SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY R.

Kanagaraj, Faculty, Agriculture

SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY

UPSC (IAS & IFoS)

AGRICULTURE
OPTIONAL PAPER II
Previous Year Questions – Subject wise
compilation

R.Kanagaraj, B.Sc., (Agri),

Faculty, Agriculture
Shankar IAS Academy

kanagaraj.bioscience@gmail.com
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY R.Kanagaraj, Faculty, Agriculture

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UPSC AGRICULTURE OPTIONAL NOTES

PAPER I

Contents

1. Agriculture General 1 - 74

2. Agronomy and Agriculture 75 – 158

3. Ecology and Environment 159 – 224

4. Forestry 225 - 264

5. Weed Science 265 – 320

Soil Science and Nutrient Management and Dry land
6. 321 – 534
Agriculture
7. Irrigation 535 – 616

8. Agricultural Extension 617 - 709

9. Agricultural Economics and Farm Management 709 - 805

Compiled by

R.KANAGARAJ, B.SC., (AGRI)

Faculty, Agriculture
Shankar IAS Academy

Kanagaraj, Faculty, Agriculture kanagaraj.bioscience@gmail.com

 SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY

UPSC AGRICULTURE OPTIONAL NOTES

PAPER II

Contents

1. CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS 1 - 166

2. PLANT BREEDING 167 – 334

3. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING 335 – 375

4. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 376 - 528

5. SEED TECHNOLOGY 529 – 597

6. PLANT PATHOLOGY 598 – 681

7. ENTOMOLOGY 682 – 761

8. BIO PESTICIDES IN AGRICULTURE 762 - 772

9. HORTICULTURE 773 - 938

10. FOOD PRODUCTION AND FOOD SECURITY 939 - 964

Compiled by

R.KANAGARAJ, B.SC., (AGRI)

Faculty, Agriculture
Shankar IAS Academy
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY R.KANAGARAJ, Faculty, Agriculture

GENETICS & CELL BIOLOGY

1. Describe various types of changes in chromosome numbers in plants. (8M IFS-

2014)

2. "Aneuploids are generally weak, but they are useful in plant breeding": Evaluate

this statement in the light of available information. (10M CS-2014)

3. What are genes? How are the classical and modern concepts of genes different?

Discuss. (10M IFS-2014)

1
4. What is cell? Explain the structure and function of the cell. (12 M CS-2015)
2
1
5. Laws of heredity (12 M CS-2015)
2

6. Lampbrush chromosomes and B-chromosomes. (10M IFS-2015)

7. What are sex influenced and sex linked traits? Explain why they differ. (10M IFS-

2015)

8. What is meant by linkage and crossover Write their significance in recombination

1
breeding. (12 M CS-2015)
2

9. Back cross and dihybrid cross. (10M IFS-2015)

10. What are the components of DNA and RNA. Give the characteristic difference of
1
the DNA and RNA. (12 M CS-2015)
2

11. Back cross and Test cross. (10M IFS-2016)

12. Elaborate Mendel's law of independent assortment by giving suitable example.

(10M CS-2016)
1
13. What are the genetic consequences of self- and cross-pollination? (12 M CS-
2

2016)

14. Give an account of mechanism of protein synthesis. Compare it with prokaryotes

1
and eukaryotes. (12 M CS-2016)
2

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15. Gametogenesis and sporogenesis. (10M IFS-2016)

16. Give the differences between outer and inner mitochondrial membrane. (10M

IFS-2016)

17. What is cell? Enlist different organelles of plant cell with brief description of

functions of mitochondria. (10M CS-2017)

18. Explain cytoplasmic inheritance and its characteristics. (10M CS-2017)

19. Describe the mode of origin and growth of cell wall. (8M IFS-2017)

20. Sex-influenced and, sex-limited characters (10M IFS-2017)

21. Distinguish between epistasis and dominance. Explain gene interaction. (15M IFS-

2017)

22. What is protoplasm? Briefly discuss its chemical composition and physical

properties. (10M CS-2018)

23. Enlist Mendel's different laws. Describe in detail about the law of segregation

with suitable examples. (15M CS-2018)

24. What is the powerhouse of a cell? Describe its structure and label. (8M IFS-

2018)

25. Describe the Mendel's law of inheritance by giving suitable example. (8M IFS-

2018)

26. Ribonucleic acid and Deoxyribonucleic acid (10M IFS-2018)

27. Illustrate the plant and animal cells. (10M IFS-2018)

28. Describe various Laws of Heredity. Explain the Law of Independent Assortment

with suitable examples.

29. What are the major components that constitute cell structure? Describe their

functions. (20M CS-2019)

30. What are chromosomal aberrations? Describe the structural aberrations and their

genetic significance. (8M IFS-2019)

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31. Heterochromatin and Euchromatin. (10M IFS-2019)

32. Sex-linked and Sex-limited characters. (10M IFS-2019)

33. Discuss the special types of chromosomes. (15M IFS-2019)

34. Describe chromosome under the following headings:

(i) Chromosome number

(ii) Chemical constituents of chromosomes

(iii) Chromomere

(iv) Y chromosomes (10M CS-2020)

35. Enumerate various types of structural chromosomal aberrations with their types.

Give detailed account of inversion-type structural aberration. (15M CS-2020)

36. DNA is the genetic material. How docs DNA contribute to the development of
1
various traits? (12 M CS-2014)
2

37. What do you understand by chromosomal aberration? Discuss in brief, the major

types of chromosomal aberrations.(15M CS-2018)

38. What is cell? Enlist different organelles of plant cell with a brief description of

mitochondria. (8M IFS-2020)

39. Define cell. How is a plant cell different from an animal cell? Describe atypical cell

structurally and functionally, with a suitable diagram. (15M CS-2021)

40. What is the principle of independent assortment in inheritance of genes?

Describe the experiment used by Mendel. (8M IFS-2021)

41. Differentiate between linkage and crossing over. Did Mendel recognize the

phenomenon of linkage? Explain. (15M IFS-2021)

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SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY R.KANAGARAJ, Faculty, Agriculture

PLANT BREEDING

1. "Heterosis is observed in both self and cross-pollinated crops, but hybrid varieties

are more common in cross-pollinated crops". Comment on this statement on the

basis of relevant information. (10M CS-2014)

2. Briefly describe the procedure for utilization of induced mutation in plant

breeding. (10M CS-2014)

3. Highlight the various contributions of inter-specific hybridization in crop

improvement. (10M CS-2014)

4. Define pureline. Discuss the relevance of pureline selection in self- and cross-
1
pollinated crops. (12 M CS-2014)
2

5. Explain the use of cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility in hybrid seed production.

1
(12 M CS-2014)
2

1
6. Gene Banks (12 M CS-2014)
2

1
7. Why do quantitative traits show continuous variation? (12 M CS-2014)
2
1
8. Discuss the relevance of mode of reproduction in plant breeding. (12 M CS-
2

