector.addElement(new Integer(6));
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.62 Inheritance, Package and Collection

vector.addElement(new Double(3.14159));
vector.addElement(new Float(3.14159));
System.out.println("Capacity: " + vector.capacity());
System.out.println("Size: " + vector.size());
System.out.println(vector);
System.out.println("First item: " + (Integer)vector.firstElement());
System.out.println("Last item: " + (Float) vector.lastElement());
if(vector.contains(new Integer(3)))
System.out.println("Found 3");
}
}
Output:
Size: 0
Capacity: 5
Capacity: 20
Size: 11
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 5, 6, 3.14159, 3.14159]
First Item: 0
Last Item: 3.14159
Found 3

3.14.4.4 HashSet
• HashSet extends AbstractSet and implements the Set interface. It creates a collection
that uses a HashTable for storage. HashTable stores elements by using Hashing
mechanism.
• Hashing: The information about the key value of each and every element is used to
define a hash code. This hash code is used as an index where the data associated with
the key value is stored. Conversion of key value into hashcode is performed
automatically. You can not see the hash code by itself.
• Advantage of hashing is, the execution time of manipulation of elements remains
constant even for large set of elements.
HashSet Constructors:
1. HashSet(): Constructs a default hash set.
2. HashSet(Collection<? extends E> c): Hash set initialization using elements of c.
3. HashSet(int capacity): Initializes the capacity of hash set (Default is 16).
4. HashSet(int capacity, float fillRatio): Initializes capacity and fill ratio. The fill
ratio must be between 0.0 and 1.0. It determines how full the hash set can be before it
is resized upward. Constructors that do not accept fillRatio, default 0.75 fillRatio is
used. Hash set does not provide extra methods other than defined by its super classes
and interfaces. Hash set does not guarantee the order of elements.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.63 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Program 3.37: The following program demonstrates use of HashSet class.

File: HashsetDemo.java
import java.util.*;
public class HashsetDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
HashSet hashset1 = new HashSet();
hashset1.add("Item 0");
hashset1.add("Item 1");
hashset1.add("Item 2");
hashset1.add("Item 3");
hashset1.add("Item 4");
hashset1.add("Item 5");
hashset1.add("Item 5");
hashset1.add("Item 6");
hashset1.add("Item 6");
hashset1.add("Item 6");
System.out.println(hashset1);
}
}
Output:
[Item 0, Item 4, Item 3, Item 2, Item 1, Item 6, Item 5]

Program 3.38: Define an abstract class shape with abstract method area() and volume().
Write a java program to calculate area and volume of cone and cylinder. [S-19]
import java.util.*;
abstract class Shape
{
final float PI=3.14f;
Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);
abstract void area();
abstract void volume();
}
class Cylinder extends Shape
{
float a,r,h,v;
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.64 Inheritance, Package and Collection

void accept()
{
System.out.println("Please enter Radius, Height ");
r=s.nextFloat();
h=s.nextFloat();
}
void area()
{
a = (2*PI*r*h)+(2*PI*r*r);
System.out.println("Area of Cylinder :"+a);
}
void volume()
{
v=PI*r*r*h;
System.out.println("Volume of Cylinder :"+v);
}
}
class Cone extends Shape
{
float a,r,h,v;
void accept()
{
System.out.println("Please Radius, Height ");
r=s.nextFloat();
h=s.nextFloat();
}
void area()
{
a=PI*r*(r+(float)Math.sqrt(h*h+r*r));
System.out.println("Area of Cone is :"+a);
}
void volume()
{
v=PI*r*r*(h/3);
System.out.println("Volume of Cone is :"+v);
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.65 Inheritance, Package and Collection

class Temp
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Cylinder s1=new Cylinder();
Cone s2=new Cone();
s1.accept();
s2.accept();
s1.area();
s1.volume();
s2.area();
s2.volume();
}
}
Output:
java Temp
Please Radius, Height
12
23
Please Radius, Height
67
45
Area of Cylinder : 2637.6
Volume of Cylinder : 10399.68
Area of Cone : 31075.094
Volume of Cone : 211431.9
Program 3.39: Write a package for games in java, which have two classes Indoor and
Outdoor. Use a function display() to generate the list of players for specific games.
(Use parameterized constructor, finalize() method and array of objects). [W-18, S-19]
Indoor.java
package games;
public class Indoor
{
protected String player;
public Indoor(){ }
public Indoor(String p)
{
player = p;
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.66 Inheritance, Package and Collection

public void display()

{
System.out.println(player);
}
protected void finalize()
{
System.out.println("\nTerminating Indoor Class");
}
}
Outdoor.java
package games;
public class Outdoor
{
protected String player;
public Outdoor(){}
public Outdoor(String p)
{
player = p;
}
public void display()
{
System.out.println(player);
}
protected void finalize()
{
System.out.println("\nTerminating Outdoor Class");
}
}
Main
package testgame;
import games.*;
import java.util.*;
class Games
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int n,m,i;
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.67 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("How many indoor players you want ");
n=s.nextInt();
System.out.println("How many outdoor players you want ");
m=s.nextInt();
Indoor in[]=new Indoor[n];
Outdoor out[]=new Outdoor[m];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
System.out.println("Enter indoor player name :");
String name=s.next();
in[i]=new Indoor(name);
}
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
System.out.println("Enter outdoor player name :");
String name=s.next();
out[i]=new Outdoor(name);
}
System.out.println("Indoor Players : ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
in[i].display();
}
System.out.println("Outdoor Players : ");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
out[i].display();
}
}
protected void finalize()
{
System.out.println("Finalize is called");
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.68 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Output:
java testgame.Games
How many indoor players you want
2
How many outdoor players you want
2
Enter indoor player name :
Shreyas
Enter indoor player name :
Pranay
Enter outdoor player name :
Ira
Enter outdoor player name :
Siddhi
Indoor Players :
Shreyas
Pranay
Outdoor Players :
Ira
Siddhi

Summary
Object Oriented Programming (OOP) allows you to create new class based on a
class that has been already defined using inheritance.
Inheritance is one of the most dominant and vital feature of OOP because it
supports the hierarchical classifications, reusability of class; and defined to
specialization. Types: Single Inheritance, Multilevel Inheritance, Hierarchical
Inheritance, Multiple Inheritance, Hybrid Inheritance
Object oriented programming allows classes to inherit commonly used state and
behavior from other classes.
A subclass inherits the accessible data fields and methods from its superclass, but
the constructors of the superclass are not inherited in the subclass. They can only
be invoked from constructors of the subclass using the keyword super.
'super' keyword is used by subclass to refer its immediate superclass. The word,
'final' is a keyword in Java Language.
The 'final' keyword is used in several different contexts with the variable
declaration, methods and classes as a modifier meaning that what it modifies
cannot be changed in some sense.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.69 Inheritance, Package and Collection

If we want the class not be sub-classed (or extended) by any other class, declare it
final.
In Java, if we define any class using final keyword then this type of class is known
as final class in Java. Abstract class is a superclass that only defines a generalized
form which will be shared by all of its subclasses.
An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class. It has static constants and abstract
methods only.
An interface is a way of describing what classes should do, without specifying
how they should do it. Interface is similar to class which is collection of public
static final variables (constants) and abstract methods.
The interface is a mechanism to achieve fully abstraction in Java. If subclass (child
class) has the same method as declared in the parent class, it is known as method
overriding.
Polymorphism in Java is a concept by which we can perform a single action by
different ways. Polymorphism is derived from two Greek words poly and morphs.
The word "poly" means many and "morphs" means forms. Polymorphism means
many forms.
Check Your Understanding
1. Which of these keywords must be used to inherit a class?
(a) super (b) this
(c) extent (d) extends
2. Which of these is correct way of inheriting class A by class B?
(a) class B + class A {} (b) class B inherits class A {}
(c) class B extends A {} (d) class B extends class A {}
3. Which of these keywords is used to refer to member of base class from a subclass?
(a) upper (b) super
(c) this (d) none of the mentioned
4. A class member declared protected becomes member of subclass of which type?
(a) public member (b) private member
(c) protected member (d) static member
5. Which of the following is not type of inheritance?
(a) Single inheritance (b) Double inheritance
(c) Hierarchical inheritance (d) Multiple inheritance
6. Which of the following is used for implementing inheritance through interface?
(a) inherited (b) using
(c) extends (d) implements
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.70 Inheritance, Package and Collection

7. What would be the result if class extends two interfaces and both have method
with same name and signature?
(a) Runtime error
(b) Compile time error
(c) Code runs successfully
(d) First called method is executed successfully
8. Which of the following is true?
1. A class can extend more than one class.
2. A class can extend only one class but many interfaces.
3. An interface can extend many interfaces.
4. An interface can implement many interfaces.
5. A class can extend one class and implement many interfaces.
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 4
(c) 3 and 5 (d) 3 and 4
9. A _______ is a collection of classes and interfaces.
(a) Object (b) Package
(c) Inheritance (d) Method
10. Final keyword in java is used with _______ .
(a) class attributes (b) class
(c) class functions (d) All of the above
Answers
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (c)

Practice Questions
Q.I Answer the following questions in short:
1. What is inheritance?
2. What are the types of inheritance?
3. What do you mean by abstract classes and methods?
4. How to override methods in Java?
5. What is final class?
6. What is super class?
8. Give example of hierarchical inheritance.
9. Why abstract class is used?
10. Which keyword is used to define abstract class?
11. By default interface is public and abstract. State True or False.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.71 Inheritance, Package and Collection

Q.II Answer the following questions:

1. When method overriding occurs?
2. Explain final keyword giving suitable examples
3. How to extending Interface? Explain with example.
4. How to create interface? Explain with example.
5. Explain nested interface.
6. Explain extends keyword with example.
7. Write short notes on: Runtime polymorphism using interface.
8. Explain method overriding and method overloading with suitable examples.
9. Explain usage of packages by giving suitable examples.
10. Explain use of super keyword with suitable examples.
Q.III Define the terms:
1. inheritance
2. interface
3. packages
4. abstract class
5. method overriding
Previous Exam Questions

Winter 2018
1. List the three different uses of final keyword. [2 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 3.5.2.
2. Can interface be final? Justify. [2 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 3.5.2.
3. Explain ArrayList class in Collection Framework. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 3.14.4.2.
4. Explain how multiple inheritance is achieved in Java. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 3.7.1.
5. Write a note on package in Java. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 3.13.
6. Create a package vehicle which will have two classes: Two wheeler and
four-wheeler. Two-wheeler with method display (cc, price), four-wheeler with
method display (reg-no, reg-year). [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Program 3.39.
7. What is Interface? Explain it with example. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 3.7.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 3.72 Inheritance, Package and Collection

8. Define an Interface shape with abstract method area( ). Write a Java program to
calculate an area of Circle and Rectangle (Use final keyword). [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Program 3.14.

Summer 2019
1. How to create and access the package in Java? [2 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 3.13.
2. What is Interface? Why are they used in Java? Explain. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 3.7.
3. Define an abstract class shape with abstract method area() and volume(). Write a
java program to calculate area and volume of cone and cylinder. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Program 3.38.
4. Write a package for games in java, which have two classes Indoor and Outdoor.
Use a function display() to generate the list of players for specific games.
(Use parameterized constructor, finalize() method and array of objects). [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Program 3.39.
5. Define collection. Explain any two classes used with collection. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 3.14.
6. How to add user defined package in main class? List the steps with suitable
example. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 3.13.2.
7. Write similarities and dissimilarities between Abstract Class and Interface. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 3.5.
8. Explain the use of super and final keyword with reference to inheritance. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 3.11.
 4…
File and Exception Handling

Learning Objectives…
▣ To learn Exception and Error.
▣ To understand use of try, catch, throw, throws and finally.
▣ To study Built in Exception and Custom exception.
▣ To understand File Handling.
▣ To learn FileReader and FileWriter class.

4.1 EXCEPTION AND ERROR

4.1.1 Exception [S-19]

• A Java exception is an object that describes an exceptional (that is, error) condition
that has occurred in a piece of code.
• When an exceptional condition arises, an object representing that exception is
created and thrown in the method that caused the error. That method may choose to
handle the exception itself or pass it on.
• Either way, at some point, the exception is caught and processed. Exceptions can be
generated by the Java run-time system, or they can be manually generated by your
code.
• Exceptions thrown by Java relate to fundamental errors that violate the rules of the
Java language or the constraints of the Java execution environment.
• Java exception handling is handled by five different keywords, these are try, catch,
throw, throws and finally keywords.
1. try: It is keyword which is utilized as a program statement. The statements which
you want to monitor for exceptions are written inside try block. If any exception
occurs then it is thrown.
2. catch: It is a keyword used to catch an exception object thrown by try block.
3. throw: To throw exception manually, we use throw keyword.

(4.1)
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.2 File and Exception Handling

4. throws: In some cases, we need to use a method to throw an exception. So when

we want to throw an exception thrown out of a method is written here.
5. finally: Whether an exception occurs or not, handled or not the finally block is
executed. In other words, if an exception is not handled by any of the catch block,
it will be handled by finally.
• Following is the general form/syntax of an exception handling block:
try
{
// block of code to monitor for errors
}
catch (ExceptionType1 exOb)
{
// exception handler for ExceptionType1
}
catch (ExceptionType2 exOb)
{
// exception handler for ExceptionType2
}
finally
{
// block of code to be executed after try block ends
}
4.1.2 Error
• The errors which can't be predicted are exceptional conditions in the programs.
• An error is an abnormal condition. eg. StackOverFlowError, IllegalAccessErrors,
InternalError etc.
• Three types of Errors are runtime errors, syntax errors, logic errors.
1. Syntax Error:
• Syntax errors or compile errors are detected by the compiler if there are errors in
code construction, such as mistyping a keyword, punctuation is omitted, mismatched
braces etc.
• Example:
public class Syntx_err
{
public static main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("All the Best");
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.3 File and Exception Handling

/Syntx_err.java:2: error: invalid method declaration; return type required

public static main(String[] args)
{
^
/Syntx_err.java:3: error: unclosed string literal
System.out.println("All the Best");
^
2 errors
}
2. Runtime Errors:
• Due to Runtime error programs terminates abnormally. It's detected when a program
is running if the environment detects an operation that is impossible to carry out.
Input mistakes typically cause runtime errors. For example, data-type errors, division
by zero.
• Example:
public class RunTm_err
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(1012/0);
}
}
Output:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero at
RunTm_err.main(RunTm_err.java:4)
3. Logical errors:
• It occurs when a program does not perform in desired way since there is logical error.
• Example:
public class LogicalErr
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int num = 1234;
int reverse = 0;
int rem ;
while (num != 0)
{
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.4 File and Exception Handling

rem = num / 10; // to get correct output use % sign

reverse = reverse * 10 + rem;
num /= 10;
}
System.out.println("Reverse Num: "+ reverse);
}
}
Output:
Reverse Num: 124210

4.2 USE OF TRY, CATCH, THROW, THROWS AND FINALLY [S-19]

• Keywords used in Java for Exception handling are as follows: Try, Catch, Finally,
Throw, Throws
1. Try:
• This block of code might rise an exception in special block having try keyword. For
example, we might suspect that there might be a "division by zero" operation in the
code that will throw an exception.
• Syntax of the try block is as follows:
try
{
//set of statements that can raise exception
}
2. Catch:
• It is used to catch an exception when its raised. It is always used with try and used
when try block raises an exception.
• Syntax of the catch block is:
catch (Exception e)
{
//code to handle exception e
}
• Syntax of the try-catch block:
try
{
//code causing exception
}
catch (exception (exception_type) e (object))
{
//exception handling code
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.5 File and Exception Handling

• The try block can have multiple lines of code that can raise multiple exceptions. Each
of these exceptions is handled by an independent catch block.
• Java Try Catch Example: In the try block, we define a division operation. The divisor
is zero. The statement that divides the two numbers raises an Arithmetic exception.
The catch block defines a handler for Arithmetic exception.
Program 4.1: Program using Try-Catch.
public class Main
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i, j;
try
{
//Stmt to Raise Exceptions
System.out.println("Inside Try Block … ");
i = 0;
j = 2078/ i;
System.out.println("\n Value of j: "+j);
System.out.println("Try Block Over …….");
}
catch (ArithmeticException e)
{
// ArithmeticException Handler
System.out.println("Divide by Zero Arithmetic Expression ……");
}
System.out.println("Outside Try-Catch Block ……");
}
}
Output:
Inside Try Block …
Divide by Zero Arithmetic Expression ……
Outside Try-Catch ……
3. Nested Try-Catch/Multiple Catch:
• A try block inside another try block is called a nested try block.
• Syntax of a nested try block is given below:
try
{
//try_block 1;
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.6 File and Exception Handling

try
{
//try_block 2;
}
catch(Exception e)
{
//exception handler code
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{
//exception handler code
}
4. Finally:
• It follows try block or try-catch block. Some code in our program that needs to be
executed irrespective of whether or not the exception is thrown. The finally block
cannot exist without a try block.
Program 4.2: Program using nested try-multiple catch block with finally.
public class Main
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
//Main try block
try
{
//try block1
try
{
System.out.println("Inside Try Block1 ……");
int num =100/0;
System.out.println(num);
}
catch(ArithmeticException e1)
{
System.out.println("Inside Catch Block1 Exception: e1");
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.7 File and Exception Handling

//try block2
try
{
System.out.println("Inside Try Block2 ……");
int num =200/0;
System.out.println(num);
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e2)
{
System.out.println("Inside Block2 Exception: e2");
}
System.out.println("Block1 and Block2");
}
catch(ArithmeticException e3)
{
System.out.println("Arithmetic Exception ……");
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e4)
{
System.out.println("ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException ……");
}
catch(Exception e5)
{
System.out.println("Main Block Exception");
}
finally
{
System.out.println ("Inside Finally Block …");
System.out.println ("Finally block executed … No Exception…");
}
}
}
Output:
Inside Try Block1 ……
Inside Catch Block1 Exception: e1
Inside Try Block2 ……
Arithmetic Exception ……
Inside Finally Block …
Finally block executed … No Exception…
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.8 File and Exception Handling

5. Throw: [S-19]
• Java provides a keyword "throw" using which we can explicitly throw the exceptions
in the code or to throw custom exceptions. It can be used to throw the checked or
unchecked exceptions.
• Syntax of the throw keyword is:
throw exception;
or
throw new exception_class("error message");
Program 4.3: Program using throw keyword.
import java.lang.*;
public class Main
{
static void check_sal(int sal)
{
//if specified Salary <200000 , throw ArithmeticException
if(sal < 200000)
throw new ArithmeticException("\n Salary < 2000 not allowed ….");
else //print the message
System.out.println("\n Salary > 20000 .. Enjoy ….");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
//call Check_sal
check_sal(500000);
System.out.println("\n Be Happy ...");
}
}
Output:
Salary > 20000 .. Enjoy ….
Be Happy ...
6. Throws:
• It is used to declare exceptions but does not throw an exception. It is used to indicate
that an exception might occur in the program or method.
• The declaration of exception using the "throws" keyword tells the programmer that
there may be an exception specified after the "throws" keyword and the programmer
should provide corresponding handler code for this exception to maintain the normal
flow of the program.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.9 File and Exception Handling

• Declaring an exception with throws keyword in the method signature and then
handling the method call using try-catch seems to be a viable solution.
• Another advantage of declaring exceptions using throws keyword is that we are
forced to handle the exceptions. If we do not provide a handler for a declared
exception then the program will raise an error.
• Syntax of the throws keyword:
return_type method_name() throws exception_class_name
{
//method code
}
Program 4.4: Program using Throws.
import java.io.IOException;
public class Throws_Eg
{
void music()throws IOException
{
throw new IOException("IO Error");
}
void play()throws IOException
{
music();
}
void enjoy()
{
try
{
play();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("Inside Catch: Exception Handeled ....");
}
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Throws_Eg t1=new Throws_Eg();
t1.enjoy();
System.out.println("Program End ...");
}
}
Output:
Inside Catch: Exception Handeled ....
Program End ...
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.10 File and Exception Handling

