2019年高新“标杆课程”项目

无线传感器网络
Wireless Sensor Networks

Xiaolong Zheng（郑霄龙）
Course Information
• Instructor: Xiaolong Zheng
• Office: Room 632, Building #3, main campus
• Email: zhengxiaolong@bupt.edu.cn
• Please use prefix: WSN-course in your email subject for expedited
response
• Lecture time and room
• Tues. 8-9, 14:45-16:25 Week 1-16
• Room: Jiao 4 Building 202, main campus
基本情况
参考教材
学分学时：2学分32学时

授课语言：英语

先修课程：计算机网络

面向专业：物联网工程、网络工程、
计算机科学与技术
课程大纲
序号 教学内容 学时分配
1 无线传感器网络概述 2
基本概念
2 无线传感器网络应用 2
3 无线传感器网络硬件平台 2
软硬平台
4 无线传感器网络操作系统 2
5 无线传感器网络MAC协议 6
6 无线传感器网络网络层协议 6 网络协议
7 无线传感器网络传输层协议 2
8 无线传感器网络定位技术 2
支撑技术
9 无线传感器网络同步技术 2
实验一：TinyOS安装 2
10 实验教学
实验二：nesC编程与Tossim仿真 2
课程目标
考核方式
• 实验
• 期末课程报告

能力目标
• 深刻理解无线传感器网络的基本原理
• 熟练应用无线传感器网络设计与实现中的关键技术
• 初步掌握进行前沿领域研究的科学方法
课程QQ群
 Chapter I
Motivation for a Network of
Wireless Sensor Nodes
Outline
• Definitions and background
• Challenges and constraints
• Overview of topics covered
Example
• Estimate the canopy closure
• Definition: the percentage of ground area vertically
shaded by overhead foliage.
• A widely-used indicator of the forest condition and has
many significant uses in ecosystem management and
disaster forecast.
How?
Sensing and Sensors
• Sensing: technique to gather information about physical objects
or areas
• Sensor (transducer): object performing a sensing task; converting
one form of energy in the physical world into electrical energy
• Examples of sensors from biology: the human body
• eyes: capture optical information (light)
• ears: capture acoustic information (sound)
• nose: captures olfactory information (smell)
• skin: captures tactile information (shape, texture)
Sensing (Data Acquisition)
• Sensors capture phenomena in the physical world (process, system, plant)
• Signal conditioning prepare captured signals for further use (amplification (放
大), attenuation (衰减), filtering of unwanted frequencies...)
• Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) translates analog signal into digital signal
• Digital signal is processed and output is often given (via digital-analog
converter and signal conditioner) to an actuator (device able to control the
physical world)
Sensor Classifications
• Physical
property to
be monitored
determines
type of
required 机械的

sensor
电磁的

辐射
Other Classifications
• Power supply:

• active sensors require external power, i.e., they emit energy

(microwaves, light, sound) to trigger response or detect change in
energy of transmitted signal (e.g., electromagnetic proximity sensor)

• passive sensors detect energy in the environment and derive their

power from this energy input (e.g., passive infrared (红外) sensor)
Other Classifications
Electrical phenomenon:
• resistive sensors (电阻式传感器) use changes in electrical resistivity (ρ)
based on physical properties such as temperature (resistance R = ρ*l/A)
• capacitive sensors (电容式传感器) use changes in capacitor dimensions or
permittivity (电容率) (ε) based on physical properties (capacitance C = ε*A/d)
• inductive sensors (电感式传感器) rely on the principle of inductance（感应系
数）(electromagnetic force is induced by fluctuating current)
• piezoelectric sensors（压电传感器）rely on materials (crystals, ceramics)
that generate a displacement of charges in response to mechanical
deformation
Example
• Estimate the canopy closure
• Definition: the percentage of ground area vertically
shaded by overhead foliage.
• A widely-used indicator of the forest condition and has
many significant uses in ecosystem management and
disaster forecast.
• Method
• Mirror/Camera based
• Field measurement

Why need a sensor network?

