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C for C programmers 3rd Edition Pohl Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Pohl, Ira
ISBN(s): 9780201395198, 0201395193
Edition: 3
File Details: PDF, 22.25 MB
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Programmers
Third Edition
Programmers
Third Edition

Ira Pohl
University of California, Santa Cruz

A
▼▼
ADDISON-WESLEY

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Pohl, Ira
C++ for C Programmers / Ira Pohl.-3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-201-39519-3
1. C++ (Computer program language) I. Title.
QA76.73.C153P654 1999
005.13'3-dc21 98-37980
CIP

Copyright © 1999 by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published
simultaneously in Canada.

ISBN 0-201-39519-3
Text printed on recycled and acid-free paper
123456789 10-MA—0201009998
First printing, November 1998
To Laura and her mother
Preface xvii

Chapter 1 An Overview of C++ and Object-Oriented Programming 1

1.1 Object-Oriented Programming.2
1.2 Why Learn C++?.3
1.3 C as a Starting Point.4
1.4 Classes and Abstract Data Types.6
1.5 Constructors and Destructors.9
1.6 Overloading.10
Dissection of the operator+() Function.11
1.7 Inheritance.12
1.8 Moving from C++to Java.14
Dissection of the improved Program.15
1.9 Benefits of Object-Oriented Programming.16
1.10 Pragmatics.17
Summary.18
Review Questions.19
Exercises.19

Chapter 2 Native Types and Statements 23

2.1 Program Elements.24
2.1.1 Comments.24
2.1.2 Keywords.25
2.1.3 Identifiers.25
2.1.4 Literals.26
2.1.5 Operators and Punctuators.28
2.2 Input/Output.29
2.3 Program Structure.30
2.4 Simple Types.32
2.4.1 Initialization.33
2.5 The Traditional Conversions.34
2.6 Enumeration Types.38
2.6.1 typedef Declarations.39
2.7 Expressions.39
viii ▼ Contents

2.8 Statements.43
2.8.1 Assignment and Expressions.44
2.8.2 The Compound Statement.45
2.8.3 The i f and i f-el se Statements.45
2.8.4 The whi le Statement.46
2.8.5 The for Statement.47
2.8.6 The do Statement.49
2.8.7 The break and conti nue Statements.49
2.8.8 The switch Statement.51
2.8.9 The goto Statement.52
2.9 Pragmatics.53
2.10 Moving from C++to Java.55
Dissection of the Moon Program.56
Summary.57
Review Questions.59
Exercises.60

Chapter 3 Functions, Pointers, and Arrays 65

3.1 Functions.65
3.1.1 Function Invocation.66
3.2 Function Definition.66
3.3 The return Statement.68
3.4 Function Prototypes.68
3.4.1 Recursion.69
3.5 Default Arguments.70
3.6 Functions as Arguments.71
3.7 Overloading Functions.72
3.8 Inlining.73
3.9 Scope and Storage Class.74
3.9.1 The Storage Class auto.76
3.9.2 The Storage Class extern.76
3.9.3 The Storage Class regi ster.78
3.9.4 The Storage Class static.78
3.9.5 linkage Mysteries.80
3.10 Namespaces.80
3.11 Pointer Types.82
3.11.1 Addressing and Dereferencing.83
3.11.2 Pointer-Based Call-by-Reference.83
Dissection of the order() Function.84
3.12 Reference Declarations and Call-by-Reference.85
3.13 The Uses of void.87
 ▼ Contents IX

3.14 Arrays and Pointers. 89

3.14.1 Subscripting.90
3.14.2 Initialization.90
3.15 The Relationship Between Arrays and Pointers.91
3.16 Passing Arrays to Functions.92
3.17 The char* String: A Kernel Language ADT.93
3.18 Multidimensional Arrays.95
3.19 Assertions and Program Correctness.96
3.20 Free-Store Operators new and delete.97
Dissection of the dynarray Program.99
3.21 Pragmatics.100
3.21.1 Vector Instead of Array.100
3.21.2 String Instead of char*.101
3.22 Moving from C++to Java.102
Dissection of the SumArray Program.103
Summary.104
Review Questions.106
Exercises.107

Chapter 4 Classes 115

4.1 The Aggregate Type struct and class.115
4.2 Structure Pointer Operator.117
4.3 Member Functions.118
4.4 Access: Private and Public.120
4.5 Classes.121
4.6 Class Scope.122
4.6.1 Scope Resolution Operator.122
4.6.2 Nested Classes.124
4.7 An Example: Flushing.12 5
4.8 stati c and const Members.128
Dissection of the salary Program.131
4.8.1 Mutable Members.132
4.9 The thi s Pointer.133
4.10 Unions.134
4.11 Bit Fields.135
4.12 A Container Class Example: ch_stack.136
4.13 Pragmatics.138
4.14 Moving from C++to Java.139
Summary.141
Review Questions.142
Exercises.143
x ▼ Contents

Chapter 5 Constructors and Destructors 149

5.1 Classes with Constructors.150
5.1.1 The Default Constructor.151
5.1.2 Constructor Initializer.152
5.1.3 Constructors as Conversions.152
5.1.4 Improving the point Class.153
5.2 Constructing a Dynamically Sized Stack.154
5.2.1 The Copy Constructor.156
5.3 Classes with Destructors.157
5.4 An Example: Dynamically Allocated Strings.158
Dissection of the my_stri ng Class.160
5.5 The Class dbl_vect.163
5.5.1 dbl_vect as a Linear Vector Type.165
5.6 Members That Are Class Types.166
5.7 Example: A Singly Linked List.168
Dissection of the print() and release() Lunctions . . .170
5.8 Two-Dimensional Arrays.173
5.9 Polynomials as a Linked List.174
5.10 Strings Using Reference Semantics.181
5.11 No Constructor, Copy Constructor, and Other Mysteries .... 183
5.11.1 Destructor Details.184
5.12 Pragmatics.185
5.13 Moving from C++to Java.186
Summary.187
Review Questions ..188
Exercises.189

