Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Course No: EEE 2208
Course Title: Electrical Machine I Sessional

Experiment No: 01
Experiment Name Construction of DC Motor, DC Generator & Transformer.

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO

Name: Md. Tanvir Ahmed Md. Ruhul Amin Ratul,

Roll: 2101118 Section: B Assistant Professor
Dept.: Electrical & Electronic Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronic Engineering,
Session: 2021-2022 RUET

Date of Experiment : 10/09/2024

Date of Submission: 17/09/2024
Experiment No: 01
Experiment Name: Construction of DC Motor, DC Generator & Transformer.
Theory:
1.1 Construction of DC Motor: A DC motor is a device that transforms the
electrical energy from direct current into mechanical energy. In a DC motor, the input
is direct current, which is then converted into rotational mechanical motion. The DC
motor consists of key components such as the stator (the non-moving part that creates
the magnetic field) and the rotor, which rotates and carries the windings or coil. When
a DC voltage is applied to the coil, it allows current to pass through, producing an
electromagnetic field. The interaction between the magnetic field generated by the rotor
and the one produced by the stator creates a torque, which causes the rotor to begin
rotating.

DC Motor has the following main parts:

 Field System or Stator
 Armature
 Commutator
 Brushes
 Field Coil or Stator
Field System or Stator: As the name suggests, the field coil or stator is the non moving
or the stationary part of the DC motor around which coil is wounded and produce
magnetic field.
The stator consists of various parts:
 Yoke
 Pole Core
 Pole Body
 Shoe
 Field Winding
 End Plates
Yoke: The structure of a DC machine works to create the magnetic circuit between the
poles.
Pole Core: Pole Core is usually of laminated iron or other magnetic material. Its function
is to serve as a passage for the magnetic flux generated by the field winding.
Pole Body: Pole body works with the pole core. When an electric current passes through
the field winding, a magnetic flux is established not only in the pole core but also around
it. The poles and their bearings are known as the pole body.
Shoe: Shoe is a synonym for one of the brushes inside an electric motor. DC motors
have brushes to make contact with the rotating armature, and typically they are sodded.
 Field Winding: Field winding is on the pole core next to the stator. Field winding uses
insulated copper wire. An insulated copper coil is wound round the pole core. If this coil
on the pole core is excited with direct current, we get magnetic flux.
End Plates: End plates encapsulate the entire motor. They provide a casing for all of the
internal parts–the armature, commutator and brushes as well sometimes also including field
windings.
Armature: Armature is the rotating part of the motor which generates mechanical energy.
Armature core has windings. The armature core is made of 0.3 to 0.5 mm thick high
magnetic strength (silicon steel lamination) and a thin layer of varnish is applied on each
sheet.
Commutator: Commutators are used in DC appliances such as DC Motors and DC
Generators. It periodically reverses the current between the armature and the circuit and
produces steady torque
Brushes: Brushes or often called Carbon Brushes are made up of graphite. In DC Motors,
brushes supplies current to the winding of the armature.

Diagram:

Fig. 1.1(a): Parts of DC Motor.

Fig. 1.1(b): 3D view of DC Motor.

Table 1.1: Nameplate Reading of DC Motor:
Parameter Rating
Power (P) 300W
Voltage (V) 220V
Current (I) 1.9A
Velocity (n) 2500rpm
1.2 Construction of DC Generator: A DC generator is a machine that transforms
mechanical energy into direct current (DC) electrical energy. This transformation occurs
through the process of electromagnetic induction. Essentially, when a conductor moves through
a magnetic field, an electrical current is generated. A DC generator consists of two main
components: the field winding and the armature winding. The field winding creates the
magnetic field, while the armature winding is where the electrical current is induced. The
induced current in the armature is actually alternating current (AC). However, a commutator,
a device attached to the generator's shaft, converts this AC into DC. In a DC generator, the
armature winding is located on the rotating part (rotor), while the field winding is placed on
the stationary part (stator). This arrangement allows for the efficient generation of DC
electricity.

