ASHRAE Certified HVAC

Designer (CHD) Study Guide

Welcome to the ASHRAE Certification Study Guide for Certified HVAC
Designers (CHD). This comprehensive guide will help you prepare for the CHD
certification exam by providing a framework to assess your knowledge and
create a customized study plan. The guide covers all four domains of the
exam, with practice questions, self-assessments, and resource
recommendations to ensure you're fully prepared.

The CHD certification validates your competency as an HVAC designer

working under the responsible charge of an engineer to design HVAC systems
that meet building requirements, including load calculations, equipment
selection, mechanical room design, and duct and piping layout for permit and
construction.

MY by Mohamed Yassein
How to Use This Study Guide
Self-Assessment Tools Practice Exam Questions Study Map
Each domain includes Quick Quizzes Test your knowledge with domain- Create a personalized study plan
and Self-assessments to help you specific practice questions that mirror based on your self-assessment
identify your strengths and the format and content of the actual results. The Study Map helps you
weaknesses. These tools will guide CHD exam. Answers include organize your preparation and focus
you to the specific ASHRAE resources references to help you locate relevant on areas where you need the most
you need to review. study materials. improvement.

The guide is organized by domains and tasks, matching the structure of the CHD certification exam. This approach allows you to
systematically review all the knowledge areas required for certification while focusing your efforts on the areas where you need the
most preparation.
CHD Exam Preparation Resources
Primary Publications Additional Resources
2019 ASHRAE Handbook4HVAC Applications Standard 90.1 User's Manual
2017 ASHRAE Handbook4Fundamentals ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 202, Commissioning Process

2016 ASHRAE Handbook4HVAC Systems & Equipment for Buildings and Systems
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 209, Energy Simulation Aided
Secondary Publications Design
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15, Safety Standard for ASHRAE Guideline 36, High-Performance Sequences of
Refrigeration Systems Operation for HVAC Systems
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55, Thermal Environmental Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning
Conditions for Human Occupancy Air-Conditioning Systems Design Manual, 3rd Edition
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1, Ventilation for Acceptable ASHRAE Learning Institute (ALI) courses
Indoor Air Quality
ASHRAE eLearning On Demand courses
ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1, Energy Standard for
CHD Practice Exam
Buildings
Domain 1: System Design Overview
Conceptualization
Begin with a blank canvas and develop abstract design intent into a solid foundation for your HVAC system design.

System Components
Break out your concept into individual segments that can be expanded upon later, identifying zones and equipment
locations.

Distribution Planning
Determine the best way to route supply and return ducts to effectively serve spaces while using the least amount of
energy.

Coordination
Identify potential interferences with other disciplines and plan for serviceability and noise considerations.

Domain 1 focuses on the art of HVAC design, involving conceptualization and higher-level design decisions. Your competency in these
skills will distinguish you as a master designer rather than an amateur. The tasks in this domain will test your ability to develop
concepts, identify room requirements, and create logical equipment and distribution layouts.
Domain 1: Tasks A-F Self-Assessment
Prepare HVAC Zoning Plans
Size Supply, Return, and
Create zoning layouts and sensor
Exhaust Ducts
locations according to building design
Determine appropriate duct dimensions
needs
based on airflow requirements and
space constraints
Prepare Control Sequences
Develop control sequences and
schematics for system operation
Differentiate HVAC System
Types
Design Ductwork and Piping
Select appropriate systems like VAV,
Plan shaft and ceiling space
VRF, radiant, or thermal storage
requirements for distribution systems

For each task, assess your confidence level and consult the recommended resources. For Task A, review the 2017 Fundamentals
Handbook, Chapter 21. For Task B, focus on the 2019 Applications Handbook, Chapter 48. Task C requires understanding of control
sequences found in the 2019 Applications Handbook, Chapter 43.
Domain 1: Tasks G-L Overview
Minimize Pressure Loss
Design duct and fluid systems to reduce power requirements

Select HVAC Equipment

Choose appropriate AHUs, fans, pumps, chillers based on calculations

Design Air Diffusion

Select proper air devices following codes and standards

Tasks G-L build upon the work done in Tasks A-F, narrowing in on the details that were left out earlier. These tasks are critical to carry
your design forward and ensure it meets the design intent. You'll refine duct and piping paths to minimize pressure loss, select
appropriate air distribution devices, and prepare detailed design documentation.

Your competency in these tasks will ensure you can properly communicate your design, which is paramount to ensuring that whoever
carries your design from paper to the real world will achieve the goals you set from the beginning.
Domain 1: Tasks M-R Overview

Renovation Challenges System Evaluation Technology Integration

Renovations are often more complicated Your ability to investigate and audit Recommending integration of new
than new construction projects. Designers existing system designs, evaluate technologies to increase efficiency and
frequently operate with poor as-built equipment, and determine capacities effectiveness of HVAC systems requires
documentation and limited access to using supporting documentation is crucial understanding both existing conditions
existing distribution systems. for project success. and current innovations.

Tasks M-R evaluate your understanding of design functionality and designs affecting existing buildings. Due to the nature of
renovations, an HVAC designer relies heavily on effective coordination and communication. Proper focus on these skills will pay
dividends throughout the project lifecycle.
Domain 1: Tasks S-Z Overview

Design for System Balancing Prepare Flow Diagrams

Create systems with appropriate balancing dampers, Develop ductwork and piping flow diagrams that clearly
valves, and self-balancing control valves to ensure proper convey design intent, including primary/secondary
distribution of air and water throughout the building. systems, pumping arrangements, and distribution
networks.

Select Major Components Design Safety Systems

Size and select expansion tanks, heat exchangers, air Incorporate leak detection systems and other safety
handlers, boiler plants, pumps, valves, fans, and other features to protect equipment, building occupants, and the
critical system components based on calculated environment.
requirements.