2014)

9. Define general combining ability. Describe the procedure for recurrent selection
1
for general combining ability. (12 M CS-2014)
2

10. Natural selection and Artificial selection of plants (10M IFS-2014)

11. Discuss male sterility. Enlist various types of male sterility found in plants and

describe briefly about cytoplasmic genetic male sterility. (10M IFS-2014)

12. Classify the mutation. Explain the application of mutation breeding. (10M CS-

2015)

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SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY R.KANAGARAJ, Faculty, Agriculture

13. Explain the law of homologous series. How is it helpful in genetic resources,
1
conservation and utilization? (12 M CS-2015)
2

14. Discuss the importance of conservation of plant genetic resources for crop
1
improvements. (12 M CS-2015)
2

15. What is the role of micro and macro mutations in crop improvement? (10M IFS-

2015)

16. Describe in brief various schemes suggested to improve characteristics of inbred

lines. (10M IFS-2015)

1
17. Discuss the sui generis protection of traditional knowledge. (12 M CS-2016)
2

18. Define 'pure lines' along with their characteristics. How are they used in crop

improvement? (10M CS-2016)

19. Discuss sterility systems used in hybrid seed production. Briefly mention

chemically induced male sterility. (10M CS-2016)

20. Define 'general combining ability'. Explain the genetic basis and methods for
1
estimating SCA in diallel mating system. (12 M CS-2016)
2

21. Given the seed from a male sterile line of corn, how would you determine if the
1
sterility is genetic or cytoplasmic? (12 M CS-2016)
2
1
22. Horizontal and vertical resistance (12 M CS-2016)
2

23. Discuss the importance of gene pyramiding and gene introgression in developing
1
disease-resistant cultivars. (12 M CS-2016)
2

24. Discuss the practical applications of mutations in wheat, rice and barley. Name
1
two varieties of wheat released by the use of induced mutations in India. (12 M
2

CS-2016)

25. Interspecific and intergeneric hybrids. (10M IFS-2016)

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26. Enlist various types of male sterility. Describe briefly about cytoplasmic male

sterility. (10M IFS-2016)

27. Discuss engineering plants for tolerance to insect damage. (10M IFS-2016)

28. What do you mean by male sterility? List various types of male sterility systems

found in plants and discuss the chemically induced male sterility. (10M CS-2017)

29. Give a brief account of conservation of crop genetic resources.

30. Discuss the impact of PPV & FRA in varietal protection of crop plants. (10M CS-

2017)

31. Describe the applications of molecular markers in crop improvement. (20M CS-

2017)

32. Define heterosis. How is heterosis being exploited in the development of hybrids?

(20M CS-2017)

33. What is polyploidy? Briefly discuss its application and limitations in crop

improvement. (20M CS-2017)

34. What are mutations? Indicate the use of induced mutation in varietal

development. (20M CS-2017)

35. Explain the mechanism involved in breeding for resistance to insect-pests. (20M

CS-2017)

36. Define allopolyploidy. Give its applications in crop improvement. (8M IFS-2017)

37. Describe chemically induced male sterility. (8M IFS-2017)

38. Give the advantages of molecular markers over other genetic markers. (10M IFS-

2017)

39. Synchrony in flowering and planting ratio of parents. (15M IFS-2017)

40. Define mass selection. Explain its applications in self-pollinated crops. (10M CS-

2018)

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41. What do you mean by heterosis? Describe the physiological bases of heterosis.

(10M CS-2018)

42. What do you mean by self-incompatibility? Discuss ways and means to overcome

self-incompatibility. (15M CS-2018)

43. Give justification that DNA fingerprinting is a vital tool for identification of the

cultivars".(15M CS-2018)

44. What do you mean by hybrid seed production? Describe the different types of

sterility systems to facilitate hybrid seed production. (20M CS-2018)

45. Differentiate between aneuploid, euploid and polyploid. Explain in detail the

applications of allopolyploidy in crop improvement. (20M CS-2018)

46. Heterosis breeding and Mutation breeding. (10M IFS-2018)

47. Describe the significance of male sterility in hybrid seed production. Mention

different types of male sterility. (10M IFS-2018)

48. Describe the methods and significance of maintenance breeding in seed

production system. (10M IFS-2018)

49. Define mutation. Write its classification and role in crop improvement (10M CS-

2019)

50. What is polyploidy? Describe its application in crop improvement with its

limitations. (10M CS-2019)

51. Define pedigree method and give its importance in crop improvement, with

suitable examples. (15M CS-2019)

52. Describe the backcross method and its application in agriculture. (15M IFS-2019)

53. Describe the role of plant genetic resources conservation in crop improvement.

(10M CS-2019)

54. Explain sterility systems in crop plants. Describe the role of male sterility in hybrid

seed production in vegetable crops with suitable examples. (15M CS-2019)

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55. Describe gene pyramiding and gene introgression with their importance in

developing disease resistant varieties. (15M CS-2019)

56. Write the various methods of plant breeding and describe the back cross method

with its importance in development of crop varieties. (20M CS-2019)

57. Discuss the role of heterosis in crop improvement with suitable examples. (8M

IFS-2019)

58. Explain the breeding methods of rice crop. (8M IFS-2019)

59. Pedigree and Bulk method of plant breeding. (10M IFS-2019)

60. Discuss the molecular basis of mutation. (10M IFS-2019)

61. Differentiate between the following:

(i) Varietal seed production and Hybrid seed production

(ii) Conventional and Molecular breeding (10M CS-2020)

62. What is mass selection? Discuss its applications in varietal improvement. (10M

CS-2020)

63. Define synthetic variety. Discuss the operations involved in the production of

synthetic varieties. (10M CS-2020)

64. Describe the role of molecular markers and marker-assisted selection in crop

improvement. (15M CS-2020)

65. Describe the applications of mutation breeding. Also discuss the limitations of

this approach of plant breeding. (15M CS-2020)

66. Write short notes on the following:

(i) Sex-linkage

(ii) Double cross-over

(iii) Autosome

(iv) Cytoplasmic male sterility

(v) Aneuploids (15M CS-2020)

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67. Explain self-incompatibility and its mechanism. Discuss relevance of self-

incompatibility in plant breeding. (20M CS-2020)

68. Explain the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001.Give an

account of protection provided to farmers, breeders and indigenous property

rights under this Act. (20M CS-2020)

69. Explain the molecular marker approach in crop improvement.

70. What do you mean by heterosis? Describe the genetic basis of heterosis. (8M IFS-

2020)

71. Describe the role of Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility (CGMS) and Self-

incompatibility (ST) systems in hybrid seed production. (15M IFS-2020)

72. Distinguish between the following, giving suitable examples:

(i) Breeder seed and certified seed

(ii) Natural selection and Artificial selection

(iii) Cytoplasmic and Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (15M IFS-

2020)

73. Write the various methods of plant breeding. Describe backcross method with its

importance in development of crop varieties. (15M IFS-2020)

