Chapter 4
Moving charges and Magnetism
1.The space in the surroundings of a magnet or a current-carrying
conductor in which its magnetic influence can be experienced is called
magnetic field. Its SI unit is Tesla (T).
2.Oersted experimentally demonstrated that the current-carrying conductor
produces magnetic field around it.
When key K is closed, then deflection occurs in the compass needle and
vice-versa,
3.Force acting on a charged particle in a magnetic field
When a charged particle having charge „q‟ enters a magnetic field „B‟ with
a velocity v,a force acts on it which was given by Lorentz.
Expression.F=q(v×B)
Questions based on concept of Lorentz force
Q1.
Q2
4.If Electric field is also present along with magnetic field then the
expression for Lorentz force becomes
F=q(E+v×B)
Q1.
Q2A beam of protons, projected along + x-axis, experiences a force due to
a magnetic field along the – y-axis. What is the direction of the magnetic
field?
Answer:
The direction of the magnetic field is towards positive direction of z-axis.
5..Trajectory of the particle experiencing force due to Magnetic field
The simplest case occurs when a charged particle moves perpendicular to
a uniform B-field,
Here Lorentz force is F=qvB as v is perpendicular to B
Also the centripetal force required to keep the particle in circular path is
provided by the magnetic force hence
qvB=mv ²/r
.Radius of the circular path.
r=mv/qB
Q1 Based on radius of circular path acquired by the charged particle
in magnetic field.
Q2.A proton and an alpha particle having the same kinetic energy are, in
turn, passed through a region of uniform magnetic field, acting normal to
the plane of the paper and travel in circular paths. Deduce the ratio of the
radii of the circular paths described by them
Solution.
6.If the particle enters at an angle to the Magnetic field then it will follow a
helical path as shown. The component of Velocity perpendicular to the
magnetic field will give it a circular trajectory whereas the component
parallel to the magnetic field will make it move forward in the direction of
the field resulting in a helical path.
Q1.When the particle moves along this trajectory ,will its K.E change?
Answer.No.the K.E will not change as there is no work done by the
magnetic force on the charged particle
.
7. Define pitch. It is the horizontal distance moved by the charge particle in
the helical path during one revolution.
Pitch of the helix: the distance traveled parallel to the magnetic field in one
revolution is called the pitch of the helical path and is obtained as p = v ∥ T
= ( v cos θ ) ( 2 π m/ q B ) Thus, the formula for pitch of the helix is p = 2
π m v cos θ/ q B .
8.Biot-Savart‟s Law According to this law, the magnetic field due to small
current-carrying element dl at any nearby point P is given by
9.The relationship between μ0, ε0 and c is
where, c is velocity of light, ε0 is permittivity of free space and μ0
is magnetic permeability.
10.To find magnetic field at any point on the axis of a current carrying
circular coil using Biot-Savart‟s Law.
Q1..Two very small identical circular loop(1) and (2) carrying equal current I
are placed vertically (with respect to the plane of the paper) with their
geometrical axes perpendicular to each other as shown in the figure. Find
the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field produced at the point
O.
Solution.
,
Q2.
A wire of length L is bent round in the form of a coil having N turns of same
radius. If a steady current I flows through it in clockwise direction, then find
the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field produced at its centre.
Solution.
Q3.Two identical coils, each of radius ‘R’ and number of turns ‘N’ are lying
in perpendicular planes such that their centres coincide. Find the
magnitude and direction of the resultant magnetic field at the centre of the
coils, if they are carrying currents ‘I’ and √2I respectively.
Solution.
11.Ampere‟s circuital law
12.Application of the law to obtain magnetic field at a point due to a straight
infinite current carrying wire.
Q1.Using Ampere‟s circital law derive the expression for magnetic field
inside a current carrying solenoid.
Consider a solenoid of length L having N turns. The diameter of the
solenoid is assumed to be much smaller when compared to its length and
the coil is wound very closely..
Consider an amperian loop ABCD as shown
Since the elemental lengths along bc and da are perpendicular to the
magnetic field which is along the axis of the solenoid, the integrals
Since the magnetic field outside the solenoid is zero, the integral for c to d
is also zero.Now for the path along ab, the integral is
Since n is a constant for a given solenoid and μ0 is also constant. For a
fixed current I, the magnetic field inside the solenoid is also a constant.
