Complete important Essay On Current

Issues 2025
For Daily Dawn Newspaper Group:03229117651
By Numan khan
Essay Title:
People Have Become Overly Dependence on Technology
Topic Statement:
The increasing reliance on technology is causing numerous negative effects on society
and individuals.
Outline:
1. Introduction
2. An Overview of the Advent and Spread of Technology
3. Drawbacks of Overdependence on Technology
• Waste of energy
• Environmental degradation
• Creation of health issues
• Promotion of crime
• Increase in lethality of wars and terrorism
• Wastage of time
• Excessive use of technology for communication and social interaction
• Technology's encroachment upon people's domestic lives
• Overreliance on technology for transportation
• Overdependence on technology in food production and preservation
• Overutilization of technology for entertainment
4. Recommendations for Minimizing the Side Effects of Technology
• Awareness campaigns
• Promoting physical activities
• Research on environmental impacts
• Focusing on simple lifestyles
5. Conclusion
 Essay
In today’s modern world, technology has become an essential part of human life. From
communication and transportation to entertainment and even healthcare, we rely
heavily on technological advancements. While technology has undoubtedly brought
numerous benefits, the overdependence on it has introduced several drawbacks. These
negative consequences affect individuals, society, and the environment, making it
necessary to reassess how we use technology in our daily lives.
The rise of technology can be traced back to the Industrial Revolution, which marked
the beginning of large-scale mechanization. It led to the development of innovations
such as steam engines, electricity, and later, electronics. As the 20th century
progressed, technology spread rapidly, impacting almost every sector, from agriculture
to entertainment. Today, we are in the midst of the fourth industrial revolution, where
digital technologies, the internet, and renewable energy sources dominate. While these
advancements have made life more convenient, they have also led to an overreliance
that poses various risks.
One of the most noticeable drawbacks of overdependence on technology is the waste
of energy. The excessive use of electronic devices and machines consumes vast
amounts of power, contributing to the depletion of natural resources. This
overconsumption not only strains the energy grid but also leads to higher carbon
emissions, which exacerbate climate change. Moreover, the environmental degradation
caused by technological advancements is undeniable. The disposal of electronic waste,
the pollution from manufacturing processes, and the extraction of raw materials for
tech production all contribute to the deterioration of the planet.
In addition to environmental concerns, technology has also resulted in various health
issues. Obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and mental health problems have
increased as people spend more time on screens and less time engaging in physical
activities. The rise of sedentary lifestyles, especially due to mobile phones and
computers, has led to a decline in physical fitness and overall well-being. Furthermore,
the constant exposure to digital devices can strain the eyes and cause sleep
disturbances, affecting people’s long-term health.
Another worrying issue is the promotion of crime through technology. The internet has
given rise to cybercrime, including identity theft, online fraud, and hacking.
Additionally, the use of technology in warfare has made conflicts more lethal. With the
development of advanced weapons and surveillance systems, the nature of warfare has
changed, leading to more destructive and widespread violence. The same
advancements in technology that are intended to protect nations have, in many cases,
made them more vulnerable to cyberattacks and terrorism.
The excessive use of technology also leads to a significant wastage of time. Social
media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, originally designed for
communication, have become time-consuming distractions. People spend hours
scrolling through feeds, watching videos, and engaging in trivial online activities that
add little value to their lives. As a result, productivity decreases, and people become
disconnected from real-world experiences and relationships. This time wastage,
coupled with the physical and mental health consequences of excessive screen time,
further highlights the negative aspects of our reliance on technology.
Furthermore, technology has increasingly encroached upon domestic lives, making it
difficult for individuals to disconnect from work or societal pressures. With
smartphones and constant notifications, people are always accessible, blurring the
boundaries between work and personal life. This constant connectivity can lead to
stress and burnout, as individuals struggle to find time for relaxation and self-care.
Additionally, transportation has become heavily reliant on technology. In many
societies, personal vehicles have replaced public transport, leading to traffic
congestion, pollution, and a greater dependence on fossil fuels. The need for
technological solutions in transportation has led to an increase in car ownership,
further contributing to environmental degradation.
Another area where technology plays a dominant role is in food production and
preservation. From agricultural machinery to refrigeration systems, technology has
revolutionized how food is produced, stored, and consumed. However, this
dependency on technology has led to the loss of traditional farming methods and a
reduction in the diversity of food sources. Overreliance on technology in food
production has also contributed to the rise of processed foods, which are often
unhealthy and contribute to various health problems.
In terms of entertainment, technology has replaced traditional forms of leisure with
digital alternatives. Video games, streaming services, and social media have become
the primary sources of entertainment for many individuals, particularly the younger
generation. This shift has resulted in a decline in physical activities, social interactions,
and creativity. The entertainment industry’s dominance of technology has not only led
to a reduction in outdoor play and recreational activities but has also contributed to
social isolation.
To mitigate the negative effects of technology, several recommendations can be
implemented. First, awareness campaigns should be organized to educate individuals
about the harmful impacts of excessive technology use. Schools, workplaces, and
community centers can serve as platforms for these initiatives. Additionally, promoting
physical activities and sports can help reduce the time spent on screens and encourage
healthier lifestyles. Governments and organizations should also invest in research to
minimize the environmental impact of technology and promote sustainable practices.
Fostering a simpler lifestyle, where technology is used sparingly, can also help reduce
overdependence. By focusing on real-world experiences and face-to-face interactions,
people can reconnect with nature and one another. Encouraging mindfulness and
balance can lead to a more fulfilling life, where technology serves as a tool rather than
a crutch.
In conclusion, while technology has undoubtedly improved the quality of life in many
ways, its overuse has led to several detrimental effects. From environmental
degradation and health issues to the promotion of crime and the wastage of time, the
drawbacks of overdependence on technology are evident. By raising awareness,
promoting physical activities, conducting research, and encouraging simpler lifestyles,
we can reduce the harmful impact of technology and restore balance in our lives.
Essay Title:
Global Climate Leadership at COP-28
Topic Statement:
COP-28 marks a pivotal moment for global climate action, emphasizing sustainable
energy and cooperation.
Outline:
1. Introduction
• Overview of COP-28's significance.
• Key achievements, including the Loss and Damage Fund.
• Pakistan's proactive role in climate advocacy.
2. Loss and Damage Fund
• Establishment and operationalization of the fund.
• Challenges in fund activation and distribution.
• Pakistan's efforts to access funding and ensure transparency.
3. Focus on Fossil Fuels
• Transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy.
• Role of the Oil and Gas Decarbonization Charter.
• Resistance from oil-producing nations and consumer states.
4. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Pledge
• Tripling global renewable energy capacity by 2030.
• Doubling annual energy efficiency improvements.
• Challenges and opportunities for Pakistan in achieving these goals.
5. Nature-Based Solutions and Initiatives
• Pakistan’s Living Indus Initiative and Recharge Pakistan Project.
• The role of nature-based solutions in addressing climate challenges.
• Importance of ecosystem restoration for long-term sustainability.
6. Global Challenges and Cooperation
• Urgency to meet the 1.5°C Paris Agreement target.
• Financial and technical support needed for developing countries.
• Role of developed nations and global partnerships.
7. Pakistan’s Climate Leadership
• Vulnerability to climate change impacts.
 • Balancing energy needs with sustainability goals.
• Ambitious projects and challenges in execution.
8. Achievements and Criticisms of COP-28
• Progress on emissions reduction and fossil fuel transition.
• Critiques of the summit’s inclusivity and effectiveness.
• Importance of transforming rhetoric into action.
9. The Path Forward
• Need for global cooperation and decisive climate action.
• Importance of effective planning and execution.
• Building resilience through innovation and sustainable practices.
Essay

The 28th Conference of Parties (COP-28) to the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), held in Dubai, marked a critical juncture
in the global fight against climate change. With representatives from nearly 200
countries in attendance, the conference brought forth substantial achievements, notably
the establishment of the Loss and Damage Fund. This pivotal initiative aims to support
countries most affected by climate change, such as Pakistan, underscoring the urgency
of global cooperation in mitigating climate impacts. Pakistan’s proactive role in
advocating for such measures highlights its commitment to addressing its
vulnerabilities while contributing to international climate discourse.
The Loss and Damage Fund stands out as a landmark achievement of COP-28.
Designed to compensate countries grappling with climate-induced losses, the fund
represents a significant step toward climate justice. However, operationalizing this
initiative remains a challenge. Issues such as fund distribution mechanisms, recipient
accountability, and prioritization of projects need to be addressed. Pakistan, as one of
the most climate-vulnerable nations, faces the dual task of securing access to these
funds and ensuring their effective utilization amidst stringent global scrutiny.
A focal point of COP-28 was the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy. The
Oil and Gas Decarbonization Charter, signed by over 50 major industry players,
marked a collective commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 and near-
zero methane emissions by 2030. However, resistance from major oil producers and
consumer nations reflects the complexities of this transition. Despite these challenges,
the summit reinforced the imperative to phase down fossil fuels, signaling a shift
toward cleaner energy systems.
Efforts to accelerate renewable energy adoption and improve energy efficiency were
central to COP-28’s agenda. The ambitious goal of tripling global renewable energy
capacity by 2030, alongside doubling annual energy efficiency improvements, reflects
the urgency of addressing climate change. For Pakistan, achieving these targets
necessitates overcoming infrastructure and financial constraints while fostering
innovation. The expansion of renewable energy projects and promotion of electric
vehicles highlight the country's commitment, though challenges in execution persist.
Nature-based solutions emerged as a cornerstone of Pakistan’s strategy at COP-28.
Initiatives like the Living Indus Initiative and the Recharge Pakistan Project
underscore the importance of ecosystem restoration in combating climate challenges.
These projects aim to enhance long-term resilience by prioritizing sustainable practices
and biodiversity conservation. As floods and droughts increasingly threaten the region,
such efforts are crucial in mitigating environmental and economic impacts.
The global urgency to meet the 1.5°C Paris Agreement target was underscored during
COP-28. Developing nations, including Pakistan, require substantial financial and
technical support to align with these goals. The summit highlighted the need for
equitable resource distribution and accountability, ensuring that no country is left
behind in the fight against climate change. Developed nations, meanwhile, must honor
their commitments to provide the necessary support, bridging the gap between
ambition and action.
Pakistan’s vulnerability to climate change remains a pressing concern. Ranked as the
fifth most affected country by the Global Climate Risk Index, it faces severe
challenges such as extreme weather events, economic losses, and heightened risks for
children. While the country has set ambitious goals, including transitioning to 60%
renewable energy by 2030, balancing these objectives with its energy needs and
economic constraints remains a formidable task. Effective planning and international
support are vital to achieving these aspirations.
While COP-28 achieved notable progress, it faced criticism for its inclusivity and
effectiveness. The summit’s location in a major oil-producing country and the
appointment of Dr. Sultan Al Jaber as president raised concerns about potential biases.
However, the operationalization of the Loss and Damage Fund and commitments to
renewable energy demonstrated a collective determination to address climate change.
The challenge now lies in transforming these commitments into tangible actions.
Looking ahead, COP-28 underscores the importance of global cooperation and
decisive action in combating climate change. Effective planning, execution, and
innovation are essential to building resilience and ensuring a sustainable future. For
Pakistan, active engagement in international forums and the implementation of robust
climate strategies will be crucial. As the world grapples with the urgency of mitigating
climate impacts, the path forward demands unwavering commitment, adaptability, and
shared responsibility.
COP-28 serves as a reminder that while progress has been made, the journey toward
climate sustainability is far from over. The global community must transcend rhetoric,
fostering collaborative efforts and prioritizing environmental stewardship to secure a
livable future for generations to come.
Essay Title:
Political Polarization. Governance And Society
Topic Statement:
Political polarization disrupts governance, societal cohesion, and equitable
development in diverse societies.
Outline:
• Introduction
• Understanding the Concept of Polarized Politics
• Impacts of Political Polarization on Governance and Society
i. Division within the bureaucracy
ii. Deterioration in policy quality
iii. Lack of objectivity in decision-making
iv. Altered social behavior and attitudes
v. Strained interpersonal relationships
vi. Erosion of democratic culture
vii. Inequitable growth and development
viii. Increased societal intolerance
• Factors Responsible for Political Polarization
i. Illiteracy and lack of awareness
ii. Absence of democratic values and culture
iii. Role of social media in fostering divisions
iv. Deep-rooted societal divisions
• Recommendations for Reducing Political Polarization
i. Character-building in educational institutions
ii. Promoting democratic values and practices
iii. Regulating media to curb divisive narratives
iv. Encouraging inclusive policymaking and governance
• Conclusion
Essay

Politics serves as the backbone of a nation’s governance, shaping its present status and
future trajectory. Stable and impartial political systems foster inclusive growth and
societal harmony. However, the rising tide of political polarization has disrupted the
fabric of governance and societal cohesion in many parts of the world. This essay
explores the detrimental effects of political polarization, its root causes, and actionable
strategies to mitigate its impact on governance and society.
Polarized politics refers to the ideological division that pulls individuals and groups
away from the center toward opposing extremes. This phenomenon manifests through
intense rivalry between political factions, leading to strained relationships among
politicians and their followers. Polarization is more than a political divide; it reshapes
societal norms, behaviors, and attitudes, often creating a hostile environment that
hampers collective progress.
The impacts of political polarization are vast and often devastating. Within
governance, polarization causes divisions in the bureaucracy, where neutrality gives
way to partisanship. Bureaucrats, instead of safeguarding public interests, align with
political parties, leading to biased policies and compromised decision-making
processes. This lack of objectivity deteriorates the quality of policies and their
implementation, resulting in inefficient governance. Politically motivated
appointments and transfers further erode institutional credibility, as unqualified
individuals occupy key positions, undermining service delivery.
In society, polarization exacerbates intolerance and hostility among individuals. The
extreme behaviors observed in political factions spill over into daily interactions,
causing disputes, protests, and even physical altercations. Polarization fosters a culture
of hatred, where ideological differences disrupt friendships, familial bonds, and
workplace harmony. This social fragmentation undermines trust and collaboration,
essential for a cohesive society.
The erosion of democratic culture is another critical consequence of political
polarization. Democracy thrives on dialogue, logic, and compromise, but polarization
undermines these principles. Emotional affiliations with political parties often
overpower rational decision-making, leading to illogical and harmful choices. In some
cases, parliament sessions devolve into confrontations, eroding public trust in
democratic institutions.
Polarization also results in inequitable development and growth. Politically motivated
policies favor certain regions or groups, neglecting others. This selective allocation of
resources deepens socioeconomic disparities, particularly in marginalized areas. For
instance, regions with weak political representation may suffer from inadequate
infrastructure, poor healthcare, and limited educational opportunities.
Several factors contribute to political polarization. Illiteracy and lack of awareness
leave individuals vulnerable to manipulation by political elites. An uninformed
electorate struggles to critically evaluate political narratives, perpetuating division and
extremism. Similarly, the absence of a democratic culture fosters intolerance for
dissent, further polarizing society.
Social media plays a significant role in amplifying polarization. While offering a
platform for dialogue, it often becomes a breeding ground for hostility. Political
debates on social media frequently escalate into personal attacks, spreading
misinformation and deepening divisions. The anonymity of online platforms
exacerbates this issue, allowing individuals to engage in aggressive and harmful
discourse without accountability.
Societal divisions based on ethnicity, religion, or socioeconomic status also fuel
political polarization. Fragmented societies are more likely to align along political
lines, intensifying existing divisions. This inflexibility hampers efforts to build unity
and address common challenges.
To combat political polarization, comprehensive measures are required. Educational
institutions must prioritize character-building to foster tolerance and empathy among
students. Civic education should emphasize the importance of diversity and the value
of differing opinions. Moral stories, discussions, and role-playing activities can help
inculcate these values from a young age.
Promoting democratic values and practices is equally crucial. Citizens should be
encouraged to participate in constructive debates and respect diverse viewpoints.
Strengthening democratic institutions and ensuring transparency in governance can
rebuild public trust and reduce polarization.
The media must also be regulated to curb divisive narratives. Legal frameworks should
be strengthened to hold media outlets accountable for spreading misinformation or
inciting hatred. Social media platforms should promote responsible usage by
moderating content and encouraging respectful dialogue.
Inclusive policymaking can further bridge divides. Governments should prioritize
equitable resource allocation and ensure that all regions and communities benefit from
development programs. This approach can address grievances and foster a sense of
belonging among marginalized groups.
In conclusion, political polarization poses significant challenges to governance and
societal harmony. Its effects permeate various sectors, from bureaucratic inefficiency
to social discord and democratic decline. Addressing this issue requires a collective
effort from all stakeholders, including governments, educational institutions, media,
and citizens. By fostering awareness, promoting inclusivity, and embracing democratic
values, societies can mitigate the impact of polarization and work toward a more
united and prosperous future.
Imagination Is More Important Than Knowledge
Topic Statement
Imagination surpasses knowledge in sparking creativity, fostering curiosity, and
inspiring revolutionary advancements.
Outline
1. Introduction
• A fallen apple inspired Newton to imagine, leading to the concept of gravity.
• Imagination, not just observation, drives creativity and discovery.
2. Thesis Statement
• Although deniers argue that knowledge forms the foundation of creativity,
imagination is more important as it sparks creativity, motivates innovation,
and broadens human perception.
3. Decoding the Proverb
• Imagination creates possibilities beyond the limits of knowledge.
• Einstein stated that imagination is the true sign of intelligence.
 4. Knowledge as a Counter Perspective
• Knowledge provides a base but lacks the power to explore the unknown
without imagination.
5. Imagination as a Driver of Creativity and Curiosity
• Examples of visionaries like Newton, Zuckerberg, and the Wright Brothers
illustrate this.
• It inspires breakthroughs in science, technology, and the arts.
6. Visualization and Discoveries
• Visualization led to groundbreaking inventions like the steam engine, the
electric bulb, and the Internet.
7. Artistic Expression and Literary Genius
• Imagination fuels literary masterpieces and artistic creations.
8. Visionary Leadership and Nation-Building
• Visionary leaders like Sir Syed, Iqbal, and Jinnah shaped nations through
imagination.
9. Conclusion
• Imagination reveals unseen realities, inspires creativity, and drives human
progress beyond the limitations of knowledge.
Essay