4.3 BUILT IN EXCEPTION

• These exceptions are available in Java Libraries which explains the error situation.
Various built-in exceptions are Arithmetic exception, FileNotFoundException,
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException, ClassNotFoundException, IOException,
NullPointerException etc.
Program 4.5: Program for built in exception.
public class Arr_Err
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int arr[] = { 66,89,23,54,45,11,59,31 };
System.out.println(arr[9]);
}
}
Output:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index
9 out of bounds for length 8 at Arr_Err.main(Arr_Err.java:6)

4.4 CUSTOM EXCEPTION

• The Exception class does not define any methods of its own. It does, of course, inherit
those methods provided by Throwable. Thus, all exceptions, including those that you
create, have the methods defined by Throwable available to them create.
• Exception defines four constructors. Two were added by JDK 1.4 to support chained
exceptions, and other two are shown here:
1. Exception( )
2. Exception(String msg)
• The first form creates an exception that has no description. The second form lets you
specify a description of the exception.
• Although specifying a description when an exception is created is often useful,
sometimes it is better to override toString(). Here's why: The version of toString()
defined by Throwable (and inherited by Exception) first displays the name of the
exception followed by a colon, which is then followed by your description.
• By overriding toString(), you can prevent the exception name and colon from being
displayed. This makes for a cleaner output, which is desirable in some cases.
• The following example declares a new subclass of Exception and then uses that
subclass to signal an error condition in a method. It overrides the toString() method,
allowing a carefully tailored description of the exception to be displayed.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.11 File and Exception Handling

Program 4.6: Following program creates a custom exception type.

class MyException extends Exception
{
private int detail;
MyException(int a)
{
detail = a;
}
public String toString()
{
return "MyException[" + detail + "]";
}
}
class ExceptionDemo
{
static void compute(int a) throws MyException
{
System.out.println("Called compute(" + a + ")");
if(a > 10)
throw new MyException(a);
System.out.println("Normal exit");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
compute(1);
compute(20);
} catch (MyException e)
{
System.out.println("Caught " + e);
}
}
}
Output:
Error: Main method not found in class MyException, please define the main
method as:
public static void main(String[] args)
or a JavaFX application class must extend javafx.application.Application
Predefined functions in Throwable class are getStackTrace(),
printStackTrace(),toString() etc.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.12 File and Exception Handling

4.5 THROWABLE CLASS

• All exception types are subclasses of the built-in class Throwable. Immediately below
Throwable are two subclasses that partition exceptions into two distinct branches.
• One branch is headed by Exception. This class is used for exceptional conditions that
user programs should catch. This is also the class that you will subclass to create your
own custom exception types. There is an important subclass of Exception, called
RuntimeException.
Throwable

Exception Error

IOException StackOverflowError

SQLException VirtualMachineError

ClassNot OutOfMemoryError
FoundException

RuntimeException

ArithmeticException

NuIlPointerException

NumberFormat
Exception

IndexOutOf
BoundsException

ArrayIndexOutOf
BoundsException

StringIndexOutOf
BoundsException

Fig. 4.1: Throwable class

Program 4.7: Program using Throwable.
import java.io.*;
public class Th_eg
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
try
{
trial();
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.13 File and Exception Handling

catch (Throwable e)
{
System.out.println("\n Inside Throwable Exception:" +
e.toString());
}
}
public static void trial() throws Exception
{
throw new Exception("\n Inside Trial ....... Exception Thrown .....");
}
}
Output:
Inside Throwable Exception: java.lang.Exception:
Inside Trial ....... Exception Thrown .......

OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT STREAM

4.6
(BYTE STREAM, CHARACTER STREAM)
• The input or output operation can be performed with files, network connections,
memory buffers etc. You will not find any difference between input and output when
you write Java programs. They are all treated same by the abstraction stream. These
various sources and destinations are handled by the stream.
• A stream is nothing but a logical entity that is linked with the data source or
destinations. Data flows through this logical entity from source (input) to destination
(output). Input may come from mouse, keyboard, memory etc. whereas output may
go to screen, memory, disk etc.
• Java uses a concept of streams to represent ordered sequence of data. A stream in Java
is a path along which data flows. It is like a pipe through which water flows. It has a
source and destination. The source and the destination may be the physical devices,
programs or other streams in the same program. Java streams are classified into two
streams namely, input stream and output stream.
• An input stream reads data from the source file and sends it to the program while
output stream takes data from the program and sends it to the destination file.
Stream Classes:
• Java's I/O package contains variety of stream classes. These classes can be categorized
into two groups based on the data type.
1. Byte stream classes provide support for I/O operations on bytes.
2. Character stream classes provide support for I/O operations on characters.
• Java's stream based I/O has four abstract classes: InputStream, OutputStream, Reader
and Writer. InputStream and OutputStream deal with bytes i.e. read/write bytes.
• Reader and Writer are designed for character streams. Character streams read or
write characters. Character streams are high level streams. High level streams work
with character data and primitive data types which provides meaningful data for
programmers.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.14 File and Exception Handling

4.6.1 Byte Streams

• As the name implies, byte streams handle reading and writing of bytes. InputStream
and OutputStream are the abstract classes designed for byte streams. Each of these
abstract classes has several concrete subclasses which can be used for reading from
or writing to various devices like disk files, network connections, memory buffers etc.
• Byte streams are low level streams. Low level streams will work with raw data as
stored by the file system. This type is useful for applications that read or write image
data.
• All stream methods are synchronized. This implies that methods of these streams
return only after reading or writing bytes. They will wait till the data is available and
then perform the operation and return.
• You should note that the methods of byte streams return the integer. The lower eight
bits of the integer will be used to represent the byte read.
1. InputStream:
• It is an abstract class. We cannot create an instance of this class.
• Most of its methods throw an IOException in case of errors.
Object

InputStream

FileInputStream SequenceInputStream

PipedInputStream ObjectInputStream

ByteArrayInputStream PushBackInputStream

FilterInputStream

BufferedInputStream BufferedInputStream

DataInputStream

DataInput

Fig. 4.2: Hierarchy of InputStream Classes

Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.15 File and Exception Handling

• Table shows methods in InputStream class.

Table 4.1: Methods in InputStream Class [W-18]
Sr.
Method Description
No.
1. read() It reads a byte from the input stream.
2. read (byte b[ ]) It reads an array of bytes into b.
th
3. read (byte b[ ], int n, int m) It reads m bytes into b starting from n byte.
4. available( ) It gives number of bytes available in the input.
5. skip(n) It skips over n bytes from the inputs stream.
6. reset( ) It goes back to the beginning of the stream.
7. close( ) It closes the input stream.
• Here, are some of the popularly used concrete classes which are sub classes of
InputStream abstract class.
(A) ByteArrayInputStream:
• This stream is similar to the FileInputStream but ByteArrayInputStream reads data
from an array or from a portion of an array.
• The following are the constructors used to create byte array input streams:
ByteArrayInputStream(byte byteArray[])
• The above form constructs a stream to read from the specified byte array.
ByteArrayInputStream(byte byteArray[], int index, int size)
• The above form constructs a stream to read from a portion of the specified byte array
that is from given index and of the given size.
Program 4.8: A program that demonstrates ByteArrayInputStream class. We create two
byte array streams- one to store sample string in bytes and the other to store a part of the
sample byte stream.
import java.io.*;
class ByteArrayDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String myString = "One Two Buckle my shoes";
byte[] byteArray = myString.getBytes();
byte b1[];
int c;
try
{
ByteArrayInputStream arrayInp1 = new ByteArrayInputStream
(byteArray);
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.16 File and Exception Handling

ByteArrayInputStream arrayInp2 = new

ByteArrayInputStream(byteArray,0, 7);
bl = new byte[byteArray.length];
for(int i=0; i<2; i++)
{
arrayInp1.read(b1);
System.out.println(new String(b1));
while((c= arrayInp2.read())!= -1)
System.out.print( (char) c );
System.out.println();
arrayInp1.reset();
arrayInp2.reset();
}
}
catch(IOException e)
{
System.out.println("Error in opening the stream");
}
}
}
Output:
One Two Buckle my shoes
One Two
(B) BufferedInputStream:
• This class is extended from FilterInputStream. It is a high level stream. It reads data
from a stream and associates a memory buffer to the stream. The reading will be done
from this buffer and hence will be much faster as compared to reading directly from
input streams. This enhances the performance and also supports operations like
skipping, marking and resetting.
• The constructors are as follows:
1. BufferedInputStream(InputStream ins)
2. BufferedInputStream(InputStream ins, int bufferSize)
• The first form wraps the input stream into a buffered stream. The default size of the
buffer is used here. The next form allows you to specify a buffer size. The optimum
size of the buffer will depend on the host operating system. The smallest size
enhances the performance of I/O stream.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.17 File and Exception Handling

• The following statement will wrap the FileInputStream to the buffered stream.
o FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("test.txt");
o BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(fis);
o bis.read() method will read data from the buffer and not from the file.
(C) DataInputStream:
• This is a high level stream that permits reading of primitive data types. When you
work with byte streams, you have to convert them to characters or strings to
understand their meaning. But this stream provides methods to directly work with
meaningful types.
• DataInputStream implements DataInput interface that defines methods to read the
sequence of bytes and convert them into values of primitive data types.
• The following Table 4.2 shows commonly used methods. All these methods throw
IOException.
Table 4.2: Methods in DataInputStream Interface
Method Description
boolean readBoolean() Reads and returns a boolean value from the stream.
boolean readByte() Reads and returns a byte value from the stream.
boolean readChar() Reads and returns a char value from the stream.
boolean readDouble() Reads and returns a double value from the stream.
boolean readFloat() Reads and returns a float value from the stream.
boolean readInt() Reads and returns a integer value from the stream.
boolean readLong() Reads and returns a long value from the stream.
boolean readshort() Reads and returns a short value from the stream.
void readFully(byte Reads and fills the buffer buff with bytes.
buff[])
void readFully(byte Reads specified number of bytes and fills the buffer
buff[], int index, int from buff[index].
number)
int skip Bytes(int n) Skips n bytes in the stream.
void write (int j) Writes the byte in the lower 8 bits of j.
void write (byte buff[ ]) Writes contents of the buffer to the stream.
void write (byte buff [ ], Writes a portion of the buffer to the stream (starting
int index, int len) from index and of length len).
void close () Writes all data in the stream and closes the stream.
void flush () Flushes (writes) all data from the stream.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.18 File and Exception Handling

2. OutputStream:
• OutputStream is an abstract class. Most of the methods of this class return void and
throw IOException in case of errors.
Object

OutputStream

FileOutputStream ObjectOutputStream

PipedOutputStream ByteArrayOutputStream

FilterOutputStream

BufferedOutputStream PushbackOutputStream

DataOutputStream

DataOutput

Fig. 4.3: OutputStream

• Table 4.3 shows methods in OutputStream class.
Table 4.3: Methods of OutputStream class
Sr. Method Description
No.
1. write( ) It writes a byte to the output stream.
2. write (byte b[ ]) It writes all bytes in the array b to the
output stream.
3. write (byte b[ ], int n, int m) It writes m bytes from array b starting
th
from n byte.
4. close( ) It closes the output stream.
5. flush( ) It flushes the output stream.
(A) ByteArrayOutputStream:
• This class is similar to the ByteArrayInputStream but only it writes bytes to the array.
The default array length is 32 bytes. If required, you can also specify the byte array
length.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.19 File and Exception Handling

• The constructors are as follows:

o ByteArrayOutputStream()
o ByteArrayOutputStream(int byteArrLength)
Program 4.9: Program using ByteArrayOutputStream.
import java.io. *;
class ByteArrayOutputStreamDemo
{
public static void main(String [] arg) throws Exception
{
ByteArrayOutputStream b = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
String myString = "One Two Buckle my shoes";
byte[ ] byteArray = myString.getBytes();
b. write(byteArray );
byte[] ary = b.toByteArray();
for (int i=0; i<ary.length; i++)
System.out.print ((char) ary[i]);
System.out.println("\n" + b.toString());
b.reset();
for(int i=0;i<ary.length;i++)
b.write('#');
System.out.println(b.toString());
}
}
Output:
One Two Buckle my shoes
One Two Buckle my shoes
(B) BufferedOutputStream:
• This stream works with a buffer. It keeps data in buffer and then writes. flush()
method writes data from the buffer to the output device.
• BufferedOutputStream helps to improve performance.
• The default size of the buffer is 512 bytes. If required, you can change the size of the
buffer using an appropriate form of constructor.
• The constructors are as follows:
o BufferedOutputStream(OutputStream os)
o BufferedOutputStream(OutputStream os, int size)
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.20 File and Exception Handling

(C) PrintStream:
• PrintStream extends from FilterOutputStream. PrintStream is one of the most used
Java class. This class provides all of the output capabilities.
• The following are the constructors:
o PrintStream(OutputStream os)
o PrintStream(OutputStream os, boolean flushOnNewLine)
o PrintStream(OutputStream os, boolean flushOnNewLine, String charSet)
throws
• Here,
o os defines the OutputStream that will receive output.
o Unsupported encoding exception flushOnNewLine parameter is true, the output is
automatically flushed every time a newline (\n) character is recognized or when
println is called. If false, it is not flushed automatically.
o charSet specifies character encoding scheme.
(D) DataOutputStream:
• This stream also extends from FilterOutputStream. This writes primitive data to a
byte oriented output stream. It supports all of its methods defined by its superclasses.
• It implements DataOutput interface which define methods that convert values from
primitive data type into a byte sequence and then writes to the underlying stream.
writeDouble(), writeBoolean(), writeInt() are some of the examples of such
methods.
4.6.2 Character Streams
• Character streams can be used to read and write 16 bit unicode characters. Like byte
stream classes, character stream classes are reader stream and writer stream classes.
Reader:
Object

Reader

BufferedReader StringReader

CharArrayReader PipeReader

InputStreamReader FilterReader

FileReader PushbackReader

Fig. 4.4: Hierarchy of Reader Stream Classes

Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.21 File and Exception Handling

• Reader class is the base class for all the classes in this group. It is an abstract class.
This class is quite similar to InputStream class in functionality.
• Methods of this class are also identical to those of InputStream class. The only
difference is that the fundamental unit of data is character instead of byte.
Writer:
• Writer class is the base class for all other writer classes in this group. It is an abstract
class. This class is very similar to OutputStream class in functionality.
• Methods of this class are also identical to those of the OutputStream class. The only
difference is that the fundamental unit of data is character instead of byte.
Object

Writer

BufferedWriter PrintWriter

CharArrayWriter StringWriter

FilterWriter PipeWriter

OutputStreamWriter

FileWriter

Fig. 4.5: Hierarchy of Writer Stream Classes

4.7 READERS AND WRITERS CLASS

• Input stream is similar to reader classes and output stream is similar to writer classes
which are designed for unicode characters.
Writer Class functions:
• abstract void flush(): This method flushes the output steam by forcing out
buffered bytes to be written out.
• void write(int c): This method writes a characters to the output stream.
• void write(char[] arr): This method writes a whole char array to the output
stream.
• abstract void close(): This method closes this output stream and also frees any
resources connected with this output stream.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.22 File and Exception Handling

Reader Class functions:

• int read(): This method reads a characters from the input stream.
• int read(char[] ch): This method reads a chunk of characters from the input
stream and store them in its char array, ch.
• close(): This method closes this output stream and also frees any system resources
connected with it.
4.8 FILE CLASS
• Although most of the classes defined by java.io operate on streams, file class does
not operate on streams. It directly deals with files and file system.
• File class does not specify how the information is retrieved from or stored in files. It
also describes the properties of file. File object is used to manipulate such type of
information associated with a disk file.
• For example, size, permission, date and time of creation and modification of file,
directory path etc. Files are the main source for storing persistent information.
• You must have seen a list of files using a dir command. The list includes all the files
along with their attributes in the specified directory.
• A directory in Java, simply is treated as a file with one additional property a list of
filenames in that directory that can be seen with the help of list() method.
Constructors of the File class:
1. File(String directoryPath): directoryPath is the path name of the file.
2. File(String directoryPath, String fileName): fileName is the name of the file
or subdirectory.
3. File(File dirObj, String fileName): dirObj is the name of the file object that
specifies the directory.
4. File(URI uriObj): uriObj is the name of the URI object that describes a file.
• All of these constructors throw NullPointerException if filename is null.
Examples:
File f1 = new File("/"); // A directory path as an argument.
File f2 = new File("/", "test.dat"); // A directory path and a filename.
File f3 = new File(f1, "test.dat"); // refers to the same file as f2.
• The methods of File class are given in Table 4.4.
Table 4.4: Methods of File Class [S-19]
Method Description
String getName() Returns name of the file.
String getParent() Returns name of parent directory.
long length() Returns length of the file.
contd. …
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.23 File and Exception Handling

boolean exists() Returns true if the files exists otherwise returns

false.
boolean isFile() Returns true if the invoking object is a file. If the
invoking object is a directory, device driver,
special file or named pipe, the method returns
false.
boolean isDirectory() Returns true if the invoking object is a directory.
Otherwise returns false.
boolean isAbsolute() Returns true if the path is absolute. If the path is
relative, returns false.
boolean canRead() Returns true if file can be read.
boolean canWrite() Returns true if file can be written.
String getAbsolutePath() Returns absolute path of the file.
String getPath() Returns relative path of the file.
boolean rename(File newName) Renames the file. Returns true if file is renamed
successfully. If for some reasons like attempts to
overwrite files, or move them to unauthorized
locations, the method returns false.
boolean delete() Returns true if the file is deleted successfully.
Otherwise, returns false. This method can also be
used for directories. Before making an attempt to
delete a directory, you must ensure that it is
empty.
boolean deleteOnExit() Deletes the file when the invoking object goes out
of scope. You will find this method useful for
working with temporary file.
boolean isHidden() Returns true for hidden files and false for others.
boolean setLastModified(long Sets the time of last modification of the file. The
msec) argument specifies the number of milliseconds
from Jan 1, 1970.
boolean setReadOnly() Makes the file read only.
String[ ] list() Returns the files and sub directories stored in the
directory.
boolean createNewFile() Creates a new file and returns true if the file is
created successfully. Returns false, if for some
reasons like file already exists, file is not created.
boolean mkdir() Creates a directory and returns true if the
directory is successfully created.
boolean mkdirs() Creates a directory and its parent directories in
the path. Returns true if the creation is
successful.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.24 File and Exception Handling

Program 4.10: A program to illustrate the use of methods of File class that displays
information about the file.
import java.io.*;
public class FileDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
File f = new File("DrawApplet.java");
System.out.println("\nCan read? " + f.canRead());
System.out.println("\nCan write? " + f.canWrite());
System.out.println("\nAbsolute path " + f.getAbsolutePath());
System.out.println("\nLength " + f.length());
System.out.println("\nParent " + f.getParent());;
System.out.println("\nIs file? " + f.isFile());
System.out.println("\nIs directory? " + f.isDirectory());
String []list = f.list();
for(int i=0; i<list.length; i++)
System.out.println(list[i]);
}
catch(NullPointerException e) { System.out.println("Error"); }
}
}
Output:
Can read? true
Can write? true
Absolute path D:\Java Programs\DrawApplet.java
Length 888
Parent null
Is file? true
Is directory? false

4.9 FILE INPUT STREAM, FILE OUTPUT STREAM

FileInputStream:
• This class extends InputStream class to read binary data from a file.
• Constructors of FileInputStream:
o FileInputStream(String path) throws FileNotFoundException.
o FileInputStream(File fileObject) throws FileNotFoundException.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.25 File and Exception Handling

• Here,
o path refers to the complete path of the file.
o fileObject refers to the object that describes the file.
Program 4.11: A program shows how FileInputStream class is used for reading bytes
from file and FileOuputStream class is used to write bytes to a file.
File: FileRead.java
import java.io.*;
class FileRead
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException,
FileNotFoundException
{
File f = new File("Ball.txt");
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(f);
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("NewBall.txt");
int value;
while((value=fis.read()) != -1)
{
System.out.print((char)value);
fos.write(value);
}
fis.close();
fos.close();
}
}
Output:
(Contents of ball.txt - Hello! We are learning Java.)
java FileRead
Hello !
We are learning Java.
• Program reads an existing file and displays its bytes on the screen. It also writes data
to the new file 'NewBall.txt'. We must first create the file named 'Ball.txt' before we
run this program. The new file 'NewBall.txt' is created if it does not already exist. If
the file exists, the previous contents are lost and data is written from the beginning of
the file. In case if the file to be read or new file to be written is not found for any
reason, FileNotFoundException is thrown.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.26 File and Exception Handling

FileOutputStream:
• This stream writes bytes to a file. The constructors are as follows:
o FileOutputStream (String path) throws FileNotFound Exception
o FileOutputStream (String path, boolean apppend) throws FileNot Found
Exception
o FileOutputStream (File fileOb)
• All these constructors throw FindNotFoundException. Parameter path indicates
complete path to the file and fileOb indicates file object. Parameter append is true if
the new data should be appended to the existing data and false if the old data should
be overwritten.
Program 4.12: Program using FileOutputStream.
import java.io.*;
class FileOutputStreamDemo
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("sample.dat");
int i;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
fileOut.write(i%5);
fileOut.close();
FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream("sample.dat");
while ((i = fin.read()) != -1)
System.out.println(i);
fin.close();
}
}
Output:
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4

4.10 INPUT STREAM READER AND OUTPUT STREAM WRITER CLASS

• An InputStreamReader is a bridge from byte streams to character streams: It bytes
are read and decoded into characters using a specified charset. The charset that it
uses may be specified by name or may be given explicitly, or the platform's default
charset may be accepted.
Program 4.13: Program using InputStreamReader.
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.27 File and Exception Handling

{
char[] arr = new char[50];
try
{
FileInputStream f1 = new FileInputStream("temp.txt");
InputStreamReader i1 = new InputStreamReader(f1);

i1.read(arr);
System.out.println("\n Temp text file..... ");
System.out.println(arr);
i1.close();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("\n Inside Catch Block.... ");
e.getStackTrace();
}
}
}
Output:
Inside Catch Block....