Chapter 6 Operator Overloading and Conversions 195

6.1 ADT Conversions.196
6.2 Overloading and Lunction Selection.197
Dissection of the rational Program.199
6.3 friend functions.200
6.4 Overloading Operators.203
6.5 Unary Operator Overloading.204
6.6 Binary Operator Overloading.207
6.7 Overloading Assignment and Subscripting Operators.209
Dissection of dbl_vect:: operator=() function . . . .211
6.8 Polynomial: Type and Language Expectations.213
6.9 Overloading I/O Operators « and ».215
6.10 Overloading Operator () for Indexing.216
Dissection of the Class mat ri x.218
6.11 Overloading the Pointer Operator ->.219
 ▼ Contents xi

6.12 Overloading new and delete.220

6.13 Pragmatics.223
6.13.1 Signature Matching.224
6.14 Moving from C++to Java.226
Summary.228
Review Questions.229
Exercises.230

Chapter 7 Templates, Generic Programming, and STL 239

7.1 Template Class stack.240
7.2 Function Templates.242
7.2.1 Signature Matching and Overloading.244
7.3 Class Templates.245
7.3.1 Friends.246
7.3.2 Static Members.246
7.3.3 Class Template Arguments.246
7.3.4 Default Template Arguments.247
7.3.5 Member Templates.248
7.4 Parameterizing the Class vector.248
7.5 STL.252
7.5.1 STL Example Code.252
7.6 Containers.254
7.6.1 Sequence Containers.255
Dissection of the stLvectProgram.256
7.6.2 Associative Containers.257
7.6.3 Container Adapters.257
7.7 Iterators.258
7.7.1 The istream_iterator and ostream_iterator . .259
7.7.2 Iterator Adapters.260
7.8 Algorithms.261
7.8.1 Sorting Algorithms.261
7.8.2 Nonmutating Sequence Algorithms.262
7.8.3 Mutating Sequence Algorithms.263
7.8.4 Numerical Algorithms.264
7.9 Numerical Integration Made Easy.264
7.10 Pragmatics. 266
7.11 Moving from C++ to Java.267
Summary.268
Review Questions.269
Exercises.269
xii ▼ Contents

Chapter 8 Inheritance 273

8.1 A Derived Class.274
8.2 Typing Conversions and Visibility.276
8.3 Virtual Functions.279
8.4 Abstract Base Classes.283
8.5 Templates and Inheritance.289
8.6 Multiple Inheritance.290
8.7 Inheritance and Design.293
8.7.1 Subtyping Form.294
8.7.2 Code Reuse.295
8.8 Runtime Type Identification.295
8.9 Pragmatics.297
8.10 Moving from C++to Java.298
Summary.301
Review Questions.302
Exercises.303

Chapter 9 Exceptions 307

9.1 Using the assert Library.307
9.2 C++Exceptions.308
9.3 Throwing Exceptions.309
9.3.1 Rethrown Exceptions.311
9.3.2 Exception Expressions.312
9.4 Try Blocks.313
9.5 Handlers.314
9.6 Exception Specification.315
9.7 terminate() and unexpectedf).315
9.8 Example Exception Code.316
9.9 Standard Exceptions and Their Uses.318
9.10 Pragmatics.320
9.11 Moving from C++to Java.321
Summary.323
Review Questions.324
Exercises.325

Chapter 10 OOP Using C++ 327

10.1 OOP Language Requirements.327
10.1.1 ADTs: Encapsulation and Data Hiding.328
10.1.2 Reuse and Inheritance.329
10.1.3 Polymorphism.330
10.2 OOP: The Dominant Programming Methodology.331
10.3 Designing with OOP in Mind.332
10.4 Class-Responsibility-Collaborator.333
10.5 Design Patterns.334
 ▼ Contents xiii

10.6 Moving from C++to Java.336

Summary.338
Review Questions.340
Exercises.341

Appendix A ASCII Character Codes 343

Appendix B Operator Precedence and Associativity 34S

Appendix C Language Guide 347

C.l Program Structure.347
C.2 Lexical Elements.348
C.2.1 Comments.349
C.2.2 Identifiers.349
C.2.3 Keywords.350
C.3 Constants.350
C.4 Declarations and Scope Rules.354
C.5 Namespaces.356
C.6 Linkage Rules.357
C.7 Types.359
C.8 Conversion Rules and Casts.361
C.9 Expressions and Operators.364
C.9.1 sizeof Expressions.365
C.9.2 Autoincrement and Autodecrement Expressions . . .365
C.9.3 Arithmetic Expressions.366
C.9.4 Relational, Equality, and Logical Expressions . . . .366
C.9.5 Assignment Expressions.368
C.9.6 Comma Expressions.369
C.9.7 Conditional Expressions.369
C.9.8 Bit-Manipulation Expressions.370
C.9.9 Address and Indirection Expressions.370
C.9.10 new and delete Expressions.371
C.9.11 Other Expressions.373
C.10 Statements.374
C.l0.1 Expression Statements.376
C.10.2 The Compound Statement.376
C.10.3 The i f and i f-el se Statements.376
C.l0.4 The while Statement.377
C.10.5 The for Statement.377
C.10.6 The do Statement.378
C.10.7 The break and continue Statements.379
C.10.8 The switch Statement.379
C.10.9 The goto Statement.380
C.10.10 The return Statement.381
C.l0.11 The Declaration Statement.381
XIV ▼ Contents