On a warm summer day, Isaac Newton’s observation of a falling apple sparked a series
of questions in his mind. Why did the apple fall perpendicularly? Why not upward or
sideways? This simple act of observation ignited Newton’s imagination, leading to his
groundbreaking concept of gravitational force. His journey was not merely about
witnessing an event but imagining the unseen forces behind it. This ability to visualize
and question the unknown underlines the power of imagination in driving discovery.
Imagination plays a pivotal role in human intelligence. Albert Einstein once remarked
that imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge represents what is
already known, while imagination allows us to explore what lies beyond. It is
imagination that transforms facts into innovations and concepts into creations. While
memorizing facts demonstrates mental capacity, true intelligence lies in the ability to
envision possibilities and pursue them with curiosity and determination.
Critics often argue that knowledge forms the foundation for imagination. Without a
base of information, they claim, one cannot imagine the unknown. To some extent,
they are correct—knowledge does provide the tools for materializing ideas. However,
imagination transcends these boundaries, allowing individuals to create entirely new
paradigms. For instance, Steve Jobs envisioned a world connected through technology,
which led to the creation of revolutionary devices. Without imagination, knowledge
remains static, unable to progress.
Imagination not only sparks creativity but also drives curiosity. Visionaries like
Newton and Zuckerberg exemplify how imagination fuels innovation. Zuckerberg
envisioned a global community, leading to the creation of Facebook, which
transformed the way people connect. Similarly, the Wright Brothers imagined human
flight, enduring ridicule and failure before revolutionizing transportation. Imagination
provides the motivation to explore and discover, even when faced with skepticism.
Visualization has been the cornerstone of many great discoveries and inventions. The
steam engine, electric bulb, and Internet all began as imaginative concepts. Columbus
imagined a new route to India, leading to the discovery of America. These
achievements were not merely products of knowledge but of visionary thinking that
challenged existing norms. The power of visualization lies in its ability to turn dreams
into reality.
In literature and art, imagination is indispensable. Writers and artists use their creative
minds to bring characters, scenes, and emotions to life. Shakespeare’s plays, with their
vivid imagery and complex characters, remain timeless masterpieces. Similarly, artists
like Keith Haring translate their visions into works that resonate deeply with
audiences. Art and literature are the material expressions of imagination, reflecting the
boundless potential of human creativity.
Imagination also plays a critical role in leadership and nation-building. Visionary
leaders like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Iqbal, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah
transformed their dreams into reality. Sir Syed foresaw the need for education and
unity among Muslims, Iqbal dreamed of a separate homeland, and Jinnah’s relentless
efforts brought Pakistan into existence. These leaders’ imaginative foresight shaped
the destiny of millions, proving that imagination is a fundamental aspect of effective
leadership.
In conclusion, imagination is more important than knowledge. It inspires creativity,
fosters curiosity, and drives progress. While knowledge is limited to what is known,
imagination transcends these boundaries, exploring new possibilities and uncovering
hidden truths. From scientific discoveries to artistic masterpieces and visionary
leadership, imagination has been the driving force behind humanity’s greatest
achievements. It is through imagination that we continue to evolve, innovate, and
transform the world.
Essay Title:
Pakistani Women Have The same Chances as Men
Topic Statement:
Empowering Pakistani women through equal opportunities is essential for societal
progress.
Outline:
1. Introduction
• Importance of women’s active participation in progress.
• Disparities between men and women in Pakistan.
• Urgent need for comprehensive measures to ensure equality.
 2. Understanding the Concept of Chances
• Definition and significance of chances in the political, social, and economic
context.
• Unequal access to opportunities and societal barriers for women in Pakistan.
3. Factors Responsible for the Deprivation of Pakistani Women
• Financial constraints at the state and domestic levels.
• Illiteracy and ignorance among women and men.
• Cultural and religious barriers.
• Weak legislative frameworks and poor implementation.
• Ineffectiveness of NGOs and state machinery.
4. Evidence of Gender Inequality in Pakistan
• Health disparities and access to nutrition.
• Educational inequalities and higher dropout rates among girls.
• Limited autonomy in marriage and family decisions.
• Discrimination in workplaces and job opportunities.
• Absence of inheritance and property rights for women.
5. Government Efforts to Address Gender Inequality
• Legislative measures to protect women’s rights.
• Initiatives like quotas in public sector jobs and cash assistance programs.
• Steps to address malnutrition and improve maternal health.
6. Analysis of Job Opportunities and Workplace Dynamics
• Limited opportunities and workplace challenges for women.
• Cultural stigmas and lack of privacy and safety at workplaces.
7. Recommendations to Ensure Equal Chances for Women
• Enhancing education with a focus on increasing girls’ literacy rates.
• Fixing quotas for women in the private sector and ensuring implementation.
• Strengthening laws and addressing loopholes.
• Imparting skills through vocational training.
• Changing societal mindsets through media and education.
• Encouraging proactive roles for NGOs and INGOs.
8. Conclusion
• Need for immediate and sustained efforts to ensure equal opportunities for
women.
• Importance of implementing plans and policies effectively.
Essay
Empowering women is not just a moral obligation but also a necessity for societal
progress. Women constitute half of the world's population, yet they remain
marginalized in many societies, including Pakistan. Despite some progress, Pakistani
women still face significant disparities compared to men in health, education,
employment, and social autonomy. This essay explores the factors behind these
inequalities, the steps taken by the government, and recommendations for ensuring
equal chances for women in Pakistan.
Chances refer to opportunities that individuals can seize within the prevailing political,
social, and economic settings. In Pakistan, societal norms and systemic challenges
often prevent women from accessing these opportunities, even when they exist. For
instance, job advertisements may promise equal opportunities, but women may not be
allowed by their families to apply. Similarly, societal constraints restrict women from
pursuing education, choosing life partners, or participating freely in public life.
Several factors contribute to the deprivation of women in Pakistan. Financial
constraints at both state and domestic levels limit investments in women's education
and welfare. Illiteracy and ignorance among both genders perpetuate outdated
attitudes, depriving women of opportunities. Cultural and religious misinterpretations
further entrench gender inequality, as women are often confined to traditional roles.
Weak laws and their lackluster implementation, coupled with the ineffectiveness of
NGOs and state machinery, exacerbate these challenges.
The evidence of gender inequality in Pakistan is stark. Women face significant health
disparities, with limited access to pre- and post-natal care. A 2023 UN report ranked
Pakistan among the top ten countries with the highest maternal mortality rates.
Nutritional inequality is another critical issue, with boys often prioritized over girls
even in well-off families. Educational disparities are equally alarming, with female
literacy rates lagging behind males. Cultural barriers prevent many girls from pursuing
higher education or studying abroad. Workplace discrimination, lack of safety, and
societal stigmas further hinder women’s professional growth.
The government has taken steps to address these inequalities, such as enacting laws to
protect women’s rights and introducing quotas for women in public sector jobs.
Programs like the Benazir Kafalat Program and the Benazir Nashonuma Program aim
to address financial and nutritional challenges faced by women. However, these
measures, though commendable, fall short of addressing the systemic and cultural
barriers that women face.
Workplace dynamics remain a significant challenge for women in Pakistan. Despite
legal protections, many workplaces lack the necessary infrastructure to ensure
women’s safety and privacy. Cultural stigmas further discourage women from
pursuing professional careers, particularly in male-dominated fields.
To ensure equal chances for women, Pakistan must prioritize education, with a special
focus on increasing girls’ literacy rates. Quotas for women should be introduced in the
private sector, and their implementation must be monitored rigorously. Laws
protecting women’s rights need to be strengthened, and loopholes must be addressed
through comprehensive reforms. Vocational training programs should be expanded,
empowering women to start their careers independently. Media and educational
institutions must play a proactive role in changing societal mindsets, encouraging
greater acceptance of women in all fields of life. NGOs and INGOs should adopt a
more practical approach, working closely with local communities to implement
effective policies.
Pakistani women face significant challenges in achieving equality, but these challenges
are not insurmountable. By implementing well-planned and sustained measures, the
government and society can bridge the gender gap and ensure equal opportunities for
women. The time to act is now, as the progress and future of Pakistan hinge on the
empowerment of its women.
Essay Title:
Developing Countries Must be able to Reap The benefits of International Tarde
Topic Statement:
Developing countries must overcome challenges to fully benefit from international
trade opportunities.
Outline:
1. Introduction
• Significance of international trade in globalization.
• Unequal benefits of trade between developed and developing countries.
• Importance of enabling developing countries to compete globally.
2. Understanding Developing and Developed Countries
• Definitions and characteristics.
• Key distinctions in trade practices and resources.
3. Current Benefits of International Trade for Developing Countries
• Examples of successes and shortcomings.
• Analysis of trade imbalances and economic dependency.
4. Challenges Faced by Developing Countries
• Political hurdles: lack of political will and corruption.
• Illiteracy, poverty, and lack of awareness.
• Poor governance and administrative inefficiencies.
• Energy crises and infrastructure deficiencies.
• Absence of technological advancement.
• Global trade barriers and standards.
5. Steps to Enable Developing Countries to Benefit
• Enhancing productivity in agriculture and industry.
• Promoting value addition to raw materials.
• Aligning education systems with global market needs.
• Investing in renewable energy and infrastructure.
• Encouraging science, technology, and innovation.
• Improving product quality, grading, and packaging.
6. Role of International Assistance
• Engaging international organizations like the UN and WTO.
• Seeking financial aid and foreign investments.
• Learning from successful developing countries.
7. Recommendations
• Building consensus on trade policies.
 • Strengthening human resource development.
• Ensuring sustainable and inclusive growth.
• Creating foolproof systems for export quality control.
8. Conclusion
• Emphasizing the urgent need for structural reforms.
• Highlighting the potential of international trade in reducing poverty and
boosting development.
Essay
International trade is a cornerstone of economic development and globalization,
connecting nations through the exchange of goods, services, and capital. While
developed countries have reaped substantial benefits, developing countries often
struggle to achieve equitable advantages. These disparities arise from structural
challenges, inadequate resources, and global trade imbalances. To fully benefit from
international trade, developing countries must address these hurdles and embrace
transformative reforms.
The terms "developing" and "developed" reflect economic, social, and institutional
disparities between nations. Developed countries are characterized by advanced
industrial sectors, stable governance, and higher living standards. In contrast,
developing countries face challenges such as poverty, limited industrialization, and
inadequate infrastructure. These gaps translate into differences in trade practices and
the ability to compete in international markets.
Despite some progress, developing countries have yet to realize the full potential of
international trade. Nations like China and India have made notable strides, leveraging
their workforce and increasing exports. However, many others remain trapped in
economic dependency, exporting raw materials while importing finished goods. This
imbalance not only limits revenue but also exacerbates trade deficits.
Developing countries face numerous obstacles in maximizing the benefits of trade.
Political instability, corruption, and a lack of strategic vision hinder progress. Illiteracy
and poverty create a workforce ill-equipped to meet global market demands. Weak
governance and inefficient administration exacerbate these issues. Additionally, energy
shortages and insufficient infrastructure raise production costs, making products less
competitive. The absence of technological advancement further widens the gap
between developed and developing nations.
To overcome these challenges, developing countries must enhance productivity in
agriculture and industry. Technological innovations and skill development are essential
to increasing output and reducing costs. Value addition to raw materials can
significantly boost revenues, as exporting finished goods generates higher profits.
Educational institutions should align curricula with global market needs, emphasizing
vocational training and STEM fields.
Investments in renewable energy and infrastructure are critical for reducing production
costs and ensuring sustainability. Science and technology must be prioritized to foster
innovation and competitiveness. Improving product quality, grading, and packaging is
equally important to meet international standards and gain consumer trust.
International organizations like the United Nations and the World Trade Organization
can play a pivotal role in supporting developing countries. Financial aid, technical
assistance, and capacity-building initiatives can provide the necessary resources for
economic restructuring. Learning from the successes of countries like China and the
Philippines can offer valuable insights for others.
For sustained growth, governments must build consensus on trade policies and focus
on human resource development. Structural reforms should prioritize inclusivity and
sustainability, addressing gender disparities and environmental concerns.
Implementing robust systems for export quality control is crucial for establishing
credibility in global markets.
In conclusion, international trade holds immense potential for reducing poverty and
fostering development in developing countries. However, realizing this potential
requires overcoming political, economic, and social barriers. By embracing structural
reforms, investing in education and technology, and leveraging international support,
developing countries can transform their economies and secure a prosperous future.
The sooner these nations act, the greater their chances of achieving equitable growth in
the global market.
Essay Title:
Social Media Has Destroyed Real-Life Communication
Topic Statement:
Social media has revolutionized communication, yet its misuse has significantly
diminished real-life, face-to-face interactions, affecting societal norms and personal
connections.
Outline:
1. Introduction
• Evolution of human communication.
• Role of social media in connecting people.
• Social media's adverse impact on real-life communication.
2. Understanding Social Media
• Definitions and purposes of social media.
• Key platforms and their functions.
• Social media as an integral part of daily life.
3. Real-Life Communication: A Conceptual Overview
• Definition of communication and real-life interaction.
• Importance of physical presence and emotional connection.
4. Impact of Social Media on Real-Life Communication
 • Reduced family interactions.
• Shift from outdoor activities to online engagement.
• Decline in face-to-face educational experiences.
• Online shopping replacing social outings.
• Professional life adapting to virtual platforms.
5. Counterarguments: Social Media's Benefits
• Social media enables easy connectivity.
• Availability of video and voice calls as substitutes.
• Arguments against social media critiques.
6. Factors Fueling Social Media's Dominance
• Lack of awareness and sensitization.
• Absence of regulation and monitoring.
• Easy accessibility and affordability.
• Fast-paced lifestyles and time constraints.
7. Recommendations for Balancing Social Media and Real-Life Interaction
• Implementing checks and balances on social media usage.
• Educating people about social media's pros and cons.
• Providing alternative recreational opportunities.
• Imposing taxes to discourage excessive social media use.
8. Conclusion
• Social media's dual role as a connector and a divider.
• Necessity of a balanced approach to preserve real-life communication.
Essay
Human communication has evolved significantly since its inception, progressing from
rudimentary gestures to sophisticated language and technology. Among the many
innovations, social media stands out as a transformative force, redefining how people
communicate. While social media has connected individuals across boundaries, it has
also reshaped personal interactions, diminishing the essence of real-life
communication. This essay explores how social media has threatened face-to-face
interactions, examines its contributing factors, and suggests measures to restore
balance.
Social media refers to digital platforms enabling the creation and sharing of
information, thoughts, and ideas. Websites like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and
TikTok have become indispensable tools for millions. These platforms allow users to
connect, share content, and engage with others virtually. Despite their utility, these
platforms have encroached on personal lives, replacing meaningful, in-person
communication with virtual interactions.
Real-life communication involves face-to-face interaction, where individuals exchange
information and emotions in a shared space. Physical presence, emotional warmth, and
body language play integral roles, creating authentic connections. Unlike digital
interactions, real-life communication fosters deeper relationships and builds lasting
memories. However, these interactions are increasingly rare in today's technology-
driven world.
Social media's impact on real-life communication is evident in everyday life. Family
members, once bound by shared activities and conversations, now sit together while
engrossed in their devices. Recreational activities such as park visits and cinema
outings have been replaced by online entertainment. Similarly, online shopping
platforms like Amazon and Daraz have reduced social interactions in markets and
malls. The advent of online education and remote work has further curtailed
opportunities for face-to-face interactions, depriving individuals of valuable social
experiences.
Proponents of social media argue that it fosters connectivity and provides alternatives
like video and voice calls. While these tools facilitate communication, they lack the
authenticity of in-person interaction. Genuine emotions, facial expressions, and body
language are irreplaceable elements of real-life communication, which virtual
platforms fail to replicate.
Several factors contribute to the dominance of social media. A lack of awareness about
its drawbacks leaves users vulnerable to overdependence. The absence of regulation
and monitoring allows unrestricted access, including to harmful content. Affordability
and convenience make social media an attractive alternative to traditional activities.
Moreover, the fast-paced modern lifestyle prioritizes efficiency over meaningful
engagement, driving people to opt for virtual communication.
To address these issues, a multi-faceted approach is necessary. Governments should
implement strict regulations to monitor and control social media usage. Educational
institutions must raise awareness about the responsible use of social media through
lectures and campaigns. Creating accessible recreational spaces and promoting outdoor
activities can divert attention from screens to real-life interactions. Imposing taxes or
charges on excessive social media usage could also discourage overreliance.
In conclusion, social media has revolutionized communication but at the cost of real-
life interactions. While it offers numerous advantages, its excessive use has
undermined personal connections, family bonds, and social experiences. A balanced
approach, combining regulation, education, and alternative opportunities, is essential
to preserve the beauty of real-life communication. By fostering awareness and
promoting moderation, society can harness the benefits of social media without
compromising the essence of human interaction.
Essay Title:
Can AI Replace Human Creativity?
Topic Statement:
Exploring the limitations and potential of generative AI in replacing human creativity.
Outline:
 1. Introduction: The rise of generative AI and its influence on creativity.
2. How AI Works: Understanding machine learning algorithms and generative AI
tools.
3. The Role of Human Creativity: Why human creativity remains unique and
essential.
4. AI's Capabilities and Limitations in Creativity: Can AI match human
imagination?
5. Emotional Intelligence and Context: The missing link in AI-generated content.
6. Collaboration Between AI and Humans: How AI enhances, but does not
replace, creativity.
7. Ethical Considerations and Intellectual Property: Who owns AI-generated
content?
8. Conclusion: The future of AI in the creative industry and its partnership with
humans.
Essay
The field of artificial intelligence (AI) has evolved rapidly over the past decade,
leaving its mark on nearly every industry. One of the most significant areas where AI
has begun to make waves is the creative world. From AI-generated images and music
to computer-written articles and videos, generative AI tools are becoming increasingly
sophisticated. These tools, powered by machine learning algorithms, can generate new
content by mimicking human creativity. However, this technological advancement has
sparked a major debate: Can AI truly replace human creativity, or will it only serve as
a tool to augment it? This essay explores the growing influence of generative AI in
creative fields, highlighting both its potential and its limitations.
Generative AI functions through machine learning algorithms that are trained on vast
amounts of data. These models analyze patterns in the data and use these insights to
generate new content. For instance, AI tools such as ChatGPT can generate human-like
text by learning from a large corpus of publicly available writing. Similarly, image-
generation tools like DALL·E can create unique images based on user prompts.
Despite the impressive abilities of these tools, they are fundamentally limited by the
data they are trained on and the algorithms that govern them. AI cannot think
independently or generate truly original content outside of its training data. It can only
manipulate existing patterns and structures to create something that appears novel, but
lacks the depth and authenticity of human-made creativity.
Human creativity, on the other hand, is not bound by data or algorithms. It involves the
ability to think abstractly, make intuitive leaps, and create something entirely new.
Human creators draw upon personal experiences, emotions, and a deep understanding
of context to produce works of art that resonate with others. For example, a painter’s
work may be influenced by their personal journey, emotions, and the historical context
in which it was created. Similarly, a songwriter might draw upon their life experiences
to craft lyrics that connect with listeners on a profound level. These elements are what
give human creativity its depth and emotional power—something AI cannot replicate.
One of the key limitations of generative AI is its inability to understand or incorporate
emotions into its creations. AI models, no matter how advanced, lack emotional
intelligence. While they can generate content that mimics the style or structure of
human-made works, they do not possess the capacity to infuse their creations with the
emotional nuances that human artists do. This emotional disconnect can result in art
that feels mechanical or impersonal, lacking the soul that makes human-created works
relatable and engaging. For instance, an AI-generated poem may follow the rules of
rhyme and structure, but it will lack the emotional depth and personal perspective that
a human poet could imbue it with.
Moreover, AI-generated content often lacks a true understanding of the context in
which it is created. Every work of art is shaped by the historical, cultural, and social
circumstances surrounding it. A painting, for example, may reflect the artist’s response
to a particular event or societal issue. AI, however, cannot fully grasp this context. It
can only generate content based on patterns it has learned from past data, without
understanding the deeper meaning or significance behind the work. This limitation
makes it difficult for AI to produce content that carries the same emotional or
intellectual weight as human-created works.
Despite these limitations, generative AI can still play a valuable role in the creative
process. Rather than replacing human creativity, AI can serve as a tool that enhances
it. For example, AI can assist artists, writers, and designers in brainstorming ideas,
generating drafts, or overcoming creative blocks. By providing new insights and
perspectives, AI can help human creators push the boundaries of what is possible.
However, the final product still requires the human touch to give it meaning, emotional
depth, and authenticity. The future of AI in the creative industry is likely to be one of
collaboration, where AI serves as a partner to human creators rather than a
replacement.
The question of ownership and intellectual property in the context of AI-generated
content is another important consideration. Who owns the rights to content created by
AI? If an AI generates a piece of artwork based on a prompt from a user, does the user
own the rights to the work, or does the creator of the AI software hold the rights? This
issue raises complex ethical questions about the nature of authorship and creativity. As
AI continues to be integrated into creative fields, these questions will need to be
addressed to ensure fair and responsible use of the technology.
In conclusion, while generative AI has made impressive strides in the creative world, it
is clear that it cannot replace human creativity. AI lacks the emotional intelligence,
spontaneity, and contextual understanding that are essential to true creative expression.
However, AI can complement and enhance human creativity by providing new tools
and insights for creators. The future of creativity will likely be one where humans and
AI work together, each bringing their unique strengths to the table. By embracing this
partnership, we can unlock new possibilities for innovation and artistic expression
while preserving the irreplaceable value of human creativity.
Essay Title:
Pathways to Pakistan’s Prosperity
Topic Statement:
Ensuring Pakistan's prosperity through political stability, economic reforms, rule of
law, and efficient administration.
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Prosperity and the Measures to Gauge It
• Economic indicators: GDP size and growth rate
• Human Development Index (HDI) indicators
• Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
• Prevailing economic and social conditions in Pakistan
3. Pathways to the Prosperity of Pakistan
• Political stability
• Consensus-based decision-making using available forums
• Self-sufficiency in energy
• Redesign of the education model
• Rule of law
• Signing a charter of economy
• Enhancement in tax-to-GDP ratio
• Introduction of acute austerity measures
• Improvement in the performance of the agricultural and industrial sectors
4. Impediments in Pakistan's Journey Along the Pathways to Prosperity
• Absence of capacity to take tough decisions
• Lack of financial resources
• Menace of corruption
• Security-related issues at internal and external fronts
• Discontinuity of policies after regime change
5. Recommended Measures for Successfully Tackling the Obstacles
• Strengthening democratic institutions
• Policy continuity and long-term planning
• Eradicating corruption through strict enforcement
• Economic revival through investment and industrial growth
• Comprehensive reforms in bureaucratic and administrative structures
6. Conclusion
Essay

