CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION TO DTMF... ..2 2. INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLERS..
3. FEASIBILITY 8 4. BLOCK DIAGRAM
5. APPLICATIONS.. 10
1. INTRODUCTION TO DTMF TECHNOLOGY:
DTMF tones are entered via the telephone keypad. Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF) is used for telecommunication signaling over analog telephone lines in the voice-frequency band between telephone handsets and other communications devices and the switching center. The version of DTMF that is used in push-button telephones for tone dialing is known as Touch-Tone. It was developed by Western Electric and first used by the Bell System in commerce, using that name as a registered trademark. DTMF is standardized by ITU-T Recommendation Q.23.
1.1. Multi frequency signaling:
Prior to the development of DTMF, automated telephone systems employed pulse dialing (Dial Pulse or DP in the U.S.) or loop disconnect (LD) signaling to dial numbers. It functions by rapidly disconnecting and re-connecting the calling party's telephone line, similar to flicking a light switch on and off. The repeated interruptions of the line, as the dial spins, sounds like a series of clicks. The exchange equipment interprets these dial pulses to determine the dialed number. Loop disconnect range was restricted by telegraphic distortion and other technical problems, and placing calls over longer distances required either operator assistance (operators used an earlier kind of multi-frequency dial) or the provision of subscriber trunk dialing equipment.
The following are the frequencies used for the DTMF (dual-tone, multi-frequency) system, which is also referred to as tone dialing. The signal is encoded as a pair of sinusoidal (sine wave) tones from the table below which are mixed with each other. DTMF is used by most PSTN (public switched telephone networks) systems for number dialing, and is also used for voice-response systems such as telephone banking and sometimes over private radio networks to provide signaling and transferring of small amounts of data.
1.2. Diagram for Frequency Allocations to Different Keys for DTMF:
1.3. DTMF Encoding and Decoding: a. Encoding: The DTMF encoding program implemented on the TMS320C25 used two look up tables. One to determine which key was pressed on the keyboard, and hence, which tones to generate, and secondly, a look up table of sine values required to synthesize the necessary frequencies, but was modified slightly for the TMS320C25. It was also necessary to replicate the generation section of code in order to produce two sine waves. These two waves were then added together, and sent to the analog interface circuit ready for transmission. b. Decoding: Decoding DTMF tones involves the detection of two specific frequencies. As the DTMF encoding scheme uses a 4x4 frequency matrix, the detector need only search for these eight particular tones. The correct detection of a valid DTMF digit must ensure that there is a minimum energy value at both of the required frequencies. If for example, the detector only sends an energy peak at one of the required frequencies, the tone received was not a valid DTMF digit. The detection of a single frequency could be caused by a multitude of occurrences, ranging from human speech through to random noise. In this particular application, the Goertzel algorithm was used for detection.
2. INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLERS:
2.1. WHAT IS A MICROCONTROLLER: A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated C, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications.
2.2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
BASIC PERIPHERALS IN A MICROCONTROLLER: I/O ports. Interfacing with LCD Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) USART Timers/Counters Interrupts I2C SPI
2.3.
USES OF MICROCONTROLLERS:
Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems.
2.4.
ABOUT AVR ATMEGA 8L:
a. I/O and Packages: 23 Programmable I/O Lines, 28-lead PDIP b. Operating Voltages: 2.7V - 5.5V (ATmega8L) 4.5V - 5.5V (ATmega8) c. Power Consumption: At 4 MHz, 3V, 25C: Active: 3.6mA Idle Mode: 1.0mA Power-down Mode: 0.5A
2.5.
PIN DIAGRAM :
3. FEASIBILITY:
Its based on recognizing the multi tones of the keys of the mobile and decoding it further and using the microcontroller to control the robot motors. Based on the keys pressed on the mobile the microcontroller will instruct the robot accordingly to move left, right, forward backward.
4. BLOCK DIAGRAM:
ROBOT MOTORS
MICRONTROLLER CIRCUIT
DTMF ENCODER CIRCUIT
MOBILE TONES
DTMF CONTROLLED ROBOT
5. APPLICATIONS:
The main applications of DTMF controlled robot is for security purpose and automation purpose. This can automate the functioning of the robot to a great extent with same accuracy as that of a wired robot.
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