PYTHON

# What is Python?

Python is simple & easy

Free & Open Source

High Level Language

Developed by Guido van Rossum

Portable

# Our First Program

print("Hello World")

# Python Character Set

Letters – A to Z, a to z

Digits – 0 to 9

Special Symbols - + - * / etc.

Whitespaces – Blank Space, tab, carriage return, newline, formfeed

Other characters – Python can process all ASCII and Unicode characters as part of data or literals

# Variables

A variable is a name given to a memory location in a program.

name = "Shradha"

age = 23

price = 25.99 A
# Memory

name = "Shradha"

age = 23

Apna College price = 25.99

# Rules for Identifiers

1. Identifiers can be combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, digits and

underscores. So, my variables, variable_1, variable for prints all are valid python
identifiers.
2. An identifier can not start with digit. So while variable_1 is valid, 1variable is not valid.
3. We can’t use specials like !, #, #, $, % etc. in our identifier.
4. Identifiers can be of any length.

# Data Types

Integers

String

Float

Boolean

None
# Keywords

Keywords are reserved words in python.

*False should be uppercase

# Print Sum
# Comments in Python

# Single Line Comment

""" Multi Line

Comment

"""

# Types of Operators

An operator is a symbol that performs a certain operation between operands.

Arithmetic Operators ( + , - , * , / , % , ** )

Relational / Comparison Operators ( == , != , > , < , >= , <= )

Assignment Operators ( = , +=, -= , *= , /= , %= , **= ) Apna College

Logical Operators ( not , and , or )

# Type Conversion

a, b = 1, 2.0

sum = a + b

#error a, b = 1, "2"

sum = a + b

# Type Casting

a, b = 1, "2"

c = int(b)

sum = a + c
# Type Casting

# Input in Python

input( ) statement is used to accept values (using keyboard) from user

input( ) #result for input( ) is always a str

int ( input( ) ) #int

float ( input( ) ) #float

# Let ‘s Practice

1. Write a Program to input 2 numbers & print their sum.

2. WAP to input side of a square & print its area.
3. WAP to input 2 floating point numbers & print their average.
4. WAP to input 2 int numbers, a and b. Print True if a is greater than or equal to b. If not
print False.

# Strings

String is data type that stores a sequence of characters.

Basic Operations

• concatenation
“hello” + “world”-- “helloworld”

• length of str
len(str)

# Indexing

A p n a_ C o l l e g e

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 78 9 10 11

str = “Apna_College”

str[0] is ‘A’, str[1] is ‘p’ ...

str[0] = ‘B’ #not allowed

# Slicing

Accessing parts of a string

str[ starting_idx : ending_idx ] #ending idx is not included

str = “ApnaCollege”

str[ 1 : 4 ] is “pna”

str[ : 4 ] is same as str[ 0 : 4]

str[ 1 : ] is same as str[ 1 : len(str) ]

# Negative Index

A ppl e

-5-4-3-2-1

str = “Apple”

str[ -3 : -1 ] is “pl”

# String Functions

str = “I am a coder.”

str.endsWith(“er.“) #returns true if string ends with substr

str.capitalize( ) #capitalizes 1st char

str.replace( old, new ) #replaces all occurrences of old with new

str.find( word ) #returns 1st index of 1st occurrence

str.count(“am“) #counts the occurrence of substr in string

# Let ‘s Practice

1. WAP to input user’s first name & print its length.

2. WAP to find the occurrence of ‘$’ in a String.
# Conditional Statements

if-elif-else (SYNTAX)

if(condition):

Statement1

elif(condition):

Statement2

else:

Statement3

# Conditional Statements

Grade students based on marks

marks >= 90, grade = “A”

90 > marks >= 80, grade = “B”

80 > marks >= 70, grade = “C”

70 > marks, grade = “D”

# Let‘s Practice

1. WAP to check if a number entered by the user is odd or even.

2. WAP to find the greatest of 3 numbers entered by the user.
3. WAP to check if a number is a multiple of 7 or not.
# Lists in Python

A built-in data type that stores set of values

It can store elements of different types (integer, float, string, etc.)

marks = [87, 64, 33, 95, 76] #marks[0], marks[1]..

student = [”Karan”, 85, “Delhi”] #student[0], student[1]..