74. Describe the various chromosome structural aberrations with the help of suitable

diagrams and discuss their effects on organisms. (15M IFS-2020)

75. Describe the role of mutation in development of disease resistant varieties of

crops. (10M IFS-2020)

76. What do you mean by vertical and horizontal resistance? Give an account of basic

principles behind these resistances. (15M IFS-2020)

77. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of mass selection, simple recurrent

selection and clonal selection. (10M CS-2021)

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78. Write short notes on the following:

(i)Asexual Reproduction

(ii)Progeny Test

(iii)Seed Bank

(iv)Genetically Modified Crop (10M CS-2021)

79. Describe the physiological and molecular basis of heterosis. (15M CS-2021)

80. Classify types of male sterility and self-incompatibility system in plants. Describe

the limitations of cytoplasmic genetic male sterility system in hybrid seed

production. (20M CS-2021)

81. Describe self-pollination, cross-pollination and often cross-pollination. Discuss

different mechanisms for facilitating self-pollination and cross-pollination. (20M

CS-2021)

82. Explain the mechanisms which promote cross-pollination. (8M IFS-2021)

83. Discuss the genetic basis of heterosis and inbreeding depression. (8M IFS-2021)

84. What is polyploidy? Define the ways in which polyploidy can occur. (15M IFS-

2021)

85. Explain how synthetic varieties are produced and indicate their merits. (15M IFS-

2021)

86. What is distant hybridization? Explain how it is used for developing new varieties.

(15M IFS-2021)

87. What do you mean by conservation of plant genetic resources? Explain their

contribution in crop improvement in India.(15M IFS-2020)

88. What do you mean by gene pool concept and genetic erosion? Classify the gene

pool of a crop. (10M CS-2021)

89. What do you understand by centre of origin? Discuss the law of Homologous

series of variation. (15M CS-2021)

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SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY R.KANAGARAJ, Faculty, Agriculture

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING

1
1. Somaclonal variation (12 M CS-2014)
2
1
2. Gene cloning and development of transgenics (12 M CS-2014)
2

3. Define biotechnology and its scope and significance in agriculture and industrial

revolutions. (8M IFS-2014)

4. What do you mean by genetically modified crop plants? Write its advantages and
1
disadvantages. (12 M CS-2015)
2

5. Describe totipotency and give its application. (8M IFS-2015)

6. Describe meristem culture and production of virus-free plants. (10M IFS-2015)

7. Discuss engineering plants for tolerance to insect damage. (10M IFS-2016)

8. What is embryo rescue? Write its advantages in crop improvement. Indicate the

technique with special reference to interspecific and intergeneric hybridization.

(10M CS-2017)

9. Narrate the role of genetic engineering in crop improvement. (10M CS-2017)

10. Describe the methods and significance of maintenance breeding in seed

production system. (10M IFS-2018)

11. Write the merits and limitations of using genetically modified crops. Present a

brief account on the application of GM technology in India. (10M CS-2019)

12. Discuss the methods of gene transfer to plants. Explain how it is achieved in

cotton for insect resistance. (15M IFS-2019)

13. What do you understand by 'genetically modified crop plants'? Give an account

of their uses in management of insect-pests, diseases and weeds. (15M CS-2020)

14. What is clone? What do you understand by clonal selection? Describe the various

steps involved in clonal selection. (15M CS-2021)

15. What is micropropagation? Discuss its advantages. Name the types of explants

used in micropropagation in important crops. (15M IFS-2021)

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SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY R.KANAGARAJ, Faculty, Agriculture

16. Describe somaclonal variation and its importance. Discuss the causes and factors

influencing such variation. (15M IFS-2021)

SEED TECHNLOGY & IPR

1. Explain the meaning of genetic purity of seed. Briefly describe the various

approaches for testing genetic purity of seed. (10M CS-2014)

2. Differentiate between Breeder's seed and Nucleus seed. Describe the specific

method adopted for the maintenance of purity of seed. (8M IFS-2014)

3. Discuss the role of National Seeds Corporation in quality seed production in India.
1
(12 M CS-2014)
2
1
4. TRIPS Agreement (12 M CS-2014)
2

5. Enumerate briefly the role of public and private sectors in seed production. (10M

IFS-2014)

6. What are objectives of seed testing? Write the testing procedure adopted in paddy

and wheat crops. (10M CS-2015)

7. How drying proceeds in the seed? (8M IFS-2015)

8. What are the various treatments suggested to improve seed germination? (8M IFS-

2015)

9. Isolation distance and roguing in seed plots. (10M IFS-2015)

10. Enumerate formal and informal seed supply systems in India. (10M IFS-2015)

11. How is a crop variety/hybrid released in India? Give different types of seed. (10M

IFS-2015)

12. Botanicals as alternative to chemical seed treatment. (10M IFS-2015)

13. What are organisms that affect the seed quality in storage? (10M IFS-2015)
1
14. Explain formal and informal seed supply systems in India. (12 M CS-2016)
2

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SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY R.KANAGARAJ, Faculty, Agriculture

15. What are rapid methods of testing seed viability? (8M IFS-2016)

16. Isolation and Roguing in seed plots. (10M IFS-2016)

17. Explain Intellectual Property Rights. Give the present status of IPR in relation to

agriculture. (10M CS-2016)

18. What are the genetic and agronomic principles of seed production? (10M CS-2017)

19. Describe various steps involved in seed certification and the institutions associated

in the production of certified seeds. (20M CS-2017)

20. Write the factors affecting seed quality. (8M IFS-2017)

21. Amongst the seed samples of a particular crop which would you recommend to

grower based on the following data? (10M IFS-2017)

Samples Germination (%) Purity (%)

85 98
A

88 97
B

91 96
C

22. Describe the seed certification and seed quality assurance in India. (15M IFS-2017)

23. Explain seed enhancement with its merits. Describe in brief about the various

practices used for seed enhancement. (10M CS-2018)

24. Seed plot technique for virus-free potato seed production. (8M IFS-2018)

25. Define Intellectual Property Rights (IPRS). Discuss IPRs relevance to agriculture.

(15M CS-2018)

26. Enumerate the various types of seeds. Give a stepwise account of techniques

associated with seed production. (20M CS-2018)

27. Describe the process of certified seed production in field crops. (8M IFS-2018)

28. Describe the conditions to maintain the seed quality during post-harvest

processing and storage. (8M IFS-2018)

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29. Discuss orthodox and recalcitrant seeds with examples. (10M IFS-2018)

30. Seed production in Self-pollinated and Cross pollinated crops (giving suitable

examples) (10M IFS-2018)

31. What do you understand by seed dormancy? Discuss the reasons for seed

dormancy. Also, describe the various methods for breaking seed dormancy. (15M

CS-2018)

32. Seed germination and Seed dormancy. (10M IFS-2018)

33. Define dormant and hard seeds. Describe the physiological basis of seed dormancy

along with methods to overcome this problem. (10M CS-2019)

