QB (21CS72)-MODULE 1

Define Cloud Computing. Describe its Core Features.

Definition of Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a technology that enables on-demand access to a shared pool of computing resources (such as
servers, storage, databases, networking, software, and applications) over the internet. It eliminates the need for
organizations and individuals to maintain physical infrastructure, as cloud service providers host and manage these
resources.
Core Features of Cloud Computing
1. On-Demand Self-Service
o Users can provision and manage computing resources automatically without human intervention from
the service provider.
2. Broad Network Access
o Cloud services are accessible via the internet from any device (e.g., smartphones, tablets, and
computers) with network connectivity.
3. Resource Pooling
o Providers use multi-tenant models to serve multiple users, dynamically allocating and reassigning
resources based on demand.
4. Scalability & Elasticity
o Cloud services can automatically scale up or down based on user needs, ensuring optimal resource
utilization.
5. Measured Service (Pay-as-You-Go)
o Cloud usage is metered, and users pay only for the resources they consume, reducing costs.
6. Security & Compliance
o Cloud providers implement strong security measures, including data encryption, access controls, and
compliance with regulations.

Explain characteristics, benefits, advantages, disadvantages

and challenges of Cloud computing.
Characteristics of Cloud Computing:

1. No Up-front Commitments:

o Eliminates the need for large initial investments in IT infrastructure.

2. On-Demand Access:

o Resources and services are available instantly whenever needed.

o Enables flexibility and scalability.

3. Cost-Effective Pricing:

o Pay-as-you-go model ensures users pay only for consumed resources.

 4. Simplified Application Acceleration and Scalability:

o Facilitates rapid deployment of applications.

5. Efficient Resource Allocation:

o Cloud providers optimize shared infrastructure through multitenancy.

o Dynamic resource allocation enhances operational efficiency.

6. Seamless Integration of Third-Party Services:

o Enables easy integration of external tools and applications.

Benefits of Cloud Computing:

(just one small point)

1. Reduced Maintenance and Operational Costs:

o Economies of scale lower costs for businesses.

2. Shift from Capital to Operational Expenses:

o IT infrastructure and software expenses become pay-as-you-go utilities.

o Minimizes financial risks associated with depreciable assets.

3. Increased Agility:

o Businesses can rapidly adapt to market changes with dynamic IT services.

o Eliminates the need for long-term capacity planning.

4. Ease of Scalability:

o Infrastructure, platforms, and software scale elastically.

o Supports workload spikes without performance degradation.

5. Anywhere, Anytime Access:

o Users can access services and data from multiple devices via web-based interfaces.

o Enhances productivity and operational flexibility.

6. Environmental Benefits:

o Energy-efficient cloud operations reduce carbon footprint.

o Centralized data management promotes sustainability.

7. Support for Startups and Small Businesses:

o Low-cost entry enables startups to scale gradually.

o Turns ideas into products with minimal financial risk.

8. Enhanced User Experience:

• Cloud services offer advanced features like office automation and multimedia editing.

• Provides accessibility and efficiency through intuitive interfaces.

Q. Challenges in Cloud Computing

Cloud computing has many benefits, but it also comes with some challenges. Here are the main ones:

1. Security and Privacy

o Data stored in the cloud can be hacked or accessed without permission.

o Strong encryption and security measures are needed to protect data.

2. Compliance and Legal Issues

o Companies must follow laws like GDPR and HIPAA when storing and using data.

o Data may be stored in different countries, making legal compliance difficult.

3. Downtime and Service Outages

o Cloud services depend on internet access; if the network is down, users can't access their data.

o Providers may experience service failures, causing disruptions.

4. Performance and Latency

o Cloud applications may run slower due to internet speed and server response time.

o Delays in data processing can affect user experience.

5. Cost Management

o While cloud computing reduces infrastructure costs, unexpected usage can increase bills.

o Businesses must monitor cloud usage to avoid overspending.

6. Limited Control

o Users depend on cloud providers for updates, security, and server management.

o Customization options may be limited compared to on-premises systems.

7. Data Transfer and Migration Issues

o Moving data from one cloud provider to another can be complex and expensive.

o Compatibility issues may arise when switching providers.

Advantages of Cloud Computing

1. Saves Money – You don’t need to buy expensive computers or servers.

2. Accessible Anywhere – You can use your data from any device with the internet.

3. Automatic Updates – The system updates itself, so you don’t have to worry about it.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

1. Needs Internet – Without the internet, you can’t access your data.

2. Less Control – The cloud provider manages everything, so you don’t have full control.

3. Security Risks – Your data is stored online, so there is a small risk of hacking.
Describe Cloud-Computing Reference Model.
Describe in detail various cloud Deployment Models.
Doa CS SUE
Explain Cloud Computing Service Models.
With a neat diagram explain Cloud Computing and its
Historical Developments.
What are the three major distributed technologies that led
to Cloud Computing? Explain.
• Describe the vision introduced by Cloud computing
• Describe Bird’s eye view of cloud computing.

A bird’s eye view of cloud computing means looking at the big picture of how cloud computing works and
what it offers. It helps understand cloud computing from a high-level perspective, without going into
technical details.
Key Aspects of Cloud Computing (Big Picture)

What is Cloud Computing?

• Provides servers, storage, and apps over the internet.
• Users can access it anytime, anywhere without owning hardware.