student[0] = “Arjun” #allowed in python

len(student) Apna College #returns length

# List Slicing

Similar to String Slicing

list_name[ starting_idx : ending_idx ] #ending idx is not included

marks = [87, 64, 33, 95, 76]

marks[ 1 : 4 ] is [64, 33, 95]

marks[ : 4 ] is same as marks[ 0 : 4]

marks[ 1 : ] is same as marks[ 1 : len(marks) ]

marks[ -3 : -1 ] is [33, 95]

# List Methods

list = [2, 1, 3]

list.append(4) #adds one element at the end [2, 1, 3, 4]

list.sort( ) #sorts in ascending order [1, 2, 3]

list.sort( reverse=True ) #sorts in descending order [3, 2, 1]

list.reverse( ) #reverses list [3, 1, 2]

list.insert( idx, el ) #insert element at index

# List Methods

list = [2, 1, 3, 1] list.remove(1) #removes first occurrence of element [2, 3, 1

list.pop( idx ) #removes element at idx

# Tuples in Python

A built-in data type that lets us create immutable sequences of values.

tup = (87, 64, 33, 95, 76) #tup[0], tup[1]..

tup[0] = 43 #NOT allowed in python

tup1 = ( )

tup2 = ( 1, )

tup3 = ( 1, 2, 3 )

# Tuple Methods

tup = (2, 1, 3, 1)

tup.index( el ) #returns index of first occurrence tup.index(1) is 1

tup.count( el ) #counts total occurrences tup.count(1) is 2

# Let ‘s Practice

1. WAP to ask the user to enter names of their 3 favorite movies & store them in a list.
2. WAP to check if a list contains a palindrome of elements. (Hint: use copy( ) method)
[1, 2, 3, 2, 1] [1, “abc”, “abc”, 1]

3. WAP to count the number of students with the “A” grade in the following tuple.
[”C”, “D”, “A”, “A”, “B”, “B”, “A”]

Store the above values in a list & sort them from “A” to “D”
# Dictionary in Python

Dictionaries are used to store data values in key:value pairs

They are unordered, mutable(changeable) & don’t allow duplicate keys

dict[”name”], dict[”cgpa”], dict[”marks”]

dict[”key”] = “value” #to assign or add new

Nested Dictionaries

student[”score”][”math”]
# Dictionary Methods

myDict.keys( ) #returns all keys

myDict.values( ) #returns all values

myDict.items( ) #returns all (key, val) pairs as tuples

myDict.get( “key““ ) #returns the key according to value

myDict.update( newDict ) #inserts the specified items to the dictionary

#Set in Python

Set is the collection of the unordered items.

Each element in the set must be unique & immutable.

nums = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }

set2 = { 1, 2, 2, 2 }

#repeated elements stored only once, so it resolved to {1, 2}

null_set = set( ) #empty set syntax

#Set Methods

set.add( el ) #adds an element

set.remove( el ) #removes the elem an

set.clear( ) #empties the set

set.pop( ) #removes a random value

set.union( set2 ) #combines both set values & returns new

set.intersection( set2 ) #combines common values & returns new

# Let ‘s Practice

Store following word meanings in a python dictionary :

table : “a piece of furniture”, “list of facts & figures”

cat : “a small animal”

You are given a list of subjects for students. Assume one classroom is required for 1 subject.
How many classrooms are needed by all students

”python”, “java”, “C++”, “python”, “javascript”,

“java”, “python”, “java”, “C++”, “C”

# Let ‘s Practice

WAP to enter marks of 3 subjects from the user and store them in a dictionary. Start with an
empty dictionary & add one by one. Use subject name as key & marks as value.

Figure out a way to store 9 & 9.0 as separate values in the set.

(You can take help of built-in data types)

# Loops in Python

Loops are used to repeat instructions.

while Loops

while condition :

#some work
# Let ‘s Practice

Print numbers from 1 to 100.

Print numbers from 100 to 1.

Print the multiplication table of a number n.

Print the elements of the following list using a loop:

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,100]

Search for a number x in this tuple using loop:

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,100]

# Break & Continue

Break : used to terminate the loop when encountered.

Continue : terminates execution in the current iteration & continues execution of the loop with
the next iteration.

# Loops in Python

Loops are used for sequential traversal. For traversing list, string, tuples etc.

for Loops

for el in list:

#some work
for Loop with else

for el in list:

#some work

else:

#work when loop ends

# Let‘s Practice

using for

Print the elements of the following list using a loop:

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,100]

Search for a number x in this tuple using loop:

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,100]

# Range( )

Range functions returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and increments by 1
(by default), and stops before a specified number.

range( start?, stop, step?)