Pakistan was envisioned as a prosperous and developed nation by its founding leaders.
However, despite its vast potential and abundant resources, the country has struggled
to achieve sustained economic growth, political stability, and social development.
Nations like India and Bangladesh, which started from similar economic conditions,
have surged ahead in key development indicators, leaving Pakistan lagging. However,
the dream of a prosperous Pakistan is not unattainable. With carefully planned
strategies and effective implementation, the country can set itself on the path to
development. Key areas such as political stability, economic reforms, energy
sufficiency, rule of law, and industrial growth need to be prioritized to ensure
Pakistan’s prosperity. Overcoming these challenges requires strong leadership,
national consensus, and a commitment to good governance.
Prosperity is often measured using economic, social, and human development
indicators. The most common metric to assess a country’s economic condition is its
Gross Domestic Product (GDP). A growing GDP indicates economic expansion, while
a declining GDP suggests stagnation or recession. The Human Development Index
(HDI) is another crucial measure, considering life expectancy, education, and income
levels to assess the quality of life in a country. Additionally, the Multidimensional
Poverty Index (MPI) evaluates poverty based on health, education, and living
standards. Unfortunately, Pakistan performs poorly in these indicators. In the fiscal
year 2022-23, Pakistan’s GDP growth rate was only 0.29%, compared to India’s 7.2%
and Bangladesh’s 6.03%. Pakistan also ranks 164th out of 193 countries in the HDI
report for 2023-24. These figures highlight the urgent need for economic and social
reforms to ensure a prosperous future.
A stable political environment is essential for Pakistan’s prosperity. Political instability
has historically hindered economic growth, deterring foreign investment and causing
policy disruptions. Every period of uncertainty, whether due to military takeovers,
weak democratic institutions, or frequent changes in government, has negatively
impacted development. A stable political framework would ensure long-term policy
continuity and encourage both local and international investors to contribute to
economic growth. Achieving political stability requires national consensus among
political parties and strict adherence to democratic principles. Political leadership must
prioritize governance over personal gains and ensure that democratic institutions
function effectively.
Energy self-sufficiency is another crucial factor in Pakistan’s economic growth. The
country faces a severe energy crisis, with frequent power shortages disrupting
industries, businesses, and daily life. The high cost of electricity further burdens
consumers and industries, making production expensive and uncompetitive. Many
industries have relocated to countries like Bangladesh, where energy is more
affordable. Addressing this crisis requires investment in renewable energy sources,
upgrading transmission and distribution systems, and promoting energy conservation.
A long-term energy policy focusing on sustainability can significantly boost industrial
productivity and economic growth.
Education plays a vital role in a nation’s development. Unfortunately, Pakistan's
current education model is outdated and ineffective in producing skilled professionals.
The lack of innovation, poor infrastructure, and an outdated curriculum hinder students
from acquiring market-relevant skills. Reforming the education system requires a
focus on technical and vocational training, promoting entrepreneurship, and integrating
modern technology into the curriculum. Additionally, fostering creativity, critical
thinking, and ethical values in students can contribute to a more productive and
responsible workforce.
The rule of law is fundamental to economic and social stability. A society where laws
are selectively applied breeds corruption, discourages investment, and undermines
public trust in institutions. In Pakistan, weak law enforcement has led to widespread
corruption, ineffective governance, and a lack of accountability. Strengthening judicial
independence, ensuring fair trials, and eliminating political interference in legal
matters can restore faith in the justice system. Strict anti-corruption measures,
transparency in government dealings, and digital reforms in public administration can
also enhance efficiency and trust.
Economic revival requires a well-defined strategy. Pakistan’s tax-to-GDP ratio is
below 10%, far lower than the 15-30% range in developed countries. This is due to tax
evasion, corruption, and inefficient tax collection systems. Expanding the tax base,
implementing digital tax collection mechanisms, and reducing reliance on indirect
taxes can significantly improve revenue generation. Additionally, austerity measures
such as cutting unnecessary government expenditures, reducing luxurious imports, and
optimizing resource allocation can help stabilize the economy.
Agriculture and industry are two key sectors that can drive Pakistan’s economic
growth. Despite having vast agricultural resources, Pakistan’s farming sector
underperforms due to outdated techniques, water scarcity, and low productivity.
Modernizing agriculture through scientific research, better irrigation methods, and
financial support to farmers can enhance productivity. Similarly, industrial growth
requires investment in manufacturing, technology, and infrastructure. Facilitating
small and medium enterprises (SMEs), encouraging innovation, and creating a
business-friendly environment can significantly contribute to economic expansion.
Despite the availability of multiple pathways to prosperity, Pakistan faces significant
obstacles in its journey. The inability of governments to take difficult yet necessary
decisions often results in short-term policies that fail to address long-standing issues.
Financial constraints further limit the country’s ability to implement large-scale
development projects. Corruption is another major hindrance, as it drains national
resources and discourages both local and foreign investors. Security concerns,
including terrorism and border conflicts, divert attention and resources away from
economic development. Additionally, the discontinuity of policies due to frequent
regime changes disrupts long-term progress. Each new government often reverses the
policies of its predecessor, preventing the country from maintaining a consistent
growth trajectory.
Addressing these challenges requires a multi-pronged approach. Strengthening
democratic institutions and ensuring policy continuity can provide long-term stability.
Economic revival through investment-friendly policies, industrial expansion, and
export growth can alleviate financial constraints. Strict anti-corruption measures, such
as independent accountability bodies and digital governance, can minimize corruption.
Security challenges can be tackled through comprehensive counterterrorism policies
and regional diplomatic efforts. Most importantly, reforming bureaucratic and
administrative structures can enhance governance efficiency. Merit-based
appointments, performance-based evaluations, and digital transformation in public
administration can improve service delivery and policy implementation.
Despite the challenges, Pakistan has the potential to achieve prosperity through
strategic planning and national unity. Political stability, economic self-sufficiency, rule
of law, and education reforms are essential components of this journey. Implementing
strict anti-corruption measures, improving governance structures, and ensuring policy
continuity can accelerate development. Every citizen must contribute towards national
progress, whether by paying taxes honestly, promoting ethical business practices, or
advocating for good governance. With collective efforts, Pakistan can overcome its
challenges and achieve sustainable prosperity.
Essay Title:
The Role Model Crisis in Pakistan
Topic Statement:
The scarcity of positive role models in Pakistan and its societal impact.
Outline:
1. Introduction: Importance of role models in personal and societal development.
2. Current Scenario: Lack of positive role models in Pakistan.
3. Reasons for the Crisis: Glorification of flawed figures and lack of accountability.
4. Consequences: Impact on youth, society, and national progress.
5. Examples of Past Role Models: Inspirational figures from Pakistan’s history.
6. Solutions: Identifying and promoting positive role models.
7. Conclusion: The need for renewed focus on role models for societal betterment’s.
Essay:
Role models play a pivotal role in shaping individuals and societies. They inspire,
guide, and motivate people to achieve their potential, overcome challenges, and
contribute positively to their communities. In Pakistan, however, the absence of
positive role models has become a pressing issue, affecting the youth and the nation’s
progress. This essay explores the reasons behind this crisis, its consequences, and
potential solutions to address the problem.
The current scenario in Pakistan reveals a stark lack of positive role models. From
politics to sports, many public figures who were once admired have been exposed for
corruption, unethical behavior, or incompetence. Police officers, business leaders, and
even sportsmen, who were once seen as symbols of integrity and success, are now
associated with scandals. This has left the youth disillusioned and without credible
figures to emulate. The media, which once celebrated brave journalists and
intellectuals, has also been tainted by bias and favoritism, further diminishing trust in
public figures.
One of the primary reasons for this crisis is the glorification of flawed individuals. In
Pakistan, role models are often elevated to a status where they are beyond criticism.
Their weaknesses are overlooked, and their achievements are exaggerated, creating an
unrealistic image. This lack of accountability allows these figures to continue their
questionable practices without consequence. Additionally, the focus on short-term
success and material wealth overshadows the importance of ethical conduct and social
responsibility, further eroding the quality of role models.
The consequences of this crisis are far-reaching. Without positive role models, the
youth lack direction and motivation. Studies have shown that adolescents with access
to positive role models exhibit higher self-esteem, better academic performance, and a
lower likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors. In Pakistan, the absence of such
figures has led to a sense of apathy and disillusionment among young people. This, in
turn, hampers societal progress, as the next generation struggles to find inspiration and
purpose.
Despite the current challenges, Pakistan has a rich history of inspirational figures who
served as role models. Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Allama Iqbal, and Sir
Syed Ahmed Khan laid the foundation for the nation with their vision and
determination. In sports, legends like Imran Khan, Jahangir Khan, and Javed Miandad
inspired millions with their achievements and dedication. Social reformers like Abdul
Sattar Edhi and Dr. Amjad Saqib demonstrated the power of compassion and service.
These individuals exemplified integrity, perseverance, and a commitment to societal
betterment, qualities that are sorely needed today.
To address the role model crisis, it is essential to identify and promote positive figures
who embody these values. Educational institutions, media, and civil society must work
together to highlight individuals who have made meaningful contributions to society.
Encouraging transparency and accountability can also help restore trust in public
figures. Moreover, the youth should be encouraged to look beyond superficial success
and seek inspiration from those who prioritize ethical conduct and social
responsibility.
In conclusion, the scarcity of positive role models in Pakistan is a significant issue that
requires immediate attention. The glorification of flawed figures and the lack of
accountability have left the youth without credible sources of inspiration. By learning
from past role models and promoting individuals who exemplify integrity and
dedication, Pakistan can pave the way for a brighter future. The nation must recognize
the importance of role models in shaping its destiny and take proactive steps to address
this crisis.
References:
1. Merton, R. K. (1949). Social Theory and Social Structure.
2. Edhi, Abdul Sattar. A Mirror to the Blind.
3. Khan, Imran. Pakistan: A Personal History.
4. Saqib, Dr. Amjad. Social Entrepreneurship in Pakistan.
5. All in One Book XVI: Essays on Role Models and Societal Development.
Essay Title:
Perils Of Unplanned Urbanization
Topic Statement:
The need for a sustainable urbanization model to improve public services, economy,
and quality of life.
Outline:
1. Introduction
2. The Rapid Growth of Urbanization in Pakistan
3. Challenges of Unplanned Urbanization
4. Public Service Deficiencies and Infrastructure Issues
5. Economic Impact of Poor Urban Planning
6. Environmental Consequences and Climate Risks
7. The Role of Local Governance in Urban Development
8. Proposed Sustainable Urbanization Model
9. Housing Crisis and the Need for Affordable Solutions
10.Recommendations for Future Urban Planning
11.Conclusion
Essay
Urbanization is often viewed as a sign of development and economic progress.
However, when not planned properly, it can lead to severe socio-economic and
environmental consequences. Pakistan is experiencing rapid urbanization, with its
urban population projected to exceed 99 million by 2030. Despite this growth, urban
planning has not kept pace with the increasing population, leading to failing public
services, economic inefficiencies, and environmental degradation. The Asian
Development Bank (ADB) has emphasized the need for a new urbanization model that
integrates sustainable growth strategies, efficient governance, and infrastructure
development. This essay explores the challenges of unplanned urbanization in Pakistan
and proposes a sustainable model that can address these issues while fostering
economic, environmental, and social progress.
Pakistan's urban population has increased dramatically over the past few decades. In
1981, the urban population was significantly smaller, but today, nearly 40% of the
country’s inhabitants live in cities. Major metropolitan centers like Karachi, Lahore,
and Islamabad are experiencing significant population inflows due to rural-to-urban
migration, driven by the search for better job opportunities, education, and healthcare.
However, this growth has not been accompanied by adequate planning, leading to
overcrowding, traffic congestion, and a decline in living standards. According to the
ADB report, Pakistan's urbanization rate remains one of the highest in South Asia,
necessitating urgent reforms in urban development strategies.
Unplanned urbanization has resulted in numerous socio-economic and environmental
issues. The lack of proper infrastructure planning has led to congested streets, poor
waste management, inadequate drainage systems, and an overstretched public transport
network. Many cities have expanded without any strategic development plans, creating
unregulated settlements and slums. The housing deficit, estimated at around 10 million
units, forces a significant portion of the urban population to live in informal
settlements. This haphazard growth has made cities less liveable, with declining air
quality, insufficient green spaces, and inefficient public services.
One of the most pressing concerns in urban Pakistan is the deteriorating state of public
services. Many cities struggle to provide clean drinking water, efficient sewage
systems, and reliable electricity. Traffic congestion has become a daily struggle due to
the absence of proper road networks and public transportation facilities. The
inadequacy of public healthcare and education services in urban centers has
exacerbated inequalities, forcing low-income groups to rely on substandard private
services. The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, which devolved power to
provincial governments, has further complicated urban governance, leading to
fragmented policies and unclear mandates among municipal authorities.
Cities contribute significantly to Pakistan’s GDP, with Karachi alone accounting for
12-15% of the national economy. However, due to inefficient urban planning and
governance, these economic hubs are underperforming. The lack of proper
infrastructure and investment in urban areas has led to declining productivity and
increased business costs. Informal settlements and unregulated construction have
reduced the potential for economic growth by creating chaotic urban environments.
Moreover, limited access to affordable housing and transportation restricts labor
mobility, further hampering economic opportunities for the working class.
Environmental degradation is another major consequence of unplanned urbanization.
Deforestation, loss of green spaces, and pollution have made cities more vulnerable to
climate change. Urban flooding, particularly in cities like Lahore and Karachi, has
intensified due to excessive construction, soil sealing, and inadequate drainage
systems. Climate change risks, including extreme weather events, rising temperatures,
and water shortages, pose significant threats to urban populations. The increasing
imperviousness of city surfaces has also disrupted natural water absorption, leading to
more frequent flooding and groundwater depletion.
Urban governance in Pakistan is highly fragmented, with multiple institutions
managing various aspects of city planning. Military lands and cantonments operate
under separate regulations, often providing better services than municipal authorities.
The lack of coordination between federal, provincial, and local governments has
resulted in inconsistent urban policies. The current governance model fails to ensure
equitable distribution of resources, leading to disparities between different urban areas.
Strengthening local governance by empowering city administrations and streamlining
regulatory frameworks is essential for effective urban planning.
The ADB suggests a holistic approach to urbanization that integrates economic,
environmental, and social considerations. This model emphasizes the need for
proactive planning, multi-sectoral coordination, and institutional capacity building.
Sustainable urbanization should focus on enhancing public transportation, improving
waste management systems, and promoting vertical housing to maximize land use.
Cities should be designed with pedestrian-friendly spaces, efficient energy
consumption, and resilient infrastructure to withstand climate risks. Public-private
partnerships (PPPs) can also play a crucial role in financing urban development
projects, ensuring long-term sustainability.
Housing remains one of the most critical urban challenges in Pakistan. Despite
numerous government initiatives, such as the Naya Pakistan Housing Program,
affordable housing remains inaccessible to low-income groups. Many urban dwellers
are forced to live in informal settlements due to the high cost of land and limited
financial support for homeownership. To address this issue, the government must
promote vertical housing developments, regulate real estate speculation, and
incentivize affordable housing projects. Integrating mixed-use developments with
accessible public transportation can also improve urban livability.
To ensure sustainable urbanization, the government must adopt a multi-pronged
approach. Key recommendations include:
1. Strengthening Local Governance – Empowering city governments with clear
mandates and financial autonomy to implement urban policies effectively.
2. Investing in Infrastructure – Expanding public transport, upgrading drainage
systems, and modernizing utilities to enhance urban living conditions.
3. Promoting Sustainable Housing – Encouraging high-density housing projects
with affordable pricing models.
4. Improving Environmental Resilience – Integrating climate adaptation strategies,
increasing green spaces, and enhancing waste management.
5. Public-Private Partnerships – Engaging private sector investments in urban
development projects to supplement government efforts.
6. Enhancing Policy Coordination – Ensuring collaboration among federal,
provincial, and local authorities to streamline urban planning initiatives.
Unplanned urbanization in Pakistan has led to numerous socio-economic and
environmental challenges, affecting the quality of life and economic productivity of
urban dwellers. The current urban development model is failing to address these
issues, necessitating a shift toward a sustainable urbanization strategy. By
implementing holistic planning approaches, strengthening local governance, and
promoting affordable housing, Pakistan can transform its cities into more livable,
economically viable, and environmentally sustainable urban centers. Proactive urban
policies and strategic investments in infrastructure and public services will be crucial
in ensuring a balanced and inclusive urban future for Pakistan.
References
❖Asian Development Bank. (2023). Pakistan National Urban Assessment.
❖World Bank. (2020). Urban Housing and Slum Development in South Asia.
❖Government of Pakistan. (2010). 18th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan.

