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GATE XL Biochemistry Notes

The document provides comprehensive biochemistry notes for GATE Life Sciences, covering key topics such as biomolecules, enzymes, bioenergetics, vitamins, molecular biology, and biochemical techniques. It details structures and functions of amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, along with enzyme kinetics and metabolic pathways. Additionally, it discusses various biochemical techniques including chromatography, electrophoresis, and spectroscopy.

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1K views6 pages

GATE XL Biochemistry Notes

The document provides comprehensive biochemistry notes for GATE Life Sciences, covering key topics such as biomolecules, enzymes, bioenergetics, vitamins, molecular biology, and biochemical techniques. It details structures and functions of amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, along with enzyme kinetics and metabolic pathways. Additionally, it discusses various biochemical techniques including chromatography, electrophoresis, and spectroscopy.

Uploaded by

tikimama2021
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Biochemistry Notes for GATE Life Sciences (XL)

1. Biomolecules and Chemical Bonding

- Amino Acids: Structure, classification, isoelectric point, titration curves.

- Proteins: Primary to quaternary structures, Ramachandran plot, protein folding and misfolding, denaturation

and renaturation.

- Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, reducing sugars, structural differences

between starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

- Lipids: Fatty acids, phospholipids, glycolipids, steroids; micelles and lipid bilayers.

- Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids: DNA/RNA structures, base pairing, tautomerism, denaturation and

renaturation.
Biochemistry Notes for GATE Life Sciences (XL)

2. Enzymes

- Enzyme Structure and Function: Apoenzyme, holoenzyme, co-factors, coenzymes.

- Kinetics: Michaelis-Menten equation, Lineweaver-Burk plot, Vmax, Km.

- Inhibition: Competitive, non-competitive, uncompetitive, and allosteric inhibition.

- Mechanism of Action: Acid-base catalysis, covalent catalysis, enzyme-substrate complex.


Biochemistry Notes for GATE Life Sciences (XL)

3. Bioenergetics and Metabolism

- Thermodynamics: Gibbs free energy, standard free energy change, ATP as an energy currency.

- Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle, glycogen

metabolism.

- Lipid Metabolism: beta-oxidation, ketone body synthesis, fatty acid synthesis.

- Amino Acid Metabolism: Transamination, deamination, urea cycle.

- Nucleotide Metabolism: Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis and degradation.


Biochemistry Notes for GATE Life Sciences (XL)

4. Vitamins and Coenzymes

- Water and fat-soluble vitamins, their biochemical roles and deficiency diseases.

- Coenzymes: NAD+, FAD, TPP, biotin, CoA, PLP.


Biochemistry Notes for GATE Life Sciences (XL)

5. Molecular Biology (Basic Overlap)

- DNA replication (prokaryotic and eukaryotic), DNA polymerases.

- Transcription and RNA processing.

- Translation, tRNA structure, ribosomes, genetic code.

- Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes (lac operon, trp operon).


Biochemistry Notes for GATE Life Sciences (XL)

6. Techniques in Biochemistry

- Chromatography: Paper, thin-layer, ion-exchange, gel filtration, affinity.

- Electrophoresis: PAGE, SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing.

- Spectroscopy: UV-Vis, NMR, fluorescence.

- Centrifugation: Differential and density gradient.

- Enzyme assays and kinetics: Measurement methods (colorimetric, fluorometric).

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