34. How is the patent system different from plant variety protection system? (10M CS-

2019)

35. Write important objectives of seed testing along with the methods used for testing

of seed viability, seed vigour and genetic purity of a variety. (15M CS-2019)

36. Describe the various types of field and seed standards followed in seed production

and certification programmes. (15M CS-2019)

37. Elaborate the role of seed industry in the development of Indian agriculture. (15M

CS-2019)

38. What are the safeguards for maintenance of genetic purity of seed? (15M IFS-2019)

39. Explain the different stages of seed development with suitable diagram. (8M IFS-

2019)

40. Describe the agronomic and genetic principles of quality seed production. (8M IFS-

2020)

41. Describe various factors for seed dormancy and methods for breaking the

dormancy. (10M IFS-2020)

42. Describe various steps involved in seed certification. Give an account of institutions

associated with the production of certified seeds in India. (15M IFS-2020)

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43. What is the role and importance of "Seed treatment campaign" in India in the

context of quality crop establishment? (15M CS-2021)

44. What is DNA fingerprinting? Discuss its applied aspects in modern agriculture.

(15M CS-2021)

45. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) issue is a sensitive topic in agriculture. Concisely

describe this with your conclusions. (10M CS-2021)

46. Define seed viability. Describe in brief the metabolic aspects of seed germination.

(10M CS-2021)

47. What is dormancy of seed? Explain the causes of seed dormancy and methods to

break the dormancy. (15M IFS-2021)

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

1. What are the fundamental difference between transpiration and guttation? In a

winter morning, water droplets might be noticed on some plant leaves. How

could it be ascertained whether the water droplets were those of dew drops or

guttation water? (10M CS-2014)

2. What is meant by 'sigmoid' growth curve? Draw and describe a sigmoid growth

curve citing its different phases. (10M CS-2014)

3. Show full reactions where (i) Alcohol dehydrogenase, (ii) Nitrate reductase, (iii)

Glucokinase and(iv) Succinate dehydrogenase are involved, therewith mentioning

respective co-factor, co-enzyme, prosthetic group etc., if so required. (10M CS-

2014)

4. Differentiate between incipient wilting, temporary wilting and permanent wilting.

Classify different types of droughts and mention how are they related to each

other. (10M CS-2014)

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5. Write short note on Hill reaction. Prove that O₂ evolved during photosynthesis

comes from water and not from CO₂. (10M CS-2014)

6. Define vernalization. How vernalization is activated in plants? Briefly discuss its

1
importance in agriculture. (12 M CS-2014)
2
1
7. Give an account of different types of water present in soil. (12 M CS-2014)
2

8. What are gibberellins? Discuss their role in the life cycle of a plant. (8M IFS-2014)

9. What do you understand by asexual method of propagation? Discuss briefly the

advantages and disadvantages of asexual propagation.(8M IFS-2014)

10. Growth and Development in plants (10M IFS-2014)

11. Gametogenesis and Sporogenesis (10M IFS-2014)

12. Photosynthesis and Photorespiration along with their chemical reactions (10M

IFS-2014)

13. Describe the process of senescence and the factors responsible for it. (10M IFS-

2014)

14. What are Enzymes? Write the properties and factors affecting enzyme's activity.

(10M CS-2015)

15. What do you mean by C3, C4, and CAM mechanisms? (10M CS-2015)

16. What is stress physiology? Write the physiology of seed germination and
1
development. (12 M CS-2015)
2

17. What is photoperiodism? Write at least one example of shortday plant, longday
1
plant and day neutralplant. (12 M CS-2015)
2
1
18. Define respiration and state why this process is essential for plants. (12 M CS-
2

2015)

19. Name the process by which carbohydrates are synthesized in plants. Narrate its
1
mechanism. (12 M CS-2015)
2

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20. Describe endocytic and secretory pathways in Eukaryotic cells. (8M IFS-2015)

21. Give major characteristics of CAM plants.(8M IFS-2015)

22. Auxins and gibberellins. (10M IFS-2015)

23. Differentiate between cyclic and non-cyclic electron transport of photosynthesis.

(10M IFS-2015)

24. How growth can be distinguished from development and indicate the role of

ethylene in plants. (10M IFS-2015)

25. What is the mechanism of vernalization? Give its significance in agriculture. (10M

IFS-2015)

26. Explain the mechanism of absorption of salts. Give potassium, calcium and iron

deficiency symptoms in plants. (10M CS-2016)

27. Explain the connection between anaerobic and aerobic respiration. (10M CS-

2016)

28. How is water absorbed by land plants? Explain various external conditions
1
affecting water absorption by roots. (12 M CS-2016)
2
1
29. Explain oxidative decarboxylation citing suitable example. (12 M CS-2016)
2

30. Give evidences supporting translocation of organic solutes in phloem. Explain

1
Ringing experiment. (12 M CS-2016)
2

31. Differentiate between transpiration and guttation. Why permanent wilting takes
1
place? (12 M CS-2016)
2

32. Explain the phenomenon of passive absorption and give the factors affecting the
1
rate of absorption of water. (12 M CS-2016)
2
1
33. Explain the effect of concentration of enzyme on its activity. (12 M CS-2016)
2
1
34. Give different methods for regulating the enzymic activity. (12 M CS-2016)
2

35. Differentiate between IAA and IBA. Give their role in Agriculture. (8M IFS-2016)

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36. Describe the role of micro and macromutations in crop improvement. (8M IFS-

2016)

37. Photoperiodism and vernalization. (10M IFS-2016)

38. Explain crassulation acid metabolism. How they are better suited to extreme

desiccation? (10M IFS-2016)

39. Enlist the factors affecting enzyme activity and give the importance of hydrogen-

ion concentration. (10M IFS-2016)

40. What is abscisic acid? Give physiological roles of ABA. (10M IFS-2016)

41. Germination and Dormancy. (10M IFS-2016)

42. What are plant growth regulators? How do they differ from phytohormones?

Indicate the applications of plant growth regulators in agriculture. (10M CS-2017)

43. Describe the criteria of essentiality of nutrients. Classify the essential nutrients for

plants. Discuss the role of phosphorus and calcium in crops with special reference

to pulses. (10M CS-2017)

44. What are nutrition challenges? Discuss the factors contributing to the under-

nutrition at different stages of life cycle. (10M CS-2017)

45. Differentiate between symbiotic and asymbiotic nitrogen fixation. How

doessymbiotic nitrogen fixation take place in crop plants? (10M CS-2017)

46. Define 'evapotranspiration'. How is it affected by various factors? Briefly discuss

the passive absorption of water by plants. (20M CS-2017)

47. What is photophosphorylation? Distinguish between cyclic and non-

cyclicphotophosphorylation. Give schematic structure of both the pathways. (20M

CS-2017)