Tasks S-Z round out the rest of the design by providing needed detail. At this point, you incorporate calculations and integrate them
into your design. These final touches complete your design's journey from abstract intent to a tangible, workable product.
Domain 1: Practice Exam Sample Questions
1. Which design method should be used to size ducts downstream of terminal boxes, toilet exhaust ducts, and other low-pressure
systems?

A. Equal friction method

B. Static friction method
C. Static regain method

2. For duct sizing, the static regain method should be avoided for:

A. Positive-pressure duct systems

B. Negative-pressure systems
C. Low-pressure duct systems

3. Which statement is MOST accurate regarding the task of sequencing heating and cooling?

A. Central fan systems should not use cool outdoor air in sequence between heating and cooling
B. Heating and cooling should be supplied simultaneously for humidity control
C. Zoning and system selection should eliminate, or at least minimize, simultaneous heating and cooling

The practice exam questions test your knowledge of key concepts in system design. For example, question 1 tests your understanding
of duct sizing methods, where the equal friction method (answer A) is typically used for low-pressure systems. Question 3 addresses
the important principle of minimizing simultaneous heating and cooling (answer C) to improve energy efficiency.
Domain 2: Design Calculations Overview
Energy Requirements
Calculate how much energy to add or remove from spaces

Ventilation Needs
Determine fresh air and exhaust requirements

Distribution Sizing
Size ducts and pipes to carry heating and cooling mediums

Component Selection
Choose system components to suit unique demands

If Domain 1 is the art of HVAC, then Domain 2 is certainly the science. The skills tested under this domain ensure that your design
achieves its goals through accurate calculations. While Domain 1 builds a solid foundation for your design, those efforts are wasted if
your calculations are inaccurate or based on incorrect assumptions.
Domain 2: Design Calculations Self-Assessment

10 25%
Key Tasks Exam Weight
Total number of tasks to master in Domain 2 Approximate percentage of exam questions from this domain

3 5
Critical Formulas Key Resources
Essential calculation types: load, flow, and pressure Primary handbook chapters needed for study

For each task in Domain 2, assess your confidence level and consult the recommended resources. Task A requires understanding of
HVAC system requirements found in the 2017 Fundamentals Handbook, Chapters 21 and 22. Task F focuses on heat load calculations
for individual spaces, covered in Chapters 17 and 18 of the same handbook.
Domain 2: Calculation Types and Methods
Load Calculations Flow and Pressure Calculations
Heat gain and loss calculations determine the amount of Distribution system calculations determine the size of ducts and
heating or cooling required for each space. These calculations pipes and the capacity of fans and pumps:
account for:
Duct sizing using equal friction, static regain, or velocity
Conduction through building envelope methods
Solar radiation through glazing Pipe sizing based on flow rates and allowable pressure drop
Internal heat gains from people, lights, and equipment Fan and pump head calculations
Ventilation and infiltration loads System effect factors and component pressure losses
Heat storage effects in building mass Critical path analysis for complex systems

Accurate calculations are the foundation of successful HVAC design. The formulas and methods used must account for all factors
affecting system performance, from building orientation and construction to occupancy patterns and equipment selection.
Understanding the relationships between these variables is essential for creating efficient, effective systems.
Domain 2: Practice Exam Sample Questions
1. A louver is rated to resist water penetration for velocities up to 1000 fpm (5.1 m/s) and has 70% free area. What is the
maximum airflow that can flow through a louver with an overall area of 12 ft² (1.11 m²)?

A. 3600 cfm (102 m³/min)

B. 8400 cfm (238 m³/min)
C. 12,000 cfm (340 m³/min)

2. An existing building is served by a chiller plant operating at delta T 10F (5.56 C) with total chilled water flow 700 U.S. gpm
(44.16 L/s). The building owner decides to replace the chiller plant with a new high-performance chiller plant, while maintaining
the same total cooling capacity. The new chiller plant will operate at delta T 14F (7.78 C). What is the TOTAL chilled water flow of
the new pump(s)?

A. 500 U.S. gpm (31.55 L/s)

B. 700 U.S. gpm (61.83 L/s)
C. 980 U.S. gpm (44.16 L/s)

The practice exam questions test your ability to perform calculations essential to HVAC design. Question 1 requires calculating the
maximum airflow through a louver based on its free area and velocity rating. Question 2 tests your understanding of the relationship
between flow rate and temperature difference in a chilled water system when maintaining the same cooling capacity.
Domain 2: Common HVAC Design Formulas
120

80

40

0
Cooling Load Heating Load Airflow Duct Sizing Pipe Sizing Pump Head Fan Pressure

Key formulas you should know include:

Sensible Heat: Hs = 1.085 × CFM × —T (I-P) or Hs = cp à q —T (SI)

Latent Heat: HL = 0.68 × CFM × —WGR (I-P) or HL = c1 à q —W (SI)

Water Flow: GPM = (H × 24)/—T (I-P) or q = H/(Ã × cp × —T) (SI)

Air Change Rate: ACH = (CFM × 60)/V (I-P) or ACH = (q × 3600)/V (SI)

Velocity: V = Q/A (both I-P and SI)

These formulas form the foundation of HVAC calculations and are essential for accurate system design.
Domain 3: Procedural Overview

Code Compliance Documentation Review Field Verification Consultant-Contractor

Analyze buildings, designs, Review shop drawings and Perform field investigations to Interaction
and HVAC plans for equipment submittals to verify verify as-built conditions, Review and respond to
compliance with applicable compliance with contract create punch lists, and requests for information (RFIs)
codes, standards, and documents and design intent document quality control and coordinate with authorities
regulations to ensure safety before installation begins. measures throughout having jurisdiction for permit
and performance. construction. applications.