# Let ‘s Practice

using for & range( )

Print numbers from 1 to 100.

Print numbers from 100 to 1.

Print the multiplication table of a number n.

# Pass Statement

pass is a null statement that does nothing. It is used as a placeholder for future code.

for el in range(10):

pass

# Let ‘s Practice

1. WAP to find the sum of first n numbers. (using while)

2. WAP to find the factorial of first n numbers. (using for)

 # Functions in Python

Block of statements that perform a specific task.

def func_name( param1, param2..) :

#some work

return val

func_name( arg1, arg2 ..) #function call

Built-in Functions

print( )
len( )
type( )
range( )

# Default Parameters

Assigning a default value to parameter, which is used when no argument is passed.

# Let ‘s Practice

WAF to print the length of a list. ( list is the parameter)

WAF to print the elements of a list in a single line. ( list is the parameter)

WAF to find the factorial of n. (n is the parameter)

WAF to convert USD to INR.

# Recursion

When a function calls itself repeatedly.

#prints n to 1 backwards

#returns n!

# Let ‘s Practice

Write a recursive function to calculate the sum of first n natural numbers.

Write a recursive function to print all elements in a list.

Hint : use list & index as parameters.

# File I/O in Python

Python can be used to perform operations on a file. (read & write data)

Types of all files

1. Text Files : .txt, .docx, .log etc.

2. Binary Files : .mp4, .mov, .png, .jpeg etc.

# Open, read & close File

We have to open a file before reading or writing.

f = open( “file_name”, “mode”)

sample.txt r : read mode

demo.docx w : write mode

data = f.read( )

f.close( )
# Reading a file

data = f.read( ) #reads entire file

data = f.readline( ) #reads one line at a time

# Writing to a file

f = open( “demo.txt”, “w”)

f.write( “this is a new line“ ) #overwrites the entire file

f = open( “demo.txt”, “a”)

f.write( “this is a new line“ ) #adds to the file

with Syntax

with ope n( “demo.txt”, “a”) as f:

data = f.read( )

# Deleting a File

using the os module

Module (like a code library) is a file written by another programmer that generally has a
functions we can use.

import os

os.remove( filename )
# Let‘s Practice

1. Create a new file “practice.txt” using python. Add the following data in it:

Hi everyone

we are learning File I/O

using Java.

I like programming in Java.

2. WAF that replace all occurrences of “java” with “python” in above file.
3. Search if the word “learning” exists in the file or not.
4. WAF to find in which line of the file does the word “learning”occur first.
Print -1 if word not found.
5. From a file containing numbers separated by comma, print the count of even numbers

# OOP in Python

To map with real world scenarios, we started using objects in code.

This is called object oriented programming.

# Class & Object in Python

Class is a blueprint for creating objects.

#creating class

class Student:

name = “karan kumar”

#creating object (instance)

s1 = Student( )

print( s1.name )
# Class & Instance Attributes

Class.attr

obj.attr

# _ _init_ _ Function

Constructor

All classes have a function called __init__(), which is always executed when the object is being
initiated.

#creating class #creating object

class Student: s1 = Student( “karan” )

def __init__( self, fullname ): print( s1.name

self.name = fullname

*The self parameter is a reference to the current

instance of the class, and is used to access variables

that belongs to the class.

# Methods

Methods are functions that belong to objects.

#creating class #creating object

class Student: s1 = Student( “karan” )

def __init__( self, fullname ): s1.hello( )

self.name = fullname

def hello( self ):

print( “hello”, self.name)

# Let ‘s Practice

Create student class that takes name & marks of 3 subjects as arguments in constructor.

Then create a method to print the average.

# Static Methods

Methods that don’t use the self parameter (work at class level)

class Student:

@staticmethod #decorator

def college( ):

print( “ABC College” )

*Decorators allow us to wrap another function in order to extend the behavior of the wrapped
function, without permanently modifying it.

# Important

Abstraction Hiding the implementation details of a class and only showing the essential
features to the user.

Encapsulation

Wrapping data and functions into a single unit (object)

# Let ‘s Practice

1. Create Account class with 2 attributes - balance & account no.

2. Create methods for debit, credit & printing the balance.