OutputStreamWriter:
• It works with other output streams works as bridge between byte streams and
character streams. It converts its characters into bytes.
Program 4.14: Program using OutputStreamWriter.
import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
public class Main
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s1 = "aaa bbb ccc ddd eee";
try
{
FileOutputStream f1 = new FileOutputStream("temp.txt");
OutputStreamWriter o1 = new OutputStreamWriter(f1);
o1.write(s1);
o1.close();
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.28 File and Exception Handling

catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println("\n Catch Block called .... ");
e.getStackTrace();
}
}
}
Output:
aaa bbb ccc ddd eee

4.11 FileReader AND FileWriter CLASS

• This class creates a Reader which you can use to read the characters from the file. This
class is extended from InputStreamReader class. It has two forms of constructors.
o FileReader(String fPath);
o FileReader(File fileObject);
• Both these forms of constructors throw FileNotFound Exception.
Program 4.15: Program using FileReader.
import java.io. *;
class FileReaderDemo
{
public static void main(String[] arg) throws Exception
{
char inpChars[] = new char[1024];
FileReader inpFile = new FileReader (arg[01]);
int charRead = inpFile.read(inpChars);
String s = new String(inpChars, 0, charRead);
System.out.println(s.toUpperCase());
inpFile.close();
}
}
Output:
java FileReaderDemo
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 1 at
FileReaderDemo.main(fileread2.java:13)
FileWriter:
• This class creates a Writer which can be used to write the contents to the file.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.29 File and Exception Handling

• It has four forms of constructors.

o FileWriter(String fPath);
o FileWriter(String fPath, boolean append);
o FileWriter(File fileObject);
o FileWriter(File fileObject, boolean append);
• All these forms of constructors throw IOException. If append is true, then the output
is appended to the end of the file.
Program 4.16: Program using two file stream classes to copy the contents of one file into
the other file..
import java.io.*;
class CopyCharacter
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
File ifile = new File ("in.dat");
File ofile = new File ("out.dat");
try
{
FileReader in = new FileReader(ifile);
FileWriter out = new FileWriter(ofile,true);
int ch;
while ((ch = in.read())!= -1)
{
out.write(ch);
}
in.close();
out.close();
}
catch(IOException e)
{
System.out.println(e);
System.exit(-1);
}
finally
{
System.out.println("\n Inside Finally .. ");
}
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.30 File and Exception Handling

Output:
(Contents of in.dat:We are learning File handling.)
out.dat ->
We are learning File handling.
Inside Finally
Program 4.17: Program to Create a File.
import java.io.File;
public class CreateFile
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
File f1 = new File("newfile.txt");
try
{
// create a file
boolean flag = f1.createNewFile();
if (flag)
{
System.out.println("\n New File created .........");
}
else
{
System.out.println("\n File already exists .........");
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
Output:
New File created .....

4.12 BufferedReader CLASS

• BufferedReader improves performance by buffering input. The BufferedReader class
does have a method called readLine that does return a line of text as type by the user.
• The contents of the stream can be read into a buffer to speed up the execution. The
size of the buffer can be set explicitly, if required.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.31 File and Exception Handling

• In addition to the methods defined by the Reader class, this class has a method
readLine() to read a line from the stream. It has two forms of constructors.
1. BufferedReader(Reader inStream): This form creates a buffered character
stream with a default buffer size.
2. BufferedReader(Reader inStream, int buffSize): The size of the buffer is
passed in buffSize.
Program 4.18: Program for BufferedReader.
import java.io.*;
public class BufferedReaderExample
{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception
{
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader
(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
// Accepting String value
System.out.println("Enter your name");
String name=br.readLine();
System.out.println("Welcome "+name);
// Accepting integer value
System.out.println("Enter your Roll Number");
int roll_no=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
System.out.println("Roll number is "+roll_no);
// Accepting Float value
System.out.println("Enter your Percentage");
float per=Float.parse Float(br.readLine());
System.out.println("Percentage is "+per);
}
}
Output:
Enter your name
Shruti
Welcome Shruti
Enter your Roll Number
101
Roll number is 101
Enter your Percentage
78
Percentage is 78.0
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.32 File and Exception Handling

Program 4.19: Write a Java program to read the content of Imp.text. Display the content
of file in encoded format. (Use Command Line Argument). [W-18]
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.io.Writer;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.io.BufferedWriter;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
public class Encod
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
File f1 = new File("temp.txt");
Writer w1 = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter
(new FileOutputStream(f1), StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
w1.append("\n Make a Great Day Ahead ......").append("\r\n");
w1.append("UTF-8 Demo").append("\r\n");
w1.append("\n Happy Cycling .......").append("\r\n");
w1.flush();
w1.close();
}
catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e)
{
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
catch (IOException e)
{
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.33 File and Exception Handling

Output:
temp.txt ->
Make a Great Day Ahead ......
UTF-8 Demo
Happy Cycling .......
Program 4.20: Write a Java program to accept string from user, if its length is less than
7, then throw user defined exception ''Invalid String'' otherwise display the string in
upper case. [W-18]
import java .io.*;
class InvalidString extends Exception
{
String str;
InvalidString(String s)
{
this.str=s;
}
public String toString()
{
return "Invalid String !";
}
}
class MyString
{
String str1;
void accept(String s)
{
str1=s;
}
void display()
{
System.out.println("");
}
}
class Temp
{
public static void main(String arg[]) throws Exception
{
System.out.println("Enter String :");
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader
(newInputStreamReader(System.in));
String str=br.readLine();
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.34 File and Exception Handling

try
{
if(str.length()<7)
throw new InvalidString(str);
else
str=str.toUpperCase();
System.out.println("String in uppercase :"+str);
}
catch (InvalidString s)
{
System.out.println("Invalid String");
}
}
}
Output:
Enter String :
fabulous
String in uppercase :FABULOUS
Enter String :
Rutu
Invalid String
Program 4.21: Write a java program to accept email address of a user and throw a user
defined exception ''Invalid Email Exception'' if it does not contain '@' symbol. [S-19]
import java .io.*;
class InvalidEmail extends Exception
{
String str;
InvalidEmail(String s)
{
this.str=s;
}
public String toString()
{
return "Invalid Email address as it does not contain @ !";
}
}
class MyEmail
{
String str1;
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.35 File and Exception Handling

void accept(String s)
{
str1=s;
}
void display()
{
System.out.println("");
}
}
class EMain
{
public static void main(String arg[]) throws Exception
{
System.out.println("Enter Emailaddress :");
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader
(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String str=br.readLine();
try
{
if(str.contains("@"))
System.out.println("Email address is Valid");
else
throw new InvalidEmail(str);
}
catch (InvalidEmail s)
{
System.out.println("Invalid Email");
}
}
}
Output:
Enter Emailaddress :
vedant123@gmail.com
Email address is Valid
java EMain
Enter Emailaddress :
adi.g.com
Invalid Email
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.36 File and Exception Handling

Program 4.22: Write a java program to display the content of file in reverse order. [S-19]
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class ReverseFile
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{
try
{
String in = "input.txt";
String out = "output.txt";
File sourceFile=new File(in);
Scanner content=new Scanner(sourceFile);
PrintWriter pwriter =new PrintWriter(out);
while(content.hasNextLine())
{
String s=content.nextLine();
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer(s);
buffer=buffer.reverse();
String ans=buffer.toString();
pwriter.println(ans);
}
content.close();
pwriter.close();
System.out.println("File is copied successfully!");
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("Something went wrong");
}
}
}
Output:
input.txt :
Hello We are learning Reversing the file contents
output.txt(reversed)
stnetnoc elif eht gnisreveR gninrael era eW olleH
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.37 File and Exception Handling

Summary
A Java exception is an object that describes an exceptional (that is, error)
condition that has occurred in a piece of code.
When an exceptional condition arises, an object representing that exception is
created and thrown in the method that caused the error. That method may choose
to handle the exception itself, or pass it on. Either way, at some point, the
exception is caught and processed.
All exception types are subclasses of the built-in class Throwable. Immediately
below Throwable are two subclasses that partition exceptions into two distinct
branches.
One branch is headed by Exception. There is an important subclass of Exception,
called RuntimeException. Exceptions of this type are automatically defined for
the programs that you write and include things such as division by zero and
invalid array indexing.
It is used during program development to create an assertion, which is a
condition that should be true during the execution of the program.
We can make use of variables and arrays for storing data in the program. But this
data will be lost if variable goes out of scope or if the program itself is terminated.
Java uses a concept of streams to represent ordered sequence of data. A stream in
java is a path along which data flows. It is like a pipe through which water flows.
This class is extended from FilterInputStream. This enhances the performance
and also supports operations like skipping, marking and resetting.
Although most of the classes defined by java.io operate on streams, File class does
not operate on streams. It directly deals with files and file system.
Only an object that implements the serializable interface can be saved and
restored by the serialization facilities. The Serializable interface defines no
members.

Check Your Understanding

1. Which of these packages contain all the Java's built in exceptions?
(a) java.io (b) java.util
(c) java.lang (d) java.net
2. Which of these class is used to create user defined exception?
(a) java.lang (b) Exception
(c) RunTime (d) System
3. What will be the output of the program?
public class X
{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.38 File and Exception Handling

try
{
badMethod();
System.out.print("A");
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
System.out.print("B");
}
finally
{
System.out.print("C");
}
System.out.print("D");
}
public static void badMethod() {}
}
(a) AC (b) BC
(c) ACD (d) ABCD
4. Which statement is true?
(a) catch(X x) can catch subclasses of X where X is a subclass of Exception
(b) The Error class is a RuntimeException
(c) Any statement that can throw an Error must be enclosed in a try block
(d) Any statement that can throw an Exception must be enclosed in try block
5. When does Exceptions in Java arises in code sequence?
(a) Run Time (b) Compilation Time
(c) Can Occur Any Time (d) None of the mentioned
6. Which of these keywords must be used to monitor for exceptions?
(a) try (b) finally
(c) throw (d) catch
7. Which Java package must be imported when you use BufferedReader?
(a) java.util package (b) javax.awt package
(c) java.io package (d) java.swing package
8. For reading strings and characters in Java from console which class is used from
following:
(a) OutputStreamReader (b) FileReader
(c) BufferedReader (d) BufferedInputReader
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.39 File and Exception Handling

9. FileReader class is a subclass of _______ class.

(a) InputStreamReader (b) FileInputStream
(c) OutputStreamReader (d) BufferedReader
10. FileWriter class is ________ of OutputStreamWriter class.
(a) Superclass (b) Subclass
(c) Inputclass (d) Readerclass
11. FileReader class uses which method to read characters from a file
(a) scanf() (b) getch()
(c) read() (d) print()
12. Java Stream classes are categorized into two groups:
(a) Stream and Integer Classes
(b) String and Character Stream Classes
(c) FileReader and FileWriter Classes
(d) Byte and Character Stream Classes
13. Which of these classes are used by Byte streams for input and output operation?
(a) InputStream (b) InputOutputStream
(c) Reader (d) All of the mentioned
Answers
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (a)

Practice Questions
Q.I Answer the following Questions in short:
1. What is a stream?
2. Which are the predefined streams?
3. Describe the term file I/O basic
4. What is Error?
5. When is Exception raised?
6. What is FileReader and FileWriter?
7. When is BufferedReader used?
8. What are different types of Erros?
9. When is FileInputStream and FileOutputStream used?
Q.II Answer the following Questions:
1. What is an exception? In which package exceptions are defined?
2. Can user program throw own exceptions? How?
3. Explain the purpose of throws clause.
4. What is the purpose of finally block in the program?
5. Explain how nested try blocks are handled?
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 4.40 File and Exception Handling

6. Describe file handling in brief.

7. Explain various file operation in brief.
8. How to read/write characters in a file? Explain with example.
9. How to read/write bytes in a file?
10. Write a note on Bytestream.
11. Explain Character stream in detail.
12. Write short note on:
(i) File I/O basics
(ii) Object serialization
Q.III Define the terms:
1. throws 2. try 3. catch
4. finally 5. ByteStream 6. File
7. Stream 8. Runtime Error 9. Syntax error
10. Logic Error 11. Exception 12. Error
13. FileInputStream 14. FileOutputStream
Previous Exam Questions

Winter 2018
1. Give syntax of two methods used with InputStream class. [2 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 4.6.1.
2. Write a Java program to read the content of Imp.text. Display the content of file in
encoded format. (Use Command Line Argument). [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Program 4.19.
3. Write a Java program to accept string from user, if its length is less than 7, then
throw user defined exception "Invalid String" otherwise display the string in
upper case. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Program 4.20.

Summer 2019
1. State the purpose of throw keyword. [2 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 4.2.
2. What is Exception? Explain its keyword with example. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Sections 4.1 and 4.2.
3. Write a java program to accept email address of a user and throw a user defined
exception ''Invalid Email Exception'' if it does not contain '@' symbol. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Program 4.21.
4. Write a java program to display the content of file in reverse order. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Program 4.22.
5. Explain any four methods of file class. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 4.8.
 5…
Applet, AWT, Event and
Swing Programming
Learning Objectives…
▣ To learn Basic Concepts of Swing
▣ To write Program using Swing.
▣ To learn Applet Programming.
▣ To study AWT in Java.

5.1 APPLET INTRODUCTION [S-19]

• Applets are small Java programs that are mainly used in Internet Applications. They
can be transported over the Internet and can be executed using any web browser or
an appletviewer.
java.lang.Object

java.awt.Component

java.awt.Container

java.awt.Panel

java.applet.Applet

Fig. 5.1: Class JApplet

• All Applets are subclasses of Applet class either directly or indirectly. An Applet is a
subclass of Panel and Panel is itself a subclass of Container. The Fig. 5.1 shows
hierarchy for Applet class.
• Applets which use Swing classes for GUI are inherited from class JApplet. But JApplet
inherits Applet so all the features of Applet are also available to JApplet.
(5.1)
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.2 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

• An Applet does not need to begin its execution with main(). Applets are not stand
alone programs. They can be executed either in any web browser or in an
appletviewer provided by JDK.
How Applet differs from Application?
• As we know that applets and stand-alone applications are Java programs, there are
significant differences between them. Applets are not full-featured application
programs.
• They are usually written to accomplish a small task on the Internet.
1. Applets do not use the main() method for initiating the execution of the code.
Applets, when loaded, automatically call certain methods of Applet class to start
and execute the applet code.
2. Unlike stand-alone applications, applets cannot be run independently. They are
run from inside a Web page using a special feature known as HTML tag.
3. Applets cannot read from or write to the files in the local computer.
4. Applets cannot communicate with other servers on the network.
5. Applets cannot run any program from the local computer.
6. Applets are restricted from using libraries from other languages such as C or C++.
• Comparison between Java Applet and Java Application:
Table 5.1: Comparison between Java Applet and Java Application
Sr.
Java Applet Java Application
No.
1. As applet is downloaded from Application of java has no security
Internet, it provides security features. provided.
2. Applet runs in web pages. It runs on stand alone systems.
3. Parameters are passed by using param String array is used to pass parameter
tag. to main function.
4. Execution starts from init() method Execution starts from main() method.
from main method.

5.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Applets

Advantages of Applet:
1. Applets are cross platform and can run on Windows, Mac OS (Operating System)
and Linux platform.
2. Applets can work all the versions of Java Plug-in.
3. Applets runs in a sandbox, so the user does not need to trust the code, so it can
work without security approval.
4. Applets are supported by most web browsers.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.3 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

5. Applets are cached in most web browsers, so will be quick to load when returning
to a web page.
6. User can also have full access to the machine if user allows.
7. It works at client side so less response time.
8. It can be executed by browsers running under many platforms, including Linux,
Windows, Mac OSs etc.
9. It is secured.
Disadvantages of Applet:
1. Java plug-in is required to run applet.
2. Java applet requires JVM so first time it takes significant startup time.
3. If applet is not already cached in the machine, it will be downloaded from internet
and will take time.
4. It is difficult to design and build good user interface in applets compared to HTML
technology.

5.2 TYPESAPPLET
• There are two types of applets that a web page can contain.
1. Local Applet
o Local Applet is written on our own, and then we will embed it into web pages.
o Local Applet is developed locally and stored in the local system. A web page
doesn't need the get the information from the internet when it finds the local
Applet in the system. It is specified or defined by the file name or pathname.
o There are two attributes used in defining an applet, i.e., the codebase that
specifies the path name and code that defined the name of the file that contains
Applet's code.
o Example: <applet code = "FirstApplet.class" height = "500" width="500">
</applet>
2. Remote Applet:
o When an applet is created by someone else and we can access it only when we are
connecting with the internet. This type of applet is stored in remote computer and
it is known as remote applet.
o We can download this remote applet from webserver to clients system using
internet connection and can execute it for searching a particular applet we
require to add its URL address into the applet HTML document as the value of
codebase attribute.
o Example: <applet codebase=http://www.abedainamdarcollege.org.in code =
"MyApp.class" width=200 height=200> </applet>
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.4 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

5.3 APPLET LIFE CYCLE [S-19]

• Applet can override a set of methods from the base class Applet. These methods
provides the mechanism to control the execution of an applet. Applet class resides in
java.applet package.
• Applet runs in the browser and its lifecycle method are called by JVM, when it is
loaded and destroyed. Here, are the lifecycle methods of an Applet:
1. init() : This method is called to initialized an applet.
2. start() : This method is called after the initialization of the applet.
3. stop() : This method can be called multiple times in the life cycle of an
Applet.
4. destroy() : This method is called only once in the life cycle of the applet when
applet is destroyed.