Domain 3 focuses on the procedures that HVAC designers execute to take their designs from paper to reality. The procedural work in
this domain is paramount to achieving the goals set out in Domains 1 and 2. Carefully following proper procedures ensures your
design will be built to your specifications.
Domain 3: Procedural Self-Assessment
Code Compliance Tasks Documentation Tasks Field Verification Tasks
Analyze buildings for compliance Review shop drawings and Verify and document as-built field
with codes and standards equipment submittals conditions

Apply Building Information Interpret design documents during Perform periodic field
Modeling (BIM) standards bidding/tender investigations
Review and comply with HVAC Prepare HVAC documentation for Review and respond to Requests
codes and standards building permits for Information (RFI)
Incorporate field "as-built"
documents into final documents

For each task in Domain 3, assess your confidence level and consult the recommended resources. Task A requires understanding of
code compliance found in the 2017 Fundamentals Handbook, Chapter 40. Tasks C through K focus on construction phase activities
covered in the 2019 Applications Handbook, Chapter 44.
Domain 3: Construction Documentation

Shop Drawings As-Built Documentation RFI Process

Shop drawings provide detailed As-built drawings document the actual Requests for Information provide a formal
information about equipment and systems installation, including any field process for contractors to seek
to be installed. They translate design modifications from the original design. clarification on design documents. Timely
intent into specific installation details and These records are essential for future and accurate responses to RFIs help
must be carefully reviewed for compliance maintenance, troubleshooting, and prevent construction delays and ensure
with specifications and coordination with renovations. proper system installation.
other trades.

Proper documentation throughout the construction process is essential for successful project completion. The HVAC designer plays a
critical role in reviewing submittals, responding to field questions, and ensuring that the installed systems match the design intent.
Domain 3: Practice Exam Sample Questions
1. Which of the following is developed with the help of users, occupants, and owners?

A. Basis of design (BOD)

B. Current facility requirements (CFR)
C. Existing building commissioning (EBCx) process

2. What is the building design and documentation methodology that relies on the creation and collection of interrelated,
computable information about a building project that is a reliable, coordinated, and internally consistent digital representation of
the building?

A. Building information management (BIM)

B. Building information modeling (BIM)
C. Computer-aided design (CAD) systems

3. In a situation of disputes or ambiguities, the highest priority document to refer to is which of the following?

A. Contract
B. Project manual
C. Drawings

The practice exam questions test your understanding of procedural aspects of HVAC design. Question 1 addresses the development
of facility requirements documents. Question 2 tests your knowledge of Building Information Modeling (BIM). Question 3 examines
your understanding of contract document hierarchy in resolving disputes.
Domain 4: Coordination Overview
Design Team Coordination
Collaborate with architects, structural designers,
plumbing designers, and electrical designers
throughout all design phases Structural Coordination
Coordinate with structural engineers for equipment
support, duct and pipe runs, anchorage, and seismic
Electrical Coordination requirements
Work with electrical designers on power requirements,
controls, and space needs for mechanical equipment
Plumbing Coordination
Coordinate domestic water and waste requirements
with plumbing designers
Acoustical Coordination
Work with acoustical engineers on equipment selection
and distribution design to meet sound requirements

An HVAC designer does not exist in a vacuum. Your work affects, and is affected by, every system and assembly in the building.
Domain 4 measures your ability to coordinate with other individuals or teams and ensure your design meets the conditions presented.
Domain 4: Coordination Tasks A-J
Design Development Tasks Architectural Coordination Tasks
Assist in the development of the basis of design (BOD) Analyze architectural plans, sections, and elevations for
Review HVAC drawings with Commissioning Authority (CxA) HVAC design

Coordinate space requirements for HVAC equipment Comply with client specifications and performance
requirements
Modify HVAC design documents based on team reviews
Collaborate in the development of HVAC systems and design
Coordinate systems expansion compensation design with
parameters
structural engineer
Review architectural life safety plan relative to mechanical
plan
Coordinate with life safety engineer for smoke management
systems

For each task in Domain 4, assess your confidence level and consult the recommended resources. Task A requires understanding of
basis of design development found in the 2019 Applications Handbook, Chapters 44 and 60. Tasks I and J focus on life safety
coordination covered in Chapters 44 and 54 of the same handbook.
Domain 4: Coordination Tasks K-U

Tasks K-U focus on coordination with specific disciplines and stakeholders. These tasks include coordinating with electrical designers
on power requirements, structural engineers on support and seismic needs, plumbing designers on water and waste requirements,
acoustical engineers on sound control, and energy modelers on system performance.

Additional tasks involve coordinating with civil engineers on site utilities, vendors on equipment schedules, and reviewing drawings to
identify potential obstructions that may impact the HVAC system installation.
Domain 4: Interdisciplinary Coordination
Structural
Architectural Coordinate equipment weights, support
requirements, penetrations, and seismic
Coordinate ceiling heights, equipment
restraints
locations, shaft spaces, and aesthetic
concerns
Electrical
Coordinate power requirements,
control systems, lighting integration,
and emergency power
Fire Protection
Plumbing
Coordinate smoke control, fire dampers,
and equipment shutdown sequences Coordinate water supply, drainage, and
space requirements for mechanical
equipment

Effective coordination requires understanding the needs and constraints of each discipline. The HVAC designer must be able to
communicate technical requirements clearly and work collaboratively to resolve conflicts. Building Information Modeling (BIM) has
become an essential tool for identifying and resolving interdisciplinary clashes before construction begins.
Domain 4: Practice Exam Sample Questions
1. What is the document that records the concepts, calculations, decisions, and product selections used to meet the owner's
project requirements (OPR)?