48. Enlist the enzymes requiring metal activators. (8M IFS-2017)

49. Discuss the cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation. (15M IFS-2017)

50. Diffusion and, osmosis. (15M IFS-2017)

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51. What is phytochrome? Enlist different processes mediated by phytochrome. (15M

IFS-2017)

52. Define enzyme. Give a note on the factors affecting the rate of enzymic activities

in plants. (10M CS-2018)

53. What are the different methods of diagnosis of mineral nutrient deficiency?

Describe the role and deficiency symptoms of zinc in rice and sulphur in oilseed

crops. (10M CS-2018)

54. Explain C3, C4 and CAM mechanism in plants and their importance in changing

climatic conditions. (10M CS-2018)

55. What do you mean by Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC)? Describe the

different soil moisture constants. (15M CS-2018)

56. Discuss the effects of water stress on plant growth and development. Describe

plant borne mechanisms to escape from drought and stress situations. (15M

CS-2018)

57. Describe the importance of micro-nutrients in human health. Justify with suitable

examples. (15M CS-2018)

58. Define auxins and explain their role in crop life cycles. Also, discuss theuses of

auxins in agriculture. (20M CS-2018)

59. Discuss the role of metal ions in enzyme activity. (8M IFS-2018)

60. Describe the physiological role of gibberellic acid in seed germination process.

(8M IFS-2018)

61. Enzymes and Plant pigments (10M IFS-2018)

62. “C4 plants are more water-use efficient compared to C3 plants.” Explain by citing

suitable examples. (10M IFS-2018)

63. Transpiration is a necessary evil. Explain and justify the statement. (10M IFS-2018)

64. What is the significance of β-oxidation in germinating seeds?

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65. Write down the yield components and parameters of cereals, pulses and oilseeds.

(10M IFS-2018)

66. What makes a nutrient element become essential for plant growth and

development? Which is the latest addition in the existing list of16 essential plant

nutrients? Mention its deficiency symptoms and functions. (10M CS-2019)

67. The rate of transpiration governs the growth of a plant." Justify the statement

with reasoning for how transpiration is influenced by the environment. (10M CS-

2019)

68. Explain the role of plant growth substances in the various developmental stages

of a plant with special reference to horticultural crops. (20M CS-2019)

69. Discuss the role of auxin and cytokinins in plant growth and development. (8M

IFS-2019)

70. Define photoperiodism and discuss its mechanism in short-day plants. (8M IFS-

2019)

71. Growth regulator and Growth inhibitor (10M IFS-2019)

72. Describe the role of transpiration in relation to productivity. (10M IFS-2019)

73. Describe the changes that take place in plant during development. (10M IFS-

2019)

74. Enumerate factors responsible for absorption of nutrients by plants. Explain the

mechanism of absorption of nutrients. (10M CS-2020)

75. Differentiate between the following: (10M CS-2020)

(i) Plant hormones and Synthetic plant-growth regulators

(ii) C3 and C4 plants

76. Give a brief account of the effects of drought and salt stress on growth and

development of crops. (10M CS-2020)

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77. List biotic and abiotic causes of plant diseases. Give an account of the

classification of major physiological processes affected by diseases and symptom

types. (15M CS-2020)

78. Define plant nutrition. Give an account of essential and beneficial nutrients to

plants and their status in Indian soils. (20M CS-2020)

79. Define plant growth regulators. Elaborate their applications with suitable

examples. (20M CS-2020)

80. Explain in detail the Krebs cycle. (8M IFS-2020)

81. Write down the physiological effects of auxin in plants. (8M IFS-2020)

82. Explain various mechanisms for water transport in plants. (10M IFS-2020)

83. What are enzymes? Describe "Key-lock theory" with respect to mode of enzyme

action. (15M CS-2021)

84. What is plant physiological stress? Describe morphological and physiochemical

changes taking place in plants under drought condition. (15M CS-2021)

85. Describe the mechanisms involved in absorption of water in plants. Explain the

factors affecting the water absorption rate in plants. (20M CS-2021)

86. What do you understand by vernalization? Describe its practical application in

crops. (20M CS-2021)

87. Describe the factors affecting the rate of transpiration and its significance in crop

production. (8M IFS-2021)

88. What are plant growth regulators? Explain the functions of auxins in plants and

mechanism of their action. (8M IFS-2021)

89. Describe the influence of photoperiodism and vernalisation in flowering of plants.

(10M IFS-2021)

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HORTICULTURE
1
1. Briefly discuss handling methods for export of mango. (12 M CS-2014)
2

2. What is meant by protective cultivation? Briefly discuss importance of

1
greenhouse in protective cultivation. (12 M CS-2014)
2

3. Briefly discuss the package of practices for the commercial production of papaya.

(8M IFS-2014)

4. Post-harvest changes in fruits and vegetable products (10M IFS-2014)

5. Products of cutting and grafting are genetically uniform in plants. (10M IFS-2014)

6. Quick and low temperature freezing is not recommended in case of fresh

tomatoes. (10M IFS-2014)

7. Discuss the soil and climatic requirements, varieties of seed tuber, sowing time,

manure and fertilizer application and insect-pests management of commercial

cultivation of potato. (10M IFS-2014)

8. Explain the production technology for commercial cultivation of marigold and

gladiolus. (10M IFS-2014)

9. Landscape gardening in India and their future scope for tourists attraction (10M

IFS-2014)

10. Define jelly. Explain the principle of jelly formation. Briefly describe the
1
preparation of jelly and enumerate problems in jelly making. (12 M CS-2014)
2

11. Write the package and practices of Gladiolus cultivars citing method of

propagation, soil, climatic conditions, harvesting and yield. (10M CS-2015)

12. Write the importance of pruning and Training in fruit crops. Describe the

procedure adopted in grapes. (10M CS-2015)

1
13. Define cole crops. Explain on what basis cole crops are grouped. (12 M CS-
2

2015)

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14. Write the distribution of mango malformation in India. What are the causes of
1
different malformations? Suggest to combat the malformation. (12 M CS-2015)
2

15. Write the essential nutrients required by plants for growth and development.
1
Explain the boron deficiency symptom in Cauliflower and Litchi. (12 M CS-2015)
2

16. Write the package and practices of Potato cultivation under the heads of soil and

climatic condition, seed rate, nutrients requirement, time of planting, earthing

1
and yield. (12 M CS-2015)
2

17. Write the production technology of Marigold as it is one of the important flowers
1
cultivated throughout the year. (12 M CS-2015)
2

18. Describe the various methods to enhance as well as to delay ripening of fruits.

(8M IFS-2015)

19. Layout plans for gardens and lawns, (10M IFS-2015)

20. Package and practices for the marigold and aster flower crop. (10M IFS-2015)

21. What are the important new varieties of carnation? Explain the importance of

pinching operation for producing quality carnation (10M CS-2016)

22. Describe the procedure of tissue culture for multiplying new cultivars of gladiolus.

(10M CS-2016)

23. Explain the production technology for commercial cultivation of marigold and
1
aster flowers. (12 M CS-2016)
2

24. How does maturity control the post-harvest quality and storage life of fruits? Give
1
maturity indices for some fruits and vegetables. (12 M CS-2016)
2

25. Give the factors affecting post harvest life of flowers. (8M IFS-2016)

26. Discuss drying, dehydration and concentration in preservation of fruits and

vegetables. (8M IFS-2016)

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27. Give important varieties of anola and discuss their harvesting and postharvest

management. (10M IFS-2016)

28. Design and layout of lawns and gardens. (10M IFS-2016)

29.

