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SQL Keywords and Descriptions

The document provides a comprehensive overview of SQL keywords categorized into Data Query, Data Manipulation, Data Definition, Constraints, Joins, Transaction Control, Data Control, and Miscellaneous. Each category includes essential keywords with their descriptions, such as SELECT for retrieving data and INSERT INTO for adding records. This serves as a quick reference for understanding SQL commands and their functionalities.

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75 views2 pages

SQL Keywords and Descriptions

The document provides a comprehensive overview of SQL keywords categorized into Data Query, Data Manipulation, Data Definition, Constraints, Joins, Transaction Control, Data Control, and Miscellaneous. Each category includes essential keywords with their descriptions, such as SELECT for retrieving data and INSERT INTO for adding records. This serves as a quick reference for understanding SQL commands and their functionalities.

Uploaded by

kishore.v396
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Keywords and Descriptions

1. Data Query Keywords

SELECT: Retrieves data from a table

FROM: Specifies the table to query data from

WHERE: Filters records that meet a condition

DISTINCT: Returns unique values

ORDER BY: Sorts result set (ASC or DESC)

GROUP BY: Groups rows that have the same values

HAVING: Filters groups (used with GROUP BY)

LIMIT: Specifies the number of rows to return (MySQL)

TOP: Limits the number of returned rows (SQL Server)

2. Data Manipulation Keywords (DML)

INSERT INTO: Adds new records to a table

VALUES: Specifies the values for an INSERT

UPDATE: Modifies existing data

SET: Defines column values in UPDATE

DELETE: Removes records from a table

3. Data Definition Keywords (DDL)

CREATE: Creates a database/table/index/view

TABLE: Refers to table object

ALTER: Modifies an existing table

DROP: Deletes a table or database

TRUNCATE: Removes all data but keeps structure

PRIMARY KEY: Declares a unique identifier for rows

FOREIGN KEY: Declares a reference to another table

AUTO_INCREMENT: Automatically increases integer value (MySQL)

NOT NULL: Prevents null values in a column

DEFAULT: Sets a default value for a column

4. Constraints & Conditions

AND / OR: Combines multiple conditions


IN: Matches values in a list

BETWEEN: Matches a range of values

LIKE: Pattern matching (e.g., LIKE 'A%')

IS NULL: Checks for null values

UNIQUE: Ensures all values in a column are different

CHECK: Ensures a condition is true for a column

5. Joins and Set Operators

JOIN: Combines rows from two tables

INNER JOIN: Returns records with matching values in both tables

LEFT JOIN: All from left + matches from right

RIGHT JOIN: All from right + matches from left

FULL JOIN: All records when there is a match in one of the tables

ON: Specifies join condition

UNION: Combines results of two SELECTs (no duplicates)

UNION ALL: Same as UNION but includes duplicates

6. Transaction Control (TCL)

COMMIT: Saves the transaction permanently

ROLLBACK: Undoes changes since last commit

SAVEPOINT: Sets a point to roll back to

TRANSACTION: Starts a database transaction

7. Data Control (DCL)

GRANT: Gives user access privileges

REVOKE: Removes access privileges

8. Miscellaneous

AS: Renames a column or table with an alias

CASE: Conditional expressions (like if-else)

EXISTS: Checks if a subquery returns any rows

ANY / ALL: Compares a value to a list/subquery

INDEX: Improves query performance

VIEW: Creates a virtual table based on a query

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