A. Basis of design (BOD)

B. Current facility requirements (CFR)
C. Systems manual

2. When is the MOST appropriate time to begin the commissioning process on a project?

A. Commissioning is unnecessary if the designer has completed their work properly

B. During the predesign phase, when the scope and intent have been established
C. When the project is completed and performance needs to be verified

3. When coordinating with architectural members of the design team, what relevant information should the HVAC designer
provide as it relates to HVAC equipment placement?

A. Equipment tonnage
B. Power and voltage requirements
C. Service clearances and clearance to combustibles

The practice exam questions test your understanding of coordination aspects of HVAC design. Question 1 addresses documentation
of design decisions. Question 2 examines the timing of commissioning activities. Question 3 tests your knowledge of critical
information needed for equipment placement coordination with architects.
Creating Your CHD Certification Study Map

Self-Assessment Prioritize Topics Create Schedule Practice Questions

Complete the self- Focus on areas where you Develop a 6-week study plan Test your knowledge with
assessments for all domains have the least confidence with specific domains and practice questions after
to identify your strengths and highest exam weight tasks for each week studying each domain
and weaknesses

After completing your self-assessments for all domains, use the Task Notes section to record which topics need the most attention.
Then create a weekly study schedule leading up to your exam date. The suggested 6-week schedule can be adjusted based on your
timeline and needs.

Remember to balance your study time according to the exam weight of each domain: Domain 1 (40%), Domain 2 (25%), Domain 3
(15%), and Domain 4 (20%).
Common HVAC Design Formulas
Cooling & Heating Equations (SI) Cooling & Heating Equations (I-P)
Sensible Heat: Hs = cp à q —T Sensible Heat: Hs = 1.085 × CFM × —T

Latent Heat: HL = c1 à q —W Latent Heat: HL = 0.68 × CFM × —WGR = 4840 × CFM × —WLB

Total Heat: HT = à q —h Total Heat: HT = 4.5 × CFM × —h

Sensible Heat Ratio: SHR = Hs / HT Sensible Heat Ratio: SHR = Hs / HT

Where: Where:

Hs = Sensible Heat (kW) Hs = Sensible Heat (Btu/hr)

HL = Latent Heat (kW) HL = Latent Heat (Btu/hr)

HT = Total Heat (kW) HT = Total Heat (Btu/hr)

—T = Temperature Difference (°K) —T = Temperature Difference (°F)

q = Air Volume Flow (m³/s) —WGR = Humidity Ratio Difference (Gr.H2O/Lb.DA)

à = Density of Air (1.202 kg/m³) —WLB = Humidity Ratio Difference (Lb.H2O/Lb.DA)

cp = Specific Heat of Air (1.0 kJ/kg·K) —h = Enthalpy Difference (Btu/Lb.DA)

c1 = Air Latent Factor (typically 3010) CFM = Air Flow Rate (Cubic Feet per Minute)

—W = Humidity Ratio Difference (kg water/kg dry air)

—h = Enthalpy Difference (kJ/kg)

Thermal Resistance and Water System Equations
Thermal Resistance Values Water System Equations
Thermal Value (R-Value): R = t / k For SI:

Thermal Transmittance (U-Value): U = 1 / £R H = à · q · cp · —T

Where: q (Evap) = H / (à · cp · —T)

For SI: Where:

k = Thermal Conductivity (W/(m·K)) H = Total Heat (kW)

R = Thermal Resistance ((m²·K)/W) q = Water Flow Rate (m³/s)

U = Thermal Transmittance (W/(m²·K)) Ã = Density of Water (997 kg/m³)

t = Thickness (m) cp = Specific Heat of Water (4.187 kJ/kg·K)

£R = Sum of Individual R-Values —T = Temperature Difference (°K)

For I-P: For I-P:

k = Thermal Conductivity (Btu/hr·ft·°F) H = (GPM · —T) / 24

R = Thermal Resistance (hr·ft²·°F/Btu) GPM (Evap) = (H · 24) / —T

U = Thermal Transmittance (Btu/hr·ft²·°F) GPM (Cond) = (H · 30) / —T

t = Thickness (ft) Where:

H = Total Heat (Tons of Refrigerant)

—T = Temperature Difference (°F)

GPM = Water Flow Rate (Gallons per Minute)

Air Change Rate and Mixed Air Temperature
Air Change Rate Equations Mixed Air Temperature
For SI: TMA = (TRA · (QRA/QSA)) + TOA · (QOA/QSA)

ACH = (q · 3600) / V Where:

Where: For SI:

ACH = Air Change Rate per Hour QSA = Supply Air (L/s)

q = Air Volume Flow (m³/s) QRA = Return Air (L/s)

V = Space Volume (m³) QOA = Outside Air (L/s)

For I-P: TMA = Mixed Air Temperature (°C)

ACH = (CFM · 60) / V TRA = Return Air Temperature (°C)

Where: TOA = Outside Air Temperature (°C)

ACH = Air Change Rate per Hour For I-P:

CFM = Air Volume Flow (cubic feet per minute) QSA = Supply Air (CFM)

V = Space Volume (ft³) QRA = Return Air (CFM)

QOA = Outside Air (CFM)

TMA = Mixed Air Temperature (°F)

TRA = Return Air Temperature (°F)

TOA = Outside Air Temperature (°F)

Ductwork and Fan Equations
Ductwork Equations Fan Affinity Laws
Total Pressure: pt = ps + pv Flow Rate: Q1 = Q2 · (N1/N2)

Where: Static Pressure: P1 = P2 · (N1/N2)²

pt = Total Pressure (Pa) Electrical Power: W1 = W2 · (N1/N2)³

ps = Static Pressure (Pa) Where:

pv = Velocity Pressure (Pa) For SI:

Velocity: v = Q / A Q = Volumetric Flow Rate (m³/s)

Where: N = Rotational Speed, RPM

For SI: P = Static Pressure (Pa)

v = Fluid Mean Velocity (m/s) W = Electrical Power (W)

Q = Volumetric Flow Rate (m³/s) For I-P:

A = Cross-Sectional Area of Duct (m²) Q = Volumetric Flow Rate (CFM)

For I-P: N = Rotational Speed, RPM

v = Fluid Mean Velocity (FPM) P = Static Pressure (in.wg)

Q = Volumetric Flow Rate (CFM) W = Electrical Power (W)

A = Cross-Sectional Area of Duct (ft²)

Pump Equations and NPSH Calculations
Pump Affinity Laws Pump Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
Flow Rate: Q1 = Q2 · (N1/N2) NPSHAVAIL = HA ± HS - HF - HVP

Pump Head: P1 = P2 · (N1/N2)² Where:

Electrical Power: W1 = W2 · (N1/N2)³ For SI:

Where: NPSHAVAIL = Net Positive Suction Available (m)

For SI: NPSHREQ'D = Net Positive Suction Required (m)

Q = Volumetric Flow Rate (m³/s) HA = Pressure at Liquid Surface (m)

N = Rotational Speed, RPM HS = Height of Liquid Surface Above/Below Pump (m)

P = Pump Head (bar) HF = Friction Loss between Pump and Source (m)

W = Electrical Power (W) HVP = Absolute Pressure of Water Vapor (m)

For I-P: For I-P:

Q = Volumetric Flow Rate (GPM) NPSHAVAIL = Net Positive Suction Available (ft)

N = Rotational Speed, RPM NPSHREQ'D = Net Positive Suction Required (ft)

P = Static Pressure (ft.wg) HA = Pressure at Liquid Surface (ft)

W = Electrical Power (W) HS = Height of Liquid Surface Above/Below Pump (ft)

HF = Friction Loss between Pump and Source (ft)

HVP = Absolute Pressure of Water Vapor (ft)

NPSHAVAIL > NPSHREQ'D

Cooling Tower and Efficiency Equations
Cooling Tower Equations Efficiency Equations
Cycles of Concentration: C = (E + D + B) / (D + B) For SI:

Blowdown: B = (E - ((C - 1) · D)) / (C - 1) Coefficient of Performance (COP):

For SI: COP = Total Cooling Capacity (W) / (Compressor Input Power
(W) + Condenser Fan Input Power (W))
Evaporation: E = 0.00153 · R · m
Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER):
Drift: D = 0.0002 · m
EER = Net Cooling Capacity (W) · 3.413 / Total Input Power (W)
For I-P:
For I-P:
Evaporation: E = GPM (Cond) · R · 0.00085
Coefficient of Performance (COP):
Drift: D = 0.0002 · GPM (Cond)
COP = Total Cooling Capacity (BTU/h) / ((Compressor (W) +
Range: R = EWT - LWT
Condenser Fan (W)) · 3.413)
Where:
Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER):
m = Circulating Cooling Water (m³/hr)
EER = Net Cooling Capacity (BTU/h) / Total Input Power (W)
B = Blowdown (m³/hr or GPM)
Cooling Towers and Heat Exchangers:
C = Cycles of Concentration
APPROACH (COOLING TOWER) = LWT - AWB
D = Drift (m³/hr or GPM)
APPROACH (HEAT EXCHANGER) = EWTHS - LWTCS
E = Evaporation (m³/hr or GPM)
RANGE = EWT - LWT
EWT = Entering Water Temperature (°C or °F)

LWT = Leaving Water Temperature (°C or °F)

R = Range (°C or °F)

Key HVAC Terminology: A-C
Acceptable indoor air quality Air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful
concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and
with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people
exposed do not express dissatisfaction.

Air changes Expression of the amount of air movement or air leakage into
or out of a building in terms of the number of building volumes
or room volumes exchanged.

Air conditioning The process of treating air to meet the requirements of a

conditioned space by controlling its temperature, humidity,
cleanliness, and distribution.

Air economizer A duct and damper arrangement and automatic control

system that together allow a cooling system to supply outdoor
air to reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical cooling
during mild or cold weather.

Approach In a water cooling tower, the difference between the average

temperature of the circulating water leaving the device and the
average wet-bulb temperature of the entering air. In heat
exchangers, the temperature difference between the leaving
fluids.

Basis of design (BOD) A document that records the concepts, calculations, decisions,
and product selections used to meet the owner's project
requirements and to satisfy applicable regulatory
requirements, standards, and guidelines.
Key HVAC Terminology: B-C
Blowdown Discharge of water from a steam boiler or open recirculating
system that contains high total dissolved solids; the addition
of makeup water will reduce the concentration of dissolved
solids to minimize their precipitation.

Breathing zone The region within an occupied space between planes 3 and 72
in. (75 and 1800 mm) above the floor and more than 2 ft (600
mm) from the walls or fixed air-conditioning equipment.

Bypass factor The percentage of the air that does not come into contact with
the coil; the remaining air is assumed to exit the coil at the
average coil temperature.

Capacity Measure of the maximum amount of energy or material that

may be stored in a given system. The rate of heat removal by
the refrigerant used in the compressor or condensing unit in a
refrigerating system.

Cavitation Formation by mechanical forces of vapor in liquids;

specifically, the formation of vapor cavities in the interior or on
the solid boundaries of liquids in motion, where the pressure is
reduced to a critical value without a change in ambient
temperature.

Coefficient of performance (COP) Ratio of the rate of net heat output to the total energy input
expressed in consistent units and under designated rating
conditions. Ratio of the refrigerating capacity to the work
absorbed by the compressor per unit time.
Key HVAC Terminology: C-D
Compression tank Pneumatic cushioning device, operating at system pressure,
that absorbs fluid expansion as a result of temperature
change and prevents unnecessary periodic operation of the
relief valve.

