Object Oriented System Analysis and Design

Chapter One: Object Orientation the New Software Paradigm

Ewnetu E.(MSc.)

April 19, 2021

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Contents
What is object oriented system?
Object oriented vs procedural paradigm
Software development life cycle

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What is object oriented system?
Object-oriented system is a software engineering concept/discipline
output, in which the inputs to the system are represented as
“objects”.
The process of creating an object oriented system is object
orientation.
What is object oriented programing? a development strategy based
on the concept of building systems from the reusable components
(objects).
Paradigm: overall strategy or viewpoint for doing things.

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Object Orientation Xcs.
Objects are abstractions of real-world or system entities and manage
themselves through their attributes and methods.
Objects are independent and encapsulate state and behavior.
System functionality is expressed in terms of object services.
Objects communicate by message passing.
Objects may be distributed in a system and may be executed
sequentially or in parallel.

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Key Components of Object Oriented Software Development

A class is a description of a set of objects that share the same

properties or behavior.

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What are Classes and Objects?
An object is an instance of a class.
An object is an entity with a well-defined boundary and identity that
encapsulates state and behavior.
State: is usually called attribute , and shows the characteristic
properties that the object holds.
Represented by data type.
In Car example the car’s attributes are: color, manufacturer, cost,
owner, model, etc.
Behavior: is represented by operations & methods, and it represents
the externally visible activities performed by the object.
Methods: define objects behavior and specify the way in which an
object’s data are manipulated.
In the Car example the car’s methods are: drive(), lock(),
carrypassenger()....

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Procedural Programing
What is procedural programing?
Is based on the concept that the system is separated into two major
parts:
Data: modeled through persistence/data model
Function: modeled though the process model
Note: data & behavior are separated both at the design and
implementation phase which increases system complexity.
Traditional approach.

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Object Oriented Vs Structural Paradigm
Structured software development paradigm
Applications are developed in such way that the data is separated
from behavior or functionality.
Procedures and functions are used.
Moving from one phase to another is complex.
Increases project duration.

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...Cont’d
Object oriented paradigm
Instead of defining systems as two separate parts (data and
functionality), you define it as a collection of interacting objects.
Because object have both data/state and behavior, state is described
in fields and behavior is described in methods.
Moving from one phase to another is easy.
Decreases duration of the project.
Faster development, acceptable re-usability and good quality.

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Potential Benefits of Object Oriented Systems over the
Procedural one

Complex software system become easier to understand, since it

provides close representation of the real world.
In well designed object oriented system, it is possible to make changes
at each level in the system development process, which reduces the
maintenance process & testing phase complexity.
Through polymorphism and inheritance it allows to re-use individual
components.
Improved communication among users, analysts, designers, and
programmers.
In an object oriented system the amount of work needed in revising &
debugging as well as maintaining the system will be easy/reduced.
Re-usability of analysis, design, and programming results more fruitful
outcome.
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Drawbacks (Limitations) of Object Orientation
Larger program size: measured in lines of code and function points.
Slower programs: because it used many steps SDLC.
Not suitable for all types of problems: e.g; for simple projects.
Steep learning curve: more difficult to understand the system and
make feasible → needs more effort to master/to work with.

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Software Development Lifecycle
Process of progressively developing a system through the phases of
feasibility study, requirement gathering, analysis, design, and
implementation....
The model is abstract in the early stages
As the model evolves, it becomes more and more detailed

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...Cont’d
Requirement Gathering: getting all the requirements that are
useful to develop a software.
Analysis: the process of refining the gathered requirements,
elicited from different requirement sources with different
gathering techniques.
Design: model of the application is developed showing its
important properties and subcomponents.
Model specifies the functional behavior of the system
independent of implementation details
Breaks down the system into small components.

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...Cont’d
Implementation: design is implemented using a programming
language or database management system.
Testing: a mechanism of ensuring that the produced software is
safe before going to production environment.
Deployment: the activity of making a software usable by
installing on the target machines.
Maintenance: the act of taking a corrective action after the
software product is failed.

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...Cont’d
Software lifecycle: set of activities and the relationships with one an
other to support the development of a software/system.

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Reading Assignment
Read about the following software process models and investigate the
difference between each, and when they are applicable.
Waterfall model
Agile model
Iterative/incremental/evolutionary model
Spiral model
RAD

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 Thank you!!!

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