C.ll Functions.382
C.ll.l Prototypes.383
C.11.2 Call-by-Reference.383
C.ll.3 Inline Functions.384
C.11.4 Default Arguments.384
C.11.5 Overloading.384
C.11.6 Type-Safe Linkage for Fmictions.386
C.12 Classes.387
C.12.1 Constructors and Destructors.387
C.12.2 Member Functions.389
C.12.3 Friend Functions.389
C.12.4 The thi s Pointer.390
C.12.5 Operator Overloading.390
C.12.6 stati c and const Member Functions.392
C.12.7 Mutable.392
C.13 Inheritance.393
C.13.1 Multiple Inheritance.395
C.13.2 Constructor Invocation.396
C.13.3 Abstract Base Classes.396
C.13.4 Pointer to Class Member.396
C.13.5 Runtime Type Identification.398
C.13.6 Virtual Functions.399
C.14 Templates.400
C.14.1 Template Parameters.402
C.14.2 Function Template.403
C.14.3 Friends.404
C.14.4 Static Members.404
C.14.5 Specialization.404
C.15 Exceptions.405
C.15.1 Throwing Exceptions.406
C.15.2 Try Blocks.407
C.15.3 Handlers.408
C.15.4 Exception Specification.408
C.15.5 termi nate() and unexpected().409
C.15.6 Standard Library Exceptions.409
C.16 Caution and Compatibility.409
C.16.1 Nested Class Declarations.410
C.16.2 Type Compatibilities.410
C.16.3 Miscellaneous.410
C.17 New Features in C++.411
 ▼ Contents xv

Appendix D Input/Output 413

D.l The Output Class ost ream.413
D.2 Formatted Output and iomanip.414
D.3 User-Defined Types: Output.418
D.4 The Input Class i stream.420
D.5 Files.422
D.6 Using Strings as Streams.425
D.7 The Functions and Macros in ctype.426
D.8 Using Stream States.427
D. 9 Mixing I/O Libraries.429

Appendix E STL and String Libraries 431

E. l Containers.431
E.1.1 Sequence Containers.433
E.l.2 Associative Containers.434
E.1.3 Container Adapters.436
E.2 Iterators.437
E.2.1 Iterator Categories.437
E.2.2 Iterator Adapters.438
E.3 Algorithms.440
E.3.1 Sorting Algorithms.440
E.3.2 Nonmutating Sequence Algorithms.442
E.3.3 Mutating Sequence Algorithms.444
E.3.4 Numerical Algorithms.446
E.4 Functions.448
E.4.1 Function Adapters.450
E.5 Allocators.451
E.6 String Library.452
E.6.1 Constructors.454
E.6.2 Member Functions.454
E.6.3 Global Operators.459

References 461

Index 463
.
The book uses an evolutionary teaching process, with C as a starting point and C++
as a destination. It can also be used by those already familiar with other similar pro¬
gramming languages, such as Pascal, PL/1, or BASIC. The reader can stop and use
the language facilities at various points in the text.
This book will get the C programmer up and running in C++ in the shortest pos¬
sible time. The teaching-by-equivalency method used enables the C programmer to
immediately convert existing code to C++. Working code is emphasized. A program
particularly illustrative of the chapter’s themes is analyzed by dissection, which is
similar to a structured walk-through of the code. Dissection explains to the reader
newly encountered programming elements and idioms.
C is a general-purpose programming language that was originally designed by
Dennis Ritchie of Bell Laboratories and implemented there on a PDP-11 in 1972. C
was first used as the systems language for the UNIX operating system. Ken Thomp¬
son, the developer of UNIX, had been using both an assembler and a language
named B to produce initial versions of UNIX in 1970.
C++, invented at Bell Labs by Bjarne Stroustrup in the mid-1980s, is a powerful
modern successor language to C. C++ adds to C the concept of class, a mechanism
for providing user-defined types, also called abstract data types. C++ supports
object-oriented programming by these means and by providing inheritance and run¬
time type binding. C++ is increasingly the choice of scientists and engineers in
developing scientific software.
This book, intended for use in a first course in C++ programming, can be used
as a supplementary text in an advanced programming, data structures, software
methodology, comparative language, or other course in which the instructor wants
C++ to be the language of choice. Each chapter presents a number of carefully
explained programs.
All of the major pieces of code were tested. A consistent and proper coding
style is adopted from the beginning and is one chosen by professionals in the C++
community. The code is available at the Addison Wesley Longman Web site
(www.awl.com/cseng/titles/0-201-39519-3/).
For the programmer who wants C experience, this book could be used in con¬
junction with A Book on C, 4th ed., by A1 Kelley and Ira Pohl (Addison-Wesley, 1998).
As a package, the two books offer a unique, integrated treatment of the C and C++
programming languages and their use.
XV111 t Preface

This book incorporates a number of important features.

■ An evolutionary approach. The C programmer can immediately benefit

from programming in C++. Chapter 1, “An Overview of C++ and Object-
Oriented Programming,” provides an introduction to the use of C++ as an
object-oriented programming language. Chapter 2, “Native Types and State¬
ments,” reviews the kernel language, which is mostly C with some improve¬
ments. Chapter 3, “Functions, Pointers, and Arrays,” continues with
similarities between functions and complex data types. The middle chapters
show how to use classes, which are the basis for abstract data types and
object-oriented programming (OOP). The later chapters give advanced
details of the use of inheritance, templates, and exceptions. At any point in
the text, the programmer can stop and use the new material.