Cooling design temperature The outdoor dry-bulb temperature equal to the temperature
that is exceeded by 1% of the number of hours during a typical
weather year.

Cooling design wet bulb temperature The outdoor wet-bulb temperature equal to the temperature
that exceeds a stated number of hours during a typical
weather year. The value is normally stated as a percent.

Daily range Difference between high and low temperatures for a typical
day. Used in HVAC load calculations.

Degree day (Kelvin-day) The difference in temperature between the outdoor mean
temperature over a 24-hour period and a given base
temperature, used in estimating heating and cooling energy
use.

Dew-point temperature Temperature of moist air saturated at pressure p, with the

same humidity ratio W as that of the given sample of moist air.
Key HVAC Terminology: D-E
Direct digital control (DDC) A type of control where controlled and monitored analog or
binary data are converted to digital format for manipulation
and calculations by a digital computer or microprocessor, then
converted back to analog or binary form to control physical
devices.

Direct expansion (DX) refrigeration systems System in which the cooling effect is obtained directly from
the expansion of the liquid refrigerant into a vapor. Common
term applied to an air-conditioning or refrigeration system that
utilizes the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.

Displacement ventilation system A type of air-distribution system, used only for cooling
purposes, in which air at a temperature below room
temperature is supplied to the floor level at a low discharge
velocity and is returned near ceiling level.

Distribution system Conveying means, such as ducts, pipes, and wires, to bring
substances or energy from a source to the point of use. The
distribution system includes auxiliary equipment such as fans,
pumps, and transformers.

District cooling Concept of providing and distributing, from a central plant,

cooling energy to a surrounding area (district) of tenants or
clients (residences, commercial businesses, or institutional
sites).

Diversity factor Ratio, or percentage, obtained when the total output capacity
of a system is divided by the total output capacity of all the
terminal devices connected to the systems.
Key HVAC Terminology: D-E
Draft Current of air, when referring to pressure difference that
causes a current of air or gases to flow through a flue,
chimney, heater, or space. Also, the unwanted local cooling of
the body caused by air movement.

Drawdown Difference between the static water level and the active-
pumping water level.

Dry-bulb temperature (DBT) Temperature of air indicated by an ordinary thermometer

shielded from solar and long wave radiation. In general, any
thermometer that indicates the temperature of air (or other
fluids); distinguished from a wet-bulb thermometer.

Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Ratio of net cooling capacity in Btu/h to total rate of electric
input in watts under designated operating conditions. Ratio of
the net total cooling capacity to the effective power input at
any given set of rating conditions, in watts per watt.

Energy storage system System that has to be operated during on-peak as well as off-
peak periods. System wherein the load demand is met by a
combination of stored thermal energy and an energy
conversion device.

Enthalpy Thermodynamic quantity equal to the sum of the internal

energy of a system plus the product of the pressure volume
work done on the system. H = E + pv, where H = enthalpy or
total heat content, E = internal energy of the system, p =
pressure, and v = volume.
Key HVAC Terminology: E-F
Equilibrium The steady-state condition during which the fluctuations of
variables being measured remain within stated limits.

Eutectic Mixture of substances whose solid and liquid phases in

equilibrium have identical composition. Such a mixture has a
minimum freezing point.

Exfiltration Leakage of indoor air out of a building through similar types of

openings. Like natural ventilation, it is driven by natural and/or
artificial pressure differences.

Exhaust air Air that must be removed from a space due to contaminants,
regardless of pressurization.

Expansion tank Partially filled tank for the accommodation of volume

expansion of a fluid, typically water.

Face velocity The rate of air movement at the face of the device (airflow rate
divided by face area), expressed in m/s (fpm) to three
significant figures.
Key HVAC Terminology: F-H
Failsafe Position or mode of operation a controlled device takes on
removal of the control signal and/or power. To return to a
position that, on loss of control system power, allows the
controlled system to go to a safe mode.

Fan total efficiency The ratio of fan power output to fan power input.

Fenestration Commonly used to refer to any opening, usually glazed, in a

building envelope; windows. Examples include windows,
plastic panels, clerestories, skylights, glass doors that are
more than one-half glass, and glass block walls.

Free area Actual open area between the fins of a grille or register. Total
area through which air can pass in a grille, face, or register.

Friction loss Pressure loss due to friction between a flowing fluid and its
contact surface.

Global warming potential (GWP) An index developed to provide a simplified means of

describing the relative ability of a chemical compound to
affect radiative forcing, if emitted to the atmosphere, over its
lifetime in the atmosphere, and thereby to affect the global
climate.
Key HVAC Terminology: G-H
Gross floor area The sum of the floor areas of all the spaces within the building
with no deductions for floor penetrations other than atria.
Measured from the exterior faces of exterior walls or from the
centerline of walls separating buildings.

Heat capacity The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of a

given mass one degree; numerically, the mass multiplied by
the specific heat. The capacity of a body to store heat.

Heat gain (heat uptake) Quantity of heat absorbed by an enclosed space or system.

Heat index An index that combines air temperature and relative humidity
in an attempt to determine the human-perceived equivalent
temperature (how hot it feels, also termed the felt air
temperature).

Heat loss Energy required to warm outdoor air leaking in through cracks
and crevices around doors and windows, through open doors
and windows, and through porous building materials. Heat
transferred through confining walls, glass, ceilings, floors, or
other surfaces.

Heat pump Thermodynamic heating/refrigerating system to transfer heat.

