UNIT I

Introduction to Embedded
Systems
Points to be covered in this unit
Introduction to Embedded Systems

 Introduction and Block diagram

 Introduction to Raspberry Pi
 Raspberry Pi Series
 Their Different types: Comparison of various
Raspberry Pi models
 Features / Specifications of Raspberry Pi
Comparison between Microprocessor, Microcontroller and
Single Board Computer systems
Microprocessor (MPU) Microcontroller (MCU) Single Board Computer (SBC)

The heart of a computer system The heart of an embedded system Microcomputer

Memory and I/O components has to be Has an external component with an internal memory Has an external component with an internal
connected externally and I/O components memory and I/O components

Unable to use in compact systems Able to use in compact system Able to use in compact system

Cost of the system is higher Cost of the system is lower Cost of the system is lower

Since memory and I/O components are

Components are internal, where the
external, Components are internal, where the operation takes
operation takes place internally, thus it’s
each instruction goes through the external place internally, thus it’s faster
faster
operation. Thus it’s slower.

Widely used in PC and laptops, big control Widely used in programming and small
Widely used in small control systems
systems control systems
Definition of Embedded system :

• It is a system built to perform its duty, completely or partially independent of human intervention.
• It is specially designed to perform a few tasks in the most efficient way.
• It interacts with physical elements in our environment, viz. controlling and driving a motor, sensing
temperature, humidity etc.

Types of Embedded system :

Hard Real-Time Systems - systems with limitations on the response of timelines.
Soft Real-Time Systems - systems which tolerate small variations in response times.
Hybrid Real-Time Systems - systems which exhibit both hard and soft constraints on its performance.

concept of embedded system :

An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software designed for a specific
function. Embedded systems may also function within a larger system. The systems can be
programmable or have a fixed functionality.
Basics of embedded system :
The embedded systems basics include the components of embedded
system hardware, embedded system types and several
characteristics.
Usually, an embedded system consists of:
• Power Supply.
• Processor.
• Memory.
• Timers.
• Serial communication ports.
• Iutput/Output circuits.
• System application specific circuits.
Examples of embedded systems include:
• Central heating systems.
• Engine management systems in vehicles.
• Domestic appliances, such as dishwashers, TVs and digital phones.
• Digital watches.
• Electronic calculators.
• GPS systems.
• Fitness trackers.
Introduction to Embedded system

When classifying embedded

systems based on performance
and functional requirements,
embedded systems are divided
into four categories:

•Real-time embedded systems.

•Standalone embedded systems.
•Network, or networked, embedded
systems.
•Mobile embedded systems.
Key Characteristics of Embedded Systems
• Embedded Systems Must Include a Processor Engine.
• Embedded Systems May Have No User Interface.
• Embedded Systems are Designed with a Purpose.
• Embedded Applications are Built-in.
• Embedded Systems use a Real-Time Operating System.
• Embedded Systems are Resource Limited.