■ Teaching by example. The book is a tutorial that stresses examples of

working code. Right from the start, the student is introduced to full working
programs. An interactive environment is assumed. Exercises are integrated
with the examples to encourage experimentation. Excessive detail is avoided
in explaining the larger elements of writing working code. Each chapter has
several important example programs. Major elements of these programs are
explained by dissection.

■ Data structures in C++. The text emphasizes many of the standard data
structures from computer science. Stacks, safe arrays, dynamically allocated
multidimensional arrays, lists, trees, and strings are all implemented. Exer¬
cises extend the student’s understanding of how to implement and use
these structures. Implementation is consistent with an abstract data type
approach to software.

■ Object-oriented programming. The reader is led gradually to the object-

oriented style. Chapter 1, “An Overview of C++ and Object-Oriented
Programming,” discusses how the C programmer can benefit in important
ways from a switch to C++ and object-oriented programming. Object-
oriented concepts are defined, and the way in which these concepts are
supported by C++ is introduced. Chapter 4, “Classes,” introduces classes,
which are the basic mechanism for producing modular programs and
implementing abstract data types. Class variables are the objects being
manipulated. Chapter 8, “Inheritance,” develops inheritance and virtual
functions, two key elements in this paradigm. Chapter 10, “OOP Using C++,”
discusses OOP programming philosophy. This book develops in the
programmer an appreciation of this point of view.
Other documents randomly have
different content
She smiled. "I am the foreign minister," she said, bobbing a curtsy.
"Lindrew Fishdollar, at your service, Mr. Ambassador, and welcome to
Fishdollar Five. The president is waiting in the state reception hall."
"Thank you, Madame Minister." He stepped down with dignity,
saluting, and followed her into the building. She danced ahead with
vivacity unbecoming a foreign minister.
The hall was large, with bare slag walls and rough wooden furniture.
Coming to meet him was another pretty young woman in another
white chlamys that molded itself to her walking. He stopped short.
She was smiling ... milk white skin and jet black hair ... thick
eyebrows, black eyes ... small, sweetly curvesome ... holding out a
hand....
"Oh my God!" he said shakily. "You! You are Wendrew Fishdollar!"
"Wendy to my friends, Captain Wennocky, and I hope you will be
one. We do so want a Patrol treaty. Won't you sit down?"
The ambassador sat down, head whirling.
"How many of your officers of state are women, may I ask, Madame
President?"
"All of us," she said brightly. "Our charter population, fifty-two in all,
is entirely feminine. Since our founding we have naturalized eleven
men."
"Well, Madame President ... you must realize ... most unusual...."
"I understand, Captain Wennocky. Perhaps you're tired. Quarters are
ready for you upstairs and the minister of the interior will show you
to them if you wish. General Cobb will berth your men in the tender."
"My name is Welnicki," the ambassador said, rising. "Captain Stephen
Wel-nicki."
"Oh, forgive me, Captain Welnicki. General Cobb—but there, poor
man, you're tired and I won't keep you. Will you and your aides
attend an informal dinner tonight with my cabinet officers?"
"Yes ... delighted...."
The minister of the interior skipped along apologizing prettily for the
crude furniture. She was Wandrew Fishdollar, call her Wanda, and
she would see him again at dinner. His bedroom was also the
Fishdollar National Library.
The ambassador called a council of state. His aides were equally
overcome. Who'da thought it? ... all women, all named Fishdollar ...
cute as crystals, too ... always liked them Sigma Velorum planets ...
hey, Chong, you old goat?...