Essay Title:
Poverty in Pakistan
Topic Statement:
Addressing poverty in Pakistan requires economic, social, and governance reforms for
sustainable development.
Outline:
1. Introduction
2. Understanding Poverty in Pakistan
3. Current Poverty Statistics and Trends
4. Causes of Poverty
• Economic factors
• Social factors
• Structural and governance issues
• Environmental challenges
5. Impact of Poverty on Society
6. Measuring Poverty
• Income-based approach
• Human Development Index
• Multidimensional Poverty Index
7. Government Initiatives and Policies
8. Global Examples of Poverty Reduction
• South Korea’s economic transformation
• China’s poverty alleviation strategies
9. Strategies for Poverty Reduction in Pakistan
• Strengthening economic growth
 • Improving education and healthcare
• Enhancing governance and transparency
• Promoting financial inclusion
• Addressing environmental challenges
10. Conclusion
Essay
Poverty remains one of Pakistan’s most pressing challenges, affecting millions of
people across the country. Despite numerous governmental efforts, poverty rates
continue to rise, making it crucial to analyze the root causes and develop effective
strategies for sustainable development. Economic instability, inflation, and governance
issues have deepened the crisis, requiring immediate and long-term policy
interventions. A multifaceted approach focusing on economic reforms, social welfare,
and good governance is essential to reduce poverty and improve living standards for
all citizens.
Poverty in Pakistan is a complex issue that extends beyond income levels,
encompassing access to essential services such as education, healthcare, and
employment opportunities. The World Bank estimates that the poverty rate in Pakistan
has increased to 40.5% in the current fiscal year, reflecting the economic struggles
faced by a significant portion of the population. Many middle and lower-middle-
income households struggle to afford basic necessities due to rising inflation, further
pushing them toward financial instability. While poverty is a global challenge, its
persistence in Pakistan is exacerbated by structural weaknesses and policy gaps.
Pakistan’s poverty rate has fluctuated over the years, with different estimates from
institutions like the World Bank and Pakistan Institute of Development Economics
(PIDE). While the government reported a poverty rate of 21.9% in 2018-19, recent
estimates suggest that it has climbed to over 40%. Additionally, unemployment has
surged to 8.5%, indicating a worsening economic situation. With inflation remaining in
double digits and economic growth projected at only 2.8%, the situation demands
urgent attention. Without significant improvements, poverty will continue to rise,
affecting future generations.
The root causes of poverty in Pakistan are diverse and interconnected. Economic
factors such as slow GDP growth, inflation, unemployment, and unequal wealth
distribution play a major role in keeping millions of people in poverty. Many people
rely on agriculture, which is vulnerable to climate change and lacks modernization,
limiting its potential to uplift rural communities. Additionally, a large informal
economy offers low wages and no job security, keeping workers trapped in a cycle of
poverty. These economic weaknesses have been worsened by political instability,
reducing investor confidence and limiting job creation.
Social factors also contribute to poverty, with limited access to quality education and
healthcare preventing economic mobility. Over 22.5 million children in Pakistan are
out of school, reducing their future earning potential. Poor healthcare services increase
medical costs for families, pushing them deeper into poverty. Additionally, gender
disparities limit women's participation in the workforce, restricting overall economic
growth. Many households are forced to rely on low-paying, unstable jobs, which do
not provide enough income to cover basic needs. This lack of opportunities perpetuates
poverty across generations.
Structural and governance-related challenges further exacerbate poverty. Corruption,
inefficient public institutions, and weak policy implementation hinder efforts to
address socio-economic issues. Poor governance results in misallocation of resources,
preventing poverty reduction programs from reaching those in need. Wealth
concentration remains a significant issue, with the richest 10% of Pakistanis
controlling 25.7% of the national income. This economic disparity highlights the need
for reforms to ensure fair distribution of resources and opportunities for all.
Environmental challenges such as climate change, natural disasters, and water scarcity
also contribute to poverty. Pakistan has faced severe floods in recent years, destroying
millions of hectares of farmland and displacing thousands of families. These disasters
not only wipe out agricultural incomes but also increase government spending on
emergency relief rather than long-term development. Climate resilience measures are
essential to protect vulnerable communities and ensure sustainable livelihoods.
Poverty measurement is crucial for designing effective policies. The income-based
approach defines poverty using a monetary threshold, such as the World Bank’s
poverty line of $3.65 per day. However, income alone does not capture the full picture
of poverty. The Human Development Index (HDI) considers life expectancy,
education, and income levels to provide a more comprehensive understanding of well-
being. The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) further expands this analysis by
including factors such as access to clean water, sanitation, and healthcare. These
diverse approaches help policymakers design targeted interventions to reduce poverty.
The Pakistani government has introduced various initiatives to address poverty, such
as the Ehsaas Program, which provides financial assistance to low-income families.
Other schemes focus on employment generation, skill development, and social
protection. However, these programs often suffer from limited funding, inefficient
implementation, and corruption. Strengthening institutional capacity and ensuring
transparency are crucial for making these initiatives more effective. Additionally, long-
term policies focusing on industrial growth, agricultural modernization, and job
creation are necessary to achieve sustainable poverty reduction.
Learning from successful global examples can provide insights into effective poverty
alleviation strategies. South Korea transformed its economy through industrialization,
investment in education, and export-driven growth. In the 1960s, its per capita income
was similar to Pakistan’s, but today, it is one of the world’s leading economies. Key
factors behind South Korea’s success include a strong focus on human capital
development, technological advancement, and inclusive economic policies.
China’s poverty reduction strategy is another model for Pakistan. The Chinese
government invested heavily in rural development, infrastructure, and social programs.
Under President Xi Jinping, China allocated $700 billion to poverty alleviation efforts,
lifting millions of people out of extreme poverty. The success of these initiatives was
driven by a combination of state-led economic planning, investment in human
development, and targeted financial support for low-income households. Pakistan can
adopt similar strategies by prioritizing rural development, enhancing infrastructure,
and improving access to financial resources.
To effectively reduce poverty in Pakistan, several key strategies must be implemented.
Economic growth must be strengthened through policies that encourage
industrialization, increase exports, and attract foreign investment. Small and medium
enterprises (SMEs) should receive greater support to create jobs and boost local
economies. Additionally, reforms in agriculture, including better irrigation systems,
modern techniques, and access to credit, can help improve rural livelihoods.
Investing in education and healthcare is essential for breaking the cycle of poverty.
Expanding access to quality education will equip individuals with skills needed for
higher-paying jobs, while improved healthcare services will reduce financial burdens
on low-income families. Strengthening vocational training programs can also help
unemployed youth find stable employment.
Governance and transparency reforms are critical for effective poverty reduction.
Reducing corruption, improving public service delivery, and ensuring accountability in
social programs will make government initiatives more effective. Establishing a fair
tax system and redistributing resources equitably can help bridge the gap between rich
and poor.
Financial inclusion is another important aspect of poverty alleviation. Expanding
access to banking services, microfinance, and digital payment systems can empower
low-income individuals and small businesses. Encouraging entrepreneurship and self-
employment through financial support programs can create more income-generating
opportunities.
Environmental sustainability must also be integrated into poverty reduction strategies.
Strengthening climate resilience, promoting sustainable agriculture, and investing in
renewable energy can help protect vulnerable communities from climate-related
economic shocks. Disaster preparedness and relief mechanisms should be improved to
prevent natural calamities from pushing more people into poverty.
In conclusion, addressing poverty in Pakistan requires a comprehensive and sustained
effort involving economic, social, and governance reforms. Learning from successful
global models such as South Korea and China can provide valuable lessons for
Pakistan’s development. By prioritizing inclusive growth, social welfare, and
transparency, the country can create a more equitable society and improve the lives of
millions of its citizens. While challenges remain, a strategic and well-implemented
approach can pave the way for a poverty-free Pakistan.
References:
• World Bank (2024). Pakistan Development Update: The Dynamics of Power
Sector Distribution Reform.
• Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (2024). Poverty Trends and
Economic Challenges in Pakistan.
• United Nations Development Programme (2023-24). Human Development Report.
Essay Title:
Media and Social Media
Topic Statement:
The Pakistani media faces a credibility crisis amid political, economic, and
technological challenges.
Outline:
1. Introduction

• Media's evolution from print to digital.

• Current crisis of credibility and its implications.
2. Historical Context

• Growth of media post-2000.

• Shift from state-controlled to independent media.
3. Challenges Faced by Media

• Political pressures and censorship.

• Economic downturn and advertising decline.
• Technological disruption and social media rise.
4. Impact on Journalism
• Loss of public trust.
• Decline in quality and independence.
• Job losses and financial instability.
5. Role of Social Media

• Rise of digital platforms.