How Does It Work?

• Data and apps are stored in remote cloud servers instead of personal computers.
• Users connect via the internet and use what they need.

Main Cloud Services

• IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Virtual machines, storage, networking.
• PaaS (Platform as a Service): Tools for developers to build and manage apps.
• SaaS (Software as a Service): Ready-to-use apps like Gmail, Google Drive, and Zoom.
• Write a short note on
Virtualization
Virtualization is a key technology in cloud computing. It allows the creation of virtual versions of
computing resources like hardware, storage, networking, and runtime environments. This helps in
better resource management and efficiency.
Although virtualization has existed for more than 40 years, earlier technologies could not use it efficiently.
Today, it enables multiple users to share the same physical resources without interference.
A virtual environment simulates a real system, making it appear as if users are working on actual
hardware. The most common type is hardware virtualization, where multiple virtual machines (VMs)
run on a single physical computer.
Virtualization is also used for creating runtime environments for applications. Technologies like Java
and .NET use process virtual machines to run applications independently from the operating system. This
enhances security and control over system resources.

Web 2.0
Simplified Explanation of Web 2.0
Web 2.0 makes websites more interactive and flexible, giving users a better experience.
It allows access to web-based applications with features similar to desktop apps.
This is possible by using technologies like XML, AJAX, and Web Services.
Unlike traditional websites, Web 2.0 applications are dynamic and constantly updated. Users don’t need
to install new software since updates happen automatically. Users also play a key role by providing content,
making websites more engaging.
Web 2.0 applications are designed to be widely accessible and affordable. They aim to reach a large
number of users, known as the "long tail" of internet users. Examples include Google Docs, Google
Maps, Flickr, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Blogger, and Wikipedia.
Today, Web 2.0 supports cloud computing, making online services easily accessible to the public. It also
helps in delivering Rich Internet Applications (RIAs), which enhance user experience.

Service oriented computing and its Characteristics

Service orientation is a fundamental model in cloud computing that uses services as building blocks for
applications.
These services are self-contained, reusable, and independent of platforms or locations, making them
highly flexible and efficient.
Service-oriented computing (SOC) supports the development of rapid, low-cost, flexible, interoperable,
and evolvable applications and systems.
Main Characteristics of Service-Oriented Computing (SOC)

Service as an Abstraction: Services are self-describing and platform-independent for various tasks.
 Loose Coupling: Services work independently without depending on each other.

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA): Organizes services to function over a network.

Quality of Service (QoS): Ensures performance, security, reliability, scalability, and availability.

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS): Applications are hosted online, used on a subscription basis, and
managed by cloud providers.

Web Services: Enable software to expose functionality over the web, making integration seamless.

Utility oriented computing

Utility-Oriented Computing (Simplified Explanation)
Utility computing is a service model where computing resources like storage, processing power,
applications, and infrastructure are provided on a pay-per-use basis.
The idea of computing as a utility—like electricity, water, or telephone services—was first proposed by
John McCarthy in 1961.
This model became a reality with cloud computing, allowing users to access resources as needed without
owning hardware.
Early forms of utility computing were seen in the mainframe era, where companies like IBM provided
computing power to banks and government agencies.
Service-oriented computing and cloud-based models now make computing more scalable, cost-effective,
and accessible to businesses and individuals worldwide.
 • List and Explain various Cloud Computing platforms
and Technologies.

1. Amazon Web Services (AWS):

• Type: Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS).

• Key Features:

o Provides services like Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) for customizable virtual hardware and Simple
Storage Service (S3) for persistent storage.

o Offers a wide range of services including networking, DNS, and database support.

o Allows users to save instances as templates for deployment.

• Use Case: Suitable for deploying and managing scalable computing systems.

2. Google AppEngine:

• Type: Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS).

• Key Features:

o Designed for scalable web application development and deployment.

o Provides services like in-memory caching, messaging, and job queues.

o Supports programming languages such as Python, Java.

• Use Case: Ideal for web developers requiring dynamic scaling and high-performance execution.

3. Microsoft Azure:

• Type: Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS).

• Key Features:

o Organizes applications around roles: Web role (web apps), Worker role (background processing), and
Virtual Machine role (customizable environments).

o Offers services like storage (relational and blobs), networking, and content delivery.

• Use Case: Suitable for building and deploying distributed applications.

4. Apache Hadoop:

• Type: Open-source framework for Big Data processing.

• Key Features:

o Implements the MapReduce programming model for processing large datasets.

o Provides scalable and distributed data processing capabilities.

o Supports integration with commodity hardware for cost-effective solutions.

 • Use Case: Ideal for data-intensive applications like analytics and business intelligence.

5. Force.com and Salesforce.com:

• Type: Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).

• Key Features:

o Force.com enables the development of enterprise applications using ready-to-use components.

o Salesforce.com provides CRM functionalities as a hosted service.

o Supports integration of custom and third-party components via AppExchange.

• Use Case: Best for enterprises seeking robust CRM solutions and rapid application development.

6. Manjrasoft Aneka:

• Type: Cloud application platform.

• Key Features:

o Supports various programming models, including tasks, distributed threads, and MapReduce.

o Provides a distributed runtime environment for deployment on heterogeneous hardware.

o Features a service-oriented architecture for flexibility and scalability.

• Use Case: Suitable for creating and deploying scalable distributed applications on hybrid clouds.