Programming language is used in embedded systems

Developers use a variety of programming languages in embedded systems. The most
used languages include C, C++, Python, MicroPython, and Java.
What is a Raspberry Pi?
Created by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, the Raspberry Pi is an
open-source, Linux based, credit card sized computer board. The
Pi is an exciting and accessible means of improving computing
and programming skills for people of all ages. By connecting to
your TV or monitor and a keyboard, and with the right
programming, the Pi can do many things that a desktop
computer can do such as surf the internet and play video. The Pi
is also great for those innovative projects that you want to try
out - newer models are ideal for Internet of Things (IoT) projects
due to their processing power. With Pi 3, Wireless LAN and
Bluetooth Low Energy are on-board too.
Raspberry Pi SBC
Raspberry pi Models and Comparative Chart
 Family Model Form Factor Ethernet Wireless GPIO Released Discontinued
Raspberry Pi B Standard[a] Yes No 26-pin 2012 Yes
Raspberry Pi A Standard[a] No No 26-pin 2013 No
Raspberry Pi B+ Standard[a] Yes No 40-pin 2014
Raspberry Pi A+ Compact[b] No No 40-pin 2014
Raspberry Pi 2 B Standard[a] Yes No 40-pin 2015
Raspberry Pi
Zero Zero[c] No No 40-pin 2015
Zero
Raspberry Pi
W/WH Zero[c] No Yes 40-pin 2017
Zero
Raspberry Pi 3 B Standard[a] Yes Yes 40-pin 2016
Raspberry Pi 3 A+ Compact[b] No Yes 40-pin 2018
Raspberry Pi 3 B+ Standard[a] Yes Yes 40-pin 2018
Yes (Gigabit
Raspberry Pi 4 B (1 GB) Standard[a] Yes 40-pin 2019[39] March 2020[1]
Ethernet)
Yes (Gigabit
Raspberry Pi 4 B (2 GB) Standard[a] Yes 40-pin 2019[39]
Ethernet)
Yes (Gigabit
Raspberry Pi 4 B (4 GB) Standard[a] Yes 40-pin 2019[39]
Ethernet)
Yes (Gigabit
Raspberry Pi 4 B (8 GB) Standard[a] Yes 40-pin 2020
Ethernet)
Yes (Gigabit
Raspberry Pi 4 400 (4 GB) Keyboard Yes 40-pin 2020
Ethernet)
Raspberry Pi Pico (21 mm ×
N/A No No 26-pin 2021
Pico 51 mm)
Product SoC Speed RAM USB Ports Ethernet Wireless Bluetooth
Raspberry Pi
BCM2835 700MHz 512MB 1 No No No
Model A+
Raspberry Pi
BCM2835 700MHz 512MB 4 100Base-T No No
Model B+
Raspberry Pi 2
BCM2836/7 900MHz 1GB 4 100Base-T No No
Model B
Raspberry Pi 3
BCM2837A0/B0 1200MHz 1GB 4 100Base-T 802.11n 4.1
Model B
Raspberry Pi 3
BCM2837B0 1400MHz 512MB 1 No 802.11ac/n 4.2
Model A+
Raspberry Pi 3
BCM2837B0 1400MHz 1GB 4 1000Base-T 802.11ac/n 4.2
Model B+
Raspberry Pi 4
BCM2711 1500MHz 2GB 2xUSB2, 2xUSB3 1000Base-T 802.11ac/n 5.0
Model B
Raspberry Pi 4
BCM2711 1500MHz 4GB 2xUSB2, 2xUSB3 1000Base-T 802.11ac/n 5.0
Model B
Raspberry Pi 4
BCM2711 1500MHz 8GB 2xUSB2, 2xUSB3 1000Base-T 802.11ac/n 5.0
Model B
Raspberry Pi
BCM2835 1000MHz 512MB 1 No No No
Zero
Raspberry Pi
BCM2835 1000MHz 512MB 1 No 802.11n 4.1
Zero W
Raspberry Pi
BCM2835 1000MHz 512MB 1 No 802.11n 4.1
Zero WH
Raspberry Pi
BCM2711 1800MHz 4GB 1xUSB2, 2xUSB3 1000Base-T 802.11ac/n 5.0
400
Raspberry Pi Model 3 B+
PIN GROUP PIN NAME DESCRIPTION
POWER SOURCE +5V, +3.3V, GND and Vin +5V -power output
+3.3V -power output
GND – GROUND pin
COMMUNICATION UART Interface(RXD, UART (Universal
INTERFACE TXD) [(GPIO15,GPIO14)] Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter) used for
interfacing sensors and
other devices.

SPI Interface(MOSI, MISO, SPI (Serial Peripheral

CLK,CE) x 2 Interface) used for
[SPI0-(GPIO10 ,GPIO9, communicating with other
GPIO11 ,GPIO8)] boards or peripherals.
[SPI1--(GPIO20 ,GPIO19,
GPIO21 ,GPIO7)]

TWI Interface(SDA, SCL) x TWI (Two Wire Interface)

2 [(GPIO2, GPIO3)] Interface can be used to
[(ID_SD,ID_SC)] connect peripherals.

GPIO 26 I/O Although these some pins

INPUT OUTPUT PINS have multiple functions
they can be considered as
I/O pins.
PWM Hardware PWM available on These 4 channels can
GPIO12, GPIO13, GPIO18, provide PWM (Pulse Width
GPIO19 Modulation) outputs.
*Software PWM available
on all pins

EXTERNAL INTERRUPTS All I/O In the board all I/O pins can
be used as Interrupts.
Pin Diagram of Raspberry Pi
 SBC: Single Board Computers (SBC), which
enable the shortest development time, are off-the-
shelf compact motherboards with I/Os on-board,
and because of their power density, low-power
CPUs are almost always used. The targeted
OMAP35x platform includes key features such as:
ARM® Processor which features:
Powerful ARM® Cortex™-A8 up to 1GHz
General Block diagram of R Pi 3 B+
operation optimized for low power consumption
Wide peripheral set includes:UART, SPI, I2C,
USB, Ethernet
Display support
Production-ready reference platforms
TI-RTOS, Linux Mainline, Andriod and Large
3P ecosystem support
o The c64x+ DSP-based video subsystem (up to
720 HD resolution)
 Technical Specifications of Raspberry Pi 3 B+