Begin Born Intialization

(Load Applet)

start ( )
stop ( )

Display Running Idle

start ( )
paint ( )
destroy ( )

Destroyed Dead End

Exit of Browser
Fig. 5.2: Life Cycle of Applet
1. init () Method:
• The life cycle of an applet is begin on that time when the applet is first loaded into the
browser and called the init() method.
• The init() method is called only one time in the Life cycle of an Applet.
• The init() method is basically called to read the PARAM tag in the HTML file.
• The init() method retrieve the passed parameter through the PARAM tag of HTML file
using get Parameter() method.
• All the initialization such as initialization of variables and the objects like image,
sound file are loaded in the init () method.
• After the initialization of the init() method user can interact with the Applet.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.5 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

• Syntax:
public void init()
{
Statements …
}
2. start () Method:
• The start method of an applet is called after the initialization method init().
• This method may be called multiple times when the Applet needs to be started or
restarted.
• For example, if the user wants to return to the Applet, in this situation the start
Method() of an Applet will be called by the web browser and the user will be back on
the applet. In the start method user can interact within the applet.
• In the start method, user can interact within the applet.
• Syntax:
public void start()
{
Statements …
}
3. stop () Method:
• The stop() method can be called multiple times in the life cycle of applet like the
start() method. Or should be called at least one time.
• There is only miner difference between the start() method and stop() method. For
example, the stop() method is called by the web browser on that time. When the user
leaves one applet to go another applet and the start() method is called on that time
when the user wants to go back into the first program or Applet.
• In the start method, user can interact within the applet.
• Syntax:
public void start()
{
Statements …
}
4. destroy() Method:
• The destroy() method is called only one time in the life cycle of Applet like init()
method.
• This method is called only on that time when the browser needs to Shutdown.
• When the applet programs terminate, the destroy function is invoked which makes
an applet to be in dead state.
• The destroy() method is called only one time in the life cycle of Applet like init()
method.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.6 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

• Syntax:
public void destroy()
{
Statements …
}
5. Display State (paint() Method):
• The applet is said to be in display state when the paint method is called. This method
can be used when we want to display output in the screen.
• This method can be called any number of times. Paint() method is must in all applets
when we want to draw something on the applet window. paint() method takes
Graphics object as argument.
• paint() method is called each time you want to redraw the output of applet. This
situation may occur for various reasons. For example, the window in which the applet
is running may be overwritten by some other window and then uncovered again or
the applet window may be minimized and restored again. This method takes an object
of Graphics class as a parameter. This parameter will contain the graphics context.
This context is used whenever the output to the applet is required.
• Syntax:
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
Statements …
}
• The following is the source code for the Simple applet. This applet displays a
descriptive string whenever, it encounters a major milestone in its life, such as when
Program 5.1: Program for Applet Life Cycle.
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
/* <applet code = "FirstApplet.class" height = "500" width="500">
</applet> */
public class FirstApplet extends Applet
{
String message = "";
public void init()
{
message = "In init method";
System.out.println(message);
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.7 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

public void start()

{
message = "In start method";
System.out.println(message);
}
public void stop()
{
message = "In stop method";
System.out.println(message);
}
public void destroy()
{
message = "In destroy method";
System.out.println(message);
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawString(message, 200,200);
}
}
Output:

5.3.1 Creating Applet

• An Applet is nothing but the .class file which is obtained by compiling the source
code of an Applet. Compilation process is exactly similar as that of compiling
applications.
• Once .class file is ready, now you need to create an HTML file to include your applet
that is .class file. Let us assume that the name of the class file is Hello.class. Let us
write the HTML file to include this .class file. The name of the HTML file is Hello.html.
<html> <head> <title> Simple Program </title> </head> <body>
<applet code = "Hello.class" width = 100 height = 25>
</applet> </body></html>
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.8 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

• Now, we have the following files in the current directory: Hello.java, Hello.class
and Hello.html.
• To run the applet, we should have Java enabled browser or an appletviewer. We will be
able to see the entire webpage if we run the applet in browser. You can use the
appletviewer tool to run the applet as follows:
appletviewer Hello.html
• Please note that the file name used as argument with appletviewer is not the class file
but it is the HTML file.
An Applet Skeleton:
• Applet extends AWT class Panel. Panel extends Container, which in turn extends
Component class. All these classes support Java's window based graphical interface.
• init(), start(), stop() and destroy() apply to all applets. Default implement-
tation for all these methods is provided. Applets do not need to override method if it is
not used.
Program 5.2: Program shows the skeleton of the Applet.
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
/* <applet code="AppletSkeleton.class" width=300 height=100> </applet> */
public class AppletSkeleton extends Applet
{
public void init()
{
}
public void start()
{
}
}
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
}
}
Output:

AppletSkeleton
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.9 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

• Although this skeleton does not do anything, it can be compiled and run. When run, it
generates the above window which will be viewed in appletviewer.
• It is important to understand the order in which the methods are called. When an
applet begins, methods are called in sequence like init(), start(), paint(), stop() and
destroy().
5.3.2 Applet Tags
• We have used Applet tag in its simplest form. The syntax of applet tag is a bit
complex. It includes several attributes. The complete tag with all its attributes is
shown below:
<APPLET [CODEBASE = codebase_url] CODE = appletfilename.class
[ALT = alternate_text]
[NAME = appletinstance_name]
WIDTH = pixels HEIGHT = pixels [ALIGN = alignment] [VSPACE = pixels]
[HSPACE = pixels] >
[ <PARAM NAME = name1 VALUE = value1> ]
[ <PARAM NAME = name2 VALUE = value2> ]
.......
</APPLET>
• The following table lists all the attributes along with their meaning.
Table 5.2: Applet tag Attributes
Attribute Meaning
CODE=AppletFileName.class Specifies the name of the applet class to be loaded. That
is, the name of the already compiled, class file in which
the executable Java bytecode for the applet is stored.
This attribute must be specified.
CODEBASE=codebase_URL Specifies the URL of the directory in which the applet
(optional) resides. If the applet resides is the same directory as
the HTML file, then the CODEBASE attribute may be
omitted entirely.
WIDTH=pixels These attributes specify the width and height of the
HEIGHT=pixels space on the HTML page that will be reserved for the
applet.
NAME=applet_instance_name A name for the applet may optionally be specified so
(Optional) that other applets on the page may refer to this applet.
This facilitates inter-applet communication.
contd. …
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.10 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

ALIGN=alignment This optional attribute specifies where on the page the

(Optional) applet will appear. Possible values for alignment are:
TOP, BOTTOM, LEFT, RIGHT, MIDDLE, ABSMIDDLE,
ABSBOTTOM, TEXTTOP and BASELINE.
HSPACE=pixels (Optional) Used only when ALIGN is to set to LEFT to RIGHT, this
attribute specifies the amount of horizontal blank
space the browser should leave surrounding the applet.
VSPACE=pixels (Optional) Used only when some vertical alignment is specified
with the ALIGN attribute (TOP, BOTTOM etc.) VSPACE
specifies the amount of vertical blank space the
browser should leave surrounding the applet.
ALT=alternate_text Non-Java browsers will display this text where the
(Optional) applet would normally go. This attribute is optional.

Program 5.3: create a small applet to accept two values from the user and display the
product of it in an applet.
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class ProdDemo extends Applet implements ActionListener
{
TextField tf1, tf2;
int x =0, y = 0, prod = 0;
String s1, s2 , s3;
Button b1;
public void init()
{
tf1 = new TextField(10);
tf2 = new TextField(10);
b1 = new Button("Click");
add(tf1);
add(tf2);
add(b1);
tf1.setText("0");
tf2.setText("0");
b1.addActionListener(this);
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.11 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)

{
if (e.getSource() == b1)
{
s1 = tf1.getText();
x = Integer.parseInt(s1);
s2 = tf2.getText();
y = Integer.parseInt(s2);
prod = x * y;
repaint();
}
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawString("Enter numbers in the given text boxes: ", 10,80);
g.drawString("The product of the two numbers is: "+ prod, 10,200);
}
}
ProdDemo.html
<html>
<body>
<applet code = "ProdDemo.class" width = 300 height = 300>
</applet>
</body>
</html>
Output:
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.12 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

Program Analysis:
• An Applet contains two text fields and a button. User enters two values into the text
fields and when the user clicks on a button, the product of the two values is calculated
and displayed in an applet window.
• Class ProdDemo extends Applet class and it implements ActionListener interaface to
handle the event carried out by a button. It declares all the required variables. Applet's
init() method declares all the GUI controls and it designs GUI for the applet. It also
adds ActionListener interface to the button.
• When the button is clicked, it calls actionPerformed() method to handle the action
event. actionPerformed() method is to be overridden by the code that should be
executed to handle the event. repaint() method calls paint() automatically to
display the updated information in the applet.
• paint() method is called by an Applet which displays initial informatation. It also
displays product of the two numbers entered by the user when called again by
repaint() method.
Passing Parameters to Applet:
• Many times, when we are writing Java applets, we may need to pass parameters. We
can pass these parameters from an HTML page with the help of <param> tag. For
example, we may want to tell the applet, which color should be set as a background to
the applet.
• The benefit of passing parameter from HTML lies in its portability. If you pass
parameters from HTML page, they can be passed from one webpage to the other and
from one website to the other. We can make our applet more flexible and portable
using this technique.
• Parameters are passed by placing them in a <PARAM> tag and placing this tag inside
opening and closing of <APPLET> tag.
• For Example,
<APPLET> <PARAM name = 'name1' value = 'value1'> </APPLET>
Program 5.4: Program for passing parameters to an Applet using <param> tag.
DrawApplet.java
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class ParaApplet extends Applet
{
String name;
int age;
public void init()
{
name = getParameter("nm");
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.13 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

try
{
age = Integer.parseInt( getParameter("input_age"));
}
catch(NumberFormatException e){}
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
Font f = new Font("Helvetica", Font.BOLD, 20);
g.setFont(f);
g.setColor(Color.red);
g.drawString("Name is "+ name + " & Age is " + age, 50,25);
}
}
ParaApplet.html
<html>
<body>
This is an Applet...
<applet code = "ParaApplet.class" width = 200 height = 200>
<param name = "nm" value = "Manisha">
<param name = "input_age" value = "50">
</applet>
</body>
</html>
Output:

5.4 APPLETCLASSES
• Applet is a special type of program that is embedded in the webpage to generate the
dynamic content. It runs inside the browser and works at client side.
5.4.1 Color
• The Color class is a part of Java Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) package. The Color
class creates color by using the given RGBA values where RGBA stands for RED,
GREEN, BLUE, ALPHA or using HSB value where HSB stands for HUE, SATURATION,
BRI components.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.14 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

• The value for individual components RGBA ranges from 0 to 255 or 0.0 to 0.1.
• The value of alpha determines the opacity of the color, where 0 or 0.0 stands fully
transparent and 255 or 1.0 stands opaque.
Constructors:
1. Color(ColorSpace c, float[] co, float a): Creates a color in the specified
ColorSpace with the color components specified in the float array and the
specified alpha.
2. Color(float r, float g, float b): Creates a opaque color with specified RGB
components(values are in range 0.0 – 0.1)
3. Color(float r, float g, float b, float a): Creates a color with specified
RGBA components(values are in range 0.0 – 0.1)
4. Color(int rgb): Creates an opaque RGB color with the specified combined RGB
value consisting of the red component in bits 16-23, the green component in bits 8
– 15, and the blue component in bits 0-7.
5. Color(int rgba, boolean b): Creates an color with the specified combined RGBA
value consisting of the alpha component in bits 24-31, the red component in bits
16 – 23, the green component in bits 8 – 15, and the blue component in bits 0 – 7.
6. Color(int r, int g, int b): Creates a opaque color with specified RGB
components(values are in range 0 – 255).
7. Color(int r, int g, int b, int a): Creates a color with specified RGBA
components(values are in range 0 – 255).
5.4.2 Graphics
• The Graphics class is the abstract super class for all graphics contexts which allow an
application to draw onto components that can be realized on various devices, or onto
off-screen images as well.
• A Graphics object encapsulates all state information required for the basic rendering
operations that Java supports. State information includes the following properties.
1. The Component object on which to draw.
2. A translation origin for rendering and clipping coordinates.
3. The current clip.
4. The current color.
5. The current font.
6. The current logical pixel operation function.
7. The current XOR alternation color
Commonly used methods of Graphics class:
1. public abstract void drawString(String str, int x, int y): Is used to draw
the specified string.
2. public void drawRect(int x, int y, int width, int height): Draws a
rectangle with the specified width and height.
3. public abstract void fillRect(int x, int y, int width, int height): It is
used to fill rectangle with the default color and specified width and height.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.15 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

4. public abstract void drawOval(int x, int y, int width, int height): It is

used to draw oval with the specified width and height.
5. public abstract void fillOval(int x, int y, int width, int height): It is
used to fill oval with the default color and specified width and height.
6. public abstract void drawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2): It is used to
draw line between the points(x1, y1) and (x2, y2).
7. public abstract boolean drawImage(Image img, int x, int y, ImageObserver
observer): It is used draw the specified image.
8. public abstract void drawArc(int x, int y, int width, int height, int
startAngle, int arcAngle): It is used draw a circular or elliptical arc.
9. public abstract void fillArc(int x, int y, int width, int height, int
startAngle, int arcAngle): It is used to fill a circular or elliptical arc.
10. public abstract void setColor(Color c): It is used to set the graphics current
color to the specified color.
11. public abstract void setFont(Font font): It is used to set the graphics current
font to the specified font.
5.4.3 Font
• Text fonts in Java are represented by instances of the java.awt.Font class. A Font
object is constructed from a name, style identifier, and a point size. We can create a
Font at any time, but it's meaningful only when applied to a particular component on
a given display device.
• Font names come in three varieties: family names, face names (also called font
names), and logical names. Family and font names are closely related. For example,
Garamond Italic is a font name for a font whose family name is Garamond.
• A logical name is a generic name for the font family. The following logical font names
should be available on all platforms:
1. Serif (generic name for TimesRoman)
2. SansSerif (generic name for Helvetica)
3. Monospaced (generic name for Courier)
4. Dialog
5. DialogInput
• The logical font name is mapped to an actual font on the local platform. Java's
fonts.properties files map the font names to the available fonts, covering as much of
the Unicode character set as possible. If you request a font that doesn't exist, you get
the default font.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.16 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

Program 5.5: Program for Font.

import java.awt.*;
public class ShowFonts
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Font[] fonts;
fonts =
GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment().getAllFonts( );
for (int i = 0; i < fonts.length; i++) {
System.out.print(fonts[i].getFontName( ) + ": ");
System.out.print(fonts[i].getFamily( ) + ": ");
System.out.print(fonts[i].getName( ));
System.out.println( );
}
}
Output:
Bitstream Charter: Bitstream Charter: Bitstream Charter
Bitstream Charter Bold: Bitstream Charter: Bitstream Charter Bold
Bitstream Charter Bold Italic: Bitstream Charter: Bitstream Charter Bold
Italic
Bitstream Charter Italic: Bitstream Charter: Bitstream Charter Italic
Century Schoolbook L Bold: Century Schoolbook L: Century Schoolbook L Bold
(So on……)
Program 5.6: Write java program shows use of Font, Color & Graphics Class.
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Grpahics;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Font;
/*
<applet code = "Javaapp.class" width = 300 height = 300>
</applet>
*/
public class Javaapp extends Applet
{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.17 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

setBackground(Color.orange);
Font f=new Font("Impact",Font.ITALIC,22);
g.setFont(f);
g.setColor(Color.red);
g.drawString("ABCDEFGHIJ",100,100);
}
}
Output:

5.5 COMPONENTS AND CONTAINER USED IN AWT [W-18]

• Java AWT calls native platform (Operating systems) subroutine for creating
components such as textbox, checkbox, button etc. For example an AWT GUI having a
button would have a different look and feel across platforms like windows, Mac OS &
Unix, this is because these platforms have different look and feel for their native
buttons and AWT directly calls their native subroutine that creates the button.
• AWT Hierarchy:
Component

Container Button Label Checkbox Choice Scrollbar

Window Panel

Frame Dialog Applet

Fig. 5.3: AWT Hierarchy
Components and containers:
1. All the elements like buttons, text fields, scrollbars etc are known as components.
In AWT we have classes for each component as shown in the above diagram. To
have everything placed on a screen to a particular position, we have to add them
to a container.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.18 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

2. A container is like a screen wherein we are placing components like buttons, text
fields, checkbox etc. In short, a container contains and controls the layout of
components.
3. A container itself is a component (shown in the above hierarchy diagram) thus we
can add a container inside container.
Types of containers:
• There are four types of containers available in AWT: Window, Frame, Dialog and
Panel. As shown in the hierarchy diagram above, Frame and Dialog are subclasses of
Window class.
1. Window: An instance of the Window class has no border and no title
2. Dialog: Dialog class has border and title. An instance of the Dialog class cannot
exist without an associated instance of the Frame class.
3. Panel: Panel does not contain title bar, menu bar or border. It is a generic
container for holding components. An instance of the Panel class provides a
container to which to add components.
4. Frame: A frame has title, border and menu bars. It can contain several
components like buttons, text fields, scrollbars etc. This is most widely used
container while developing an application in AWT.

5.6 LAYOUT MANAGERS [W-18]

• Layout means the arrangement of components within the container. In other way we
can say that placing the components at a particular position within the container.
• The task of layouting the controls are done automatically by the Layout Manager.
Layout manager is an object which determines the way that components are arranged
in a frame window. All of the components that we have shown so far have been
positioned by the default layout manager.
• A layout manager automatically arranges our controls within a window by using
some type of algorithm. A layout manager is an instance of any class that implements
the LayoutManager interface.
• The layout manager is set by the setLayout() method. If no call to setLayout( ) is
made, then the default layout manager is used.
• Whenever, a container is resized (or sized for the first time), the layout manager is
used to position each of the components within it.
• The setLayout( ) method has the following general form:
• Syntax: void setLayout(LayoutManager layoutObj)
Here, layoutObj is a reference to the desired layout manager. If we wish to disable the
layout manager and position components manually, pass null for layoutObj.
• If we do this, we will need to determine the shape and position of each component
manually, using the setBounds( ) method defined by Component. Normally, we will
want to use a layout manager.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.19 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

• The layout manager automatically positions all the components within the container.
Default values are provided otherwise.
• Java has several predefined Layout Manager Classes. Layout manager classes are
founded in the java.awt package same as the classes used for displaying graphical
components.
• The java.awt package provides five layout manager classes as given below:
1. FlowLayout Manager:
• The FlowLayout is one the most popular and simplest layout manager. FlowLayout
Manager places components in a container from left to right in the order in which
they were added to the container.
• When one row is filled, layout advances to the next row. It is analogous to lines of text
in a paragraph. Components managed by a FlowLayout are always set to their
preferred size (both width and height) regardless of the size of the parent container.
• Whenever, the container is resized then the components in the container are also
adjusted from the top-left corner. The FlowLayout is the default layout manager for a
Panel and JPanel.
• Following are Constructors for FlowLayout:
1. FlowLayout(): This constructor centers all components and leaves five pixel
spaces between each component.
2. FlowLayout(int align): This constructor allows to specify how each line of
components is aligned i.e., Flowlayout.LEFT, FlowLayout.CENTER,
FlowLayout.RIGHT.
3. FlowLayout(int align, int hspace, int vspace): This constructor allow to
specify the alignment as well as the horizontal and vertical space between
components.
Program 5.7: Program for flow layout manager.
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
class Example extends JFrame
{
JLabel l1, l2, l3, l4, l5;
public Example()
{
FlowLayout layout = new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.RIGHT);
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.20 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

this.setLayout(layout);
l1 = new JLabel("Label 1");
l2 = new JLabel("Label 2");
l3 = new JLabel("Label 3");
l4 = new JLabel("Label 4");
l5 = new JLabel("Label 5");
this.add(l1);
this.add(l2);
this.add(l3);
this.add(l4);
this.add(l5);
}
}
class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Example f = new Example();
f.setTitle("Kamil Example of FlowLayout");
f.setBounds(200, 100, 600, 400);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}
Output:

2. BorderLayout Manager: [S-19]

• The BorderLayout class implements a common layout style for top-level windows.
• It has four narrow, fixed-width components at the edges and one large area in the
center. The four sides are referred to as north (upper region), south (lower region),
east (left region), and west (right region). The middle area is called the center (central
region).
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.21 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

• Five zones, one for each component, as can be seen in Fig. 5.4.