The condenser and evaporator may change roles to transfer
heat in either direction. By receiving the flow of air or other
fluid, a heat pump is used to cool or heat.
Key HVAC Terminology: H-I
Humidifying effect Product of the mass of water evaporated times the latent heat
at the evaporating temperature.

Hydraulic diameter For a fully filled duct or pipe whose cross section is a regular
polygon, the hydraulic diameter is equivalent to the diameter
of a circle inscribed within the wetted perimeter. A commonly
used approximation is to take four times the flow area divided
by the perimeter of the solid boundary in contact with the fluid.

HVAC zone A space or group of spaces within a building with heating and
cooling requirements that are sufficiently similar so that
desired conditions (e.g., temperature) can be maintained
throughout using a single sensor (e.g., thermostat or
temperature sensor).

Indoor air Air inside the building envelope.

Indoor air quality (IAQ) Attributes of the respirable air inside a building (indoor
climate), including gaseous composition, humidity,
temperature, and contaminants.

Indoor environment quality (IEQ) A perceived indoor experience of the building indoor
environment that includes aspects of design, analysis, and
operation of energy efficient, healthy, and comfortable
buildings.
Key HVAC Terminology: I-L
Infiltration Uncontrolled inward air leakage to conditioned spaces through
unintentional openings in ceilings, floors, and walls from
unconditioned spaces or the outdoors, caused by the same
pressure differences that induce exfiltration.

Inhibitor Chemical substance that reduces the rate of corrosion, scale

formation, fouling, or slime production.

Jacket Integral covering, sometimes fabric reinforced, that is applied

over insulation. Also, the core, shield, or armor of a cable to
provide mechanical or environmental protection.

Jet Concentrated airstream formed as primary air leaves the

diffuser.

K-factor (thermal conductivity) Time rate of steady-state heat flow through a unit area of a
homogeneous material, induced by a unit temperature
gradient in a direction perpendicular to that unit area.

Latent heat The change in enthalpy associated with a change in humidity

ratio, caused by the addition or removal of moisture.
Key HVAC Terminology: L-M
Latent heat of fusion Quantity of heat required to change a unit mass of ice to water
at 32°F (0°C) temperature, measured in Btu/lbm (J/kg).

Life-cycle cost Cost of equipment over its entire life including operating,
maintenance, and repair/replacement cost. May also include
decommissioning cost.

Lift Vertical distance that fluid must be pumped to reach a

specified height.

Load profile Summary of thermal or other energy loads in a system over a

period of time. Note: for example, a common load profile on a
peak design day for thermal storage designs would show
hourly system load requirements for 24 hours.

Makeup air (dedicated replacement air) Air brought into a building from the outdoors to replace air that
is exhausted. Makeup air may or may not be conditioned.

Mean radiant temperature Theoretical uniform surface temperature of an enclosure in

which an occupant would exchange the same amount of
radiant heat as in the actual nonuniform enclosure.
Key HVAC Terminology: M-O
Mean temperature Can be calculated as the average of temperature readings over
a period of time or the average of the high and low
temperatures over a given time.

Mechanical cooling Reducing the temperature of a fluid by using vapor

compression, absorption, desiccant dehumidification
combined with evaporative cooling, or other energy-driven
thermodynamic means.

Mechanical heating Raising the temperature or change of phase of a solid or fluid

by use of fossil-fuel burners, electric resistance heaters, heat
pumps, or other systems that require energy to operate.

Mechanical ventilation The active process of supplying or removing air to or from an

indoor space by powered equipment such as motor-driven
fans and blowers but not by devices such as wind-driven
turbine ventilators and mechanically operated windows.

Metabolic rate Rate of energy production of the body. The rate varies with the
type of activity. The rate of transformation of chemical energy
into heat and mechanical work by metabolic activities within
an organism, usually expressed in terms of unit area of the
total body surface.

Minimum efficiency reporting values (MERV) Scaled rating of the effectiveness of air filters. The scale is
designed to represent the worst-case performance of a filter
when dealing with particles in the range of 0.3 to 10
micrometers.
Key HVAC Terminology: M-O
Miscibility Ability of a liquid or gas to dissolve uniformly in another liquid
or gas.

Moisture carryover Retention and transport of water droplets in a gas stream

(usually air) (e.g., water droplets formed by bridging fins of a
coil and transported by the airstream).

Natural ventilation Movement of air into and out of a space primarily through
intentionally provided openings (such as windows and doors),
through nonpowered ventilators, or by infiltration.

Net positive suction head (NPSH) Minimum head at the pump inlet to prevent the liquid being
pumped from flashing into a vapor at that temperature and
pressure and potentially causing the pump to cavitate.

Nominal capacity The capacity recorded and reported by a given test. The
capacity reported by the manufacturer for a specified device.

Nonstandard part-load value (NPLV) A single-number part-load efficiency figure of merit calculated
and referenced to conditions other than IPLV conditions for
units that are not designed to operate at ARI standard rating
conditions.
Key HVAC Terminology: N-P
Net occupiable area The floor area of an occupiable space defined by the inside
surfaces of its walls but excluding shafts, column enclosures,
and other permanently enclosed, inaccessible, and
unoccupiable areas.

Occupiable space Any enclosed space inside the pressure boundary (including,
but not limited to, all habitable spaces, toilets, closets, halls,
storage and utility areas, and laundry areas) and intended for
human activities.

Occupied zone The portion of the space that is normally occupied. The
occupied zone is typically defined as encompassing all space
from the floor level, excluding the space from the floor to 0.25
ft (0.076 m) above the floor, to 6 ft (1.83 m) above the floor
and excluding the space from the wall to 2 ft (0.61 m) away
from any wall.

Operating differential Difference between the cut-out and cut-in at the sensing
element.

Operative temperature The uniform temperature of an enclosure in which an

occupant would exchange the same amount of heat by
radiation plus convection as in the actual nonuniform
environment.

