MATRICES

Objectives: Learn how to

• Carry out matrix operations: Addition; Subtraction; Multiplication

• Recognize the terms: Zero matrix; Identity matrix; Singular matrix; Non-singular matrix

• Find inverse matrices

• Evaluate determinant of matrices

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MATRICES AND MATRIX OPERATIONS

• Matrices (singular, matrix) are rectangular arrays of numbers, variables or expressions
arranged in rows and columns.

• The size (order) of a matrix is m × n which is defined by its m rows and n columns.

• The matrix of order m × n with elements aij is given by

 
a11 a12 ··· a1n
 a21 a22 ··· a2n 
A =  .. ..  .
 
.. ..
 . . . . 
am1 am2 · · · amn

Here, each aij represents an element of the matrix that is in the ith row and jth column.

• For examples,
 
  1 −5 −8

1 −5 −8
1 −5 −8 3 ; ; 2 −9 0 
0 1 9
1 4 −6

• A matrix A is a square matrix of size n if both the number of row and the number of column
are n. That is,
 
a11 a12 · · · a1n
 a21 a22 · · · a2n 
A =  .. ..  .
 
.. ..
 . . . . 
an1 an2 · · · ann

• ADDITION and SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES Given two matrices A, B that have the
same order m × n
   
a11 a12 · · · a1n b11 b12 ··· b1n
 a21 a22 · · · a2n   b21 b22 ··· b2n 
A =  .. ..  ; B =  .. ..  ,
   
.. .. .. ..
 . . . .   . . . . 
am1 am2 · · · amn bm1 bm2 · · · bmn

then
 
a11 + b11 a12 + b12 ··· a1n + b1n
 a21 + b21 a22 + b22 ··· a2n + b2n 
A+B = ,
 
.. .. .. ..
 . . . . 
am1 + bm1 am2 + bm2 · · · amn + bmn
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and
 
a11 − b11 a12 − b12 ··· a1n − b1n
 a21 − b21 a22 − b22 ··· a2n − b2n 
A−B = .
 
.. .. .. ..
 . . . . 
am1 − bm1 am2 − bm2 · · · amn − bmn

• Multiply a matrix by a scalar: For any real number c,

   
a11 a12 · · · a1n ca11 ca12 ··· ca1n
 a21 a22 · · · a2n   ca21 ca22 ··· ca2n 
cA = c  .. ..  =  .. ..  .
   
.. . . .. ..
 . . . .   . . . . 
am1 am2 · · · amn cam1 cam2 · · · camn

• Example:
   
1 −5 −8 9 5 8
2 −9 0  + 3 −1 5  =
1 4 −6 6 0 −1
   
1 −5 −8 9 5 8
2 −9 0  − 3 −1 5  =
1 4 −6 6 0 −1
   
1 −5 −8 9 5 8
2 2 −9 0  − 3 3 −1 5  =
1 4 −6 6 0 −1
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• MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES: Given two matrices A of size m × n and B of size

n×k
   
a11 a12 ··· a1n b11 b12 ··· b1k
 a21 a22 ··· a2n   b21 b22 ··· b2k 
A =  .. ..  ; B =  .. ..  ,
   
.. .. .. ..
 . . . .   . . . . 
am1 am2 · · · amn bn1 bn2 · · · bnk

then the product of these two matrices is the matrix C = AB of size m × k

    
a11 a12 ··· a1n b11 b12 ··· b1k c11 c12 ··· c1k
 a21 a22 ··· a2n   b21 b22 ··· b2k   c21 c22 ··· c2k 
C = AB =  .. ..  =  .. ..  ,
    
.. .. ..   .. .. .. .. ..
 . . . .  . . . .   . . . . 
am1 am2 · · · amn bn1 bn2 · · · bnk cm1 cm2 · · · cmk

where the elements cij of the matrix C is defined by

n
X
c11 = a11 b11 + a12 b21 + · · · + a1n bn1 = a1` b`1
`=1
Xn
c12 = a11 b12 + a12 b22 + · · · + a1n bn2 = a1` b`2
`=1
Xn
c1k = a11 b1k + a12 b2k + · · · + a1n bnk = a1` b`k
`=1
n
X
c21 = a21 b11 + a22 b21 + · · · + a2n bn1 = a2` b`1
`=1
n
X
cij = ai1 b1j + ai2 b2j + · · · + ain bnj = ai` b`j
`=1

• To multiply matrices, the number of columns in the first matrix must be the same as the
number of rows in the second matrix.
• Example:  
  9 5
10 5 −2 
3 −1 =
−2 −6 0
6 0

  
1 −5 −8 9 5
2 −9 0  3 −1 =
1 4 −6 6 0
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  
1 −5 −8 9 5 8
2 −9 0  3 −1 5  =
1 4 −6 6 0 −1

  
9 5 8 1 −5 −8
3 −1 5  2 −9 0  =
6 0 −1 1 4 −6

• In general, matrix multiplication is non-communicative:

For two matrices A and B, AB 6= BA.
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Properties of Matrix Arithmetic