NORTH

WEST CENTER EAST

SOUTH

(a) (b)
Fig. 5.4: Border Layout Manager
• The constructors defined by BorderLayout as follows:
1. BorderLayout(): This constructor creates a default border layout.
2. BorderLayout(int hspace, int vspace): This constructor allows us to specify
the horizontal and vertical space left between components in horz and vert,
respectively.
• To add components in a frame using BorderLayout manager, following form of add
method is used:
void add (Component_obj, Object region)
Where, region specifies any of the following five constants:
1. BorderLayout.CENTER: Places component at center.
2. BorderLayout.EAST: Places component at right border.
3. BorderLayout.WEST: Places component at left border.
4. BorderLayout.SOUTH: Places component at lower border.
5. BorderLayout.NORTH: Places component at upper border.
Program 5.8: Program for border layout.
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class Main
{
JFrame f;
Main ()
{
f=new JFrame();

JButton b1=new JButton("NORTH");;

JButton b2=new JButton("SOUTH");;
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.22 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

JButton b3=new JButton("EAST");;

JButton b4=new JButton("WEST");;
JButton b5=new JButton("CENTER");;

f.add(b1,BorderLayout.NORTH);
f.add(b2,BorderLayout.SOUTH);
f.add(b3,BorderLayout.EAST);
f.add(b4,BorderLayout.WEST);
f.add(b5,BorderLayout.CENTER);

f.setSize(300,300);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new Main ();
}
}
Output:

3. GridLayout Manager:
• GridLayout lays out components in a two-dimensional grid. When we instantiate a
GridLayout, we define the number of rows and columns.
• The GridLayout manager places items in rows (left to right) and columns (top to
bottom). The number of rows and columns is defined when the GridLayout manager
is created.
• The GridLayout manager divides the container into a rectangular grid so that
component can be placed in rows and column. The intersection of each row and
column is known as a cell.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.23 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

• The components are laid out in cells and each cell has the same size, components are
added to a GridLayout starting at the top left cell of the grid and continuing to the
right until the row is full. The process continues left to right on the next row of the
grid and so on.

Fig. 5.5: Grid Layout Manager

• The constructors supported by GridLayout are shown here:
1. GridLayout(): Creates a single-column grid layout.
2. GridLayout(int numRows, int numColumns): Creates a grid layout with the
specified number of rows and columns.
3. GridLayout(int numRows, int numColumns, int horz, int vert): Allows us to
specify the horizontal and vertical space left between components in horz and
vert, respectively. Either numRows or numColumns can be zero. Specifying numRows
as zero allows for unlimited-length columns.
Program 5.9: Program for Grid layout.
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class Main
{
JFrame f;
Main()
{
f=new JFrame();

JButton b1=new JButton("1");

JButton b2=new JButton("2");
JButton b3=new JButton("3");
JButton b4=new JButton("4");
JButton b5=new JButton("5");
JButton b6=new JButton("6");
JButton b7=new JButton("7");
JButton b8=new JButton("8");
JButton b9=new JButton("9");
f.add(b1);f.add(b2);f.add(b3);f.add(b4);f.add(b5);
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.24 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

f.add(b6);f.add(b7);f.add(b8);f.add(b9);
f.setLayout(new GridLayout(3,3));
f.setSize(300,300);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new Main();
}
}
Output:

5.7 LISTENERS AND ADAPTERCLASSES

5.7.1 Event Handling
What is an Event?
• Change in the state of an object is known as event i.e. event describes the change in
state of source. Events are generated as result of user interaction with the graphical
user interface components.
• The events can be broadly classified into two categories:
1. Foreground Events: Those events which require the direct interaction of
user.They are generated as consequences of a person interacting with the
graphical components in Graphical User Interface. For example, clicking on a
button, moving the mouse, entering a character through keyboard, selecting an
item from list, scrolling the page etc.
2. Background Events: Those events that require the interaction of end user are
known as background events. Operating system interrupts, hardware or software
failure, timer expires, an operation completion are the example of background
events.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.25 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

Event Handling:
• An event is a signal to the program that something has happened.
• The code that performs a task in response to an event is called event handler. Event
handling is a process of responding to events that can occur at any time during
execution of a program.
• Event Handling is the mechanism that controls the event and decides what should
happen if an event occurs. This mechanism have the code which is known as event
handler that is executed when an event occurs.
• Each event must return a Boolean value (true or false), indicating whether the event
should be made available to other event handlers.
• An Event is an object that describes a state change in a source. It can be generated as a
consequence of a user interacting with the elements in a GUI.
• Any object capable of rising an event is an event source. Event handlers are
procedures that are called when a corresponding event occurs.
Steps involved in Event Handling:
Step 1 : The User clicks the button and the event is generated.
Step 2 : Now the object of concerned event class is created automatically and
information about the source and the event get populated with in same
object.
Step 3 : Event object is forwarded to the method of registered listener class the
method is now get executed and returns.
5.7.2 Listeners
• It is an object that watch for (i.e. listen for) events and handles them when they occur.
• It is basically a consumer that receives events from the source. To sum up, the job of
an event listener is to implement the interface, register with the source and provide
the event handling.
• The Event listener represent the interfaces responsible to handle events. Java provides
us various Event listener classes but we will discuss those which are more frequently
used.
• Every method of an event listener method has a single argument as an object which is
subclass of EventObject class. For example, mouse event listener methods will accept
instance of MouseEvent, where MouseEvent derives from EventObject.
• EventListner interface is a marker interface which every listener interface has to
extend. This class is defined in java.util package.
• Following is the declaration for java.util.EventListener interface:
public interface EventListener
• Following is the list of commonly used event listeners:
1. ActionListener: This interface is used for receiving the action events.
2. ComponentListener: This interface is used for receiving the component events.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.26 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

3. ItemListener: This interface is used for receiving the item events.

4. KeyListener: This interface is used for receiving the key events.
5. MouseListener: This interface is used for receiving the mouse events.
6. WindowListener: This interface is used for receiving the window events.
7. AdjustmentListener: This interface is used for receiving the adjusmtent events.
8. ContainerListener: This interface is used for receiving the container events.
9. MouseMotionListener: This interface is used for receiving the mouse motion
events.
10. FocusListener: This interface is used for receiving the focus events.
• Some of commonly used listener interfaces are as below:
1. ActionListener:
• The class which processes the ActionEvent should implement this interface.
• The object of that class must be registered with a component. The object can be
registered using the addActionListener() method.
• When the action event occurs, that object's actionPerformed method is invoked.
• Method:
void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e): This method invoked when an action occurs.
Program 5.10: Java program for ActionListener.
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class ActionListenerExample
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Frame f=new Frame("Kamil ActionListener Example");
final TextField tf=new TextField();
tf.setBounds(50,50, 150,20);
Button b=new Button("Click Here");
b.setBounds(50,100,60,30);
b.addActionListener(new ActionListener()
{
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
tf.setText("Welcome to Javatpoint.");
}
});
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.27 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

f.add(b);f.add(tf);
f.setSize(200,200);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}
Output:

2. ItemListener:
• The class which processes the ItemEvent should implement this interface.
• The object of that class must be registered with a component.
• The object can be registered using the addItemListener() method.
• When the action event occurs, that object's itemStateChanged method is invoked.
• Method:
void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e): This method invoked when an item has been
selected or deselected by the user.
Program 5.11: Java program for ItemListener.
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class ItemListenerExample implements ItemListener
{
Checkbox checkBox1,checkBox2;
Label label;
ItemListenerExample()
{
Frame f= new Frame("Kamil CheckBox Example");
label = new Label();
label.setAlignment(Label.CENTER);
label.setSize(400,100);
checkBox1 = new Checkbox("C++");
checkBox1.setBounds(100,100, 50,50);
checkBox2 = new Checkbox("Java");
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.28 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

checkBox2.setBounds(100,150, 50,50);
f.add(checkBox1); f.add(checkBox2); f.add(label);
checkBox1.addItemListener(this);
checkBox2.addItemListener(this);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e)
{
if(e.getSource()==checkBox1)
label.setText("C++ Checkbox: "
+ (e.getStateChange()==1?"checked":"unchecked"));
if(e.getSource()==checkBox2)
label.setText("Java Checkbox: "
+ (e.getStateChange()==1?"checked":"unchecked"));
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
new ItemListenerExample();
}
}
Output:

3. WindowListener:
• The class which processes the WindowEvent should implement this interface.
• The object of that class must be registered with a component.
• The object can be registered using the addWindowListener() method.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.29 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

• Methods:
1. void windowActivated(WindowEvent e): This method invoked when the Window
is set to be the active Window.
2. void windowClosed(WindowEvent e): This method invoked when a window has
been closed as the result of calling dispose on the window.
3. void windowClosing(WindowEvent e): This method invoked when the user
attempts to close the window from the window's system menu.
4. void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent e): This method invoked when a Window
is no longer the active Window.
5. void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent e): This method invoked when a window
is changed from a minimized to a normal state.
6. void windowIconified(WindowEvent e): This method invoked when a window is
changed from a normal to a minimized state.
7. void windowOpened(WindowEvent e): This method invoked the first time a
window is made visible.
4. KeyListener Interface:
• The class which processes the KeyEvent should implement this interface.
• The object of that class must be registered with a component.
• The object can be registered using the addKeyListener() method.
1. void keyPressed(KeyEvent e): This method invoked when a key has been
pressed.
2. void keyReleased(KeyEvent e): This method invoked when a key has been
released.
3. void keyTyped(KeyEvent e): This method invoked when a key has been typed.
5. MouseListener Interface:
• The class which processes the MouseEvent should implement this interface.
• The object of that class must be registered with a component.
• The object can be registered using the addMouseListener() method.
1. void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e): This method invoked when the mouse button
has been clicked (pressed and released) on a component.
2. void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e): This method invoked when the mouse enters
a component.
3. void mouseExited(MouseEvent e): This method invoked when the mouse exits a
component.
4. void mousePressed(MouseEvent e): This method invoked when a mouse button
has been pressed on a component.
5. void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e): This method invoked when a mouse button
has been released on a component.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.30 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

6. MouseMotionListener Interface:
• The interface MouseMotionListener is used for receiving mouse motion events on a
component.
• The class that process mouse motion events needs to implements this interface.
1. void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e): This method invoked when a mouse button
is pressed on a component and then dragged.
2. void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e): This method invoked when the mouse cursor
has been moved onto a component but no buttons have been pushed.
5.7.3 Adapterclasses [W-18]
• Java adapter classes provide the default implementation of listener interfaces. If you
inherit the adapter class, you will not be forced to provide the implementation of all
the methods of listener interfaces.
1. Mouse Adapter:
• An abstract adapter class for receiving mouse events. The methods in this class are
empty. This class exists as convenience for creating listener objects.
• Mouse events let you track when a mouse is pressed, released, clicked, moved,
dragged, when it enters a component, when it exits and when a mouse wheel is
moved.
• Extend this class to create a MouseEvent (including drag and motion events) or/and
MouseWheelEvent listener and override the methods for the events of interest. (If you
implement the MouseListener, MouseMotionListener interface, you have to define all
of the methods in it. This abstract class defines null methods for them all, so you can
only have to define methods for events you care about.)
• Create a listener object using the extended class and then register it with a
component using the component's addMouseListener, addMouseMotionListener,
addMouseWheelListener methods. The relevant method in the listener object is
invoked and the MouseEvent or MouseWheelEvent is passed to it in following cases:
1. When a mouse button is pressed, released, or clicked (pressed and released).
2. When the mouse cursor enters or exits the component.
3. When the mouse wheel rotated, or mouse moved or dragged.
Program 5.12: Java Program for Mouse Adapter Class.
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class MouseAdapterExample extends MouseAdapter
{
Frame f;
MouseAdapterExample()
{
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.31 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

f=new Frame("Mouse Adapter");

f.addMouseListener(this);
f.setSize(300,300);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e)
{
Graphics g=f.getGraphics();
g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
g.fillOval(e.getX(),e.getY(),30,30);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new MouseAdapterExample();
}
}
Output:

2. Key Adapter
• Extend this class to create a KeyEvent listener and override the methods for the events
of interest. (If you implement the KeyListener interface, you have to define all of the
methods in it. This abstract class defines null methods for them all, so you can only
have to define methods for events you care about.)
• Create a listener object using the extended class and then register it with a
component using the component's addKeyListener method. When a key is pressed,
released, or typed, the relevant method in the listener object is invoked, and the
KeyEvent is passed to it.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.32 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

Program 5.13: Program of Key Adapter Class.

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class KeyAdapterExample extends KeyAdapter
{
Label l;
TextArea area;
Frame f;
KeyAdapterExample()
{
f=new Frame("Key Adapter");
l=new Label();
l.setBounds(20,50,200,20);
area=new TextArea();
area.setBounds(20,80,300, 300);
area.addKeyListener(this);

f.add(l);f.add(area);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e)
{
String text=area.getText();
String words[]=text.split("\s");
l.setText("Words: "+words.length+" Characters:"+text.length());
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new KeyAdapterExample();
}
}
Output:
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.33 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

5.8 EVENT DELEGATION MODEL

• The Delegation Event model is defined to handle events in GUI programming
languages. The GUI stands for Graphical User Interface, where a user graphically/
visually interacts with the system.
• The GUI programming is inherently event-driven; whenever a user initiates an
activity such as a mouse activity, clicks, scrolling, etc., each is known as an event that
is mapped to a code to respond to functionality to the user. This is known as event
handling.
• Java support event processing since Java 1.0. It provides support for AWT (Abstract
Window Toolkit), which is an API used to develop the Desktop application. In Java 1.0,
the AWT was based on inheritance. To catch and process GUI events for a program, it
should hold subclass GUI components and override action() or handleEvent()
methods. The below figure demonstrates the event processing.

Invokes
Event Source

Creates
Registers

Event Object

Listener
Interface Implements
Listener Object
onEvent (EventObj)
onEvent (EventObj)

Fig. 5.6: Delegation Event model

• In the older model, an event was propagated up the containment until a component
was handled. This needed components to receive events that were not processed, and
it took lots of time. The Delegation Event model overcame this issue.
• Basically, an Event Model is based on the following three components:
1. Events: The Events are the objects that define state change in a source. An event
can be generated as a reaction of a user while interacting with GUI elements.
Some of the event generation activities are moving the mouse pointer, clicking on
a button, pressing the keyboard key, selecting an item from the list, and so on. We
can also consider many other user operations as events.
2. Events Sources: A source is an object that causes and generates an event. It
generates an event when the internal state of the object is changed. The sources
are allowed to generate several different types of events.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.34 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

3. Events Listeners: An event listener is an object that is invoked when an event

triggers. The listeners require two things; first, it must be registered with a
source; however, it can be registered with several resources to receive notification
about the events. Second, it must implement the methods to receive and process
the received notifications.

5.9 SWING
• The swing components are defined in the package javax.swing. This package provides
more powerful and flexible components.
• Swing is a Java foundation class's library and it is an extension to do Abstract
Windowing Toolkit (AWT).
• Swing is an extension to the AWT components which provides feature of pluggable
look and feel for the components. It provides classes to design lightweight
components.
• Swing is the next-generation GUI toolkit which Sun Microsystems is developing to
enable enterprise development in Java.
• Swing is actually part of a large family of Java products which is known as Java
Foundation Classes (JFC).
• Swing is used to create large-scale Java applications with a wide array of powerful
components which can you easily extend or modify these components to control their
appearance and behavior based on the current "look and feel" library that is being
used.
• Swing is a set of classes, this provides more powerful and flexible components than
are possible with the AWT.
• In addition to the familiar components, such as buttons, check boxes, and labels,
Swing supplies several exciting additions, including tabbed panes, scroll panes, trees,
and tables.
• Unlike AWT components, Swing components are not implemented by platform-
specific code. Instead, they are written entirely in Java and, therefore, are platform-
independent. The term lightweight is used to describe such elements.
• The number of classes and interfaces in the Swing packages is substantial. Swing is
the set of packages built on top of the AWT that provide us with a great number of
pre-built classes that is, over 250 classes and 40 UI components.
5.9.1 Swing Features
• Various features of swing are listed below:
1. Light Weight: Swing component are independent of native Operating System's
API as Swing API controls are rendered mostly using pure JAVA code instead of
underlying operating system calls.
2. Rich Controls: Swing provides a rich set of advanced controls like Tree,
TabbedPane, slider, color picker, table controls and so on.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.35 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

3. Borders: We can draw borders in many different styles around components using
the setborder() method.
4. Easy Mouseless Operation: It is easy to connect keystrokes to components.
5. Tooltips: We can use the setToolTipText method of JComponent to give
components a tooltip, one of those small windows that appear when the mouse
hovers over a component and gives explanatory text.
6. Easy Scrolling: We can connect scrolling to various components-something that
was impossible in AWT.
7. Pluggable Look and Feel: We can set the appearance of applets and applications
to one of three standard looks, i.e., Windows, Motif (Unix) or Metal (Standard
swing look).
8. Highly Customizable: Swing controls can be customized in very easy way as
visual appearance is independent of internal representation.
9. New Layout Managers: Swing introduces the BoxLayout and Overlay Layout
managers.
5.9.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Swing
Advantages:
1. Swing provides paint debugging support when you build your own component.
2. Swing components are lightweight.
3. Swing components follow the Model-View-Controller (MVC) paradigm and thus
can provide a much more flexible UI.
4. Swing provides both additional components like JTable, JTree etc and added
functionality to replacement of AWT components.
5. Swing provides built-in double buffering.
Disadvantages:
1. It can be slower than AWT (all components are drawn), when you are not careful
about programming.
2. Swing components might not behave exactly like native components which look
like native components.
3. It requires Java 2 or a separate JAR file.
5.9.3 Introduction to Swing Component and Container Classes
Swing Component:
• Swing components are not implemented by platform specific code. Instead they are
written entirely in Java and therefore, are platform independent.
• Swing component is called lightweight, as it does not depend on any non-java system
classes. Swing components have their own view supported by java's look and feel
classes.
• Swing components have pluggable look and feel so that with a single set of
components you can achieve the same look and feel on any operating system
platform.
• The swing related classes are contained in javax.swing and its subpackages, such as
javax.swing.tree. To use a swing class, either use an import statement for a specific
class to be imported from within a swing or import all classes in the swing package as:
javax.swing.*;
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.36 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

• Swing controls or components and their related methods are available in javax.swing
and its subpackages.