A DC generator consists of six main parts, which are as follows:

 Yoke
 Magnetic Field System
 Armeture Core
 Armature Winding
 Commutator
 Brushes

Yoke: The outer frame of a DC generator is a hollow cylinder made up of cast steel or
rolled steel is known as yoke. The yoke serves following two purposes:
1. It supports the field pole core and acts as a protecting cover to the machine.
2. It provides a path for the magnetic flux produced by the field winding.
3.
Magnetic Field System: The magnetic field system of a DC generator is the stationary part
of the machine. It produces the main magnetic flux in the generator. It consists of an even
number of pole cores bolted to the yoke and field winding wound around the pole core. The
field system of DC generator has salient poles i.e. the poles project inwards and each pole
core has a pole shoe having a curved surface. The pole shoe serves two purposes:
1. It provides support to the field coils.
2. It reduces the reluctance of magnetic circuit by increasing the cross-sectional area
of it.
The pole cores are made of thin laminations of sheet steel which are insulated from each
other to reduce the eddy current loss. The field coils are connected in series with one another
such that when the current flows through the coils, alternate north and south poles are
produced in the direction of rotation.
 Armature Core: The armature core of DC generator is mounted on the shaft and rotates
between the field poles. It has slots on its outer surface and the armature conductors are put
in these slots. The armature core is a made up of soft iron laminations which are insulated
from each other and tightly clamped together. In small machines, the laminations are keyed
directly to the shaft, whereas in large machines, they are mounted on a spider. The
laminated armature core is used to reduce the eddy current loss.

Armature Winding: The insulated conductors are put into the slots of the armature core.
The conductors are suitably connected. This connected arrangement of conductors is known
as armature winding. There are two types of armature windings are used – wave winding
and lap winding.

Commutator: A commutator is a mechanical rectifier which converts the alternating emf

generated in the armature winding into the direct voltage across the load terminals. The
commutator is made of wedge-shaped copper segments insulated from each other and from
the shaft by mica sheets. Each segment of commutator is connected to the ends of the
armature coils.

Brushes: The brushes are mounted on the commutator and are used to collect the current
from the armature winding. The brushes are made of carbon and is supported by a metal
box called brush holder. The pressure exerted by the brushes on the commutator is adjusted
and maintained at constant value by means of springs. The current flows from the armature
winding to the external circuit through the commutator and carbon brushes.

Diagram:

Fig. 1.2(a): Parts of DC Generator.

 Fig. 1.2(b): 3D view of DC Generator.

Table 1.2: Nameplate Reading of DC Generator:

Parameter Rating
Power (P) 300W
Voltage (V) 220V
Current (I) 1.4A
Velocity (n) 3000rpm

1.3 Construction of Single-Phase Transformer: A single-phase transformer is

composed of two main components: the primary winding and the secondary winding. These
windings are wrapped around a magnetic core. The core is constructed from thin sheets, or
laminations, of high-quality silicon steel. This material helps to minimize energy losses due to
eddy currents and hysteresis. The laminations are separated by a thin insulating coating to
prevent unwanted currents. There are two primary types of transformer construction: core type
and shell type. In the core type, the magnetic circuit consists of two vertical legs and two
horizontal sections. To reduce leakage flux, half of each winding is placed on each leg. The
low-voltage winding is positioned closer to the core, followed by the high-voltage winding.
This arrangement is known as cylindrical winding.In the shell type construction, the magnetic
circuit has three legs. Both the primary and secondary windings are located on the central leg,
while the outer legs complete the low-resistance flux path. The windings are divided into
sections—low-voltage and high-voltage—and are arranged in an alternating pattern, similar to
a sandwich. This configuration is referred to as sandwich winding or disc winding.
Diagram:

Fig. 1.3(a): Parts of Single-Phase Transformer.

Fig. 1.3(b): 3D view of Single Phase Transformer.

Table 1.3: Nameplate Reading of Single-Phase Transformer:

Parameter Rating
Power (P) 760VA
Primary Voltage (U1) 230V
Secondary Voltage (U2) 400 – 230V
Frequency (f) 50Hz
Primary Current (i1) 3.7A
Secondary Current (i2) 1 – 1.7A