Let A, B, C, D be four matrices and let a, b be two real numbers. Assuming that the sizes
of the matrices are such that the indicated operations can be performed, the following rules
of matrix arithmetic are valid.
(a) A+B =B+A [Commutative law for matrix addition]
(b) A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C [Associative law for matrix addition]
(c) A(BC) = (AB)C [Associative law for matrix multiplication]
(d) A(B + C) = AB + AC [Left distributive law]
(e) (B + C)A = BA + CA [Right distributive law]
(f) A(B − C) = AB − AC
(g) (B − C)A = BA − CA
(h) a(B + C) = aB + aC
(i) a(B − C) = aB − aC
(j) (a + b)C = aC + bC
(k) (a − b)C = aC − bC
(l) a(bC) = (ab)C
(m) a(BC) = (aB)C = B(aC)
(n) ABCD = (AB)CD = A(BC)D = AB(CD) = (AB)(CD)
• Notation:
A2 : = AA
A3 : = AAA = A2 A = AA2
A4 : = AAAA = A3 A = AA3
An : = AAA . . . A = An−1 A = AAn−1
Am+n = Am An = An Am
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• Example: Let
     
9 5 8 1 −5 −8 0 −2 8
A = 3 −1 5  ; B = 2 −9 0  ; C = 5 −2 0  .
6 0 −1 1 4 −6 0 7 −3
Find ABC.
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 
9 5 8
• Example: Let A = 3 −1 5 . Find A2 and A3
6 0 −1
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 
2 0 0
• Example: Let A = −1 0 −1. Find An .
1 0 1
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• ZERO MATRIX: Any matrix in which all the elements are zero is known as the zero matrix.
That is,
 
0 0 ··· 0
0 0 · · · 0
..  .
 
 .. .. . .
. . . .
0 0 ··· 0

• IDENTITY MATRIX: The identity matrix, denoted by I, is a square matrix of the form
 
1 0 ··· 0 0
0 1 · · · 0 0
 
 .. .. . . .
. .
.
I = . . .

 . . . 
0 0 · · · 1 0
0 0 ··· 0 1

• Multiply a matrix A by an identity matrix I:

IA = AI = A
provided that the matrix multiplication is allowed.
   
−2 5 a b
• Example: Given the matrix A = and matrix B = , prove that if AB = A
1 −3 c d
 
1 0
then the matrix B must be .
0 1
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•
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INVERSE MATRIX
• Let A be a square matrix. If there exists a matrix B of the same size for which
AB = BA = I,
then A is said to be invertible (or non-singular) and B is called an inverse of A. Then, denote
B = A−1 .
Thus,
A−1 A = AA−1 = I.

If no such matrix B exists, then A is said to be singular.

• Properties of inverse matrix:

(A−1 )−1 = A
1
(kA)−1 = A−1 (k 6= 0)
k
(AB)−1 = B −1 A−1
(ABC)−1 = C −1 B −1 A−1

• Row operations are used to change the elements of matrices. There are three types of row
operation:

Row switching, where ri ↔ rj .

Row multiplication, where ri → kri .
Row addition, where ri → ri + krj .
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Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method

• Let  
2 5
A= .
2 1
   
.. ..
2 5 . 1 0 r2 →r
−→ 2 −r1 2 5 . 1 0
.. .
2 1 . 0 1 0 −4 .. −1 1
 
..
r1 →4r1 +5r2
−→ 8 0 . −1 5
.
0 −4 .. −1 1
 
1 −1 .. 1 5
1 0 . − 8
r1 → 8 r1 ;r2 → 4 r2
−→ 8 .
.. 1
0 1 . 4 − 14
Hence,  1 5
  
−1 −8 8
1 1 −5
A = 1 =− .
4 − 41 8 −2 2

• In general, let  
a b
A=
c d
and ad − bc 6= 0. Then,  
−1 1 d −b
A = .
ad − bc −c a
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Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method

• Let  
1 2 1
A = 0 −1 2 .
2 3 1
 .   .. 
1 2 1 .. 1 0 0 1 2 1 . 1 0 0
 .  r3 →r3 −2r1  . 
0 −1 2 .. 0 1 0 −→ 0 −1 2 .. 0 1 0
   
. .
2 3 1 .. 0 0 1 0 −1 −1 .. −2 0 1
 . 
1 2 1 .. 1 0 0
r3 →r3 −r2 
−→  .. 
0 −1 2 . 0 1 0

 
..
0 0 −3 . −2 −1 1
 . 
1 0 5 .. 1 2 0
r1 →r1 +2r2  . 
−→  0 −1 2 .. 0 1 0

.
0 0 −3 .. −2 −1 1
 . 
3 0 0 .. −7 1 5
r1 →3r1 +5r3  . 
−→ 0 −3 0 .. −4 1 2
 
.
0 0 −3 .. −2 −1 1
 .. 7 1 5

1 0 0 . −3 3 3 
−→ 0 1 0 ... 4 − 1 − 2 


3 3 3
.. 2 1
0 0 1 . 3 3 3 −1
Hence,  7 1 5
  
−3 3 3 −7 1 5
1
A−1 = 
3
4
− 31 − 32  =  4 −1 −2 .
2 1 3
3 3 − 13 2 1 −1
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1 3
• Problem. Find the matrices B and C, where AB = I and BC = A, and A = .
2 7

 
4 1 −1
• Problem. Find the inverse matrix for B = 2 0 1 .
3 −2 4
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• Problem. Determine which of the following matrices are singular.

     
1 2 −4 1 2 3 1 4 7
6 1 2  4 1 2  2 5 8
2 37 −86 0 6 3 3 6 9
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• Problem. Let
   
1 2 0 1 −1 2
A = 0 2 1  B = 0 0 3 
3 0 2 1 4 2
Find (AB)−1 and B −1 A−1 .
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• Problem. Let
   
1 0 1 −1 1 0
A = 0 1 1 B= 1 0 1 
1 1 0 0 0 −1
Find the matrix C such that ABC = I.
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