Fig. 5.7: Components of swing

Container Class:
• A Container class can be described as a special component that can hold the gathering
of the components.
• There are two types of Swing Containers, they are top-level containers and low-level
containers.
• Top-Level containers are heavyweight containers such as JFrame, JApplet, JWindow,
and JDialog.
• Low-Level containers are lightweight containers such as JPanel.
• The most commonly used containers are JFrame, JPanel and JWindow.
• The important methods of the Container class are add(), invalidate() and validate().
EXPLORING SWING CONTROLS - JLABEL AND IMAGE ICON,
JTEXT FIELD, THE SWING BUTTONS JBUTTON, JTOGGLE
5.10 BUTTON, JCHECK BOX, JRADIO BUTTON, JTABBED PANE,
JSCROLL PANE, JLIST, JTABLE, JCOMBOBOX, SWING MENUS,
DIALOGS, JCOLORCHOOSER

5.10.1 JLabel and Image Icon

• One of the simplest Swing component is JLabel. A JLabel object is a component for
placing text in a container. This class is used to create single line read only text which
describes the other component.
• Labels can display text as well as Images.
• Package: javax.swing
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.37 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

• Constructors:
1. JLabel(): Create a empty label having no text and icon.
2. JLabel(String str): Create a label having some text.
3. JLabel(ImageIcon i): Creates a label having icon image.
4. JLabel(String str,ImageIcon i): Creates a label having string text and icon
image.
• Methods:
1. void setHorizontalAlignment(int a): This method sets the alignment of the
text.
2. String getText(): This method returns the text associated with the Label.
3. void setText(String s): This method is used to set the text to the Label.
4. void set icon(Icon i): This method sets the Icon to icon.
Program 5.14: Program to demonstrate JLabel.
import java.awt.Dimension;
import java.awt.Frame;
import java.awt.Rectangle;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
import javax.swing.JTextArea;
public class Frame1 extends JFrame
{
private JLabel jLabel1 = new JLabel();
private JLabel jLabel2 = new JLabel();
public Frame1()
{
try
{
jbInit();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.38 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

private void jbInit() throws Exception

{
this.getContentPane().setLayout( null );
this.setSize( new Dimension(400, 300) );
jLabel1.setText("UserName");
jLabel1.setBounds(new Rectangle(40, 55, 80, 25));
jLabel2.setText("Password");
jLabel2.setBounds(new Rectangle(40, 95, 60, 25));
this.getContentPane().add(jLabel2, null);
this.getContentPane().add(jLabel1, null);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Frame1 frame=new Frame1();
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}
Output:

JIcons:
• Icons are encapsulated by the ImageIcon class, which prints an icon from an image.
• Constructors:
1. ImageIcon(String filename): This constructor creates object with image which
is specified by filename.
2. ImageIcon(URL url): This constructor creates object with image in the resource
identified by url.
• Methods:
1. int getIconHeight( ): Returns the height of the icon in pixels.
2. int getIconWidth( ): Returns the width of the icon in pixels.
3. void paintIcon(Component comp, Graphics g, int x, int y): Paints the icon
at position x, y on the graphics context g. Additional information about the paint
operation can be provided in component.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.39 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

Program 5.15: Following program of demonstrate icons.

import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
/*
<applet code="JLabelDemo" width=250 height=150>
</applet>
*/
public class JLabelDemo extends JApplet
{
public void init()
{
// Get content pane
Container contentPane = getContentPane();
// Create an icon
ImageIcon ii = new ImageIcon("Lotus.gif");
// Create a label
JLabel jl = new JLabel("Lotus", ii, JLabel.CENTER);
// Add label to the content pane
contentPane.add(jl);
}
}
5.10.2 JTextField
• The JTextField component allows us to enter/edit a single line of text.
• Following are the important constructors of the subclasses of the JTextField class.
1. JTextField(): Constructs a new TextField.
2. JTextField(Document doc, String text, int columns): Constructs a new
JTextField that uses the given text storage model and the given number of
columns.
3. JTextField(int columns): Constructs a new empty TextField with the specified
number of columns.
4. JTextField(String text): Constructs a new TextField initialized with the
specified text.
5. JTextField(String text, int columns): Constructs a new TextField initialized
with the specified text and columns.
Program 5.16: Program to demonstrate JTextField.
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class TextFieldDemo extends JFrame
{
public TextFieldDemo()
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.40 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

{
Container con = getContentPane();
con.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
JLabel j1 = new JLabel ("TextField");
con.add(j1);
JTextField tf1 = new JTextField(40);
con.add(tf1);
setSize(600, 600);
setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
new TextFieldDemo();
}
}
Output:

• The above program, create a frame window in Swing. We then set its existing layout
to FlowLayout. We then create a Swing label along with a text field component and
add them to the content pane.
5.10.3 JButton
• This class is used to create a push buttons.
• Package: javax.swing
• Constructors:
1. JButton(): Create a empty button having no title and icon.
2. JButton(String str): Create a button having label.
3. JButton(Icon i): Creates a button having icon image.
4. JButton(String str, Icon i): Creates a button having string label and icon
image.
• This class is subclass of Abstract Button class. So it uses following important methods
of abstract button class.
1. void addActionListenerActionListener obj): This method is used to register
the push button to throw an event.
2. String getText(): This method returns the text associated with the button.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.41 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

3. void setText(String s): This method is used to set new Label of the button.
4. void setHorizontalTextPosition(int pos): Sets the horizontal text position
relative to the graphics.
5. void setVerticalTextPosition(int pos): Sets the vertical text position relative
to the graphics.
6. void setIcon( Icon i): This method sets the specified Icon to the button.
7. void setMnemonic(char c): Sets the mnemonic character to the button.
Program 5.17: Program of demonstrate JButton.
import javax.swing.* ;
import java.awt.*;
class JButtonExample extends JFrame
{
JButtonExample()
{
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
JButton btnOk = new JButton("OK");
ImageIcon icon = new ImageIcon("check.png");
JButton btnIcon = new JButton(icon);
JButton btnTxtIcon = new JButton("OK",icon);
add(btnOk);
add(btnIcon);
add(btnTxtIcon);
}
}
class JButtonJavaExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
JButtonExample frame = new JButtonExample();
frame.setTitle("JButton in Java Swing Example");
frame.setBounds(200,250,250,100);
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}
Output:
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.42 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

5.10.4 JToggleButton
• A toggle button is two-state button that allows user to switch on and off. To create a
toggle button in Swing, use JToggleButton class.
• JToggle button, when goes to the inward push state as long as the user has pressed the
left mouse key. When he frees the left mouse key, the button comes to its normal
state.
• Here, are the most common used constructors of the JToggleButton class:
1. public JToggleButton(): Creates a toggle button without text and icon. The state
of toggle button is not selected.
2. public JToggleButton(Icon icon): Creates a toggle button with icon.
3. public JToggleButton(Icon icon, boolean selected): Creates a toggle button
with icon and initialize the state of toggle button by the boolean parameter
selected.
4. public JToggleButton(String text): Creates a toggle button with text.
5. public JToggleButton(String text, boolean selected): Creates a toggle
button with text and initialize the state of the toggle button.
6. public JToggleButton(String text, Icon icon): Creates a toggle button which
displays both text and icon.
7. public JToggleButton(String text, Icon icon, boolean selected): Creates a
toggle button which displays both text and icon. The state of toggle button can be
initialized.
Program 5.18: Program to demonstrate JToggleButton.
import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.Container;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JToggleButton;
public class ToggleButtonSample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
JFrame f = new JFrame("JToggleButton Sample");
f.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
Container content = f.getContentPane();
content.add(new JToggleButton("North"), BorderLayout.NORTH);
content.add(new JToggleButton("East"), BorderLayout.EAST);
content.add(new JToggleButton("West"), BorderLayout.WEST);
content.add(new JToggleButton("Center"), BorderLayout.CENTER);
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.43 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

content.add(new JToggleButton("South"), BorderLayout.SOUTH);

f.setSize(300, 200);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}
Output:

5.10.5 JCheckBox
• A checkbox is a control that may be turned ON or OFF by the user to indicate some
option. The class JCheckBox is an implementation of a check box - an item that can be
selected or deselected, and which displays its state to the user.
• The JCheckBox class is used to create CheckBox in Swing.
• CheckBox has the following constructors:
1. JCheckBox(): Creates an initially unselected check box button with no text, no
icon.
2. JCheckBox(Action a): Creates a check box where properties are taken from the
Action supplied.
3. JCheckBox(Icon icon): Creates an initially unselected check box with an icon.
4. JCheckBox(Icon icon, boolean selected): Creates a check box with an icon and
specifies whether or not it is initially selected.
5. JCheckBox(String text): Creates an initially unselected check box with text.
6. JCheckBox(String text, boolean selected): Creates a check box with text and
specifies whether or not it is initially selected.
7. JCheckBox(String text, Icon icon): Creates an initially unselected check box
with the specified text and icon.
8. JCheckBox(String text, Icon icon, boolean selected): Creates a check box
with text and icon, and specifies whether or not it is initially selected.
Program 5.19: Program to demonstrate JCheckBox.
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.44 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

class HobbyOfStudent extends JPanel implements ActionListener,ItemListener

{
JCheckBox ch1 = new JCheckBox("Playing", false);
JCheckBox ch2 = new JCheckBox("Music", false);
JCheckBox ch3 = new JCheckBox("Painting", false);
JCheckBox ch4 = new JCheckBox("Reading", false);
JLabel j1 = new JLabel("What's student hobby?");
JButton exitbtn = new JButton("Exit");
public HobbyOfStudent()
{
setLayout(new GridLayout(7,1));
ch1.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.BOLD | Font.ITALIC, 14));
ch2.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.BOLD | Font.ITALIC, 14));
ch3.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.BOLD | Font.ITALIC, 14));
ch4.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.BOLD | Font.ITALIC, 14));
ch1.addItemListener(this);
ch2.addItemListener(this); //this is event handling, so try first
ch3.addItemListener(this); without these statements
ch4.addItemListener(this);
add(j1);
add(ch1);
add(ch2);
add(ch3);
add(ch4);
add(exitbtn);
exitbtn.addActionListener(this); //event handling
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
if(e.getSource().equals(exitbtn) )
{
System.exit(0); //Methods of
event handling
}
}
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e)
{
String selected= ((JCheckBox)e.getSource()).getText();
System.out.println(selected);
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.45 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

class HobbyTest extends JFrame

{
HobbyTest()
{
super();
getContentPane().add(new HobbyOfStudent());
setSize(600,600);
setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
new HobbyTest();
}
}
Output:

5.10.6 JRadioButton
• This class is used to create radio button with a text or icon. Radio buttons are
supported by the JRadioButton class, which is a concrete implementation of
AbstractButton.
• Once, a radio button is created they must be kept in one group, which is created by
using the ButtonGroup class Radio buttons must be configured into a group. Only one
of the buttons in that group can be selected at any time.
• Package: javax.swing
• Constructors:
1. JRadioButton(): Create a empty radio button having no title and icon.
2. JRadioButton(String l): Create a radio button having label.
3. JRadioButton(Icon i): Creates a radio button having icon image.
4. JRadioButton(String l, Icon i): Creates a radio button having string label and
icon image.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.46 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

5. JRadioButton(String l, Icon i,boolean selected: Creates a radio button

having string label and icon image and default selected if true is passed.
6. JRadioButton (String l, boolean selected): Creates a radio button having
string label and option for default selected policy.
Button Group:
• This class is useful to group the component such as radio buttons.
• If radio button is not grouped, then they work as checkbox. And multiple selection is
possible.
• To avoid that we group the Radio button object. This class provides the default
constructor ButtonGroup by using this constructor object of button group class is
created.
• Then different components are added to the button group object by using add()
method.
Program 5.20: Program to demonstrate JRadioButton.
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
/*
<applet code="JRadioButtonDemo" width=300 height=50>
</applet>
*/
public class JRadioButtonDemo extends JApplet implements
ActionListener
{
JTextField tf;
public void init()
{
Container contentPane = getContentPane();
contentPane.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
JRadioButton b1 = new JRadioButton("C++");
b1.addActionListener(this);
contentPane.add(b1);
JRadioButton b2 = new JRadioButton("Java");
b2.addActionListener(this);
contentPane.add(b2);
JRadioButton b3 = new JRadioButton("SmallTalk");
b3.addActionListener(this);
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.47 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

contentPane.add(b3);
ButtonGroup bg = new ButtonGroup();
bg.add(b1);
bg.add(b2);
bg.add(b3);
tf = new JTextField(5);
contentPane.add(tf);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{
tf.setText(ae.getActionCommand());
}
}
Output:

5.10.7 JTabbed Pane

• The JTabbedPane class is used to switch between a group of components by clicking
on a tab with a given title or icon. It inherits JComponent class.
• Constructors:
1. JTabbedPane(): Creates an empty TabbedPane with a default tab placement of
JTabbedPane.Top.
2. JTabbedPane(int tabPlacement): Creates an empty TabbedPane with a specified
tab placement.
3. JTabbedPane(int tabPlacement, int tabLayoutPolicy): Creates an empty
TabbedPane with a specified tab placement and tab layout policy.
Program 5.21: Program for JTabbedpane.
import javax.swing.*;
public class TabbedPaneExample
{
JFrame f;
TabbedPaneExample()
{
f=new JFrame();
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.48 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

JTextArea ta=new JTextArea(200,200);

JPanel p1=new JPanel();
p1.add(ta);
JPanel p2=new JPanel();
JPanel p3=new JPanel();
JTabbedPane tp=new JTabbedPane();
tp.setBounds(50,50,200,200);
tp.add("main",p1);
tp.add("visit",p2);
tp.add("help",p3);
f.add(tp);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new TabbedPaneExample();
}
}
Output:

5.10.8 JScrollPane
• A scrolling pane is a container that can be used to hold any component that can be
scrolled.
• By default, the list and textarea component do not scroll automatically when number
of items in the list or text area component go beyond the displayed area. So to make
these components scroll, you must insert them into the scroll pane.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.49 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

• A scroll pane is a component that presents a rectangular area in which a component

may be viewed.
• Horizontal and/or vertical scroll bars may be provided if necessary.
• Scroll panes are implemented in Swing by the JScrollPane class.
• Constructors:
1. JScrollPane(Component comp): This creates a scroll panel with the component
specified with comp.
2. JScrollPane(int vsb, int hsb): This creates a scroll panel with the vsb and hsb
are int constants that define when vertical and horizontal scroll bars for this
scroll panel are shown.
3. JScrollPane(Component comp, int vsb, int hsb): This constructor scroll panel
creates a combination of above both constructor.
• Constants of scroll pane are:
1. HORIZONTAL_SCROLLBAR_ALWAYS: Always provide horizontal scroll bar.
2. HORIZONTAL_SCROLLBAR_AS_NEEDED: Provide horizontal scroll bar, if needed.
3. VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_ALWAYS: Always provide vertical scroll bar.
4. VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_AS_NEEDED: Provide vertical scroll bar, if needed.
• Here, are the steps that you should follow to use a scroll pane in an applet:
1. Create a JComponent object.
2. Create a JScrollPane object, (the arguments to the constructor specify the
component and the policies for vertical and horizontal scroll bars.)
3. Add the scroll pane to the content pane of the applet.
Program 5.22: Program to demonstrate JScrollPane.
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
class JScrollPaneExample extends JFrame
{
JScrollPaneExample()
{
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
String[] language ={"Cobol","Fortran","Pascal","C","C++","java","C#"};
JLabel lblLanguage = new JLabel("Choose the Language");
JList LstMonth = new JList(language);
LstMonth.setVisibleRowCount (4);
JScrollPane s = newJScrollPane(LstMonth,JScrollPane.
VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_AWAYS,JScrollPane.HORIZONTAL_SCROLLBAR_NEVER);
add(lblLanguage);
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.50 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

add(s);
}
}
class JScrollPaneJavaExample
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
JScrollPaneExample frame = new JScrollPaneExample();
frame.setTitle("JScrollPane Java Example");
frame.setBounds(200,250,180,150);
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}
Output:

5.10.9 JList
• In Swing, the JList component is the implementation of the AWT List class. JList
consists of a range of elements arranged one after another, which can be selected
individually or in a group.
• JList class, unlike its AWT counterpart, is capable of displaying not just the strings,
but also icons.
• Some of the constructors used for creating JList are explained below:
1. public JList(): Constructs a JList with an empty model.
2. public JList(ListModel dataModel): Constructs a JList() that displays the
elements in the specified, non-null list model.
3. public JList(Object[] listData): Constructs a JList() that displays the
elements of the specified array "listData".
• JList() does not support scrolling. To create a scrolling list the JList() is implemented as
the viewport view of a JScrollPane.
JScrollPane myScrollPane = new JScrollPane();
myScrollPane.getViewport().setView(dataList);
OR
JScrollPane myScrollPane = new JScrollPane(dataList);
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.51 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

• JList does not provide any special support for handling double or triple mouse clicks.
However, using the MouseListener makes it easy to handle these events. The
locationToIndex() method is used to determine the cell that was checked.
Program 5.23: Program to demonstrate JList.
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.event.*;
class Employees extends JFrame implements ListSelectionListener
{
String Employee[] = {"Amar Salunkhe", "Akbar Shaikh",
"Amol Mahabal", "Kiran Velankar"};
JList departments = new JList(Employee);
JLabel lTE = new JLabel("Who is your favourite Technical Editor?");
JTextField jt = new JTextField(40);
public Employees(String s)
{
super(s);
JPanel p = (JPanel)getContentPane();
p.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
p.add("North", lTE);
departments.setSelectionMode(ListSelectionModel.SINGLE_SELECTION);
departments.setSelectedIndex(0);
departments.addListSelectionListener(this);
departments.setBackground(Color.red);
departments.setForeground(Color.black);
p.setBackground(Color.white);
p.setForeground(Color.black);
p.add("Center", new JScrollPane(departments));
p.add("South", jt);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Employees e1 = new Employees ("Editor of Engineering Books");
e1.setSize(500,500);
e1.show();
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.52 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

public void valueChanged(ListSelectionEvent e)

{
if(e.getValueIsAdjusting() == false)
{ if(departments.getSelectedIndex()!=-1)
{
jt.setText((String)departments.getSelectedValue());
}
}
}
}
Output:

• In JList, events are handled by implementing the ListSelectionListener interface.