Dinner ... elfin faces with white skin and black eyes ... short, kilted
skirts, sleeveless blouses ... Cindrew, Rondrew, Sandrew, Dundrew ...
minister of this, minister of that ... the ambassador was still dazed.
His aides did well. Kihara talked slaggers and nuclear furnaces to the
minister of public works—Cindy, was she? Rutledge, expansive, held a
group bright eyed and breathless with his account of the volcanic
north. Chong was saying, "No offense, General Cobb, but in a fight
the marines...." Defense Minister Bondrew listened admiringly.
The ambassador felt better. Born diplomats, these men. That came of
roaming the starways ... a cosmoplanetary polish ... charm no
provincial could resist—"What did you say, Madame President? My
mind wandered."
"Let's take our teacups into the next room where it's quiet. I want to
tell you the story of the Fishdollars."
"Of course." The ambassador rose with courtly, cosmoplanetary
grace.
She sat beside him on the single cloth draped bench, and smoothed
her short red skirt.
"In the second century After Space, Stephen—may I call you
Stephen?" she began. He nodded indulgently.
The eighty-fourth planet colonized from Earth, she told him, was
Fishdollar One, so named for Andrew Fishdollar, who founded the
settlement and brought along many kinsmen. The settlement
prospered but the planet had a strong Rho effect. Did he understand?
"Yes, Madame President. An excess of female over male births until a
certain population density is reached."
"It may take centuries. It's terrible. Stevie, I've actually heard the
Patrol sometimes sends ships...." She blushed prettily and looked
down at the teacup on her rounded knee.
"Yes. Yes, Wendrew. There is a special clause—oh, most delicately
worded—in the standard Patrol treaty with Rho effect planets.
Spacers call them good liberty planets." He felt warm, tugged at his
tight collar and kept his gaze on the president's teacup.
She took up her story. Genetic strains varied in susceptibility to the
Rho effect, of course he knew, and it was terribly severe on
Fishdollars. The clan became immensely wealthy through pioneer
land holdings, but the name was dying out. Male Fishdollars were
recruited from Earth and the other planets until the name was extinct
elsewhere, but it was no use. Sex control was no good—bad psychic
effects in the resultant males. Finally, in the fourth century, the
Fishdollars settled a new planet, seeking a reduced Rho effect.
"But Wendy, why not adopt boys, change names and so on?"
"Against the laws, Stevie. People with low-Rho names believed the
effect worked through the name and not the gene pattern. Silly
superstition of course, but they had the votes."
It was the same story on Planets Fishdollar Two and Three. Fishdollar
wealth grew and Fishdollar males dwindled in inverse ratio. On
Fishdollar Four, in the Sigma-3 Velorum system, they vanished
altogether. A few hundred women still bore the name.
"It's pitiful, Stevie, when a name dies after thousands of years," she
said softly. She put down her teacup and smoothed nervously at her
brief skirt.
"I can imagine. Ten generations of Welnickis have served the Patrol."
"We tried hard to keep the name alive," she went on, vainly tugging
the pleated skirt lower on the smooth white legs. "Stevie, some of us
here are haploid and some are illegitimate."
Her head drooped. Wordless, he watched her hands. She raised a
rosy face to him impulsively.
"You mustn't think I'm one," she said rapidly. "My father was the last
Andrew Fishdollar, the last man. He died two years ago."
The younger Fishdollars, she continued, planned one last effort to
settle a new planet, to be named Fishdollar Five. They recruited a
group meeting Patrol standards and got sponsorship. It cost them a
great deal of money. Their constitution and legal codes were those of
the parent system, with minor changes correcting the unfair laws
against high-Rho names.
"And then—oh Stevie, those superstitious, ungrateful, low-Rho
settlers! While we were still in subspace they began amending the
laws and the constitution. They even changed our planet's name to
Rewbobbin, the ugliest, lowest-Rho name among them!"
"Rewbobbin!" He shuddered.
"We were just frantic, Stevie. We wanted to scratch their eyes out
and we wanted to die. Then we thought about seceding. We learned
that Rubberjack's tender was preloaded to care for an advance party
of two hundred. We talked to General Cobb—you know the rest."
"Yes, Wendy. How imaginative ... a random inspacing into unexplored
vastness.... Wendy, I salute your courage!"
"We weren't really so brave. The tender was a last resort, to force
Captain Kravitz to settle us on another Carina planet. But when he
reacted so violently—oh, Stevie, you should have heard the language
he used to me—we knew we must go. We really had no choice, now
did we?"
The ambassador coughed and licked his lips. "No, I suppose not,
Wendy. Captain Kravitz is unimaginative ... aging...."
"Stevie, did we do wrong? Do you think we did?"
"No, Wendy. Not you, whoever else may have. You were magnificent.
I will use all my influence to see that your settlement lives."
"I'm so happy, Stevie. I feel safe now. Tomorrow Linda can work out
a treaty with you. Shall we join the others?"
The smooth white legs stood up.

The ambassador could not sleep. His own copy of Patrol Regulations
was lost, but providentially he found a copy in the Fishdollar National
Library beside his bed. He thumbed it.
He was, indeed, still captain and therefore ambassador while his crew
was intact. But that other article ... here it was:
"In exceptional circumstances involving galactic security the
commander of a ship or squadron may assume plenipotentiary status
and execute finally rather than provisionally binding agreements ... as
soon thereafter as practicable he shall report to Prime Reference for
plenary court martial."
So. If he dared.... He remembered old Borthwick's lectures in Patrol
Jurisprudence at the academy. Only two men, both squadron
commanders, had ever used that article. One had been shot, one
cashiered.... The ambassador slept.

Over coffee next morning the foreign minister produced copies of the
Patrol treaty with Sigma-3 Velorum, with appropriate name changes,
and proposed they sign them.
"These won't do, Madame Minister," he protested.
"Why not, Stephen? We have almost the same constitution."
"Your planet, Lindrew. Almost four thousand parsecs beyond the
sphere of settlement. Do you know why we have a frontier?"
"Oh, Patrol policy ... no, why?"
"Other intelligent beings may be settling the galaxy just like we are.
We're afraid to meet them too soon."
"Why?"
"Maybe hostile. Lindrew, just because the Patrol prevents inter-
planetary wars, it's the only deep space fighting force humanity has.
But with no wars, and support of the Patrol voluntary, it isn't very big.
Not big enough for galactic war."
"Will it ever be?"
"We hope so. We add a new ship for each new planet. We increase
as the cube of the radius and our frontier only as the square, as long
as we enforce the sphere of settlement concept."
"The Patrol enforces it?"
"Yes, by denying sponsorship and protection to non-treaty
settlements. We can't actually use force against a sovereign planet,
except blockade under certain conditions."
"Do settlements ever defy you?"
"Not for long. They give up and we move them to a settled planet
that wants them, wiping out all traces of their stay."
"Oh. Stephen, do you approve of that policy?"
"No, Lindrew, I never have. It's—it's unimaginative. But they'll tear
their beards at Prime Reference about your planet."
"But you'll help us, won't you Stephen? How must we change the
standard treaty?"
"This is an outpost planet and the aliens, if they exist, will surely find
it first. We'll need a Class I base. You must in time support extra-
planetary defenses."
"You make the changes, Stephen. Whatever you say. Then we'll
sign."
He shuffled his feet. "I'm afraid I can only initial it, Madame Minister.
Prime Reference must ratify. I will urge most strongly—"
"Oh Stephen," she interrupted, pretty face stricken, "might we lose
our treaty after all?"
"There's a chance, I can't deny it."
"Oh dear! I haven't the heart to tell Wendy."
"I need to think," the ambassador said. He excused himself
unhappily.