Q2.Derive the expression for magnetic field due to a toroidal using
Ampere‟s circuital law.
Q3.A long straight wire, of circular cross section (radius = a) carries a
current I which is uniformly distributed across the cross section of the wire.
Solution.
Use Ampere‟s circuital law to calculate the magnetic field B(r), due to this
wire, at a point distance r < a and r > a from its axis. Draw a graph showing
the dependence of B(r) on r. (Comptt. All India 2016)
13.Force on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field
It is given by the expression. F=l(L×B)
Question.
13.Force between two parallel conductors carrying current.
It is experimentally established fact that two current carrying conductors
attract each other when the current is in same direction and repel each
other when the current are in opposite direction
The magnitude of B₁ due to current I₁ at a distance d. on wire b is
B₁ =μ₀ I₁ /2πd and the direction is into the plane of the paper.
Now force F₂ =I₂ (L×B₁ )
F₂ =μ₀ I₁ l₂ . L/2πd as L and B are perpendicular.
Direction of force is shown in the fig.
Similarly F₁ =. l₁ (L×B₂ )=μ₀ I₁ l₂ . L/2πd
Direction is as shown in figure.
Force per unit length on the wire is given as
And the same for both the wires.
Define 1 A current Using the above expression
1 A of current is defined as that value of current which when flows in two
parallel infinite long straight wires 1 m apart in free space , Produces
between them a force of 2×10- ⁷ N/m on their lengths.
Q1.A square loop of side 20 cm carrying current of 1A is kept near an
infinite long straight wire carrying a current of 2A in the same plane as
shown in the figure.
.
Solution.
Q2. Two parallel straight wires X and Y separated by a distance 5 cm in air,
carry a current of 10 A and 5A respectively in opposite directions.
calculate the magnitude and direction of force on a 20 cm length of the wire
Y.
Solution.
14.Torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field:
Let I = current through the coil
a, b – sides of the rectangular loop
A = ab = area of the loop
n = Number of turns in the loop
B = Magnetic field
θ = angle between magnetic field
B→ and area vector A→
Force exerted on the arm DA inward
F1 = I b B …[∵ F = ILB]
Force exerted on the arm BC outward
F2 = I b B ∴ F2 = F1
Thus net force on the loop is zero
∴ Two equal and opposite forces form a couple which exerts a torque
∴ Magnitude of the torque on the loop is,
If loop has n turns then M = n I A
∴ τ = nIAB sin θ
When θ = 90° then �max=����
Q1.Describe the working principle of a moving coil galvanometer. Why is it
necessary to use
(i) a radial magnetic field and
(ii) a cylindrical soft iron core in a galvanometer? Write the expression for
current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity of the galvanometer.
Can a galvanometer as such be used for measuring the current? Explain.
(Delhi 2017)
Answer:
Principle : “If a current carrying coil is freely suspended/pivoted in a uniform
magnetic field, it experiences a deflecting torque.”
Working: As the pivoted coil is placed in a radial magnetic field, hence on
passing current I through it, a deflecting torque acts on the coil which is
given by, τ = NAIB
The spring Sp attached to the coil provides the counter torque and in
equilibrium state balances the deflecting torque. If φ is steady angular
deflection then counter torque is kφ.
…where [k = torsional constant of the spring
At equilibrium the deflecting torque= the restoring torque
Uniform radial magnetic field. It keeps the magnetic field line normal to the
area vector of the coil.
(ii) Soft iron core in galvanometer. The cylindrical soft iron core, when
placed inside the coil of a galvanometer, makes the magnetic field stronger
and radial in the space between it and pole pieces, such that whatever the
position of the rotation of the coil may be, the magnetic field is always
parallel to its plane.
(b) (i) Current sensitivity is defined as the deflection produced in the
galvanometer when unit current is passed through its coil.
Voltage sensitivity is defined as the deflection produced in the
galvanometer when unit voltage is applied across the coil of the
galvanometer.
Q1.Consider an electron revolving around the nucleus of an atom. Electron
is in uniform circular motion around the nucleus of charge + Ze. This
constitutes a current.Show that magnetic moment is associated with it.
Soluion.
Using Bohr‟s quantisation conditions
Q1.How can you convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter?
Solution.
Q2.How can you convert a galvanometer into an ammeter?
Solution.
By using a shunt resistor in parallel with galvanometer as shown
Case study question.