• Sensationalism and misinformation.
• Competition with mainstream media.
6. Way Forward
 • Need for credible mainstream media.
• Fact-checking and accountability.
• Media's role in strengthening democracy.
7. Conclusion
• Media's critical role in society.
• Urgency to address the crisis.
Essay
The media in Pakistan has undergone a dramatic transformation over the past two
decades, evolving from a state-controlled entity to a vibrant, independent sector.
However, this growth has been accompanied by a deepening crisis of credibility,
driven by political pressures, economic challenges, and the disruptive rise of social
media. This essay explores the historical context, current challenges, and potential
solutions to restore the media's role as a pillar of democracy.
At the turn of the century, Pakistan's media landscape was dominated by state-owned
broadcasters and a handful of print publications. The early 2000s marked a turning
point, as deregulation and technological advancements led to the emergence of dozens
of independent news channels. This expansion was fueled by a growing consumer
economy and increased advertising revenue, creating a media boom that attracted
thousands of young journalists. Universities established media science departments to
meet the industry's demand, and for a time, the media became a powerful force in
shaping public opinion and holding governments accountable.
However, this golden era was short-lived. The media's rapid growth was not matched
by sustainable business models or editorial independence. Over time, political
pressures and economic instability began to erode the sector's credibility, leading to the
current crisis.
The Pakistani media today faces a trifecta of challenges: political interference,
economic decline, and technological disruption. Politically, the media is increasingly
subject to censorship and coercion, with regulatory bodies like Pemra issuing
advisories that limit editorial freedom. This has created an environment of fear and
self-censorship, undermining the media's ability to report truthfully and independently.
Economically, the sector is grappling with a sharp decline in advertising revenue. The
government, once a major advertiser, has slashed its spending, while private
advertisers are shifting their budgets to digital platforms. This has forced many media
houses to cut jobs, reduce salaries, and even shut down operations. The print media, in
particular, has been hit hard, with newspapers struggling to survive in an increasingly
digital world.
Technologically, the rise of social media has disrupted traditional media markets.
Platforms like YouTube, Facebook, and WhatsApp have become primary sources of
news for many Pakistanis, especially the younger generation. While this has
democratized information dissemination, it has also led to the spread of sensationalism
and misinformation, further eroding public trust in the media.
The credibility crisis has had a profound impact on journalism in Pakistan. Public trust
in mainstream media has plummeted, with many viewers turning to social media for
news. This shift has been exacerbated by the perception that mainstream media is
biased or controlled by external forces. The lack of editorial independence and the
over-reliance on government advertising have further damaged the media's reputation.
The quality of journalism has also suffered. With shrinking budgets and increasing
pressures, media houses are unable to invest in investigative reporting or in-depth
analysis. Instead, they rely on sensationalism and repetitive commentary to attract
viewers, leading to a homogenized and bland media landscape.
Job losses and financial instability have added to the sector's woes. Many journalists
are struggling to make ends meet, while others have left the profession altogether. This
has created a sense of despondency among media practitioners, who feel that the
industry's best days are behind it.
Social media has emerged as both a challenge and an opportunity for the Pakistani
media. On the one hand, it has democratized information dissemination, allowing
ordinary citizens to share news and opinions. On the other hand, it has become a
breeding ground for misinformation and sensationalism, often overshadowing credible
journalism.
The rise of vloggers and YouTubers has further disrupted traditional media markets.
These digital creators operate outside the institutional checks and balances that govern
mainstream media, leading to a Wild West of information. While this has created new
opportunities for creativity and expression, it has also made it difficult for audiences to
distinguish between fact and fiction.
To address the credibility crisis, the Pakistani media must undergo a fundamental
transformation. First and foremost, there is a need to rebuild public trust by prioritizing
accuracy, independence, and accountability. This requires a concerted effort to fact-
check information and counter misinformation, both in mainstream and social media.
The media industry must also introspect on how it lost the trust of the people. This
includes addressing issues of bias, sensationalism, and over-reliance on government
advertising. By regaining its credibility, the media can reduce the space for social
media's excesses and reclaim its role as a trusted source of news.
Finally, the media must be given more space to operate independently. This requires
not only a rollback of coercive measures but also a commitment to press freedom from
all stakeholders, including the government, civil society, and the public. A credible and
strong media is essential for the health of Pakistan's democracy and its ability to
navigate the challenges of the 21st century.
The Pakistani media stands at a crossroads, grappling with a crisis of credibility that
threatens its very existence. While the challenges are immense, they are not
insurmountable. By addressing issues of political interference, economic instability,
and technological disruption, the media can regain its lost trust and reclaim its role as a
pillar of democracy. The stakes are high, but so are the rewards: a credible and
independent media is not just a necessity for Pakistan's future but a cornerstone of its
democracy.
References
1. Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (Pemra) Annual Report 2018.
2. Interviews with media owners, managers, and senior journalists from Dawn, Geo,
The News, The Express Tribune, and Dunya.
3. Reports from media rights watchdogs like Freedom Network.
4. Statements from Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists (PFUJ) President Afzal Butt.
5. Analysis of media trends and challenges by industry experts and activists.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Topic Statement:
Pakistan must embrace AI and reskill its workforce to combat brain drain and job
displacement.
Outline:
1. Introduction: Pakistan's current challenges with brain drain and AI-driven job
displacement.
2. The global impact of AI on job markets and the need for universal basic income
(UBI).
3. Pakistan's slow adoption of AI and the lack of economic security strategies.
4. The importance of integrating AI across key sectors in Pakistan.
5. The role of international collaboration and tech exports in positioning Pakistan
globally.
6. The necessity of reskilling the workforce and focusing on tech education.
7. The potential decline in remittances due to AI-driven job crises in key destination
countries.
8. The global economic contribution of AI and the risks of job automation.
9. The uncertainty of UBI's effectiveness in mitigating AI-driven job displacement.
10. Structural gaps in Pakistan's education, science, and technology sectors.
11. The disconnect between key stakeholders and the absence of a unified vision for AI
adoption.
12. The need for a comprehensive commercialisation framework for research and
development.
13. The potential of the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) system to guide
innovation.
14. The importance of reskilling within government systems and reducing bureaucratic
redundancies.
15. Enhancing productivity in key sectors like agriculture, manufacturing, and mining.
16. The role of public sector development projects in fostering innovation and
collaboration.
17. Simplifying doing business in technology and innovation through policy reforms
and incentives.
18. The potential of AI in modernizing industry and improving operational efficiencies.
19. The significance of AI in education and the need for changing mindsets.
20. Strategic partnerships to bridge the gap between academia and industry.
21. The role of AI in achieving universal healthcare and addressing health needs.
22. The convergence of AI with other technologies for advancing precision medicine.
23. The importance of conferences and discussions on AI-driven innovations and
disruptions.
24. Conclusion: Pakistan's potential to become a key player in the global AI
revolution.
Essay
Pakistan stands at a critical crossroads, grappling with the dual challenges of a growing
brain drain and the transformative impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on global job
markets. As AI continues to revolutionize industries and automate jobs, nations
worldwide are exploring measures like universal basic income (UBI) to mitigate the
resulting economic disparities. Geoffrey Hinton, often referred to as the "godfather of
AI," has warned that without such interventions, AI could exacerbate inequality,
benefiting only the wealthy. Unfortunately, Pakistan has yet to adopt comprehensive
economic security strategies like UBI, and its sluggish embrace of AI threatens to
further unravel its economic and social fabric.
The global AI revolution is reshaping industries at an unprecedented pace, and
Pakistan must urgently integrate AI across key sectors such as healthcare, agriculture,
manufacturing, and energy. AI has the potential to significantly boost productivity and
unlock economic potential, but this requires not only technological adoption but also
international collaboration and tech exports to position Pakistan favorably in the global
arena. Equally critical is the need to reskill the workforce to meet the demands of an
AI-driven economy.
Pakistan's workforce is particularly vulnerable to automation, and the country must
prioritize alternative strategies to keep pace with the global tech revolution. According
to the latest Pakistan Economic Survey for 2023-24, over 13.53 million Pakistanis
have officially migrated to work in more than 50 countries by April 2024. However, as
key destination countries like Canada, the UK, Germany, and the US face their own
AI-driven job crises, the opportunities for Pakistani workers abroad may diminish.
This could lead to a decline in remittances, which have traditionally eased economic
pressure, leaving Pakistan's youth with limited prospects both at home and abroad.
Globally, AI is projected to contribute $15.7 trillion to the economy by 2030,
according to a PwC Global Artificial Intelligence Study. Yet, an International
Monetary Fund analysis reveals that AI exposes 40% of global jobs to automation,
with up to 60% of jobs in advanced economies affected. In response, millions of
workers worldwide are undergoing retraining, with employers prioritizing AI skills by
2027. While UBI has been proposed as a potential solution to mitigate AI-driven job
displacement, experts remain uncertain about its effectiveness, particularly in
developing nations like Pakistan where social safety nets are weaker.
Pakistan's structural gaps in education, science, and technology further impede its
preparations for an AI-driven future. Poor execution of technological strategies,
insufficient monitoring, and a lack of skilled resources prevent the country from
capitalizing on AI opportunities. Without targeted reforms, Pakistan risks falling
behind in the global race for innovation. A significant challenge lies in the disconnect
between key stakeholders and the absence of a unified vision for science, technology,
and higher education. Addressing these gaps is critical for creating an environment
conducive to AI adoption.
Moreover, Pakistan lacks a comprehensive commercialisation framework for research
and development, which hinders collaboration between researchers and industry. The
Technology Readiness Level (TRL) system, developed by the US National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, could offer a structured approach to guide
innovation from concept to market deployment. Without such frameworks, the ad-hoc
commercialisation of research limits its impact, weakening the bridge between
academia and industry.
To mitigate the impact of AI and the ongoing brain drain, Pakistan must prioritize
reskilling its workforce, including within government systems, by addressing
inefficiencies and reducing bureaucratic redundancies. The focus should be on
education in AI, robotics, and data science while enhancing productivity in sectors
such as agriculture, manufacturing, and mining to boost exports. Executing and
sponsoring agencies must ensure that innovation and collaboration are central to their
upcoming public sector development projects, particularly in the PC-1s. Collaboration
with existing tech centers and established entities, leveraging available resources and
proven use cases, should be compulsory. These elements, set as key performance
indicators, would help break silos, reduce duplication of effort, and optimize public
investments for sustainable development.
The government must also simplify doing business, particularly in technology and
innovation, by implementing policy reforms and offering incentives. At the same time,
sectors like tourism, agriculture, and mining should be enhanced with technology to
boost productivity and meet employment needs. By investing in AI, reskilling the
workforce, and addressing structural gaps, Pakistan can safeguard against future
unemployment and brain drain while positioning itself as a key player in the global AI
revolution.
Maritime Affairs Minister Qaiser Ahmed Shaikh has emphasized the significant
potential of AI for developing countries like Pakistan. Speaking at the 3rd International
Conference on 'Innovation and Disruption: Business Success Through AI,' he
highlighted the importance of AI in modernizing industry and improving operational
efficiencies. However, he lamented that most businesses in Pakistan continue to
operate on outdated models, lacking innovation and failing to take advantage of AI.
The same is true for educational institutions, which have yet to fully embrace the
transformative potential of AI.
Sindh Higher Education Commission (SHEC) chairman Dr. Tariq Ravi spoke about the
need to change mindsets as AI is incorporated into education. He emphasized that
business leaders and industrialists in Pakistan still do not fully understand the
significance of education in the country's progress. Through strategic partnerships with
industry leaders, development agencies, and international organizations, efforts are
being made to bridge the gap between academia and industry. By bringing together
leaders, practitioners, and policymakers from around the world, it is possible to
collectively explore the possibilities, challenges, and ethical complications of AI-
driven innovations and disruptions.
In her keynote speech, Dr. Nora Colton, professor of leadership and management for
healthcare and director of the Global Business School for Health at University College
London (UCL), discussed the role of AI in achieving universal healthcare. She
emphasized that health needs cannot be left unaddressed and that universal healthcare
is impossible to achieve without innovation. AI is being used in healthcare for imaging
new health technologies, keeping electronic health records, remote patient monitoring,
and providing 24/7 patient support through AI-enabled virtual assistants and chatbots.
The convergence of AI with other technologies such as genomics, robotics, and
blockchain could advance precision medicine, offering new solutions to longstanding
healthcare challenges.
Other keynote speakers, including Dr. Geoffery Wood from Western University,
Canada, and Dr. Adam Zaremba from Montpellier Business School, France, and
Poznam University of Economics and Business, Poland, also shared insights on the
potential of AI to drive business success. The conference highlighted the importance of
addressing the evolving challenges and opportunities presented by AI, emphasizing the
need for continuous learning and adaptation in an era dominated by technological
advancements.
In conclusion, Pakistan has the potential to become a key player in the global AI
revolution by embracing AI, reskilling its workforce, and addressing structural gaps in
education, science, and technology. By fostering innovation, collaboration, and
strategic partnerships, Pakistan can safeguard against future unemployment and brain
drain while positioning itself for greater economic achievements in the AI-driven
future.
References:
❖Pakistan Economic Survey 2023-24
❖PwC Global Artificial Intelligence Study
❖International Monetary Fund analysis on AI and job automation
❖Geoffrey Hinton's warnings on AI and inequality
❖Technology Readiness Level (TRL) system by NASA
❖Keynote speeches from the 3rd International Conference on 'Innovation and
Disruption: Business Success Through AI' at IBA-SBS
Essay Title:
Globalization

Topic Statement:
Globalization has transformed economies and societies, offering both opportunities
and challenges for the modern world.
Outline:
1. Introduction: Definition and significance of globalization
2. Economic Impact: Growth, trade expansion, and economic disparities
3. Cultural Influence: Cultural exchange vs. cultural homogenization
4. Political and Social Effects: Influence on governance, inequality, and local
economies
5. Technological Advancement: Role of digitalization and innovation
6. Environmental Concerns: Impact on climate and sustainability
7. Challenges and Criticism: Inequality, exploitation, and resistance to
globalization
8. Future of Globalization: Managing globalization for inclusive and equitable
growth
9. Conclusion: The need for sustainable and fair globalization
Essay
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness of people, economies, and
cultures worldwide. It has reshaped societies by enabling the exchange of goods, ideas,
and technologies across borders. While globalization has created economic
opportunities and technological advancements, it has also raised concerns about
inequality, cultural erosion, and environmental damage. Managing its effects
responsibly is crucial for ensuring a balanced and fair global system.
One of the most profound impacts of globalization is economic growth. The
integration of markets has enabled countries to expand trade, attract investments, and
boost industrial development. Developing nations that engage in global trade often
experience rapid economic progress. However, globalization has also widened income
disparities, as wealth remains concentrated in developed nations while poorer countries
struggle with economic dependency. Unregulated free trade can sometimes harm local
industries, leading to job losses and increased economic instability.
Culturally, globalization has fostered a significant exchange of traditions, languages,
and lifestyles. Access to international media, music, and literature has enriched
societies. However, the dominance of Western culture in global media has led to
concerns over cultural homogenization, where indigenous traditions and local
identities risk being overshadowed. This raises important questions about preserving
cultural diversity in a globally connected world.
Politically and socially, globalization has influenced governance structures and policy-
making. It has promoted democratic values in some regions while reinforcing
economic dependency in others. Socially, globalization has heightened inequality, with
multinational corporations exploiting cheap labor in developing countries. The
growing influence of global institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
and World Bank has led to concerns about national sovereignty, as economic policies
in many developing countries are often shaped by external financial entities.
The role of technology in globalization is undeniable. The rise of digital platforms,
artificial intelligence, and automation has revolutionized communication, commerce,
and education. The internet has connected people across continents, facilitating
business and knowledge exchange. However, it has also raised concerns about digital
surveillance, data privacy, and the digital divide between developed and developing
nations.
Environmental sustainability is another critical aspect of globalization. Increased
industrial activity and global trade have contributed to deforestation, carbon emissions,
and resource depletion. Climate change is a pressing issue that demands global
cooperation, yet many industrialized nations continue to prioritize economic growth
over environmental responsibility. Sustainable globalization requires a shift towards
eco-friendly practices and international policies that address global warming and
resource conservation.
Despite its advantages, globalization faces strong criticism. Economic disparities,
exploitation of workers, and the loss of local industries have fueled resistance
movements. Anti-globalization protests highlight concerns about corporate dominance,
environmental degradation, and unfair labor practices. The rise of protectionism in
some countries reflects a growing skepticism about the benefits of unrestricted global
trade. Balancing economic integration with social justice remains a key challenge.
Looking ahead, the future of globalization depends on effective policy measures and
ethical governance. Nations must work together to create inclusive economic policies
that benefit all communities. Fair trade agreements, responsible technological
development, and sustainable environmental practices are essential for a balanced
global system. Equally important is ensuring that globalization respects cultural
diversity and human rights.
In conclusion, globalization is a powerful force that has reshaped economies, cultures,
and societies. While it offers opportunities for progress, it also presents significant
challenges. Addressing issues of inequality, environmental sustainability, and cultural
preservation is crucial to making globalization work for everyone. A cooperative
global effort is needed to ensure that its benefits are shared equitably and its negative
impacts are mitigated.
Reference:
• The New York Times, Alan Rappeport
• International Monetary Fund (IMF) reports
• Dawn News articles on globalization
• Pakistan Business Council reports

Essay title:
Terrorism
Topic Statement:

Terrorism is a global menace rooted in socio-political, economic, and religious factors,

demanding comprehensive solutions.

Outline:

1. Introduction

2. Meaning and Definition of Terrorism

3. Historical Background of Terrorism

4. Causes of Terrorism

• Helplessness and Hopelessness

• Political and Economic Deprivation
• Influence of Communist Regimes
• Poverty and Economic Exploitation
• Easy Access to Weapons and Modern Technology
• Lack of Democracy and Dictatorship
• Religious Extremism
• Biological and Social Elements
5. Types of Terrorism

• Revolutionary Terrorism
• Sub-Revolutionary Terrorism
• Establishment Terrorism
 • Nationalist Terrorism
• Religious Terrorism
• State-Sponsored Terrorism
• Inter-State or International Terrorism
• Group Terrorism
6. Case Studies

• Russian Invasion of Afghanistan

• 9/11 and Pakistan
7. Terrorism and Islam: Misconceptions

8. Psycho-Social Effects of Terrorism

9. Role of Civil Society in Combating Terrorism

10. War on Terror and Its Impacts on Pakistan

• Political Impact
• Sovereignty Impact
• Economic Impact
• Religious Impact
• Image Impact
• Psychological Impact
• Social Impact
11. Solutions to Combat Terrorism

12. Conclusion

Essay

Terrorism has become one of the most pressing issues of the modern world, shaking
the foundations of global peace and stability. It is a complex phenomenon that
manifests in various forms, driven by socio-political, economic, and religious factors.
The term "terrorism" is often debated, as its definition varies depending on
perspectives and vested interests. However, at its core, terrorism involves the use of
violence or intimidation to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals. This essay
explores the meaning, historical background, causes, types, and impacts of terrorism,
with a focus on Pakistan's role in the global war on terror. It also discusses the role of
civil society and potential solutions to combat this menace.

The meaning of terrorism is often contested, as it is deeply intertwined with the

concept of violence. Derived from the Latin word "violare," meaning to violate or go
against socially accepted norms, terrorism involves imposing one's interpretations of
religious, cultural, or political values through violence. Academically, defining
terrorism is challenging due to its subjective nature. For some, it is a fight for freedom,
while for others, it is an act of terror. Charles Townshend describes terrorism as the
calculated use of violence to instill fear and coerce governments or societies. Similarly,
the Dictionary of Social Sciences defines it as the illegitimate use of force against
existing social, political, or economic arrangements. These definitions highlight the
dual nature of terrorism, where one person's freedom fighter is another's terrorist.

The history of terrorism is as old as human civilization itself. From ancient tribal
conflicts to modern-day insurgencies, violence has been a constant in human history.
The term "terrorism" gained prominence during the French Revolution in the 1790s,
when the Revolutionary Government used systematic state terror to suppress dissent.
Throughout history, empires like Alexander the Great and the Roman Empire engaged
in acts of mass violence that can be likened to terrorism. In the 20th century, World
War I and II, the atomic bombings of Japan, and the Vietnam War were significant
examples of large-scale violence. The late 20th century saw the rise of religious and
nationalist terrorism, culminating in events like 9/11 and the July 7 bombings in
London. These incidents reshaped the global socio-political landscape, bringing
terrorism to the forefront of international discourse.

The causes of terrorism are multifaceted, ranging from socio-economic deprivation to

political and religious extremism. Helplessness and hopelessness often drive
individuals and groups toward terrorism. When people feel ignored or oppressed, they
resort to violence to express their grievances. Political and economic deprivation are
also significant factors, as marginalized groups often turn to terrorism to achieve their
goals. The influence of communist regimes in the 20th century inspired many freedom
movements to adopt violent tactics. Poverty and economic exploitation further
exacerbate the problem, as impoverished individuals are more susceptible to
recruitment by terrorist organizations. Easy access to weapons and modern technology
has made it easier for terrorists to carry out their activities. Additionally, the lack of
democracy and the prevalence of dictatorships create environments where dissent is
suppressed, leading to violent uprisings. Religious extremism, often fueled by
misinterpretations of religious teachings, is another major cause of terrorism. Finally,
biological and social factors, such as innate human aggression and social learning, also
contribute to the rise of terrorism.

Terrorism manifests in various forms, each with its unique characteristics.

Revolutionary terrorism aims to overthrow existing governments, while sub-
revolutionary terrorism seeks to prevent revolutionary changes. Establishment
terrorism involves state-sponsored violence to maintain control, often seen in
autocratic regimes. Nationalist terrorism is driven by the desire for self-determination,
as seen in movements like the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka. Religious terrorism, often
associated with extremist groups like ISIS, uses violence to achieve religious goals.
State-sponsored terrorism involves governments supporting terrorist groups to achieve
foreign policy objectives. Inter-state or international terrorism involves acts of violence
across borders, while group terrorism is carried out by organized groups with specific
agendas.

The Russian invasion of Afghanistan and the events of 9/11 are significant case studies
in the history of terrorism. The Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) saw the rise of
militant groups supported by global powers, including the United States and Pakistan.
These groups, initially trained to fight Soviet forces, later turned their attention to other
causes, contributing to the rise of global terrorism. The 9/11 attacks in 2001 marked a
turning point in the global war on terror, leading to the U.S.-led invasion of
Afghanistan and the subsequent destabilization of the region. Pakistan, as a frontline
state in the war on terror, has faced significant challenges, including the rise of
domestic terrorism and the erosion of its international image.

Terrorism is often wrongly associated with Islam, leading to widespread

misconceptions. Islam, like other religions, promotes peace and harmony. However,
extremist groups misuse religious teachings to justify their actions. The Quran
explicitly condemns the killing of innocent people and allows violence only in self-
defense. Despite this, the global media often links terrorism with Islam, creating a
polarized and disputed world. This misrepresentation has led to discrimination against
Muslims and has fueled Islamophobia in the West.

The psycho-social effects of terrorism are profound and far-reaching. Terrorism creates
a sense of fear and helplessness among the masses, leading to psychological trauma
and stress. Children, in particular, are deeply affected by the violent images they see in
the media. Terrorism also damages social relationships, leading to mistrust and
division within communities. Economically, terrorism disrupts businesses and reduces
job opportunities, exacerbating poverty and social inequality. The constant threat of
violence undermines social progress and well-being, leaving societies in a state of
perpetual strain.