Type Development Board

Supported Device BCM2837
Supported Device Technology Application Processor and SOC
RAM Size 1GB
USB 4
Ethernet 1
GPIO 40
Display Interface DSI/HDMI
Display Type LCD
Operating Systems Linux|Win 10
PC Card Interface micro SD
JTAG Support No
Audio Interfaces Yes
Bluetooth On Board
Wi-Fi On Board
Linux Linux
Daughter Cards No
Display for Raspberry Pi
1. Raspberry Pi 7″ Touch Screen Display
First on our list is an LCD touch screen straight from the official house of Raspberry Pi. It is a 7 inches large touch display
that is specifically created for the Raspberry Pi board. You can connect a keyboard and a mouse with the screen and you
are good to go with a fully functioning Raspberry Pi embedded computer system.

Screen Specifications:

• The display comes with a full-colour output of 800 x 480 pixels.

• Total screen size, including the standoffs, is about 194 mm x 110 mm x 20 mm
• Total viewable screen size for use is 155 mm x 86 mm
• Capacitative touch with multi-touch sensing capabilities up to 10 fingers.
• The display can be set up using only two connections. A connect to the DSI port from the
GPIO power (or USB) connection for power.
• Signal conversion is also done from the adapter board via the DSI cable
• Works with the latest Raspbian OS and with all the existing Raspberry Pi models.

Components included in the kit

• 4 Standoffs and Screws
• A DSI Ribbon cable
• 4 Jumper Wires
Pros
• Highly trusted screen and suggested for Raspberry Pi boards as it comes from Raspberry Pi company
• Great Quality
Cons:
• Though compatible with all the existing Raspberry Pi models, the hole line up for
installation is good enough only for Raspberry A+, Raspberry B+, Raspberry Pi2
 2. Kuman 7 Inch Capacitive Touch Screen TFT LCD Display

Screen Specifications

 1024×600 Screen Resolution

 Capacitive touch control with 4:3 and 16:0 display conversion
 Comes with horizontal and vertical image flip functionality.
 Can support 864 x 480 x 24bit graphics content (using the SSD1963 Controller)
 Onboard 400mA DC to DC boost regulator for steady LCD Backlight
power supply
 24 bit per pixel colour depth
 Dual-port connectivity ( for equipping MCU interfaces in different buses)
 Can support BB Black, Angstrom, Banana Pi and Banana Pro.

Components Included in the kit

Source Code and Installation drivers

 Instruction manual
 The LCD screen
 USB OTG Cable
3. Kuman 7 Inch HD Display 1024×600 TFT LCD Screen Computer Monitor

Screen Specifications:
• A fully built-up kit that simple needs raspberry plugin to work
• Supports all major Raspberry Pi boards such as the Raspberry Pi 3B+, Raspberry Pi 3, 2 and Raspberry Pi 1 b B+.
• Has a higher screen resolution of 1024 x 600 TFT
• Can also work with DVD, VCD, Cameras, STB among other video equipment
• HDMI/VGA and AV inputs are also available.
• Priority AV mode with immediate display switch
• Screen ratio at 16:9/4: 3
• Adjustable brightness, adjustable contrast and also adjustable full-colour display
• Has an attached stand to the screen
Components Included in the kit
• Instruction manual
• The LCD screen
• USB OTG Cable
• IR Remote Control
• 12 V Power Supply
• Rotatory Stand
• 1 AV Cable
• 1 Adhesive Tape
Pros:
• Low power consumption
• Universal compatibility
• Comes with remote control as well
• Simple plug n play format
Keyboard for Raspberry Pi
Storage for Raspberry Pi
Mouse for Raspberry Pi
The Power Port
The power port is merely a 5V micro-USB
input, similar to what you see with many cell
phones or tablets. As a matter of fact, a cell-
phone charger is one of the most common
ways to power your Pi. needs at least 700
mA at 5 volts. (See Figure 1-3.) A word of
warning, however: The Raspberry Pi has
no onboard power regulator!
Network access for Raspberry Pi
The Ethernet and USB Ports
The Ethernet and USB ports (on the model B board, anyway)
are both supplied via the onboard LAN9512 chip. According
to the 9512’s datasheet, it’s a high-speed USB 2.0 hub with a
10/100 Ethernet controller. This little chip is only 8 mm to a
side, but it’s capable of 480 Mbps USB 2.0 speeds and fully-
integrated 10BASE-T and 100-BASETX Ethernet support what
it means is that almost anything you can plug into your
desktop machine can be plugged into your Pi, from your
router to a webcam to a USB hub to an external hard drive
(HDD.)