Days passed and the settlement grew. The ambassador put away his
blue and gold and worked with his hands. The native strap-leaf
vegetation flowered riotously through long, warm days, and so did
Earth plants in the test plots. The shapely Fishdollars became golden-
tan and more charming than ever.
The Patrolers worked like fiends erecting buildings and plants, striving
to outdo the merchant spacers. The girls helped where they could
and bubbled admiringly at the prodigies of labor. The minister of
public works told Chong privately that one marine equalled two
merchant spacers. The latter, as if unaware of their lesser worth,
worked like fiends too.
Kihara and his two petty officers were the engineers. Corporal Crespi,
with a gang of marines and Fishdollars, milled fragrant lumber from
native hardwoods. Houses went up and were filled with furniture
rough-styled by General Cobb. The ambassador worked on the power
plant, the materials converter, and then the air conditioning. The men
became hard, deeply bronzed, strongly alive as the native trees.
With his aides, the ambassador worked out treaty revisions.
"PR will never ratify," Rutledge said.
"Look. Maybe the aliens don't exist," the ambassador argued. "If they
do exist, they may respect boundaries. Then Fishdollar Five stakes a
huge claim for humanity. If it's war, we make our fight around an
outpost planet, far from settled regions."
"We ain't Prime Reference," Chong growled. "Who you trying to
convince?"

Fishdollar Five ratified the treaty. Ambassador Welnicki looked

unhappily at his initials and told the foreign minister, "I'm sorry,
Linda."
"We understand, Stephen. We know you're doing all you dare for us."

Resting one day from pipefitting, the ambassador asked Kihara, "You
know math, chief. Isn't it true this damned, sacred 'sphere of
settlement' really takes in the whole galaxy in subspace?"
"Yes, in a way."
"It's fossilized, Einsteinian thinking. Damn the admirals!"
"The admirals think Einstein is God. You better think the admirals are
God," Kihara warned.
The ambassador thought. The outpost planet ... last, loneliest,
loveliest, exquisite, apart ... one man with imagination ... serve
humanity and be damned for it now, canonized later....

One afternoon he walked with Wendy to their favorite spot on a

headland above the sea. She climbed before him up the steep,
narrow way, and the sea wind fluttered her skirt. The outpost planet
... democracy ... daughter planets teeming with pretty girls like
Wendy and stalwart young men like ... really imaginative galactic
ecology....
Sunset neared and half the sky, as usual, flamed gorgeously. The sea
sent back the color and beat hypnotically against the cliff base.
Wendy stood on tiptoe, arms raised, skirt wind-molded, sweetly
rounded form outlined against the sky.
"Stevie, Stevie," she whispered, "isn't our planet beautiful? I would
rather die than leave it. I feel ... fulfilled, somehow."
"Wendy, I haven't told you, but—"
She came to him in quick concern, her hand on his arm. Then it came
out of him in a rush.
"Regulations permit me to assume plenipotentiary status. If I do and
then sign that treaty, it will bind the Patrol absolutely. Wendy, I'm
going to do it!"
"Can you really, Stephen? Won't they find a way...." Her face was
grave.
"I can, for sure. I'll undergo court martial after. But the treaty will
stand. The pledged word of the Galactic Patrol is sacred. Only the
Patrol binds humanity into any kind of unity, and its very existence
depends upon planetary trust in Patrol good faith."
"It's so much power for one man."
"Not every man is made a Patrol captain. Believe me, Wendy, your
planet will live. And I'm glad."
Then she was in his arms and they were kissing, and Captain-
Ambassador Welnicki trod on air back to the settlement feeling that
the game was worth the candle if they took his head for it. He signed
with a flourish, Stephen Welnicki, Captain, GP, subscribed
Ambassador Plenipotentiary. Then he called his aides into council and
assumed the status formally, just for the record.
Days passed, shorter and warmer, fruits forming on the native plants.
Basic installations were complete. Exploring and mapping teams
brought in mineral and biotic specimens for testing. It was
midsummer of the four-hundred-two-day year. President Fishdollar
brought up a delicate subject with the ambassador plenipotentiary.
Four of her citizens were, well, you know, and they wanted to marry
four of his marines. Could he authorize it?
"Of course, Wendy. Enlisted men may marry on any treaty planet."
He spoke to Chong.
"I told 'em hell no," the sergeant said. "Us marines depend on higher
authority to protect us from that. You're gonna back me up, ain't you,
captain?"
"No I'm not! What's so terrible about marriage?"
"Ask Corporal Hodges that, captain. He's married and the Fishdollars
know it."

Chief Justice Sandrew married the four couples in a mass ceremony.