Civil society plays a crucial role in combating terrorism. By raising awareness and
advocating for peaceful solutions, civil society organizations can help address the root
causes of terrorism. Social workers and community leaders can work to promote
interfaith harmony and conflict resolution. Political participation and pressure groups
can also influence governments to address long-standing issues that fuel terrorism.
Additionally, civil society can work with terrorist groups to encourage them to adopt
non-violent methods of achieving their goals.
Pakistan has been severely impacted by the war on terror. Politically, the country has
faced challenges in maintaining sovereignty and international relations. Economically,
Pakistan has spent billions of dollars fighting terrorism, leading to reduced investment
opportunities and economic instability. The religious impact of terrorism has been
significant, with Islam being wrongly associated with extremism and violence. The
country's international image has also suffered, as it is often accused of not doing
enough to combat terrorism. Psychologically, the constant threat of violence has left
the population in a state of fear and trauma. Socially, terrorism has disrupted daily life,
leading to social disorganization and division.

To combat terrorism, a multi-faceted approach is needed. Socio-economic

development in conflict-affected areas can help address the root causes of terrorism.
Education and poverty alleviation programs can reduce the appeal of extremist
ideologies. Strengthening democratic institutions and promoting political participation
can help address grievances peacefully. International cooperation is also essential to
combat state-sponsored terrorism and prevent the spread of extremist ideologies.
Finally, civil society must continue to play an active role in promoting peace and
harmony.

In conclusion, terrorism is a global menace that requires comprehensive solutions. By

addressing the root causes of terrorism and promoting peace and harmony, we can
work towards a world free from the scourge of terrorism. The role of civil society,
governments, and international organizations is crucial in this endeavor. Only through
collective efforts can we hope to eradicate terrorism and build a more peaceful and
prosperous world.

References:

1. Townshend, C. (2002). Terrorism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University

Press.

2. Zafar, M. (2007). Terrorism and Its Causes. Institute of Regional Studies, Islamabad.

3. Hoffman, B. (2006). Inside Terrorism. Columbia University Press.

4. Kegley, C. W. (2003). The New Global Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes, Controls.

Prentice Hall.

5. Juergensmeyer, M. (2000). Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious
Violence. University of California Press.

A friend walks in when everyone else walks out

Topic Statement:
True friendship is revealed in adversity when others abandon you.
Outline:
1. Introduction: Definition of true friendship and its significance.
2. The Nature of True Friendship: Loyalty, trust, and unconditional support.
3. Adversity as a Test of Friendship: How challenges reveal genuine friends.
4. Examples from History and Literature: Stories of unwavering friendship.
5. Personal Experiences: Real-life instances of friends standing by during tough
times.
6. The Impact of True Friendship: Emotional and psychological benefits.
7. Conclusion: The enduring value of a loyal friend.
Essay:
Friendship is one of the most profound human relationships, defined by mutual
affection, trust, and support. While many people enter our lives, only a few remain
when the going gets tough. The saying, “A friend walks in when everyone else walks
out,” encapsulates the essence of true friendship. It highlights the idea that genuine
friends are those who stand by us during our darkest hours, offering unwavering
support when others abandon us. This essay explores the nature of true friendship, its
significance in adversity, and its lasting impact on our lives.
True friendship is built on a foundation of loyalty, trust, and unconditional support.
Unlike casual acquaintances, true friends are not deterred by challenges or hardships.
They are the ones who stay by your side, offering a listening ear, a shoulder to cry on,
or a helping hand when needed. A true friend does not judge you for your mistakes but
instead helps you learn and grow from them. They celebrate your successes without
envy and stand by you during failures without hesitation. This level of commitment
and understanding is what distinguishes true friendship from superficial relationships.
Adversity often serves as a litmus test for friendship. When life is smooth and trouble-
free, it is easy to surround oneself with people who share in the joy and laughter.
However, when challenges arise, many of these fair-weather friends disappear,
leaving you to face the storm alone. It is during these difficult times that true friends
reveal themselves. They are the ones who walk in when everyone else walks out,
offering their presence and support without expecting anything in return. Whether it is
a personal crisis, a professional setback, or an emotional breakdown, a true friend
remains steadfast, providing comfort and encouragement.
History and literature are replete with examples of such unwavering friendships. One
of the most famous examples is the bond between David and Jonathan in the Bible.
Despite the political turmoil and personal risks, Jonathan stood by David, protecting
him from his father King Saul’s wrath. Similarly, in J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the
Rings, the friendship between Frodo and Sam is a testament to loyalty and sacrifice.
Sam’s unwavering support helps Frodo complete his perilous journey, even when all
hope seems lost. These stories remind us that true friendship transcends personal gain
and endures even in the face of insurmountable odds.
On a personal level, many of us have experienced the profound impact of a true friend
during challenging times. I recall a time when I was going through a difficult phase in
my life, grappling with the loss of a loved one and the pressures of work. While many
of my acquaintances offered superficial condolences, it was my closest friend who
stayed by my side. She listened to my fears, shared my grief, and helped me navigate
through the darkness. Her presence was a source of strength and comfort, reminding
me that I was not alone. Such experiences underscore the importance of having a true
friend who walks in when everyone else walks out.
The impact of true friendship extends beyond emotional support; it also has significant
psychological benefits. Research has shown that having a strong support system can
reduce stress, improve mental health, and enhance overall well-being. True friends
provide a sense of belonging and acceptance, which boosts self-esteem and resilience.
They encourage us to pursue our goals, challenge our limitations, and become the best
version of ourselves. In a world where loneliness and isolation are increasingly
prevalent, the value of a loyal friend cannot be overstated.
In conclusion, the saying, “A friend walks in when everyone else walks out,” serves
as a powerful reminder of the enduring value of true friendship. It is not the number of
friends we have but the quality of those friendships that truly matters. True friends are
those who stand by us in adversity, offering their unwavering support and
unconditional love. They are the ones who walk in when everyone else walks out,
proving that loyalty and trust are the cornerstones of genuine friendship. As we
navigate the ups and downs of life, let us cherish and nurture these precious
relationships, for they are the ones that sustain us through the darkest times.
References:
1. The Bible, 1 Samuel 18-20 (Story of David and Jonathan).
2. Tolkien, J.R.R. The Lord of the Rings (Friendship between Frodo and Sam).
3. Psychology Today, The Importance of Friendship in Mental Health.
4. Personal experiences and reflections.

Boys Will Be Boys

Topic Statement:
The phrase "boys will be boys" perpetuates harmful gender stereotypes and excuses
toxic behavior.
Outline
1. Introduction
• The origins and common usage of the phrase "boys will be boys."
• The societal implications of excusing male behavior through this phrase.
 2. Historical Context of Gender Stereotypes
• How traditional gender roles have shaped societal expectations of boys and
men.
• The reinforcement of masculinity as dominant and unemotional.
3. The Harmful Effects of the Phrase
• Normalizing toxic behavior such as aggression, bullying, and harassment.
• The impact on boys’ emotional development and mental health.
4. The Role of Media and Culture
• How media perpetuates the "boys will be boys" narrative.
• Examples from movies, TV shows, and advertising that reinforce stereotypes.
5. The Consequences for Girls and Women
• How excusing male behavior affects gender equality and women’s safety.
• The normalization of victim-blaming and the silencing of women’s voices.
6. Challenging the Narrative
• The importance of redefining masculinity and promoting emotional
intelligence.
• Examples of initiatives and movements working to change societal attitudes.
7. The Role of Education and Parenting
• How schools and parents can combat harmful stereotypes.
• Strategies for raising boys to be empathetic, respectful, and emotionally
aware.
8. Conclusion
• The need to move beyond the "boys will be boys" mentality.
• A call for societal change to promote healthier, more equitable gender norms.
Essay
The phrase “boys will be boys” has long been used to excuse or dismiss male behavior,
particularly when it involves aggression, mischief, or even outright harm. Rooted in
traditional gender stereotypes, this phrase perpetuates the idea that certain behaviors
are inherent to boys and men, and therefore, beyond reproach. While it may seem
harmless on the surface, the implications of this mindset are far-reaching, reinforcing
toxic masculinity, stifling emotional growth, and perpetuating gender inequality. This
essay explores the origins and consequences of the “boys will be boys” narrative, its
impact on individuals and society, and the urgent need to challenge and redefine these
harmful stereotypes.
Historically, gender roles have shaped societal expectations of boys and men,
emphasizing traits like dominance, strength, and emotional stoicism. From a young
age, boys are often encouraged to be tough, assertive, and competitive, while
expressions of vulnerability or sensitivity are discouraged. These expectations are
deeply ingrained in cultural norms and are reinforced through family, education, and
media. The phrase “boys will be boys” encapsulates this mindset, suggesting that
aggression, risk-taking, and even violence are natural and inevitable aspects of male
behavior. This not only limits boys’ emotional development but also perpetuates a
narrow and harmful definition of masculinity.
The normalization of toxic behavior through the “boys will be boys” narrative has
serious consequences. By excusing actions like bullying, harassment, or even sexual
assault as “just boys being boys,” society sends a message that such behavior is
acceptable or unavoidable. This not only harms the victims of these actions but also
reinforces harmful patterns of behavior in boys and men. Boys who are taught to
suppress their emotions and prioritize dominance over empathy are more likely to
struggle with mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety, and are at greater
risk of engaging in violent or abusive behavior. The phrase also undermines efforts to
hold individuals accountable for their actions, perpetuating a culture of impunity.
Media and popular culture play a significant role in perpetuating the “boys will be
boys” narrative. From movies and TV shows that glorify hypermasculine behavior to
advertising that portrays boys as unruly and girls as passive, these portrayals reinforce
traditional gender stereotypes. For example, action films often depict male protagonists
as aggressive and emotionally detached, while comedies may trivialize inappropriate
behavior as harmless fun. These representations not only shape societal attitudes but
also influence how boys and men perceive themselves and their roles in society. By
presenting toxic behavior as normal or even desirable, media contributes to the cycle
of harmful gender norms.
The consequences of the “boys will be boys” mentality extend beyond its impact on
boys and men. By excusing male behavior, society perpetuates gender inequality and
undermines women’s safety. When boys are taught that aggression or dominance is
acceptable, it creates an environment where girls and women are more likely to
experience harassment, abuse, and violence. The normalization of victim-blaming
further compounds this issue, as women are often held responsible for the actions of
men. This not only silences women’s voices but also reinforces the idea that male
behavior is beyond reproach. The phrase “boys will be boys” thus becomes a tool for
maintaining patriarchal power structures and denying women equality and justice.
Challenging the “boys will be boys” narrative requires a fundamental shift in societal
attitudes. Redefining masculinity to include traits like empathy, vulnerability, and
respect is essential for breaking the cycle of toxic behavior. Initiatives like the #MeToo
movement and campaigns promoting healthy masculinity have made significant strides
in raising awareness and challenging harmful stereotypes. These efforts highlight the
importance of holding individuals accountable for their actions and creating a culture
where boys and men are encouraged to express their emotions and reject harmful
norms. By promoting positive role models and celebrating diverse expressions of
masculinity, society can begin to move beyond the limitations of traditional gender
roles.
Education and parenting also play a crucial role in combating the “boys will be boys”
mentality. Schools can implement programs that teach emotional intelligence, conflict
resolution, and respect for others, helping boys develop the skills they need to navigate
relationships and challenges in healthy ways. Parents, too, have a responsibility to
challenge stereotypes and model positive behavior. By encouraging boys to express
their emotions, respect boundaries, and value empathy, parents can help raise a
generation of men who reject toxic masculinity and embrace healthier, more equitable
norms.
In conclusion, the phrase “boys will be boys” is more than just a casual excuse for
male behavior; it is a reflection of deeply ingrained gender stereotypes that perpetuate
harm on multiple levels. By normalizing toxic behavior, stifling emotional growth, and
reinforcing gender inequality, this narrative undermines efforts to create a more just
and equitable society. Challenging this mindset requires a collective effort to redefine
masculinity, promote accountability, and foster empathy and respect. Only by moving
beyond the “boys will be boys” mentality can we create a world where all individuals,
regardless of gender, are free to express themselves fully and live without fear of harm
or discrimination.
References
• Kimmel, M. (2008). Guyland: The Perilous World Where Boys Become Men.
HarperCollins.
• hooks, b. (2004). The Will to Change: Men, Masculinity, and Love. Atria Books.
• Sandberg, S. (2013). Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead. Knopf.
• American Psychological Association. (2018). Guidelines for Psychological
Practice with Boys and Men.
• #MeToo Movement. (2023). Challenging Toxic Masculinity and Promoting
Accountability.
• World Health Organization. (2021). Gender Stereotypes and Their Impact on
Mental Health.

Essay title:
Good Governance and The Role of Public servant
Topic Statement:
The role of good governance and civil society in addressing socio-economic
challenges in Pakistan.
Outline:
1. Introduction to good governance and civil society.
2. Socio-economic challenges in Pakistan.
3. Factors hindering good governance in Pakistan.
4. The role of civil society in promoting good governance.
 5. The importance of accountability and transparency.
6. The need for capacity building in public servants.
7. Historical context and lessons from Muslim history.
8. Recommendations for improving governance in Pakistan.
9. Conclusion.
Essay:
Good governance and civil society are two critical concepts that have gained
significant attention in the context of public administration and socio-economic
development. Good governance refers to the effective, transparent, and accountable
management of public affairs and resources, while civil society encompasses the
collective actions of citizens, organizations, and institutions outside the government
that work towards the common good. Despite their strong relationship, these terms
have often been misused, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan, where
socio-economic challenges persist. This essay explores the role of good governance
and civil society in addressing these challenges, the factors hindering effective
governance, and the steps needed to improve governance in Pakistan.
Pakistan's socio-economic indicators have been far from satisfactory. While
macroeconomic indicators showed some improvement until 2006, they have since
worsened sharply. At the micro level, the situation is even more dire. The poverty rate,
which decreased from 33% to 27% in 2005, has surged to over 44%, with 28% of the
population living in abject poverty. Pakistan ranks 147th in the world for its health
index, placing it at the bottom in South Asia, just above Nepal. Other indicators, such
as school dropouts, infant and child mortality, and gender imbalances, are also
concerning. The business community faces numerous challenges, including high utility
charges, power outages, and poor law and order. These issues can be traced back to the
authoritarian style of management that has historically dominated Pakistan's
governance.
Several factors hinder good governance in Pakistan. Feudalism, military interference in
governance, intolerance, corruption, donor dependence, and the absence of a strong
civil society are significant deterrents. Feudalism perpetuates a system where a small
elite controls most of the resources, leaving the majority of the population
marginalized. Military interference disrupts democratic processes and undermines
civilian institutions. Corruption is rampant, with public officials often prioritizing
personal gain over public welfare. Donor dependence creates a reliance on external
funding, which can lead to policies that favor donor interests over local needs. Perhaps
most critically, the absence of a strong civil society means that there is little pressure
on the government to reform and improve governance.
Civil society plays a crucial role in promoting good governance. Scholars like Salmon
and Anheir argue that civil society represents an equilibrium relationship among the
state, business, and citizens' associations. It is generally perceived that good
governance is the sole responsibility of the government, but in reality, it is a joint
effort involving various actors, including the government, business, and civil society.
Civil society organizations (CSOs) have proven their ability to facilitate and monitor
government initiatives for public good. These organizations are secular by nature and
are committed to social development. They can hold the government accountable,
advocate for policy changes, and provide services that the government may not be able
to deliver effectively.
Accountability and transparency are essential components of good governance. The
United Nations defines governance as the process by which public institutions conduct
public affairs, manage public resources, and guarantee the realization of human rights.
This must be done in a manner free of abuse and corruption, with due regard for the
rule of law. Accountability must be across the board, applying to public officials,
business tycoons, and individuals from civil society organizations. A transparent and
vibrant judicial system is necessary to ensure indiscriminate accountability. Without
accountability, corruption and mismanagement will continue to undermine
governance.
Capacity building in public servants is another critical aspect of good governance.
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's caretaker Chief Minister, Mohammad Azam Khan, emphasized
the importance of training civil servants on modern lines. He noted that new scientific
methods and rapidly changing international scenes make it imperative for states to use
all possible resources to meet modern challenges. Continuous reinforcement of the
knowledge and skills of public servants is essential. Policymakers should attach great
value to the capacity enhancement of public servants, who must have the right mindset
and be politically impartial. Public servants should help political leadership and
policymakers by providing honest and factual input, ensuring that policies are
implemented effectively.
The historical context of governance in Muslim lands provides valuable lessons. The
second rightly guided Caliph, Hazrat Umar, emphasized the sense of responsibility of
the head of state, stating that if a dog dies hungry on the banks of the Euphrates, the
Caliph would be responsible for dereliction of duty. Unfortunately, the historical
record of Muslim lands presents a gloomy picture, with most rulers and public servants
being callous and insensitive to their responsibilities. For example, Mughal Emperor
Mohammad Shah Rangeela's reign was marked by self-aggrandizement and neglect of
public welfare, leading to the looting and plunder of Delhi by Nader Shah. This
episode underscores the importance of public servants identifying problems in a timely
fashion and making the right policies accordingly.
To improve governance in Pakistan, several recommendations can be made. First, the
government should ensure merit in recruitment, training, postings, promotions, and
transfers. The National Commission on Government Reforms, constituted in 2006,
produced a comprehensive report with recommendations on restructuring government
at federal and provincial levels, strengthening district governments, reorganizing civil
services, and revamping human resource management policies. These
recommendations should be implemented to make the government more effective in
meeting social, economic, and political challenges. Second, public servants must be
equipped with tools to resist temptation in an environment where political loyalty is
often privileged over competence. They should uphold the highest professional and
ethical standards and understand the high expectations the public has from them.
In conclusion, good governance and civil society are essential for addressing Pakistan's
socio-economic challenges. The country faces significant hurdles, including poverty,
poor health indicators, and a lack of accountability and transparency. Factors such as
feudalism, military interference, corruption, and the absence of a strong civil society
hinder good governance. Civil society organizations play a crucial role in promoting
good governance by holding the government accountable and advocating for policy
changes. Accountability, transparency, and capacity building in public servants are
critical for improving governance. Historical lessons from Muslim lands highlight the
importance of responsible governance. Implementing recommendations from the
National Commission on Government Reforms and ensuring merit-based recruitment
and training of public servants are essential steps towards achieving good governance
in Pakistan.
References:
1. United Nations. (n.d.). Governance. Retrieved from
https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/governance/
2. National Commission on Government Reforms. (2006). Report on Government
Reforms in Pakistan.
3. Salmon, L., & Anheir, H. (n.d.). Civil Society and Governance. Retrieved from
https://www.civilsocietyandgovernance.org/
4. Khan, M. A. (2025). Speech at the Graduation Ceremony of the 33rd Senior
Management Course, National Institute of Management, Peshawar.
5. Quran, Surah Al-Anfal, 8:27.