Optimization Collection of data in a control system in order to produce the

best possible output, usually in accordance with what is most
economical.
Key HVAC Terminology: O-P
Outdoor air Air outside a building or taken from the external atmosphere
and, therefore, not previously circulated through the system.
Ambient air that enters a building through a mechanical
ventilation system, through intentional openings for natural
ventilation, or by infiltration.

Outlet velocity Average velocity of fluid emerging from an outlet measured in

the plane of the outlet.

Outside air Air external to a defined zone (e.g., corridors).

Overall heat transfer coefficient Heat flow per area for a given construction and for an overall
temperature difference of one degree.

Overall thermal transfer value (OTTV) Quantity of heat transferred per unit of temperature difference
into a building through its walls or roof, due to solar heat gain
and outdoor/indoor temperature difference.

Packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC) A factory selected wall sleeve and separate unencased
combination of heating and cooling components, assemblies,
or sections. It may include heating capability by hot water,
steam, or electricity and is intended for mounting through the
wall to serve a single room or zone.
Key HVAC Terminology: P-R
Part-load value Single number figure of merit expressing part-load efficiency
for equipment on the basis of weighted operation at various
partial load capacities for the equipment; expressed in
kilowatts per ton of refrigeration.

Performance factor The ratio of capacity to power input at specified operating

conditions. Using consistent units, the performance factor
may be expressed in dimensionless form as a coefficient of
performance (COP) or as the energy efficiency ratio (EER).

Plane radiant temperature Uniform temperature of an enclosure where the radiance on

one side of a small plane element is the same as in the
nonuniform actual environment.

Plenum A compartment or chamber, to which one or more ducts are

connected, that forms a part of the air-distribution system and
that is not used for occupancy or storage. A plenum often is
formed in part or in total by portions of the building.

Predicted mean vote (PMV) Index that predicts the mean value of thermal sensation votes
of a large group of persons, expressed on a seven-point scale.

Predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD) Index that predicts the percentage of a large group of people
who are likely to feel thermally dissatisfied for the body as a
whole (i.e., feel either too warm or too cold).
Key HVAC Terminology: P-R
Pressure dependent (PD) The flow rate through a flow control device varies in response
to changes in system pressure.

Pressure head Hydrostatic height of fluid, equal to the fluid pressure divided
by the density times the gravitational acceleration.

Pressure independent The flow rate through a flow control device is not affected by
changes in system pressure.

Pressure limiting device A pressure-responsive electronic or mechanical control

designed to automatically stop the operation of the pressure-
imposing element at a predetermined pressure.

Pressure sustaining valve Valve providing maintenance of designated pressure level

within a system.

Primary air Any air that is mixed with fuel at or in a burner prior to burning.
In a clean room, air that recirculates through the work space.
Treated supply air that enters the space through any supply air
device, such as air outlet or through any air supply terminal,
such as a VAV unit or fan terminal unit.
Key HVAC Terminology: P-S
Pump down Of refrigerant, withdrawal of all refrigerant from the low side of
a system by pumping it to either the condenser or the liquid
receiver.

Range Difference between the highest and the lowest operational

values, such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow, or
computer values. Region between limits within which a
quantity is measured, transmitted, or received, expressed by
stating the lower and upper range values.

Recirculated air Air taken from a space and returned to that space, usually
after being passed through a conditioning system. The part of
the return air that is reused. Air removed from a space and
reused as supply air.

Recirculating system A domestic or service hot-water distribution system that

includes a closed-circulation circuit designed to maintain
usage temperatures in hot-water pipes near terminal devices
(e.g., lavatory faucets, shower heads) in order to reduce the
time required to obtain hot water when the terminal device
valve is opened.

Refrigerating effect In a refrigeration system, the rate of heat removal.

Return air Air removed from a space to be recirculated or exhausted. Air

extracted from a space and totally or partially returned to an
air conditioner, furnace, or other heating, cooling, or ventilating
system.
Key HVAC Terminology: S
Seasonal energy efficiency ratio 3 cooling only (SEER) For the cooling season, the ratio of the total heat removed
from the conditioned space to the total electrical energy input
if the combined appliance operated exclusively in a space-
cooling-only (COOL) mode. The quantity is expressed in units
of Btu/Wh.

Sensible cooling panel A panel designed for sensible cooling of an indoor space
through heat transfer to the thermally effective panel surfaces
from the occupants and/or indoor space by thermal radiation
and natural convection.

Sensible heat The energy exchanged by a thermodynamic system that

relates to a change of temperature.

Sensible heat ratio (SHR) The ratio of sensible heat transfer to total (sensible + latent)
heat transfer for a process. Also see sensible heat and latent
heat.

Setback Reduction of heating (by reducing the setpoint) or cooling (by

increasing the setpoint) during hours when a building is
unoccupied or during periods when lesser demand is
acceptable.

Setpoint Point at which the desired temperature (°F [°C]) of the heated
or cooled space is set.
Preparing for Your CHD Certification Exam

Review All Four Domains Take Practice Exams

Ensure you've studied all aspects of System Design, Complete the CHD Practice Exam available from ASHRAE
Design Calculations, Procedural tasks, and Coordination to familiarize yourself with the question format and timing.
requirements.

Memorize Key Formulas Know the Standards

Be comfortable with the common HVAC design formulas Be familiar with key ASHRAE standards referenced in the
and know when to apply them to solve problems. exam, particularly Standards 55, 62.1, and 90.1.

The CHD certification validates your competency as an HVAC designer and demonstrates your commitment to professional
excellence. By thoroughly preparing with this study guide and the recommended resources, you'll be well-positioned to succeed on the
exam and advance your career in HVAC design.

Good luck with your certification journey!