30. Give a brief account of post-harvest losses in fruits, suggest various management

techniques to avoid losses due to post harvest diseases. (10M CS-2017)

31. Define medicinal and aromatic plants. Discuss their importance and uses. (10M

CS-2017)

32. How does high-tech horticulture technology play role in enhancing resource use

efficiency and farmers' income? (10M CS-2017)

33. What are various ways of value addition in fruits and vegetables? (20M CS-2017)

34. Importance of pinching in quality production of carnation. (8M IFS-2017)

35. Describe the preservation methods of important fruits. (8M IFS-2017)

36. Olericulture and pomology. (10M IFS-2017)

37. What are the critical components need adequate attention while planning an

orchard? (15M IFS-2017)

38. Discuss various methods of training in chrysanthemum. (15M IFS-2017)

39. Enlist factors affecting the post-harvest life of flowers. How can it be controlled

by growth regulators? (10M CS-2018)

40. Enlist different vegetative propagation methods for fruit plants. Describe the

different layering techniques employed for fruit plant propagation. (15M CS-

2018)

41. Describe the post-harvest management and value-added products of black

pepper. (15M CS-2018)

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42. Give package of cultivation of pomegranate with reference to planting materials

and methods, irrigation, nutrition, plant protection and post-harvest

management. (20M CS-2018)

43. Formal and Informal gardens (10M IFS-2018)

44. Mango malformation. (8M IFS-2018)

45. Discuss the problems involved in marketing of vegetables and fruits. (10M IFS-

2018)

46. What is pruning? Discuss its principles and significance in fruit crops. (10M IFS-

2018)

47. Describe the principles and methods of post-harvest management of important

fruits. (10M IFS-2018)

48. Importance of carrot and guava in human nutrition. (8M IFS-2018)

49. Name the major fruit crops along with the states commercially growing these

crops. Describe the package of practices for papaya cultivation in India. (15M CS-

2019)

50. Define protected cultivation along with its major advantages and challenges for

adoption in India. Describe the plastic low tunnel technology for off-season

cultivation of vegetables. (20M CS-2019)

51. Give the present status of vegetable cultivation in India and describe the package

of practices of rabi and kharif onion cultivation in India. (20M CS-2019)

52. Name the commercial floriculture crops being grown in India. Describe the

package of practices of year round cultivation of chrysanthemum in India (20M

CS-2019)

53. Briefly discuss the package of practices for commercial production of banana.

(8M IFS-2019)

54. Describe the techniques of hi-tech horticulture. (8M IFS-2019)

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55. Discuss different types of preservation of fruits and vegetables. (15M IFS-2019)

56. Discuss high-density planting system in fruit crops with its characteristics and

advantages with examples. (15M IFS-2019)

57. What is meant by physiological disorders? Describe physiological disorders of

potato. (10M CS-2020)

58. Discuss the scope and importance of roof-gardening in cities. (10M CS-2020)

59. Describe mango cultivation with respect to propagation, intercropping, biennial

bearing, fruit drop and black-tip. (15M CS-2020)

60. Give a brief account of tomato cultivation with respect to climate and soils,

sowing time, and nutrient, water and post-harvest management. (20M CS-

2020)

61. Describe plug-tray technology for seedling production in vegetables. (8M IFS-

2020)

62. Describe the principles of fruits and vegetables preservation. (8M IFS-2020)

63. Describe the package of practices for ‘papaya’ cultivation in northern India. (15M

IFS-2020)

64. Describe the year-round production technology of 'Chrysanthemum (15M IFS-

2020)

65. Describe the production technology for off-season vegetables in India. (15M IFS-

2020)

66. Differentiate between the following: (i)

Formal and Informal styles of gardens

(ii) Pollinator and Pollinizer (10M IFS-2020)

67. Narrate the role of post harvest technology in minimising losses in fruits and

vegetables. (10M CS-2021)

68. Discuss the importance of green-house in agriculture. (10M CS-2021)

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69. Describe the importance of fruit cultivation in India. Discuss the role of

horticulture with respect to poverty alleviation and nutritional security. (15M

CS-2021)

70. What is protected cultivation? What are its problems and prospects in

comparison to open cultivation? (20M CS-2021)

71. What are the challenges in fruit and vegetable marketing in India? Suggest

suitable remedial measures. (8M IFS-2021)

72. Describe the package of practices for banana cultivation in North India. (8M IFS-

2021)

73. Describe the procedures involved in Hi-tech nursery production. (15M IFS-2021)

74. Discuss the following: (15M IFS-2021)

(i) Physiological disorders in cauliflower

(ii) Physiological disorders in tomato

(iii) Quincunx system of orchard planting

75. Explain the methods to prolong vase-life of cut flowers. (15M IFS-2021)

PLANT PATHOLOGY

1. What is plant disease epidemic? Why do disease epidemics occur? How can they be
1
managed? (12 M CS-2014)
2

2. Discuss critically the plant virus-vector relationship in relation to transmission of

plant virus diseases with suitable examples. (8M IFS-2014)

3. Name the causal agent of black Sigatoka disease of banana. Enumerate the

diagnostic symptoms of the disease. Suggest remedial measures to control the

1
disease. (12 M CS-2014)
2

4. Describe the principles and practices of plant quarantine. Can import quarantine be

exempted by submitting a phytosanitary certificate issued by the government of

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the exporting country? Also, are disinfestations of planting material in the exporting

country prior to importation or disinfestations in transit performed on the high seas

1
considered to fulfill the requirements for quarantine inspection? (12 M CS-2014)
2

5. Blister blight of tea is a serious problem in the tea plantation of Darjeeling district

of West Bengal, but not at all a problem in the tea-processing factories. Discuss

critically. (8M IFS-2014)

6. Enlist five (5) important diseases of banana. Discuss the nature of damages caused

and their integrated management. (8M IFS-2014)

7. Red rust of tea, its causal agent, diagnostic symptoms, mode of spread and

management (10M IFS-2014)

8. NEPO and NETU viruses and their differences (10M IFS-2014)

9. Potato tubers become green and bitter in taste, when exposed to sunlight during

cultivation. (10M IFS-2014)

10. Define plant quarantine. Why the potato tubers grown in Darjeeling district of West

Bengal cannot be transported to the other States of India for seed purposes? (10M

IFS-2014)