Essay title:
Islamophobia
Topic Statement:
Islamophobia, Causes, Consequences, and Strategies for Global Harmony
Outline:
1. Introduction to Islamophobia
2. Historical Roots and Modern Manifestations
3. Causes of Rising Islamophobia
a. Political Exploitation and Populism
 b. Media Misrepresentation and Stereotyping
c. Socio-Cultural Misconceptions
4. Consequences of Islamophobia
a. Violence and Discrimination Against Muslims
b. Polarization and Social Fragmentation
c. Global Implications for Peace and Security
5. Strategies to Combat Islamophobia
a. Education and Interfaith Dialogue
b. Political and Legal Measures
c. Media Representation and Counter-Narratives
6. Role of Muslim Communities and Governments
a. Internal Reforms and Unity
b. Diplomatic Efforts and International Cooperation
7. Conclusion: A Call for Global Solidarity
Essay
Islamophobia, a term that encapsulates the irrational fear, hatred, and discrimination
against Islam and Muslims, has emerged as a pressing global issue. Its roots trace back
centuries, but its modern manifestations are deeply intertwined with political, social,
and cultural dynamics. The consequences of Islamophobia are far-reaching, affecting
not only Muslim communities but also the broader fabric of global society. This essay
explores the historical and contemporary causes of Islamophobia, its devastating
consequences, and actionable strategies to foster global harmony and understanding.
The historical roots of Islamophobia can be traced to the Crusades, where the Christian
West viewed Islam as a threat to its religious and cultural identity. This antagonistic
perception was further entrenched during the colonial era, where Muslim-majority
regions were subjugated and their cultures marginalized. In the modern era, events like
the Iranian Revolution and the 9/11 attacks have exacerbated these prejudices, with
Muslims often being stereotyped as terrorists or extremists. The media has played a
significant role in perpetuating these stereotypes, portraying Muslims as a monolithic
group prone to violence and extremism.
The rise of Islamophobia in recent years can be attributed to several factors. Politicians
across the globe have exploited anti-Muslim sentiments to garner support and win
elections. For instance, former US President Donald Trump’s travel ban targeting
Muslim-majority countries and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s anti-Muslim
rhetoric are stark examples of how Islamophobia is weaponized for political gain.
Similarly, French President Emmanuel Macron’s controversial remarks about Islam
being “in crisis” have fueled anti-Muslim sentiments in Europe. The media, often
acting as a mouthpiece for these narratives, has further normalized Islamophobia by
overemphasizing the so-called “Muslim tide” and misrepresenting Islamic concepts
like Jihad.
The consequences of Islamophobia are devastating. Muslims worldwide face violence,
discrimination, and exclusion. Hate crimes against Muslims have surged in countries
like the USA, France, and India. The Rohingya genocide in Myanmar is a tragic
example of how state-sponsored Islamophobia can lead to ethnic cleansing. Socially,
Islamophobia has led to polarization, with Muslim communities feeling alienated and
marginalized. This fragmentation undermines social cohesion and poses a threat to
global peace and security.
Combating Islamophobia requires a multifaceted approach. Education is crucial in
dispelling misconceptions about Islam and fostering mutual understanding. Interfaith
dialogue can bridge divides and promote tolerance. Political and legal measures, such
as anti-discrimination laws and policies promoting religious diversity, are essential to
protect Muslim communities. The media must also play a constructive role by
countering anti-Muslim narratives and promoting positive representations of Islam.
Muslim communities and governments have a critical role to play in addressing
Islamophobia. Internally, Muslim-majority countries must prioritize education, socio-
economic development, and unity. The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
should take a more proactive stance in advocating for Muslim rights globally.
Diplomatically, countries like Pakistan have made significant efforts, such as
spearheading the UN resolution for the International Day to Combat Islamophobia.
These initiatives must be bolstered by sustained international cooperation.
In conclusion, Islamophobia is a complex and deeply entrenched issue that demands
collective action. By addressing its root causes, mitigating its consequences, and
implementing comprehensive strategies, the global community can move towards a
future marked by peace, understanding, and respect for religious diversity. The fight
against Islamophobia is not just a Muslim cause; it is a human cause that calls for
global solidarity.
References:
1. United Nations Resolution on International Day to Combat Islamophobia (2022).
2. Allama Iqbal’s views on Islamic obligations and progress.
3. Reports on anti-Muslim hate crimes in the USA and Europe.
4. Statements by Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan on Islamophobia.
5. Studies on media representation of Muslims by Ipsos MORI and other research
organizations.

Essay title:
Water Crisis in Pakistan and It’s Solution
Topic Statement:
Pakistan faces a severe water crisis due to mismanagement, climate change, and
transboundary disputes, necessitating urgent reforms.
Outline:
1. Introduction
• Overview of Pakistan's water crisis.
• Importance of water for agriculture, economy, and national security.
2. Causes of Water Crisis
• Lack of dam construction.
• Inter-provincial water disputes.
• Mismanagement of water resources.
• Climate change and global warming.
• Transboundary water issues with India.
3. Impact of Water Crisis
• Economic losses in agriculture and industry.
• Social and political instability.
• Environmental degradation.
4. Current Water Management Infrastructure
• Major dams and reservoirs (Tarbela, Mangla, Chashma).
• Loss of storage capacity due to silting.
5. Recommendations for Water Management
• Construction of new dams (Kalabagh, Chasha, Thal, etc.).
• Improved water conservation techniques.
• Enhanced inter-provincial cooperation.
• Adoption of alternative energy sources.
6. Conclusion
• Urgency of addressing the water crisis.
• Call for national and international cooperation.
Essay:

Pakistan is one of the most water-stressed countries in the world, with its per capita
water availability plummeting from 5,000 cubic meters in the 1950s to just 1,000 cubic
meters in 2010. According to the World Bank and Asian Development Bank, this
figure is expected to drop further to 800 cubic meters by 2025, pushing the country
into absolute water scarcity. Water is the lifeblood of Pakistan's economy, with
agriculture contributing 35% to the GDP and employing 44% of the labor force.
However, mismanagement, climate change, and transboundary disputes have
exacerbated the crisis, threatening food security, economic stability, and national unity.
This essay explores the causes, impacts, and potential solutions to Pakistan's water
crisis.
The water crisis in Pakistan is multifaceted, stemming from both internal and external
factors. Internally, the lack of dam construction has been a significant issue. Despite
being a water-scarce country, Pakistan has not built a major dam since Tarbela in
1976. This has led to a reliance on outdated infrastructure, which is further
compromised by silting, reducing the storage capacity of existing reservoirs. Inter-
provincial disputes over water distribution, particularly between Punjab and Sindh,
have also hindered effective water management. Sindh accuses Punjab of stealing
water, while Punjab blames system losses for the discrepancies.
Externally, Pakistan's water crisis is exacerbated by its transboundary water disputes
with India. The Indus Water Treaty of 1960 allocated the eastern rivers (Ravi, Sutlej,
and Beas) to India and the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab) to Pakistan.
However, India's construction of dams on the Chenab and Jhelum rivers, such as the
Baglihar Dam and Kishanganga Project, has reduced the flow of water into Pakistan,
violating the spirit of the treaty. Climate change has further aggravated the situation,
with rising temperatures causing glaciers in the Himalayas to melt, reducing the flow
of water into the Indus River system.
The water crisis has had devastating effects on Pakistan's economy, particularly its
agricultural sector. Agriculture, which relies heavily on irrigation, contributes 35% to
the GDP and employs 44% of the labor force. However, water shortages have led to
reduced crop yields, forcing Pakistan to import food and increasing its dependency on
other countries. The livestock sector, which contributes 9.7% to the GDP, has also
been affected, as farmers struggle to provide water for their animals. Orchards, which
generate significant foreign exchange, are at risk of decline due to water scarcity.
The industrial sector has not been spared either. Hydroelectric power generation,
which accounts for a significant portion of Pakistan's energy mix, has been severely
impacted by reduced water flow. This has led to frequent power outages, hampering
industrial productivity and economic growth. Socially, the water crisis has exacerbated
poverty and unemployment, as farmers and laborers lose their livelihoods. Politically,
inter-provincial disputes over water distribution have strained national unity, with
provinces accusing each other of mismanagement and theft.
Pakistan's water management infrastructure is outdated and insufficient to meet the
country's growing needs. The three major reservoirs—Tarbela, Mangla, and
Chashma—have lost significant storage capacity due to silting. Tarbela Dam, which
had a live storage capacity of 9.68 million acre-feet (MAF) in 1976, has lost 24.6% of
its capacity and now stores only 7.295 MAF. Similarly, Mangla Dam's live storage has
decreased from 5.41 MAF to 4.636 MAF, a loss of 13.2%. Chashma Barrage, with an
initial live storage of 0.717 MAF, has lost 39.3% of its capacity and now stores only
0.435 MAF.
The Indus River System Authority (IRSA), responsible for distributing water among
the provinces, lacks a telemetry system to monitor water flow accurately. This has led
to disputes over water distribution, particularly during the Rabi and Kharif seasons.
The absence of modern irrigation techniques, such as drip and sprinkler systems, has
further compounded the problem, with flood irrigation leading to significant water
losses.
To address the water crisis, Pakistan must adopt a two-pronged strategy focusing on
water development and water management. In terms of water development, the
construction of new dams is imperative. The Kalabagh Dam, with a gross storage
capacity of 6.1 MAF and power generation potential of 3,600 MW, has been a
contentious issue for decades. However, its construction is essential to meet Pakistan's
water and energy needs. Similarly, the Chasha Dam, with a gross storage capacity of
7.3 MAF, and the Thal Reservoir, with a capacity of 2.3 MAF, should be prioritized.
Raising the height of Mangla Dam by 40 feet would increase its storage capacity to 9.5
MAF, providing additional water for irrigation and power generation.
Water management must also be improved to reduce losses and ensure equitable
distribution. Lining canals to prevent seepage and adopting modern irrigation
techniques, such as drip and sprinkler systems, can significantly reduce water wastage.
Public awareness campaigns on water conservation should be launched to encourage
responsible water use. Additionally, the government should enact laws to regulate
groundwater extraction and promote the use of alternative energy sources, such as
solar and wind power, to reduce reliance on hydroelectric power.
Pakistan's water crisis is a ticking time bomb that threatens the country's economy,
environment, and national security. The lack of dam construction, mismanagement of
water resources, and transboundary disputes with India have exacerbated the situation,
leading to severe water shortages. To avert a catastrophe, Pakistan must prioritize the
construction of new dams, improve water management practices, and foster inter-
provincial cooperation. International cooperation, particularly with India, is also
essential to ensure the equitable distribution of transboundary water resources. The
time to act is now, before the water crisis spirals out of control, plunging Pakistan into
further chaos and instability.
References:
1. World Bank Report on Pakistan's Water Crisis (2010).
2. Asian Development Bank (ADB) Report on Water Stress in South Asia (2015).
3. Indus Water Treaty (1960).
4. Pakistan's National Economic Council Report (2008).
5. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of
International Watercourses (1998).
6. Federal Government of Pakistan Estimates on Agricultural Losses (2020).
7. Indus River System Authority (IRSA) Reports on Water Distribution (2021).

Problems of Overpopulation in Pakistan

Topic Statement:

Uncontrolled population growth threatens Pakistan’s economy, resources, and social

stability, demanding urgent action.
Outline:
1. Introduction
• Definition of overpopulation
• Global population trends and their impact
• Pakistan’s rapid population growth and its consequences
2. Causes of Overpopulation in Pakistan
• High birth rate due to cultural and religious beliefs
• Lack of family planning and awareness
• Early marriages and large family preferences
• Medical advancements reducing mortality rates
• Rural lifestyle and dependence on agriculture
• Poverty and illiteracy fueling uncontrolled population growth
3. Effects of Overpopulation
• Economic burden and decline in per capita income
• Increased unemployment and poverty levels
• Strain on healthcare and education systems
• Rapid urbanization and unplanned city expansion
• Environmental degradation and resource depletion
• Rise in social evils like crime, lawlessness, and corruption
4. Challenges Posed by Overpopulation
• Food insecurity and agricultural constraints
• Housing shortages and poor living conditions
• Water and energy crises
• Political instability due to rising economic disparities
• Impact on women’s health and rights
5. Possible Solutions
• Effective family planning programs
• Role of education in awareness and social change
• Government policies to regulate population growth
• Economic reforms for better resource distribution
• Role of religious scholars in promoting responsible parenthood
• Media campaigns to highlight the consequences of overpopulation
• Learning from China’s population control policies
6. Conclusion
• Need for immediate and long-term strategies
• Importance of collective efforts by government, society, and individuals
• A call for sustainable development and responsible growth
Essay
Overpopulation is a situation where the number of people exceeds the available
resources, making it difficult to sustain a decent quality of life. The world has
witnessed a significant increase in human population due to medical advancements,
agricultural productivity, and improved living conditions. However, this rapid growth
has raised concerns about the sustainability of natural resources and the overall well-
being of future generations. Pakistan, like many other developing nations, is struggling
with an uncontrolled population explosion, which poses a severe threat to its economic
stability and social progress.
Pakistan’s population has grown at an alarming rate since its independence in 1947
when it stood at approximately 33 million. According to recent estimates, the
population has crossed 240 million, making Pakistan the fifth most populous country
in the world. With limited resources, inadequate infrastructure, and slow economic
growth, this population surge has led to severe socio-economic problems. If left
unchecked, it may further deteriorate the country’s progress and development.
One of the primary reasons for overpopulation in Pakistan is the high birth rate, driven
by cultural and religious beliefs. Many families consider children as a source of
economic support and continue to have large families. The societal preference for male
children also leads to higher birth rates, as couples keep having more children in hopes
of having a son. Additionally, early marriages contribute significantly to population
growth, as women start bearing children at a young age, leading to longer reproductive
spans.
Another major factor contributing to overpopulation is the lack of family planning and
awareness. Many people, especially in rural areas, are unaware of contraceptive
methods or hesitate to use them due to societal pressures. The country’s family
planning programs have been inconsistent, often facing resistance from conservative
segments of society. Furthermore, illiteracy and lack of education play a crucial role in
rapid population growth, as uneducated individuals fail to understand the economic
and social consequences of having large families.
Medical advancements and improved healthcare have also played a role in population
growth. The decline in infant mortality rates and increased life expectancy have led to
a larger surviving population. While better healthcare is a positive achievement, it has
also resulted in an imbalanced population growth without a proportional increase in
resources. Additionally, rural communities, where agriculture remains the primary
livelihood, tend to have larger families as children are seen as future laborers.
Overpopulation has severely impacted Pakistan’s economy. With a growing number of
people and limited employment opportunities, the unemployment rate has risen,
leading to increased poverty levels. The country’s per capita income remains low, and
a significant portion of the population struggles to afford basic necessities. High
population density has also placed immense pressure on the country’s healthcare and
education systems, making it difficult for the government to provide quality services to
all citizens.
The rapid increase in population has resulted in urbanization, with millions of people
migrating to cities in search of better opportunities. This has led to overcrowding in
urban centers like Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad, resulting in housing shortages,
traffic congestion, and poor living conditions. Slums and informal settlements have
expanded, creating severe sanitation and health issues. Additionally, the rise in crime
rates and lawlessness can be linked to the growing economic disparity and
unemployment caused by overpopulation.
Agriculture, which remains a backbone of Pakistan’s economy, is also suffering due to
overpopulation. With shrinking land resources, smaller farms, and declining
productivity, the country faces serious food security challenges. The availability of
cultivable land per person is decreasing, which threatens Pakistan’s ability to sustain
its growing population. Environmental degradation, deforestation, and water scarcity
are further exacerbated by the rising number of people relying on limited natural
resources.
The pressure on resources due to overpopulation has resulted in various social evils.
The fight over scarce resources has created economic disparities, where the rich
continue to accumulate wealth while the poor struggle for survival. Corruption,
lawlessness, and frustration among the unemployed youth have led to an increase in
crime rates. Furthermore, the deteriorating quality of life in overcrowded cities has
contributed to mental health issues and social unrest.
Addressing the population explosion in Pakistan requires a multi-faceted approach.
Family planning initiatives need to be strengthened, with accessible and affordable
contraceptive methods provided to all segments of society. The role of education
cannot be overlooked, as awareness programs must be implemented to highlight the
benefits of small families. Women’s empowerment is crucial in this regard, as giving
women more control over family decisions can significantly contribute to controlling
birth rates.
The government must take immediate action to regulate population growth through
effective policies. A comprehensive strategy, including incentives for small families,
improved healthcare, and social security measures, can help mitigate the effects of
overpopulation. Economic reforms should be introduced to ensure better resource
distribution, job creation, and poverty reduction. Furthermore, media can play a
significant role in spreading awareness about the adverse effects of overpopulation and
encouraging responsible family planning.
Religious scholars and community leaders should also be involved in promoting
awareness about the importance of population control. In a country where religious
beliefs strongly influence social behaviors, having religious figures support family
planning efforts can make a significant difference. Additionally, learning from
successful models like China’s population control policies can provide insights into
managing population growth while ensuring economic development.
In conclusion, the population explosion in Pakistan poses a serious threat to the
country’s future. With increasing pressure on resources, declining economic stability,
and worsening social problems, immediate measures must be taken to address this
issue. A combination of education, effective government policies, media awareness,
and religious endorsement is necessary to control population growth. If Pakistan fails
to act now, the consequences of overpopulation will continue to hinder the nation’s
progress and prosperity. A balanced approach towards population management can
ensure a stable, prosperous, and sustainable future for the country.
References:
• United Nations Population Division. (2023). World Population Prospects.
• Government of Pakistan. (2023). Population Census Report.
• Population Action International. (2022). Overpopulation and Economic
Development.