1. public void addListSelectionListener(ListSelectionListener listener):
This method adds a listener to the list.
2. public void valueChanged(ListSelectionEvent e): This method is called
whenever the value of the selection changes.
5.10.10 JTable
• The JTable class is a part of Java Swing Package and is generally used to display or edit
two-dimensional data that is having both rows and columns. It is similar to a
spreadsheet. This arranges data in a tabular form.
Constructors in JTable:
1. JTable(): A table is created with empty cells.
2. JTable(int rows, int cols): Creates a table of size rows * cols.
3. JTable(Object[][] data, Object []Column): A table is created with the
specified name where []Column defines the column names.
Functions in JTable:
1. addColumn(TableColumn []column): Adds a column at the end of the JTable.
2. clearSelection(): Selects all the selected rows and columns.
3. editCellAt(int row, int col): Edits the intersecting cell of the column number
col and row number row programmatically, if the given indices are valid and the
corresponding cell is editable.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.53 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

4. setValueAt(Object value, int row, int col): Sets the cell value as 'value' for
the position row, col in the JTable.
Program 5.24: Program to display Jtable.
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JScrollPane;
import javax.swing.JTable;
public class JTableExamples
{
JFrame f;
JTable j;
JTableExamples()
{
f = new JFrame();
f.setTitle("JTable Example");
String[][] data =
{
{ "KAMIL KHAN", "4031", "CSE" },
{ "PRAJAKTA KHATAVKAR", "6014", "IT" },
{ "MANISHA", "7014", "IT" }
};
// Column Names
String[] columnNames = { "Name", "Roll Number", "Department" };

// Initializing the JTable

j = new JTable(data, columnNames);
j.setBounds(30, 40, 200, 300);

// adding it to JScrollPane
JScrollPane sp = new JScrollPane(j);
f.add(sp);
// Frame Size
f.setSize(500, 200);
// Frame Visible = true
f.setVisible(true);
}
// Driver method
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new JTableExamples();
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.54 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

Output:

5.10.11 JComboBox
• Swing provides a combo box, (a combination of a text field and a dropdown list)
through the JComboBox class, which extends JComponent. A combobox normally
displays one entry.
• However, it can also display a drop-down list that allows a user to select a different
entry. We can also type our selection into the text field.
• The JComboBox component, similar to Choice component in AWT, is a combination of
textfield and drop down list of items. User can make selection by clicking at an item
from the list or by typing into the box.
• A combo box is a combination of a list component and text field component. It can
consist of more than one item, however, displays only one item at any point of time. It
also allows user to type their selection. Unlike list component, combo box allows user
to select only one item at a time. A combo box is an object of JComboBox class.
• Three of JComboBox's constructors are shown here:
1. JComboBox( ): This constructor creates an empty JComboBox instance.
2. public JComboBox (ComboBoxModel asModel): Creates a JComboBox that takes its
items from an existing ComboBoxModel. asModel is the ComboBoxModel that
provides the displayed list of items.
3. public JComboBox (Object[] items): Creates a JComboBox that contains the
elements of the specified array.
• Items are added to the list of choices via the addItem() method, whose
signature/syntax is shown here:
void addItem(Object obj)
Here, obj is the object to be added to the combo box.
• Methods:
1. public void setEditable(boolean aFlag): It determines whether the
JComboBox field is editable or not?
2. public boolean isEditable(): It returns true if the JComboBox is editable. By
default, a combo box is not editable.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.55 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

3. public void setMaximumRowCount(int count): It sets the maximum number of

rows the JComboBox displays. If the number of objects in the model is greater
than 'count', the combo box uses a scrollbar.
4. public void setSelectedItem(Object anObject): It sets the selected item in the
combo box display area to the object in the argument. If an Object is in the list, the
display area shows an Object selected.
5. public void insertItemAt(Object anObject, int index): It inserts an item
'anObject' into the item list at a given 'index'.
6. public void removeItem(Object anObject): It removes an item 'anObject' from
the item list.
7. public void removeItemAt(int anIndex): It removes the item at 'anIndex'.
• The following program contains a combo box and a label. The label displays an icon.
The combo box contains entries for colors Green, Red, Yellow and Black. When a
country is selected, the label is updated to display the color for that particular color.
Color jpeg images are already stored in the current directory.
Program 5.25: Program to demonstrate JComboBox.
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
/*<APPLET CODE = ComboBoxEventsInJavaAppletSwing.class WIDTH = 320
HEIGHT = 220 ></APPLET>*/
public class ComboBoxEventsInJavaAppletSwing extends JAppletimplements Item
Listener
{
JComboBox CmbBx = new JComboBox();
String OutStrng = " ";
public void init()
{
Container cntnr = getContentPane();
CmbBx.addItem("First Item");
CmbBx.addItem("Second Item");
CmbBx.addItem("Third Item");
CmbBx.addItem("Fourth Item");
CmbBx.addItem("Fifth Item");
cntnr.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
cntnr.add(CmbBx);
CmbBx.addItemListener(this);
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.56 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e1)

{
if(e1.getStateChange() == ItemEvent.SELECTED)
OutStrng += "Selected: " + (String)e1.getItem();
else
OutStrng += "DeSelected: " + (String)e1.getItem();
showStatus(OutStrng);
}
}
Output:

5.10.12 Swing Menus

• Menu components in Swing are subclasses of JComponent so they have all
functionality of a normal Swing component.
Menu Hierarchy:
• As we know that every top-level window has a menu bar associated with it. This menu
bar consist of various menu choices available to the end user.
• Further each choice contains list of options which is called drop down menu. Menu
and MenuItem controls are subclass of MenuComponent class.
Object

Component

Container

JComponent

JMenuBar JPopupMenu JAbstractButton JSeperator

JMenultem

JMenu JCheckBoxMenuItem JRadioButtonMenuItem

Fig. 5.8: Menu Hierarchy

Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.57 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

Menu Controls:
1. JMenuBar: The JMenuBar object is associated with the top-level window.
2. JMenuItem: The items in the menu must belong to the JMenuItem or any of its
subclass.
3. JMenu: The JMenu object is a pull-down menu component which is displayed from
the menu bar.
4. JCheckboxMenuItem: JCheckboxMenuItem is subclass of JMenuItem.
5. JRadioButtonMenuItem: JRadioButtonMenuItem is subclass of JMenuItem.
6. JPopupMenu: JPopupMenu can be dynamically popped up at a specified position
within a component.
5.10.12.1 JMenu
• A menu provides a space saving way to let the user choose one of several options. The
Menu class represents pull-down menu component which is deployed from a menu
bar.
• In order to create a menu you need to use JMenu class. JMenu class represents the
menu which can attach to a menu bar or another menu. Menu directly attached to a
menu bar is known as top-level menu. If the menu is attached to a menu, it is called
sub-menu.
• Constructors of JMenu class:
1. JMenu(): This constructor creates an instance of JMenu without text.
2. JMenu(String s): This constructor creates an instance of JMenu a given text.
3. JMenu(String s, boolean tearOffMenu): This constructor creates an instance of
JMenu a given text and specify the menu as a tear-off menu or not.
4. JMenu(Action a): This constructor creates an instance of JMenu whose properties
are taken from the specified Action.
Program 5.26: Program for JMenu.
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class JMenuExample extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{
public static void main(String[] s)
{
new JMenuExample();
}
public JMenuExample()
{
super("JMenu Example");
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.58 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter()
{
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{
System.exit(0);
}
};
// Name the JMenu & Add Items
JMenu menu = new JMenu("File");
menu.add(makeMenuItem("Open"));
menu.add(makeMenuItem("Save"));
menu.add(makeMenuItem("Quit"));
// Add JMenu bar
JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar();
menuBar.add(menu);
setJMenuBar(menuBar);
setSize(300, 300);
setLocation(200, 200);
setVisible(true);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
// Menu item actions
String command = e.getActionCommand();
if (command.equals("Quit"))
{
System.exit(0);
}
else if (command.equals("Open"))
{
// Open menu item action
System.out.println("Open menu item clicked");
}
else if (command.equals("Save"))
{
// Save menu item action
System.out.println("Save menu item clicked");
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.59 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

private JMenuItem makeMenuItem(String name)

{
JMenuItem m = new JMenuItem(name);
m.addActionListener(this);
return m;
}
}
Output:

Menus and Submenus:

• Each menu can also have a submenu. This way we can put similar commands into
groups.
Program 5.27: Program for menu and submenus.
import javax.swing.*;
public class JMenuTest {
JFrame myFrame = null;
public static void main(String[] a) {(new JMenuTest()).test()}
private void test() {
myFrame = new JFrame("Menu Test");
myFrame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
myFrame.setBounds(50,50,250,150);
myFrame.setContentPane(new JDesktopPane());
JMenuBar myMenuBar = new JMenuBar();
JMenu myMenu = getFileMenu();
myMenuBar.add(myMenu);
myMenu = getColorMenu();
myMenuBar.add(myMenu);
myFrame.setJMenuBar(myMenuBar);
myFrame.setVisible(true);
}
private JMenu getFileMenu() {
JMenu myMenu = new JMenu("File");
JMenu mySubMenu = getOpenMenu();
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.60 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

myMenu.add(mySubMenu);
JMenuItem myItem = new JMenuItem("Close");
myMenu.add(myItem);
myMenu.addSeparator();
myItem = new JMenuItem("Exit");
myMenu.add(myItem);
return myMenu;
}
private JMenu getColorMenu() {
JMenu myMenu = new JMenu("Color");
JMenuItem myItem = new JMenuItem("Red");
myMenu.add(myItem);
myItem = new JMenuItem("Green");
myMenu.add(myItem);
myItem = new JMenuItem("Blue");
myMenu.add(myItem);
return myMenu;
}
private JMenu getOpenMenu() {
JMenu myMenu = new JMenu("Open");
JMenuItem myItem = new JMenuItem("Java");
myMenu.add(myItem);
myItem = new JMenuItem("HTML");
myMenu.add(myItem);
myItem = new JMenuItem("GIF");
myMenu.add(myItem);
return myMenu;
}
}
Output:
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.61 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

5.10.12.2 JMenuBar
• The JMenuBar class provides an implementation of a menu bar. JMenuBar, which is a
drop down menu bar at the top application, and JPopupMenu, a menu you get when
you press the button right mouse on a particular area.
• The components of a menu can be constructed using the JMenuBar, JMenu,
JMenultem, JCheckBoxMenultem and JRadioButtonMenultem classes in a way similar
to the MenuBar, Menu and Menultem classes of AWT.
• When anyone of the menu items in Menu object "BackGround" is selected, the
background colour of the frame is changed to the corresponding colour selected in
the menu item.
• In the same way, when any of the menu items in the menu for Foreground is selected,
the foreground colour of the frame will change to corresponding colour selected in
the menu, which is displayed in the text field. Similarly if the Exit menu item is
selected from exit menu, the frame is closed.
• Following are the Constructors and methods of the JMenuBar class:
Table 5.3: JMenuBar Methods
Name of methods Description
JMenuBar() This constuctor constructs a new menu bar.
JMenu add(Menu menu) This method adds the menu specified by a
parameter, to the end of the menu bar.
Component getComponentAtlndex (int This method returns the component at the
index) specified index passed as a parameter.
int getComponentlndex(Component c) This method returns the index of the
component specified by the parameter.
JMenugetMenu(int index) This method returns the menu at the
specified index that is passed as a parameter
to the function.
int getMenuCount() This method returns a number of menus in
the menu bar.

Program 5.28: Program for JMenuBar.

import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class JMenuBarJavaExample extends JFrame implementsActionListener
{
private JMenuBar MnuBar = new JMenuBar();
private JMenu MnuOne = new JMenu("File");
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.62 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

private JMenu MnuTwo = new JMenu("Colors");

private JMenuItem Exit = new JMenuItem("Exit");
private JMenu bright = new JMenu("Bright");
private JMenuItem dark = new JMenuItem("Dark");
private JMenuItem white = new JMenuItem("White");
private JMenuItem pink = new JMenuItem("Pink");
private JMenuItem yellow = new JMenuItem("Yellow");
private JLabel Lbl = new JLabel("Hello");
public JMenuBarJavaExample()
{
setTitle("Menu Bar In java Swing");
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
setJMenuBar(MnuBar);
MnuBar.add(MnuOne);
MnuBar.add(MnuTwo);
MnuOne.add(xit);
MnuTwo.add(bright);
MnuTwo.add(dark);
MnuTwo.add(white);
bright.add(pink);
bright.add(yellow);
xit.addActionListener(this);
dark.addActionListener(this);
white.addActionListener(this);
pink.addActionListener(this);
yellow.addActionListener(this);
add(Lbl);
Lbl.setFont(new Font("Times New Roman", Font.BOLD,22));
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
Object src = e.getSource();
Container cntnr = getContentPane();
if(src == xit)
System.exit(0);
else if(src == dark)
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.63 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

cntnr.setBackground(Color.BLACK);
else if(src == white)
cntnr.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
else if(src == pink)
cntnr.setBackground(Color.PINK);
else cntnr.setBackground(Color.YELLOW);
repaint();
}
public static void main(String[] de)
{
JMenuBarJavaExample frm = newJMenuBarJavaExample();
final int WIDTH = 260;
final int HEIGHT = 220;
frm.setSize(500,500);
frm.setVisible(true);
}
}
Output:

5.10.12.3 JMenuItem
• The JMenuItem class represents the actual item in a menu. All items in a menu should
derive from class JMenuItem, or one of its subclasses. By default, it embodies a simple
labeled menu item.
• In order to create menu items in Swing, you need to create new instances of
JMenuItem and set different properties for them. You can create menu item with both
text and icon.
• Constructors of JMenuItem:
1. JMenuItem(): This constructor creates a JMenuItem instance without icon or text.
2. JMenuItem(Icon icon): This constructor creates a JMenuItem instance with a
given icon.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.64 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

3. JMenuItem(String text): This constructor creates a JMenuItem instance with a

given text.
4. JMenuItem(String text, Icon icon): This constructor creates a JMenuItem
instance with a given text and icon.
5. JMenuItem(String text, int mnemonic): This constructor creates a JMenuItem
instance with the given text and keyboard mnemonic.
6. JMenuItem(Action a): This constructor creates a JMenuItem instance whose
properties are taken from the a given Action.
Program 5.29: Program for JMenuItem.
import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JMenu;
import javax.swing.JMenuBar;
import javax.swing.JMenuItem;
public class MenuCreation
{
public static void main(final String args[])
{
JFrame frame = new JFrame("MenuSample Example");
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar();
// File Menu, F - Mnemonic
JMenu fileMenu = new JMenu("File");
fileMenu.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_F);
menuBar.add(fileMenu);
// File->New, N - Mnemonic
JMenuItem newMenuItem = new JMenuItem("New", KeyEvent.VK_N);
fileMenu.add(newMenuItem);
frame.setJMenuBar(menuBar);
frame.setSize(350, 250);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}
Output:
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.65 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

5.10.12.4 JPopupMenu
• Another type of a menu is a popup menu. Java Swing has a JPopupMenu class for this
functionality.
• It is also called a context menu and usually shown when we right click on a
component. The idea is to provide only the commands that are relevant in the current
context. Say we have an image. By right clicking on the image, we get a popup window
with commands to save, scale, or move the image.
• Popup menu represents a menu which can be dynamically popped up at a specified
position within a component.
• Popup menu is a free-floating menu which associates with an underlying component.
This component is called the invoker. Most of the time, popup menu is linked to a
specific component to display context-sensitive choices.
• In order to create a popup menu, you use the class JPopupMenu. You then can add
menu itemsJMenuItem to popup menu like normal menu. To display the popup menu,
you call method show(). Normally popup menu is called in response to a mouse event.
Constructors:
1. JPopupMenu(): This constructor constructs a JPopupMenu without an "invoker".
2. JPopupMenu(String label): This constructor constructs a JPopupMenu with the
specified title.
Program 5.30: Program for JPopMenu.
import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JMenuItem;
import javax.swing.JPopupMenu;
public class PopupSample
{
public static void main(final String args[])
{
JFrame frame = new JFrame("PopupSample Example");
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
// Create popup menu, attach popup menu listener
JPopupMenu popupMenu = new JPopupMenu("Title");
// Cut
JMenuItem cutMenuItem = new JMenuItem("Cut");
popupMenu.add(cutMenuItem);
// Copy
JMenuItem copyMenuItem = new JMenuItem("Copy");
popupMenu.add(copyMenuItem);
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.66 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

// Paste
JMenuItem pasteMenuItem = new JMenuItem("Paste");
pasteMenuItem.setEnabled(false);
popupMenu.add(pasteMenuItem);
// Separator
popupMenu.addSeparator();
// Find
JMenuItem findMenuItem = new JMenuItem("Find");
popupMenu.add(findMenuItem);
JButton label = new JButton();
frame.add(label);
label.setComponentPopupMenu(popupMenu);
frame.setSize(350, 250);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}
Output:

5.10.12.5 JCheckBoxMenuItem and JRadioButtonMenuItem

JCheckboxMenuItem:
• The JCheckboxMenuItem class represents a check box which can be included in a
menu.
• Selecting the check box in the menu changes control's state from on to off or from off
to on.
• Constructors:
1. JCheckboxMenuItem(): This constructor creates an initially unselected check box
menu item with no set text or icon.
2. JCheckboxMenuItem(Action a): This constructor creates a menu item whose
properties are taken from the Action supplied.
3. JCheckboxMenuItem(Icon icon): This constructor creates an initially unselected
check box menu item with an icon.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.67 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

4. JCheckboxMenuItem(String text): This constructor creates an initially unselected

check box menu item with text.
5. JCheckboxMenuItem(String text, boolean b): This constructor creates a check
box menu item with the specified text and selection state.
6. JCheckboxMenuItem(String text, Icon icon): This constructor creates an
initially unselected check box menu item with the specified text and icon.
7. JCheckboxMenuItem(String text, Icon icon, boolean b): This constructor
creates a check box menu item with the specified text, icon, and selection state.
JRadioButtonMenuItem:
• The JRadioButtonMenuItem class represents a check box which can be included in a
menu.
• Selecting the check box in the menu changes control's state from on to off or from off
to on.
• Constructors:
1. JRadioBut tonMenuItem(): This constructor creates a JRadioButtonMenuItem
with no set text or icon.
2. JRadioButtonMenuItem(Action a): This constructor creates a radio button menu
item whose properties are taken from the Action supplied.
3. JRadioButtonMenuItem(Icon icon): This constructor creates a
JRadioButtonMenuItem with an icon.
4. JRadioButtonMenuItem(Icon icon, boolean selected): This constructor creates
a radio button menu item with the specified image and selection state, but no
text.
5. JRadioButtonMenuItem(String text): This constructor creates a
JRadioButtonMenuItem with text.
6. JRadioButtonMenuItem(String text, boolean selected): This constructor
creates a radio button menu item with the specified text and selection state.
7. JRadioButtonMenuItem(String text, Icon icon): This constructor creates a
radio button menu item with the specified text and Icon.
8. JRadioButtonMenuItem(String text, Icon icon, boolean selected): This
constructor creates a radio button menu item that has the specified text, image,
and selection state.
Program 5.31: Program for JCheckBoxMenuItem and JRadioButtonMenuItem.
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class JMenuBar2JavaExample extends JFrame
{
private JMenuBar MnuBar = new JMenuBar();
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.68 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

private JMenu MnuOne = new JMenu("File");

private JCheckBoxMenuItem chkOne = new JCheckBoxMenuItem("Check Box
First");
private JCheckBoxMenuItem chkTwo = new JCheckBoxMenuItem("Check Box
Second");
private JRadioButtonMenuItem RdoOne = new JRadioButtonMenuItem("Radio
Button One");
private JRadioButtonMenuItem RdoTwo = new JRadioButtonMenuItem("Radio
Button Two");
private JRadioButtonMenuItem RdoThree = new J RadioButtonMenuItem("Radio
Button Three");
private ButtonGroup BtnGrp = new ButtonGroup();
public JMenuBar2JavaExample()
{
setTitle("Menu Bar2 In java Swing");
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
setJMenuBar(MnuBar);
MnuBar.add(MnuOne);
MnuOne.add(chkOne);
MnuOne.add(chkTwo);
MnuOne.addSeparator();
MnuOne.add(RdoOne);
MnuOne.add(RdoTwo);
MnuOne.add(RdoThree);
BtnGrp.add(RdoOne);
BtnGrp.add(RdoTwo);
BtnGrp.add(RdoThree);
}
public static void main(String[] ds)
{
JMenuBar2JavaExample frm = newJMenuBar2JavaExample();
final int WIDTH = 160;
final int HEIGHT = 220;
frm.setSize(500,500);
frm.setVisible(true);
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.69 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

Output:

5.10.13 Dialogs
• Dialog windows or dialogs are an indispensable part of most modern GUI
applications.
• A dialog is defined as a conversation between two or more persons. In a computer
application a dialog is a window which is used to "talk" to the application.
• A dialog is used to input data, modify data, change the application settings etc.
Dialogs are important means of communication between a user and a computer
program.
5.10.13.1 JDialog
• A dialog can be either modal or modeless. Modal dialogs block input to other top-level
windows. Modeless dialogs allow input to other windows.
• A modal dialog blocks user input to all other windows in the same application when it
is visible. You have to close a modal dialog before other windows in the same
application can get focus. A modeless one does not block user input.
• This class extends java.awt.Dialog class. Dialogs are used to accept some inputs from
User.
• Default layout manager for JDialog class is BorderLayout.
• Package: javax.swing
• Constructors:
1. JDialog(Frame parent): This constructor creates a new JDialog object which
appears on specified parent Frame.
2. JDialog (Frame parent, Boolean modal): This constructor creates a new JDialog
object which appears on the specified parent frame.
• If we pass second parameter as 'true' then we can not work on the parent window
when dialog is visible, such a Dialog boxes are called as Modal dialog boxes.
• If we pass second parameter as 'false" then we can work on the parent window when
dialog is visible such a dialog box is called as Non-modal dialog box.
1. JDialog (Frame parent. String title): This constructor creates a dialog box
which have some title.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.70 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

2. JDialog (Frame parent. String title. Boolean modal): This constructor

creales a Dialogbox which appears on specified parent frame, with title specified
by the user and modal or non-modal nature is specified.
• Methods:
1. void hide(): This method is used to hide the Dialog box.
2. void show(): This method is used to show the Dialog box.
3. Container getContentPanel(): This method returns, a Content Pane for the
JDialog.
4. void setLayout(LayoutManager): This method sets the LayoutManager for the
Dialog.
5. void setJMenuBar(JMenuBar): This method sets the JMenu Bar to the JDialog box.
6. boolean isModal(): This method checks whether, the dialog is modal or non-
modal.
Program 5.32: Program to demonstrate JDialog.
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
class JDialogExample extends JFrame
{
JDialog d1;
public JDialogExample()
{
createAndShowGUI();
}
private void createAndShowGUI()
{
setTitle("JDialog Example");
setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
// Must be called before creating JDialog for
// the desired effect
JDialog.setDefaultLookAndFeelDecorated(true);
// A perfect constructor, mostly used.
// A dialog with current frame as parent
// a given title, and modal
d1=new JDialog(this,"This is title",true);
// Set size
d1.setSize(400,400);
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.71 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

// Set some layout

d1.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
d1.add(new JButton("Button"));
d1.add(new JLabel("Label"));
d1.add(new JTextField(20));
setSize(400,400);
setVisible(true);
// Like JFrame, JDialog isn't visible, you'll
// have to make it visible
// Remember to show JDialog after its parent is
// shown so that its parent is visible
d1.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
new JDialogExample();
}
}
Output:

Message Dialogs:
• Message dialogs are simple dialogs that provide information to the user. The message
is usually a string constant and represents the text contained in the body.
• If message is an array, it will be interpreted as a series of messages (the interpretation
is recursive - each object will be interpreted according to its type).
• The class JOptionPane is a component which provides standard methods, to pop up a
standard dialog box for a value or informs user of something.
• Following is the declaration for javax.swing.JOptionPane class:
public class JOptionPane
extends JComponent
implements Accessible
• Message dialogs are created with the JOptionPane.showMessageDialog() method. The
messageType defines the style of message. The available options are:
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.72 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

Table 5.4: Different kind of messages in Dialog box with symbol

Sr.
Symbol Description
No.
1. ERROR_MESSAGE for displaying an error
message.
2. INFORMATION_MESSAGE for displaying an
informational message.
3. QUESTION_MESSAGE for displaying a query
message.
4. WARNING_MESSAGE for displaying a warning
message.
5. PLAIN_MESSAGE for displaying any other type of
message.

• JOptionPane provides you with two useful static methods such as

showMessageDialog() and showOptionDialog(). The showMessageDialog() method
shows a very simple dialog with one button while showOptionDialog() method
displays a highly customized dialogs with different buttons texts.
• Besides these methods, JOptionPaneprovides showConfirmDialog() method to ask
users to confirm an action and showInputDialog() to get simple input from the users.
Program 5.33: In this program, we use showMessageDialog() method of JOptionPane to
show various simple dialog with one button and different icons which represent
different message types such as information, warning, error and question message.
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
final JFrame frame = new JFrame("JOptionPane Demo");
// implement ItemListener interface
class MyItemListener implements ItemListener
{
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ev)
{
boolean selected = (ev.getStateChange() == ItemEvent.SELECTED);
AbstractButton button
= (AbstractButton)ev.getItemSelectable();
String command = button.getActionCommand();
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.73 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

if (selected)
{
int messageType = -1;
String message = "";
if (command.equals("INFORMATION"))
{
messageType = JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE;
message = "Information Message";
}
else if (command.equals("WARNING"))
{
messageType = JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE;
message = "Warning Message";
}
else if (command.equals("ERROR"))
{
messageType = JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE;
message = "Error Message";
} else if (command.equals("QUESTION"))
{
messageType = JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE;
message = "Question Message";
}
// show message
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog
(frame, message, "Message Dialog",messageType);
}
}
}
JRadioButton r1 = new JRadioButton("Information Message");
r1.setActionCommand("INFORMATION");
JRadioButton r2 = new JRadioButton("Warning Message");
r2.setActionCommand("WARNING");
JRadioButton r3 = new JRadioButton("Error Message");
r3.setActionCommand("ERROR");
JRadioButton r4 = new JRadioButton("Question Message");
r4.setActionCommand("QUESTION");
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.74 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

// add event handler

MyItemListener myItemListener = new MyItemListener();
r1.addItemListener(myItemListener);
r2.addItemListener(myItemListener);
r3.addItemListener(myItemListener);
r4.addItemListener(myItemListener);
// add radio buttons to a ButtonGroup
final ButtonGroup group = new ButtonGroup();
group.add(r1);
group.add(r2);
group.add(r3);
group.add(r4);
// Frame setting
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
frame.setSize(300, 200);
Container cont = frame.getContentPane();
cont.setLayout(new GridLayout(0, 1));
cont.add(new JLabel("Please choose the message type:"));
cont.add(r1);
cont.add(r2);
cont.add(r3);
cont.add(r4);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}
Output:
When you click on each radio button, it will display corresponding message type.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.75 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

5.10.14 JColorChooser
• The class JColorChooser provides a pane of controls designed to allow a user to
manipulate and select a color.
Constructors:
1. JColorChooser(): This constructor creates a color chooser pane with an initial
color of white.
2. JColorChooser(Color initialColor): This constructor creates a color chooser
pane with the specified initial color.
3. JColorChooser(ColorSelectionModel model): This constructor creates a color
chooser pane with the specified ColorSelectionModel.
Methods:
1. void addChooserPanel(AbstractColorChooserPanel panel): This method adds a
color chooser panel to the color chooser.
2. static JDialog createDialog(Component c, String title, boolean modal,
JColorChooser chooserPane, ActionListener okListener, ActionListener
cancelListener): This method creates and returns a new dialog containing the
specified ColorChooser pane along with "OK", "Cancel", and "Reset" buttons.
3. AccessibleContext getAccessibleContext(): This method gets the
AccessibleContext associated with this JColorChooser.
4. AbstractColorChooserPanel[] getChooserPanels(): This method returns the
specified color panels.
5. Color getColor(): This method gets the current color value from the color
chooser.
6. boolean getDragEnabled(): This method gets the value of the dragEnabled
property.
7. JComponent getPreviewPanel(): This method returns the preview panel that
shows a chosen color.
8. ColorSelectionModel getSelectionModel(): This method returns the data model
that handles color selections.
9. ColorChooserUI getUI(): This method returns the L&F object that renders this
component.
10. String getUIClassID(): This method returns the name of the L&F class that
renders this component.
11. protected String paramString(): This method returns a string representation of
this JColorChooser.
12. AbstractColorChooserPanel removeChooserPanel(AbstractColorChooserPanel
panel): This method removes the Color Panel specified.
13. void setChooserPanels(AbstractColorChooserPanel[] panels): This method
specifies the Color Panels used to choose a color value.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.76 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

14. void setColor(Color color): This method sets the current color of the color
chooser to the specified color.
15. void setColor(int c): This method sets the current color of the color chooser to
the specified color.
16. void setColor(int r, int g, int b): This method sets the current color of the
color chooser to the specified RGB color.
17. void setDragEnabled(boolean b): This method sets the dragEnabled property,
which must be true to enable automatic drag handling (the first part of drag and
drop) on this component.
18. void setPreviewPanel(JComponent preview): This method sets the current
preview panel.
19. void setSelectionModel(ColorSelectionModel newModel): This method sets the
model containing the selected color.
20. void setUI(ColorChooserUI ui): This method sets the L&F object that renders
this component.
21. static Color showDialog(Component component, String title, Color
initialColor): This method shows a modal color-chooser dialog and blocks until
the dialog is hidden.
22. void updateUI(): This method shows notification from the UIManager that the
L&F has changed.
Program 5.34: Program for JColorChooser.
package jcolorchooserdemo;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
final JFrame frame = new JFrame("JColorChooser Demo");
JButton btn1 = new JButton("Choose Color");
btn1.addActionListener(new ActionListener())
{
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
Color newColor = JColorChooser.showDialog(
frame, "Choose Background Color", frame.getBackground());
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.77 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

if(newColor != null)
{
frame.getContentPane().setBackground(newColor);
}
}
});
Container pane = frame.getContentPane();
pane.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
pane.add(btn1);
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
frame.setSize(300, 200);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}
Output:

Program 5.35: Program shows the use of Radiobuttons with action listener.
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
import javax.swing.*;
/*< applet code="TestRadioButton" width=400 height=200></applet>*/
public class TestRadioButton extends JApplet implements ActionListener
{
public void init()
{
Container c=getContentPane();
c.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
JRadioButton fy = new JButton("FYBCA");
JRadioButton sy = new JButton("SYBCA");
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.78 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

JRadioButton ty = new JButton("TYBCA");

c.add(fy);
c.add(sy);
c.add(ty);
fy.addActionListener(this);
sy.addActionListener(this);
ty.addActionListener(this);
ButtonGroup bg=new ButtonGroup();
bg.add(fy);
bg.add(sy);
bg.add(ty);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{
showStatus(ae.getActionCommand()); //display FYBCA or SYBCA
// or TYBCA in status window
}
}
Output:

Program 5.36: An applet which accepts username and password from the user. If the user
is valid, it displays 'Welcome' message. If the user is invalid, it displays 'Invaild' message.
Login.java
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class Login extends JApplet implements ActionListener
{
private JLabel l1, l2, l3;
private JButton ok, cancel;
private JTextField t1, t2;
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.79 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

public void init()

{
Container c=getContentPane();
c.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
l1 = new JLabel("USER NAME: ");
l2 = new JLabel("PASSWORD: ");
l3 = new JLabel(" ");
t1 = new JTextField(20);
t2 = new JTextField(20);
t2.setEchoChar('*');
b1 = new JButton("OK");
b2 = new JButton("CANCEL");
add(l1); add(t1); add(l2); add(t2);
add(b1); add(b2);
add(l3);
b1.addActionListener(this);
b2.addActionListener(this);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{
if(ae.getSource() == ok)
{
String user = t1.getText();
String pass = t2.getText();
String htmluser = getParameter("htmluser");
String htmlpass = getParameter("htmlpass");
if(user.equals(htmluser) && pass.equals(htmlpass))
l3.setText("Welcome");
else
{
l3.setText("Invalid");
t1.setText("");
t2.setText("");
}
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.80 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

else
{
t1.setText("");
t2.setText("");
l3.setText("");
}
}
}
Login.html
<html>
<body>
<applet code = "Login.class" width = 500 height = 300>
<param name = "htmluser" value = "tybca">
<param name = "htmlpass" value = "tybca">
</applet>
</body>
</html>
Output:

Program 5.37: Program to use checkbox and display message as follows:

Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.81 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.Applet;
/* <APPLET CODE ="CheckboxAppletExample.class" WIDTH=300 HEIGHT=200>
</APPLET> */
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
/*<applet code=" CheckboxAppletExample.class"
height=200 width=400></applet>*/
public class CheckboxAppletExample extends Applet implements ItemListener
{
String msg="Current Selection is:";
Checkbox c1,c2,c3;
CheckboxGroup cbg;
public void init()
{
cbg=new CheckboxGroup();
c1=new Checkbox("java",cbg,true);
c2=new Checkbox("visual basic",cbg,false);
c3=new Checkbox("C",cbg,false);
add(c1);
add(c2);
add(c3);
c1.addItemListener(this);
c2.addItemListener(this);
c3.addItemListener(this);
}
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie)
{
if(ie.getSource()==c1)
{
cbg.setSelectedCheckbox(c1);
}
else if(ie.getSource()==c2)
{
bg.setSelectedCheckbox(c2);
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.82 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

else
{
cbg.setSelectedCheckbox(c3);
}
repaint();
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
msg+=cbg.getSelectedCheckbox().getLabel();
g.drawString(msg,6,130);
}
}
Example 5.38: To creates an applet to handle all mouse movements and print the position
of mouse.
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class MouseTest extends Applet implements MouseListener
{
private int x, y = 10;
private String s = " ";
public void init()
{
addMouseListener(this);
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawStrings(s * "at" + "(" + x + ", "+ y + ")"; 50, 50);
}
private void setValues(String event, int x, int y)
{
s = event;
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
repaint(); // This is called, whenever applet needs to update this
information display in its window
}
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.83 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e)

{
setValues("Clicked", e.getX(), e.getY()); //call method setValue
}
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e)
{
setValues("Pressed", e.getX(), e.getY());
}
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e)
{
setValues("Released", e.getX(), e.getY());
}
public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e)
{
setValues("entered", e.getX(), e.getY());
}
public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e)
{
setValues("Exited", e.getX(), e.getY());
}
}
Output:

Program 5.39: Write a Java program to display ''Hello World'' with settings font—Times
New Roman, Color–Blue, Background Color–Red on the frame. [W-18]
import java.awt.*;
class Hello extends Frame
{
Label l;
Hello()
{
l=new Label("Hello java");
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.84 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

l.setFont(new Font("Georgia",Font.BOLD,14));
l.setForeground(Color.RED);
add(l);
setBackground(Color.BLUE);
setSize(300,300);
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String a[])
{
new Hello();
}
}
Output:

Program 5.40: Write a applet application in java for designing temple. [S-19]

import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;
public class Slip10 extends Applet
{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.85 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

g.drawRect(100,150,90,120);
g.drawRect(130,230,20,40);
g.drawLine(150,100,100,150);
g.drawLine(150,100,190,150);
g.drawLine(150,50,150,100);
g.drawRect(150,50,20,20);
}
}

Summary
Java AWT stands for Abstract Windowing Toolkit. Java Swing is a part of JFC (Java
Foundation Classes) that is used to create window-based applications. It is built on
the top of AWT API and entirely written in java.
MVC stands for Model View and Controller. MVC is a design pattern that separates
the business logic, presentation logic and data.
The layout managers are used to arrange components in a particular manner. In
layout manager is an interface that is implemented by all the classes of layout
managers. Different classes that represents the layout managers are
BorderLayout, FlowLayout, GridLayout and so on.
The class JComponent is the base class for all Swing components except top-level
containers.
To use a component that inherits from JComponent, you must place the
component in a containment hierarchy whose root is a top-level Swing container.
The JButton class is used to create a button that have platform-independent
implementation.
The class JLabel can display either text, an image, or both.
The class JTextField is a component which allows the editing of a single line of
text.
The JMenuItem class represents the actual item in a menu. All items in a menu
should derive from class JMenuItem, or one of its subclasses.
The JRadioButton class is used to create a radio button. It is used to choose one
option from multiple options.
The JTextArea class is used to create a text area. It is a multiline area that displays
the plain text only.
The JComboBox class is used to create the combobox (drop-down list). At a time
only one item can be selected from the item list.
In a computer application a dialog is a window which is used to "talk" to the
application.
A dialog is used to input data, modify data, change the application settings etc.
Dialogs are important means of communication between a user and a computer
program.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.86 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

Event Handling is the mechanism that controls the event and decides what should
happen if an event occurs.
An event source is a graphical component that is capable of firing off an event.
Event sources can be any graphical component (e.g., JButton, JList, JComoboBox,
JCheckBox, etc.) the user can interact with.
Event listeners can then be used to handle the events. The Event listener represent
the interfaces responsible to handle events.
Mouse event indicates a mouse action occurred in a component. This low-level
event is generated by a component object for Mouse Events and Mouse motion
events,a mouse button is pressed,a mouse button is released, a mouse button is
clicked (pressed and released), a mouse is moved, the mouse is dragged.
Java allows us to listen for keyboard events.

Check Your Understanding

1. _______ is a GUI widget toolkit for Java which is part of Oracle's Java Foundation
Classes (JFC).
(a) Swing (b) AWT
(c) Servlet (d) All of the Mentioned
2. MVC stands for _______ architecture.
(a) Model (b) View
(c) Controller (d) All of the Mentioned
3. Change in the state of an object is known as _______ and are generated as result of
user interaction with the graphical user interface components.
(a) error (b) event
(c) exception (d) All of the Mentioned
4. A _______ is a base class for all swing UI components.
(a) JMenu (b) JComponent
(c) JPanel (d) All of the Mentioned
5. The code that performs a task in response to an event is called _______ handler and
a process of responding to events that can occur at any time during execution of a
program is known as event handling.
(a) event (b) error
(c) exception (d) All of the Mentioned
6. The class _______ is a component which provides a simple mechanism for the user
to choose a file.
(a) JFrameChooser (b) JFileChooser
(c) JFolderChooser (d) None of the Above
7. To create a menu user need to use _______ class.
(a) JRadioButton (b) JFrame
(c) JMenu (d) None of the Mentioned
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.87 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

8. _______ are small Java programs that are mainly used in Internet Applications.
(a) Applets (b) Layouts
(c) Swings (d) All of the Mentioned
Answers
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a)

Practice Questions
Q.I Answer the following questions in short.
1. What is swing?
2. What is the purpose of layout manager?
3. List types of layout managers.
4. What do you mean by event listener?
5. How an applet is executed?
6. How events are generated?
7. What is JApplet?
8. What is a listener?
9. What is init?
10. What is component?
11. What is a panel?
12. What is a container?
Q.II Answer the following questions.
1. Explain in brief Delegation Event model for handling events.
2. Enlist the features of swing?
3. Explain in brief the fundamental idea behind MVC architecture?
4. What is difference between Applet and JApplet class?
5. What is Applet? How it is different from application?
6. Write a note on: Applet lifecycle.
7. What is the advantage of using update() method in applet?
8. Which are the various advantages of applet over java application?
9. When start() method is called?
10. To remove applet which method is used?
11. How to compile applet program?
12. Which attributes defines the dimensions of the applet?
13. What repaint method does?
14. How to retrieve parameter in applet?
15. Which swing classes are used to create menu?
16. List layout manager programs.
17. What is event? How to handle events in applets? Explain with example.
Core Java [BBA(CA): Sem. V] 5.88 Applet, AWT, Event and Swing Programming

Q.III Define the terms.

1. Swing
2. AWT
3. Container
4. Applet
5. Componant
6. Event
7. Event handling

Previous Exam Questions

Winter 2018
1. What is Layout Manager? Explain any one in detail. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 5.6.
2. What is Adapter class? Explain its purpose. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 5.7.3.
3. Write a Java program to display ''Hello World'' with settings font − Times New
Roman, Color–Blue, Background Color–Red on the frame. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Program 5.39.
4. What is AWT? How to add any component on frame using AWT? [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 5.5.

Summer 2019
1. List any two restriction for applet. [2 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 5.1.
2. Which container use border layout as its default layout? [2 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 5.6.
3. What is Applet? Explain life cycle of Applet. [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Section 5.3.
4. Write a java program to accept the details of employee (Eno,Ename, Sal) from the
user and display it on the next frame (Use AWT). [4 M]
Ans. Refer to Program 4.40.
 Bibliography
1. https://www.tutorialspoint.com

2. https://www.javatpoint.com

(B.1)