President Fishdollar wept and the ambassador plenipotentiary
comforted her.
She was distrait and melancholy in the days that followed, and the
ambassador plenipotentiary was himself obscurely troubled. Eight
more couples married. Then one evening they were again on the
headland in a flaming sunset and she began crying softly. She didn't
know why, unless it was because the sunset was so beautiful.
So he held her and they talked in low voices until, as the sun's red
disk touched the sea rim, he had to tell her that no Galactic Patrol
officer could marry until he reached the rank of commander.
"But you're a captain already, Stevie."
"Only in a special, temporary way—"
"But your heroism, finding us, losing your ship—surely they'll make it
permanent."
"Wendy, they'll want my head for all that. I ... I've tried to think that
way myself, but I can't. I do believe, in the far future the name
Welnicki will be honored by what I have done, but now—when
Captain Kravitz comes—I have no right—"
"Every man has a right to happiness, Stevie. What if you married
anyway?"
"Cashiered, automatically. Ten generations of Welnickis have given
their lives to the Patrol with not one dishonorable action—"
"Stevie, you make me furious! How can marriage be dishonorable?
We'll keep it secret and you can command the base here until you
make commander. It's all so simple, really."
"I need to think," he said sadly. She laid her dark head on his
shoulder and cried.
He thought: make her happy ... secret ... impassioned speech before
the admirals ... galaxy to fill ... creative imagination confirms me now,
gentlemen, time will vindicate me ... so tearfully anxious ... in for a
copper, in for a solar ... make her happy....
"Wendy," he said in a low, halting voice, "let's do get married."
"Oh yes, Stevie! Yes, yes, yes!" She melted into his arms.
The crimson sun dropped below the sea rim and the sky faded to
somber red. They walked back hand in hand, the president chattering
gaily, the ambassador plenipotentiary oppressed under the
cumulative enormity of his command decisions.
The wedding was beautiful. The bride wore her chlamys of state and
the groom stood very erect in blue and gold. Chief Justice Sandrew
wept but managed to get the words out clearly enough through tears
and sniffs. All the Fishdollars wept. Even hard, unsentimental Sgt.
Chong snorted nervously.
Married life was wonderful. The president melted with affection and
the ambassador plenipotentiary loved it. Never had diplomatic
relations between the Patrol and any planetary government been so
cordial.
Even the weather reflected it. The days, cold and rainy as winter
came on, turned clear and warm again. The native trees were
deciduous and their long strap-leaves became a blaze of color
carrying the dawn glory through softly bright days, carpeting the
ground with sunset. Thinking and worry were fantastically
unnecessary.
Then one beautiful morning after an intimate breakfast, the
ambassador plenipotentiary learned that maybe, just maybe now,
darling, he was going to be a father. A few tearful moments later an
excited quartermaster called him to his door. G.P.S. Carlyle was in
orbit and would ground next day. Captain Kravitz instructed Ensign
Welnicki to report aboard as soon as grounding was secured.

All along her six-hundred-foot length, ground shores probed out to

equalize tensions as G.P.S. Carlyle eased her lift. The shriek died with
the slowing generators, and the starboard personnel port swung
open. Beyond the zone markers Ensign Welnicki looked into his wife's
face, then marched toward the ship. He wore his blue and gold.
Carlyle's passageways seemed more cramped than he remembered.
He felt foolish in his dress uniform, exchanging greetings with
coverall-clad shipmates. He ducked past the saluting orderly into the
captain's office almost with relief.
Captain Kravitz, behind his gray desk, had never looked more
austerely forbidding. As the ensign made his report, the grizzled
eyebrows raised, then two fingers stroked the gray mustache. When
the ensign reported his binding signature of the treaty, the captain
raised his hand.
"Very well, Ensign Welnicki. Remain in your room incommunicado
until further notice."
Ensign Welnicki stood very erect and raised his chin. Then he walked
directly to his stateroom in the bow, ignoring greetings from former
shipmates. He clanged the door shut, and never before had the tiny
room seemed so microscopic.

A long week's pacing, three steps each way. Thoughts ... defense at
Prime Reference ... first the grave statement of facts, for the record
and for unborn historians ... for some future Welnicki burning to
vindicate his triple-great grandfather ... then the exhortation to
courage and imagination, powerfully restrained emotion almost
breaking through ... deep, ringing sincerity ... then the gray courtyard
and the firing squad ... I die without resentment ... my short life
justified, its meaning found in action....
Thoughts about his planet ... his planet?... Wendy, the child ... a boy,
of course, the Welnickis were quite low-Rho ... never to see his son
... knowing that in the gray courtyard.... He wanted to cry.