11. Define Quarantine. Explain the plant quarantine regulation with respect to wart

disease of Potato and bunchy top disease of Banana. (10M CS-2015)

12. Write the diagnostic symptoms of Blister Blight of Tea, Explain the causal organism
1
and management of the disease in tea plantation. (12 M CS-2015)
2

13. What are fungicides? How fungicides are classified on the basis of chemical nature?
1
(12 M CS-2015)
2
1
14. Biological control of pests and diseases (12 M CS-2015)
2

15. Describe gene for gene relationship between host and pathogen. (8M IFS-

2015)

16. Discuss the seed borne diseases of cole crops and their control. (10M IFS-2015)

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1
17. Discuss plant disease occurrence, epidemics and IDM. (12 M CS-2016)
2
1
18. Vascular wilt and xylem wilt. (12 M CS-2016)
2

19. Describe meristem culture and production of virus-free plants. (8M IFS-2016)

20. What are vascular wilts ? Give main pathogens associated with this disease. (10M

IFS-2016)

21. What is disease occurrence and epidemic? List different components of integrated

disease management. (10M IFS-2016)

22. Give definition and concept of biological control. How the biological control of

Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been achieved? (10M IFS-2016)

23. Rhizobial inoculant and Microbial toxin. (10M IFS-2016)

24. Surface treatment and Fumigation. (10M IFS-2016)

25. Integrated management of Fusarium and Verticillium. (8M IFS-2017)

26. Mildews and blights. (15M IFS-2017)

27. Describe symptoms and management of leaf curl and mosaic diseases in tomato.

(10M CS-2018)

28. What is biological control of plant diseases? Discuss its principles. Name the

important biocontrol agents and their application against important diseases of

crops. (10M IFS-2018)

29. Fungal wilt and Bacterial wilt of vegetables (10M IFS-2018)

30. Write in detail about bacterial diseases of crop plants and their suitable

management practices. (15M CS-2019)

31. Write the principles of biological control of plant pathogens. Describe the recent

trends in bio-control strategies in the field of crop disease management. (15M CS-

2019)

32. Describe the incidence and management of leaf curl' and 'mosaic' virus diseases in

‘Chilli’ and ‘Okra’ crops. (15M IFS-2020)

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33. What is "Plant Quarantine"? Describe the plant quarantine measures with suitable

examples in Indian context. (10M CS-2021)

34. Why is quarantine regulation on seeds needed? Explain the actions to be

recommended for this purpose. (8M IFS-2021)

35. Define cellular plant pathogens and discuss their mode of natural transmission.

Name five a cellular pathogens and symptoms induced by them in potato. (8M IFS-

2021)

36. What are baculovirus and entomopathogenic fungi? Discuss their role in pest

management. (15M IFS-2021)

ENTOMOLOGY

1. What is a pesticide formulation? Differentiate active ingredient from inert

1
ingredient. Give at least two examples each of active and inert ingredients. (12 M
2

CS-2014)

2. Insect viruses in the management of lepidopteran insects (10M IFS-2014)

3. Why is it important to identify the pests and its nature of damages before

implementing management practices? (10M IFS-2014)

4. Classification of herbicides on the basis of their chemical nature(10M IFS-2014)

5. ELISA method application to determine the pesticide residues and its advantages

and disadvantages(10M IFS-2014)

6. What is the role of pheromone for the control of insect-pests? Discuss. (10M IFS-

2014)

7. Name three important stored grain pests of Rice. Describe the biology and

management of any one of them. (10M CS-2015)

1
8. Predator and parasites (12 M CS-2015)
2

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9. Importance of economic thresholds in integrated pest management. (8M IFS-

2015)

10. What methods used to control stored pests? (8M IFS-2015)

11. American bollworm and pink bollworm. (10M IFS-2015)

12. Khapra beetle and rust red flour beetle. (10M IFS-2015)

13. Integrated pest management in seed potato. (10M IFS-2015)

14. Compare the inoculative and augmentative releases of natural enemies for

biological control of pests.(10M CS-2016)

15. Why are the concepts of economic threshold and economic injury levels
1
important in IPMP. (12 M CS-2016)
2

16. Why Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica are important? (8M IFS-

2016)
1
17. Ionizing radiations and insect control (12 M CS-2016)
2
1
18. Red flour beetle and Angoumois grain moth (12 M CS-2016)
2

19. Give the importance of economic threshold' and 'economic injury level' in

integrated pest management. (8M IFS-2016)

20. Give the major insect pests of tomato and their management. (8M IFS-

2016)

21. What are the possible reasons for slow adoption of integrated pest

management? (10M IFS-2016)

22. Give a brief account of major pests and diseases of mango with their

management measures. (20M CS-2017)

23. Suggest the measures to prevent the spread of exotic pests and diseases in the

country. (20M CS-2017)

24. Preventive and curative methods against stored grain pests. (8M IFS-2017)

25. Entomopathogenic bacteria for pest control. (8M IFS-2017)

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26. Find out the quantity of Chlorpyriphos 20EC for treating an area which

requires1000 litres of spray fluid at 0.02% strength. (10M IFS-2017)

27. Give major insect pests of cauliflower and their management. (15M IFS-2017)

28. Inoculative and augmentative releases of natural enemies. (15M IFS-2017)

29. What do you mean by Integrated Pest Management (IPM)? Discuss the

constraints in successful implementation of IPM. (20M CS-2018)

30. Discuss the process of minimizing the pesticide residue effects in vegetables. (8M

IFS-2018)

31. Calculate the amount of Malathion 50 EC to treat 50 hectares of flower crop@800

litres per hectare. The concentration of spray material to be used is 0.01%. (10M

IFS-2018)

32. Insect parasitoids and Predators (10M IFS-2018)

33. Mention the important storage insects of pulses and cereals, and their

management practices. (15M IFS-2018)

34. Enlist the storage pests of pulses with their nature of damage. Write their

management practices. (10M CS-2019)

35. What is pesticide resistance? Differentiate between simple and multiple resistance

in insect pests with examples. Prescribe measures to overcome pesticide

resistance problems. (15M CS-2019)

36. Discuss the principles and components of integrated pest and disease

management. (8M IFS-2019)

37. Classify insect pests based on their feeding habits with suitable examples. (10M

IFS-2019)

38. What is organophosphate insecticide? Explain its mode of action. (10M IFS-2019)

39. Enlist the insect pests of cruciferous vegetables indicating their nature of damage

and management practices. (15M IFS-2019)

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40. Describe the nature of damage, life cycle and management of pulse beetle and

rice weevil. (15M IFS-2019)

41. Classify pesticides according to target pests. Describe the trend in pesticide

consumption in India. (20M CS-2020)

42. Describe the major storage pests of pulses and their control measures. (8M IFS-

2020)

43. Write a detailed note on incidence and management of fruit fly in cucurbits and

guava. (15M IFS-2020)

44. Discuss the integrated management practices for insect-pests and diseases in

crops. (15M IFS-2020)