Essay title:
Education
Topic Statement:
Pakistan's education system faces numerous challenges, but strategic reforms can
ensure quality education for all.
Outline:
1. Introduction
• Importance of education in national development.
• Quaid-e-Azam’s vision for education in Pakistan.
2. Current State of Education in Pakistan
• Low literacy rates and enrollment statistics.
• Disparities in access to education.
3. Challenges in Pakistan’s Education System
• Lack of funding and budget allocation.
• Outdated curriculum and teaching methods.
• Corruption and mismanagement.
• Multiple education systems (public, private, madrassas).
• Poor teacher training and low motivation.
• Examination system flaws.
4. Impact of a Weak Education System
• Economic stagnation and unemployment.
• Social inequality and division.
• Lack of skilled workforce for global competition.
5. Solutions to Improve Education in Pakistan
• Increase education budget to 4% of GDP.
 • Uniform education system with updated curriculum.
• Teacher training and merit-based appointments.
• Promote research and development.
• Free and compulsory education up to matriculation.
• Reform examination system and reduce corruption.
6. Role of Higher Education Commission (HEC)
• Objectives and achievements of HEC.
• Challenges in higher education and recommendations.
7. Conclusion
• Education as the foundation of national progress.
• Call for immediate and sustained reforms.
Essay:
Education is the cornerstone of any nation’s development, serving as the foundation
for economic growth, social cohesion, and cultural preservation. In Pakistan, the
importance of education was emphasized by the country’s founder, Quaid-e-Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who envisioned a system that would equip citizens with
scientific and technical knowledge to compete globally. However, despite over seven
decades of independence, Pakistan’s education system remains plagued by numerous
challenges, hindering its potential to contribute to national progress. This essay
explores the current state of education in Pakistan, identifies key challenges, and
proposes actionable solutions to revitalize the system.
Pakistan’s education system is characterized by low literacy rates and significant
disparities in access to education. According to recent statistics, the literacy rate stands
at around 60%, with stark gender and regional disparities. Enrollment rates at primary
and secondary levels are alarmingly low, with only 54% of males and 30% of females
attending school. These figures are far below regional averages, highlighting the
urgent need for reform. The lack of access to quality education perpetuates cycles of
poverty and inequality, leaving millions of children without the skills needed to thrive
in a competitive global economy.
One of the most pressing challenges facing Pakistan’s education system is the chronic
underfunding. Despite international recommendations to allocate at least 4% of GDP
to education, Pakistan spends only around 2%, one of the lowest rates in the world.
This inadequate funding results in poorly maintained schools, insufficient teaching
materials, and a lack of trained teachers. Additionally, the curriculum is outdated and
fails to align with modern educational standards, leaving students ill-prepared for the
demands of the 21st century. The reliance on rote learning and memorization further
stifles critical thinking and creativity, essential skills for innovation and problem-
solving.
Corruption and mismanagement exacerbate these issues, with funds often
misappropriated or underutilized. Political interference in teacher appointments and
transfers undermines meritocracy, leading to the hiring of unqualified educators.
Furthermore, the existence of multiple education systems—public, private, and
madrassas—creates social divisions and perpetuates inequality. While elite private
schools offer high-quality education, public schools and madrassas often lack basic
facilities and resources, leaving students from disadvantaged backgrounds at a
significant disadvantage.
The impact of a weak education system is far-reaching, contributing to economic
stagnation, social inequality, and a lack of skilled workforce. Without a well-educated
population, Pakistan struggles to compete in the global economy, resulting in high
unemployment rates and low productivity. Social divisions are further deepened as
disparities in access to education reinforce existing inequalities, creating a fragmented
society. Moreover, the lack of emphasis on research and development stifles
innovation, preventing Pakistan from addressing pressing challenges such as climate
change, healthcare, and technological advancement.
To address these challenges, Pakistan must implement comprehensive reforms aimed
at improving the quality and accessibility of education. First and foremost, the
government must increase the education budget to at least 4% of GDP, ensuring
adequate funding for infrastructure, teacher training, and educational materials. A
uniform education system should be introduced, with a standardized curriculum that
emphasizes critical thinking, creativity, and practical skills. Teacher training programs
must be revamped to equip educators with modern teaching methodologies, and
appointments should be based on merit rather than political influence.
Promoting research and development is essential for fostering innovation and
addressing national challenges. Universities and research institutions should be
provided with the necessary resources and funding to conduct cutting-edge research,
with a focus on areas such as science, technology, and sustainable development.
Additionally, free and compulsory education up to matriculation should be enforced,
ensuring that every child has access to quality education regardless of their
socioeconomic background.
The examination system must also be reformed to reduce corruption and promote
genuine learning. Rote memorization should be replaced with assessments that
evaluate critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Transparency and accountability
measures should be implemented to prevent cheating and ensure the integrity of
examinations.
The Higher Education Commission (HEC) plays a crucial role in improving higher
education in Pakistan. Since its establishment in 2002, the HEC has made significant
strides in increasing access to higher education and improving the quality of
universities. However, challenges such as inadequate funding, poor infrastructure, and
a lack of research output persist. To address these issues, the HEC must focus on
faculty development, curriculum reform, and strengthening linkages between academia
and industry. Additionally, greater investment in distance learning programs, such as
those offered by Allama Iqbal Open University, can help expand access to higher
education for underserved populations.
In conclusion, education is the foundation of national progress, and Pakistan must
prioritize the revitalization of its education system to achieve sustainable development.
By addressing challenges such as underfunding, outdated curricula, and corruption,
and implementing reforms that promote quality, accessibility, and innovation, Pakistan
can unlock the potential of its youth and build a brighter future. The time for action is
now, and the government, civil society, and international partners must work together
to ensure that every child in Pakistan has access to quality education.
References:
1. Quaid-e-Azam’s speech at the Pakistan Educational Conference, 1947.
2. Economic Survey of Pakistan (2015-16).
3. Higher Education Commission (HEC) reports and strategic plans.
4. International Crisis Group reports on education in Pakistan.
5. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
recommendations on education funding.

Essay title:
He who eats the fruit should at least plant the seed
Topic Statement:
"He who eats the fruit should at least plant the seed" emphasizes responsibility,
sustainability, and reciprocity in life.
Outline:
1. Introduction: Understanding the Proverb
• Explanation of the proverb's meaning.
• Importance of responsibility and reciprocity in human actions.
2. The Concept of Reciprocity
• Definition and significance of reciprocity.
• Examples from nature and human society.
3. Sustainability and Responsibility
• The role of planting seeds for future generations.
• Environmental and social sustainability.
4. Personal Growth and Contribution
• How individual actions impact the collective.
• The importance of giving back to society.
5. Historical and Cultural Perspectives
• Examples from history and cultures that embody this principle.
• Lessons learned from past generations.
6. Modern Applications
• Relevance in today’s world (environment, education, technology).
• Case studies of individuals or organizations practicing this principle.
 7. Challenges and Solutions
• Obstacles to practicing this principle.
• Strategies to overcome these challenges.
8. Conclusion: A Call to Action
• Summarize the importance of the proverb.
• Encourage readers to adopt this mindset in their lives.
Essay:
The proverb, "He who eats the fruit should at least plant the seed," encapsulates a
profound truth about responsibility, sustainability, and reciprocity. It serves as a
reminder that every action has consequences, and every benefit received should be met
with an effort to give back. This principle is not only a moral guideline but also a
practical approach to ensuring the well-being of future generations. In a world
increasingly focused on immediate gratification, this proverb calls for a shift in
mindset towards long-term thinking and collective responsibility.
At its core, the proverb emphasizes the concept of reciprocity. Reciprocity is the
practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit. In nature, this principle is
evident in the symbiotic relationships between species, such as bees pollinating
flowers while gathering nectar. In human society, reciprocity fosters trust and
cooperation, essential for communal living. When individuals or groups take without
giving back, it leads to imbalance and eventual collapse. Thus, the act of planting a
seed after eating the fruit is a metaphor for maintaining this balance, ensuring that
resources are replenished and relationships are nurtured.
Sustainability and responsibility are integral to the proverb's message. Planting a seed
after consuming the fruit symbolizes the need to preserve resources for future
generations. In an era of environmental degradation and resource depletion, this
principle is more relevant than ever. Sustainable practices, such as reforestation,
renewable energy, and conservation, are modern-day manifestations of this age-old
wisdom. By taking responsibility for our actions, we contribute to a healthier planet
and a more equitable society. This extends beyond environmental concerns to social
and economic sustainability, where fair trade, education, and community development
play crucial roles.
On a personal level, the proverb encourages individuals to consider the impact of their
actions on the collective. Personal growth is not just about self-improvement but also
about contributing to the well-being of others. Whether through mentoring,
volunteering, or simply being mindful of one's consumption, every individual has the
power to make a positive difference. The act of planting a seed, no matter how small,
can lead to significant change over time. This mindset fosters a culture of generosity
and accountability, essential for a thriving society.
Historically and culturally, this principle has been upheld in various forms. Indigenous
cultures, for instance, have long practiced sustainable living, understanding the
importance of preserving natural resources for future generations. The concept of
"seven generations" in Native American philosophy, where decisions are made with
consideration for their impact seven generations ahead, is a testament to this wisdom.
Similarly, many religious and philosophical traditions emphasize the importance of
giving back, whether through charity, service, or stewardship. These examples
highlight the timeless relevance of the proverb and its universal appeal.
In the modern world, the proverb finds application in diverse fields. In environmental
conservation, initiatives like tree planting drives and wildlife protection programs
embody this principle. In education, scholarships and mentorship programs ensure that
knowledge is passed on to future generations. In technology, open-source projects and
collaborative innovations reflect the spirit of reciprocity. Case studies of organizations
like the Gates Foundation, which focuses on global health and education, or
individuals like Wangari Maathai, who led the Green Belt Movement in Kenya,
illustrate the transformative power of this principle.
However, practicing this principle is not without challenges. In a competitive world,
the pressure to prioritize personal gain over collective good can be overwhelming.
Short-term thinking, driven by immediate needs or desires, often overshadows long-
term considerations. Additionally, systemic issues such as inequality and lack of
access to resources can hinder efforts to give back. Overcoming these challenges
requires a concerted effort at both individual and societal levels. Education and
awareness are key to fostering a culture of responsibility and reciprocity. Policies that
incentivize sustainable practices and equitable distribution of resources can also play a
crucial role.
In conclusion, the proverb "He who eats the fruit should at least plant the seed" is a
powerful reminder of our responsibility towards each other and the planet. It calls for a
shift from a consumption-driven mindset to one of contribution and sustainability. By
embracing this principle, we can ensure a better future for ourselves and generations to
come. Let us all strive to be not just consumers of the fruits of this world but also
planters of seeds for a brighter tomorrow.
References:
1. Diamond, J. (2005). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Viking
Press.
2. Maathai, W. (2006). Unbowed: A Memoir. Alfred A. Knopf.
3. Wilson, E. O. (2016). Half-Earth: Our Planet's Fight for Life. Liveright
Publishing Corporation.
4. Sachs, J. D. (2015). The Age of Sustainable Development. Columbia University
Press.
5. Hawken, P. (2017). Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to
Reverse Global Warming. Penguin Books.

Essay title:
If Gold Rusts, What Shall Iron Do?
Topic Statement:
The moral decay of leadership corrupts society, leaving the weak vulnerable and
directionless.
Outline:
1. Introduction
• Meaning of the proverb and its origin
• Relevance in contemporary society
• Thesis statement: When those in power and influence become corrupt, the
masses suffer morally, socially, and politically.
2. The Role of Leadership in Society
• Importance of moral integrity in leadership
• Leadership as a guiding force for social order
• Historical examples of great leaders who upheld morality
3. Corruption in Leadership and Its Impact on Society
• Political corruption and its consequences
• Social disintegration due to moral failure at the top
• Economic ramifications of corrupt governance
• Reference: Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index
4. Effects on the Common People
• Loss of trust in institutions
• Increase in crime and lawlessness
• Psychological and moral degeneration among the youth
• Example: Rise in social unrest and protests
5. Historical and Literary Perspectives
• Chaucer’s use of the proverb in The Canterbury Tales
• Comparison with other historical moral dilemmas
• Lessons from history on leadership and corruption
6. Case Studies of Moral Leadership vs. Corrupt Leadership
• Nelson Mandela: A case of ethical leadership
• Dictatorial regimes: Consequences of moral failure
• The role of media in exposing corruption
7. Case Study: Corruption and Leadership Crisis in Pakistan
• Political instability due to corruption scandals
• The impact of corruption on Pakistan’s economy and governance
• Judiciary and media’s role in exposing corruption cases
• Reference: NAB (National Accountability Bureau) reports and recent
corruption cases
8. Reforming Leadership and Society
• Education and moral training for leaders
• Institutional checks and balances
• Role of the public in demanding accountability
 • Reference: The impact of good governance models globally
9. Conclusion
• Restating the importance of integrity in leadership
• Call for collective responsibility in combating corruption
• Final thought: If gold resists rust, iron shall shine too
Essay
The proverb “If gold rusts, what shall iron do?” originates from Geoffrey Chaucer’s
The Canterbury Tales. It symbolizes how the moral decay of those in power or high
social standing leads to the degeneration of the common people. Gold represents the
leaders, intellectuals, and those responsible for guiding society, while iron represents
the common citizens who follow their example. When leaders become corrupt, society
faces severe consequences, including loss of trust, lawlessness, and economic
downfall. This essay explores the implications of this proverb by analyzing historical
cases, contemporary political scenarios, and potential solutions to combat moral and
ethical decay in leadership.
Leadership plays a critical role in shaping societies. Moral integrity in leadership is
essential for maintaining social order and ensuring justice. Ethical leaders inspire
people and create environments that promote honesty, accountability, and progress.
History presents several examples of great leaders who upheld morality, such as
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), Mahatma Gandhi, and Abraham Lincoln. These leaders
set examples through personal integrity, emphasizing justice, equality, and service to
humanity. Without such moral guidance, societies become disoriented and susceptible
to corruption and chaos.
Political corruption has devastating consequences. When leaders prioritize personal
gains over public welfare, it leads to injustice, oppression, and economic decline.
According to Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index, countries
with high corruption levels experience poor governance, widespread poverty, and
instability. Social disintegration is another consequence of corrupt leadership, as
people lose faith in institutions and resort to unlawful means for survival. Furthermore,
corruption hampers economic growth, discourages investment, and widens the gap
between the rich and the poor. If leaders fail to uphold ethical standards, societal decay
becomes inevitable.
The moral failure of leadership directly impacts the masses. When people lose trust in
their leaders, they begin to question the credibility of all institutions. This results in a
breakdown of law and order, increasing crime rates, and social unrest. Young people,
who look up to their leaders as role models, may become disillusioned and adopt
unethical practices for personal gains. Historical examples show that when leadership
becomes self-serving, the social fabric weakens, leading to widespread dissatisfaction
and instability. The rise of mass protests and movements in response to corruption
reflects the deep frustration of common citizens.
Chaucer’s use of the proverb in The Canterbury Tales critiques the clergy’s corruption,
highlighting how moral decay in religious leaders affected medieval society. This
notion has been echoed in various historical contexts, where the decline of empires and
civilizations was often linked to leadership failures. The fall of the Roman Empire and
the collapse of the Mughal Empire are prime examples where moral corruption led to
downfall. These historical lessons serve as reminders that ethical leadership is crucial
for sustained social and political stability.
A comparative study of ethical and corrupt leadership provides clear insights. Nelson
Mandela, despite facing immense challenges, remained committed to justice and
reconciliation, earning global respect. In contrast, dictatorial regimes driven by self-
interest, such as Hitler’s Nazi Germany or Idi Amin’s Uganda, caused immense
suffering. The media plays a significant role in exposing corruption, as seen in
investigative journalism uncovering financial scandals. Leadership determines a
nation’s destiny; hence, promoting ethical governance is vital.
Pakistan has faced persistent challenges due to corruption at various levels of
leadership. Scandals involving political leaders, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and misuse
of public funds have weakened governance. The National Accountability Bureau
(NAB) has investigated numerous high-profile cases, yet corruption remains a major
issue. The economic impact is significant, as corruption discourages foreign
investment, increases inflation, and widens social inequalities. The media and judiciary
have played crucial roles in exposing corrupt practices, but systemic reforms are
needed to ensure accountability.
To prevent corruption, leadership training and education must emphasize ethical
values. Institutional checks and balances, such as an independent judiciary and media
freedom, are essential in holding leaders accountable. Additionally, public
participation in governance ensures transparency and responsiveness. Successful
governance models, such as those in Scandinavian countries, highlight how strong
institutions and civic awareness contribute to moral leadership. Societies that demand
integrity from their leaders foster cultures of accountability and progress.
The proverb “If gold rusts, what shall iron do?” remains profoundly relevant today.
Leaders must set moral examples, as their failure leads to the ethical and social decay
of entire communities. Combating corruption is a shared responsibility requiring
education, institutional reforms, and active civic engagement. When leaders uphold
integrity, societies thrive; if they fail, disillusionment and chaos prevail. Ultimately, if
gold resists rust, iron shall shine too.

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