Ensign Sotero, armed and brassarded, came to conduct him to the

captain on the eighth day.
"Damn orders, Steve," Sotero said, standing in the door. "We know
most of the story and we're all for you. Your wife and the skipper
have been going round and round for days, beating each other over
the head with that treaty, Patrol Regulations and the constitution of
Sigma-3 Velorum. Somebody heard him say she's the smartest space
lawyer this side of Earth. Don't let him stampede you, Steve!"
"Thanks, Juan, I won't." Ensign Welnicki's own voice sounded strange
to him after the silence.
The captain was disconcertingly un-fierce. He looked tired and sad
behind the gray desk.
"Sit down, Stephen," he said dully. "Let's talk about this mess we're
in."
Ensign Welnicki sat down gingerly, his back stiff.
"My head falls too, of course," the captain went on. "You're too little
a goat. They may even chop down Sector Admiral Carruthers."
He sighed and looked at the overhead. The ensign opened his mouth.
"I see my error now," the captain forestalled him. "You are not
mature enough for command. But I was ensign under your
grandfather Welnicki in the old Ashburton before you were born. I
thought I sensed in you the same intangible that made him great.
Well, spilt milk, Stephen. What can we do?"
Ensign Welnicki suggested unsteadily that the Fishdollars might
consent to removal to an approved planet.
"First offer I made, Stephen. They voted it down unanimously. Bluster
was no good, pleading no good. With that treaty they've got us cold
and they know it."
Ensign Welnicki wished he were dead but did not see how that would
help. After a long silence the captain spoke again.
"I have one last hope, Stephen. Something you've overlooked. I got it
from Rutledge."
The ensign looked his question.
"You didn't formally assume plenipotentiary status until after you
signed, so technically your signature is not binding. Now if it was a
forced subterfuge to counter logistic pressure, your ship being lost
and all, we can repudiate the treaty without breaching faith. Only you
can really know."
Ensign Welnicki breathed deeply. "The Fishdollars with no treaty, how
they can survive, I don't know, captain...."
"We'll leave message capsules. When they call for help we'll dump
'em on Rewbobbin."
"I ... I don't know, captain."
"We can fix everything else, save your career."
"No, sir. The treaty stands."
"You signed falsely and you know it."
"I can say—I hereby do say that I signed second copies afterward.
The treaty stands, sir!"
Ensign Welnicki stood up, suddenly feeling good.
Captain Kravitz stood up too, face tautly impersonal.
"All right," he said, shuffling papers on his desk. "I want to lift out as
soon as possible." He pulled out a paper and looked coldly at the
ensign.
"As you may or may not know, your marriage makes you a citizen of
Fishdollar Five," he went on. "As you may or may not know, your
precious treaty forbids removal of a citizen to another planet without
governmental consent. I doubt the admirals at Prime Reference
would choose to come all the way out here just to court-martial one
small ensign. But as you certainly know, your marriage means the
automatic revocation of your commission. You will save me trouble
and delay by signing this resignation."
He shoved the paper across the desk. Ensign Welnicki looked at it
stupidly. His inner song was muted.
"Sgt. Chong will stay to command the temporary base force," the
captain was saying. "Within a year you may expect a Patrol
construction fleet to open your communications and start work on the
base. Your pay accounts can be settled then. There! Sign it!"
Ensign Welnicki bent and signed. The captain looked at the paper and
handed it back.
"Use your right name," he said.
Ensign Welnicki looked blank.
"Stephen Fishdollar!" the captain roared.
The ensign looked blanker still.
"Ensign Fishdollar, some day you really must read through the legal
codes of your adopted planet," the captain said mock-earnestly. "One
of the changes made by the Fishdollars in the Sigma-3 Velorum codes
was to make marriage and descent matrilineal. That way their name
escapes Rho-death."
Ensign Fishdollar sagged. His inner song faded to a whisper.
"Very, very clever of the Fishdollars," the captain said musingly. "To
link their name with the X-chromosome rather than with the Y. So it
becomes as low-Rho as it was high before. Very clever indeed.
"Ensign Fishdollar, you utter lamb, did you honestly not know that?"
he finished with a roar.
Ensign Fishdollar swung his head dumbly.
"You know, Ensign Fishdollar, that the Patrol regards as null any
marriage with a citizen of a non-treaty planet," the captain said softly.
The savage self-biting of his autonomic nervous system almost made
him grimace as he bent wordlessly to the paper and signed "Stephen
Fishdollar." The inner song was dead.
"You may go home now, Mr. Fishdollar," the captain said. "I will send
your personal effects, less uniforms, ashore before I lift out."
Mr. Fishdollar turned away. Captain Kravitz came around the desk and
laid an arm across his shoulders.
"Sit down again, Stephen," he said soberly. "I had to play it out to
the end, but I don't want you leaving on that note, lad."
They sat down, on the same side of the desk.
"Stephen," the captain said gently, "all youngsters worth their salt
chafe at the policy of restricted settlement and exploration. I did and
I still do, but I never had the courage to act directly."
He paused and closed his eyes, then continued.
"Graybeards in conclave never make the important decisions for our
species. They are always afraid. The decisions well up from the four-
dimensional life-continuum that is our species, and the graybeards
accept, with what grace they can muster." He tilted back his head,
eyes still closed.
"The decisions always come through crooked, unmapped channels,
through poets and prophets and dreamers, to enter the
consciousness of man. Dreamers drove man to be free when he
feared freedom. A few centuries later they drove him into space,
shrinking and trembling. Now this. Dreamers, giving vent to that will
of our species which no graybeard can gainsay."
The captain opened his eyes and looked again at his companion.
"There is an old saying, Stephen: 'Beware of the dreamer who
dreams concretely.' Perhaps the Patrol version should be 'Never put a
dreamer in the way of dreaming concretely.' I will never know for
certain how much I have really had to do with this. I will be in grave
trouble before it ends. But I know, as you have just learned, that
dreams can be merciless."
Mr. Fishdollar smiled weakly. Captain Kravitz stood up and so did Mr.
Fishdollar. The captain held out his hand.
"Goodbye, Stephen," he said. "Good luck, lad, and I'm proud of you."
They shook hands and Mr. Fishdollar turned to the door. He rather
thought that, just as he turned, the captain snapped him a salute.

Mr. Fishdollar stumbled toward the settlement. People passed and he

did not see them. He was not thinking. Someone ran squealing. Then
Wendy was running toward him, crying.
"Stevie, Stevie, I'm so glad!" she sobbed against his shoulder. "They
tried to browbeat us into taking another planet, but we remembered
and fought for your dream of an outpost planet. We've won, haven't
we won, Stevie?"
"Yes, Wendy, we've won," Mr. Fishdollar said slowly.
She pressed closer and he hugged her convulsively.
"Let's celebrate tonight," she cried. "A Thanksgiving—"
"All right, but let me go now, sweetheart. I need to think." He
hugged her convulsively again and released himself.
Alone on the headland, he looked out over the sea for a long time.
He took off his blue and gold tunic, folded it neatly, and thrust it deep
into a crevice of the rock. The day was gray-chilly and he shivered in
his undershirt.
Evening drew on, red-gray over the water. He stood very erect with
his chin up. He heard the signal gun and then the roar as Carlyle
lifted out, and his chin rose higher. Finally thoughts began coming
through the hurt. Thoughts were still to be had for the thinking.
President-consort Fishdollar walked through ghostly, tentative
snowflakes toward the settlement on the lonely outpost planet ...
standing like a great rock in the way of the aliens ... or in the way of
the sickly pale cast of conscious thinking ... aliens both, to the
unsearchable mind of the species ... aliens, then, war or negotiation
... President Fishdollar down with nervous strain ... the First
Gentleman in de facto control ... triumph ... reception at Prime
Reference ... medal of honor....
With a spring in his step and warmth inside him, Stephen Fishdollar
came home.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FISHDOLLAR
AFFAIR ***

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