45. Differentiate between the following: (5M IFS-2020)

(i) Insect vectors and Predators

46. Discuss the integrated management practices for insect-pests and diseases in

crops. (10M IFS-2020)

47. Define Pests and Pesticides' in relation to pest management. Give a brief account

of types and need for pesticide formulations. (10M CS-2021)

48. What do you mean by "Economic Injury Level” (EIL) and "Economic Threshold

Level" (ETL)? Describe their roles in classifying the pests in relevance to Integrated

Pest Management (IPM). (15M CS-2021)

49. Describe the systematic position, nature of damage and management of the

following: (10M IFS-2021)

(i) Chilli thrips

(ii) Fall armyworm

(iii) Citrus greening

50. Describe the biology, nature of damage and management of the following stored

grain pests: (15M IFS-2021)

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(i) Lesser grain borer

(ii) Pulse beetle

(iii) Rice moth

51. Describe the following: (15M IFS-2021)

(i) Neonicotinoid insecticide

(ii) Systemic fungicide

(iii) Insecticide granules

FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION

1
1. Enumerate objectives of Integrated Child Development Service Scheme. (12 M
2

CS-2014)

2. Explain in brief Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS). What measures have
1
been taken to increase transparency in the functioning of TPDS. (12 M CS-2014)
2

3. Describe India's food security system. Enumerate reasons for disturbance in food
1
demand and supply. (12 M CS-2014)
2

4. What are the key determinants of malnutrition? What major initiatives have been
1
taken to improve nutritional status of Indian population? (12 M CS-2014)
2

5. What is a balance diet? Discuss the importance of pulses and vegetables inhuman

nutrition. (8M IFS-2014)

6. Explain the constraints in procurement and distribution policies in India. (10M

CS-2015)

7. What do you mean by Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS)? Who are

specially focused group covered under this programme? (10M CS-2015)

1
8. Discuss the impact of rapid increase in population on food and agriculture. (12 M
2

CS-2015)

kanagaraj.bioscience@gmail.com
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY R.KANAGARAJ, Faculty, Agriculture

9. What do you mean by nutrient deficiency? Explain the micro-nutrient deficiency

1
in context of work capacity of women and children. (12 M CS-2015)
2

10. What are the reasons for food grain surplus in India? Write the steps taken by the
1
government to save the food grains. (12 M CS-2015)
2
1
11. Food production and consumption trends in India (12 M CS-2015)
2

12. Nutritive value of Indian foods. (8M IFS-2015)

13. What are the major constraints in food production and processing? (10M IFS-

2015)

14. Protective foods and energy foods. (10M IFS-2015)

15. National dietary pattern. (10M IFS-2015)

16. Discuss the strength and weakness of public distribution system in the country.

(10M CS-2016)

17. What are the special schemes for providing food grains to underprivileged,
1
destitutes and malnourished populations? (12 M CS-2016)
2
1
18. Explain the present status of food and nutrition security in India. (12 M CS-2016)
2

19. Discuss food grain procurement and distribution constraints in India. (10M IFS-

2016)

20. Food production and national dietary pattern. (10M IFS-2016)

21. National and international food policies. (10M IFS-2016)

22. What is food security? Indicate the major constraints in food procurement and

Distribution. (10M CS-2017)

23. What is protein energy malnutrition? Give micronutrient deficiency in women and

children. (20M CS-2017)

24. Discuss Protein-Energy-Malnutrition. (10M IFS-2017)

25. Discuss the procurement and processing constraints of food grains. (15M IFS-

2017)

kanagaraj.bioscience@gmail.com
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY R.KANAGARAJ, Faculty, Agriculture

26. Give a brief account of food security in India before and after the green

revolution. Suggest sustainable solutions to strengthen food security in the

country. (10M CS-2018)

27. What do you understand by e-National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)? Discuss the

prospects and constraints of e-NAM in the context of Indian farmers. (15M CS-

2018)

28. Describe the food production constraints in Indian agricultural system. (15M IFS-

2018)

29. How are vitamins classified? Name the blood clotting vitamin. Give its various

functions and sources. (10M CS-2019)

30. Discuss the reasons for food grain surplus. Describe food grain production and

consumption trends in India. (15M CS-2019)

31. Discuss the national initiatives for food and nutrition security. (8M IFS-2019)

32. Discuss the role of nutri-cereals in managing malnutrition in India. (10M CS-2020)

33. What is Public Distribution System (PDS) and what are its objectives? How does

targeted public distribution system overcome problems with PDS? (15M CS-2020)

34. What are the major constraints of food production in India? How will National

Food Policy help in sustainable food security? (15M CS-2020)

35. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of public food-grain distribution system in

India. (8M IFS-2020)

36. Give a detailed account of constraints in sustaining the food-grain production in

India. (10M IFS-2020)

37. What do you mean by 'hunger' and hidden hunger? Comment on various

strategies in combating hunger. (15M CS-2021)

38. What is the food production and consumption pattern of India in the last fifty

years? (15M CS-2021)

kanagaraj.bioscience@gmail.com
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY R.KANAGARAJ, Faculty, Agriculture

39. What are the different "National Dietary Guidelines" of India? What is your

opinion on balanced diet of Indians? (20M CS-2021)

40. Discuss the national plan for supply and distribution of food grains. (8M IFS-

2021)

41. Discuss the relation of food production to national dietary pattern and protein-

energy malnutrition. (10M IFS-2021)

kanagaraj.bioscience@gmail.com
SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY R.Kanagaraj, Faculty, Agriculture

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 SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY

UPSC AGRICULTURE OPTIONAL NOTES

PAPER I

Contents

1. Agriculture General 1 - 74

2. Agronomy and Agriculture 75 – 158

3. Ecology and Environment 159 – 224

4. Forestry 225 - 264

5. Weed Science 265 – 320

Soil Science and Nutrient Management and Dry land
6. 321 – 534
Agriculture
7. Irrigation 535 – 616

8. Agricultural Extension 617 - 709

9. Agricultural Economics and Farm Management 709 - 805

Compiled by

R.KANAGARAJ, B.SC., (AGRI)

Faculty, Agriculture
Shankar IAS Academy

Kanagaraj, Faculty, Agriculture kanagaraj.bioscience@gmail.com

 SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY

UPSC AGRICULTURE OPTIONAL NOTES

PAPER II

Contents

1. CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS 1 - 166

2. PLANT BREEDING 167 – 334

3. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING 335 – 375

4. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 376 - 528

5. SEED TECHNOLOGY 529 – 597

6. PLANT PATHOLOGY 598 – 681

7. ENTOMOLOGY 682 – 761

8. BIO PESTICIDES IN AGRICULTURE 762 - 772

9. HORTICULTURE 773 - 938

10. FOOD PRODUCTION AND FOOD SECURITY 939 - 964

Compiled by

R.KANAGARAJ, B.SC., (AGRI)

Faculty, Agriculture
Shankar IAS Academy