Example
• Why need a wireless sensor network?
Example - Canopy Closure Estimation
• GreenOrbs GreenOrbs
• Since 2009
• More than 1000 nodes
• Last for more than 1 year
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
• Multiple sensors form a
network to cooperatively
monitor large or complex
physical environments
• Acquired information is
wirelessly communicated to a
base station (BS), which
propagates the information to
remote devices for storage,
analysis, and processing
History of Wireless Sensor Networks
• DARPA:
• Distributed Sensor Nets Workshop (1978)
• Distributed Sensor Networks (DSN) program (early 1980s)
• Sensor Information Technology (SensIT) program
History of Wireless Sensor Networks
• UCLA and Rockwell Science Center
• Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WINS)
• Low Power Wireless Integrated Microsensor (LWIM) (1996)
• UC-Berkeley
• Smart Dust project (1999)
• concept of “motes”: extremely small sensor nodes
• Berkeley Wireless Research Center (BWRC)
• PicoRadio project (2000)
• MIT
• μAMPS (micro-Adaptive Multidomain Power-aware Sensors) (2005)
History of Wireless Sensor Networks
Commercial efforts
• Crossbow (www.xbow.com)
• Sensoria (www.sensoria.com)
• Worldsens (worldsens.citi.insa-lyon.fr)
• Dust Networks (www.dustnetworks.com)
• Ember Corporation (www.ember.com)
WSN Communication
• Characteristics of typical WSN:
• low data rates
• energy-constrained sensors
• IEEE 802.11 family of standards
• most widely used WLAN protocols for wireless communications in general
• can be found in early sensor networks or sensors networks without stringent
energy constraints
• IEEE 802.15.4 is an example for a protocol that has been designed
specifically for short-range communications in WSNs
• low data rates
• low power consumption
• widely used in academic and commercial WSN solutions
Single-Hop versus Multi-Hop
• Star topology
• every sensor communicates directly (single-hop) with
the base station
• may require large transmit powers and may be
infeasible in large geographic areas
• Mesh topology
• sensors serve as relays (forwarders) for other sensor
nodes (multi-hop)
• may reduce power consumption and allows for larger
coverage
• introduces the problem of routing
Outline
• Definitions and background
• Challenges and constraints
• Overview of topics covered
Challenges in WSNs: Energy
• Sensors typically powered through batteries
• replace battery when depleted
• recharge battery, e.g., using solar power
• discard sensor node when battery depleted
• For batteries that cannot be recharged, sensor node should be able to
operate during its entire mission time or until battery can be replaced
• Energy efficiency is affected by various aspects of sensor node/network
design
Challenges in WSNs: Energy
• Physical layer:
• switching and leakage energy of CMOS-based processors

• Medium access control layer:

• contention-based strategies lead to energy-costly collisions
• problem of idle listening
• Network layer:
• responsible for finding energy-efficient routes
Challenges in WSNs: Energy
• Operating system:
• small memory footprint and efficient task switching
• Security:
• fast and simple algorithms for encryption (加密), authentication（认
证）, etc.
• Middleware:
• in-network processing of sensor data can eliminate redundant data or
aggregate sensor readings
Challenges in WSNs: Self-Management
Ad-hoc deployment
• many sensor networks are deployed “without design”
• sensors dropped from airplanes (battlefield assessment)
• sensors placed wherever currently needed (tracking patients in disaster
zone)
• moving sensors (robot teams exploring unknown terrain)
• sensor node must have some or all of the following abilities
• determine its location
• determine identity of neighboring nodes
• configure node parameters
• discover route(s) to base station
• initiate sensing responsibility
Challenges in WSNs: Self-Management
Unattended operation
• once deployed, WSN must operate without human intervention
• device adapts to changes in topology, density, and traffic load
• device adapts in response to failures
Other terminology
• self-organization is the ability to adapt configuration parameters based on
system and environmental state
• self-optimization is the ability to monitor and optimize the use of the limited
system resources
• self-protection is the ability recognize and protect from intrusions and attacks
• self-healing is the ability to discover, identify, and react to network disruptions
Challenges in WSNs: Wireless Networks
• Attenuation（衰减）
• limits radio range

• Multi-hop communication
• increased latency
• increased failure/error probability
• complicated by use of duty cycles
Challenges in WSNs: Decentralization
Centralized management (e.g., at the base station) of the network often not
feasible due to large scale of network and energy constraints
Example: routing
⚫ Centralized:
⚫ BS collects information from all sensor nodes
⚫ BS establishes “optimal” routes (e.g., in terms of energy)
⚫ BS informs all sensor nodes of routes
⚫ can be expensive, especially when the topology changes frequently
⚫ Decentralized:
⚫ each sensor makes routing decisions based on limited local information
⚫ routes may be non-optimal, but route establishment/management can be much cheaper
Challenges in WSNs: Design Constraints
⚫ Many hardware and software limitations affect the overall system design
⚫ Examples include:
• Low processing speeds (to save energy)
• Low storage capacities (to allow for small form factor and to save energy)
• Lack of I/O components such as GPS receivers (reduce cost, size, energy)
• Lack of software features such as multi-threading (reduce software
complexity)
Challenges in WSNs: Security
⚫ Sensor networks often monitor critical infrastructure or carry sensitive
information, making them desirable targets for attacks
⚫ Attacks may be facilitated by:
• remote and unattended operation
• wireless communication
• lack of advanced security features due to cost, form factor, or energy
⚫ Conventional security techniques often not feasible due to their
computational, communication, and storage requirements
⚫ As a consequence, sensor networks require new solutions for intrusion
detection, encryption, key establishment and distribution, node
authentication, and secrecy
Comparison
Outline
• Definitions and background
• Challenges and constraints
• Overview of topics covered
Overview of topics covered
Part One: Introduction
• 1 Motivation for a Network of Wireless Sensor Nodes
• 2 Applications
• 3 Node Architecture
• 4 Operating Systems
Part Two: Basic Architecture Framework
• 5 Physical Layer
• 6 Medium Access Control
• 7 Network Layer
Overview of topics covered
Part Three: Node and Network Management
• 8 Power Management
• 9 Time Synchronization
• 10 Localization
• 11 Coverage
Part Four: Other Specific Types of WSN
• 12 Multimedia Sensor Networks
• 13 Mobile Crowd-Sensing Networks