Histoire de Python

Le langage de programmation Python a été conçu à la fin des années 1980 [ 1 ] et son
implémentation a débuté en décembre 1989 [ 2 ] par Guido van Rossum au CWI aux Pays-Bas, en
tant que successeur d' ABC , capable de gérer les exceptions et de s'interfacer avec le système
d'exploitation Amoeba [ 3 ] . Van Rossum est l'auteur principal de Python, et son rôle central
continu dans la décision de l'orientation de Python se reflète dans le titre que lui a donné la
communauté Python, Dictateur bienveillant à vie (BDFL) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] ( Cependant, Van Rossum a
démissionné de son poste de leader le 12 juillet 2018 [ 6 ] ). Python doit son nom à l' émission
télévisée de la BBC Monty Python's Flying Circus [ 7 ] .

Ancien logo Python, années 1990-

2006

Nouveau logo Python, 2006–présent

Guido van Rossum en 2014

Python 2.0 est sorti le 16 octobre 2000, avec de nombreuses nouvelles fonctionnalités majeures,
telles que les compréhensions de liste , le garbage collector à détection de cycle (en plus du
comptage de références ) et le comptage de références , pour la gestion de la mémoire et la
prise en charge d' Unicode , ainsi qu'un changement dans le processus de développement lui-
même, avec un passage à un processus plus transparent et soutenu par la communauté. [ 8 ]

Python 3.0, une version majeure et non rétrocompatible, est sortie le 3 décembre 2008 [ 9 ] après
une longue période de tests. Nombre de ses fonctionnalités majeures ont également été
rétroportées vers Python 2.6 et 2.7, rétrocompatibles mais désormais non pris en charge. [ 10 ]
Les versions de Python 3 incluent l' 2to3 utilitaire, qui automatise la traduction du code Python
2 vers Python 3. [ 11 ]
Histoire ancienne

In February 1991, Van Rossum published the code (labeled version 0.9.0) to alt.sources.[12][13]
Already present at this stage in development were classes with inheritance, exception handling,
functions, and the core datatypes of list , dict , str and so on. Also in this initial release
was a module system borrowed from Modula-3; Van Rossum describes the module as "one of
Python's major programming units".[1] Python's exception model also resembles Modula-3's, with
the addition of an else clause.[3] In 1994 comp.lang.python (news://comp.lang.python) , the
primary discussion forum for Python, was formed, marking a milestone in the growth of Python's
userbase and popularity.[1]

Version 1

Python reached version 1.0 in January 1994. The major new features included in this release
were the functional programming tools lambda , map , filter and reduce . Van Rossum
stated that "Python acquired lambda, reduce(), filter() and map(), courtesy of a Lisp hacker who
missed them and submitted working patches".[14]

The last version released while Van Rossum was at CWI was Python 1.2. In 1995, Van Rossum
continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) in
Reston, Virginia from where he released several versions.

By version 1.4, Python had acquired several new features. Notable among these are the Modula-
3 inspired keyword arguments (which are also similar to Common Lisp's keyword arguments)
and built-in support for complex numbers. Also included is a basic form of data hiding by name
mangling, though this is easily bypassed.[15]

During Van Rossum's stay at CNRI, he launched the Computer Programming for Everybody
(CP4E) initiative, intending to make programming more accessible to more people, with a basic
"literacy" in programming languages, similar to the basic English literacy and mathematics skills
required by most employers. Python served a central role in this: because of its focus on clean
syntax, it was already suitable, and CP4E's goals bore similarities to its predecessor, ABC. The
project was funded by DARPA.[16] As of 2007, the CP4E project is inactive, and while Python
attempts to be easily learnable and not too arcane in its syntax and semantics, outreach to non-
programmers is not an active concern.[17]
BeOpen

In 2000, the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com[18] to form the BeOpen
PythonLabs team.[19][20] CNRI requested that a version 1.6 be released, summarizing Python's
development up to the point at which the development team left CNRI. Consequently, the release
schedules for 1.6 and 2.0 had a significant amount of overlap.[8] Python 2.0 was the only release
from BeOpen.com. After Python 2.0 was released by BeOpen.com, Guido van Rossum and the
other PythonLabs developers joined Digital Creations.

The Python 1.6 release included a new CNRI license that was substantially longer than the CWI
license that had been used for earlier releases. The new license included a clause stating that
the license was governed by the laws of the State of Virginia. The Free Software Foundation
argued that the choice-of-law clause was incompatible with the GNU General Public License.
BeOpen, CNRI and the FSF negotiated a change to Python's free-software license that would
make it GPL-compatible. Python 1.6.1 is essentially the same as Python 1.6, with a few minor
bug fixes, and with the new GPL-compatible license.[21]

Version 2

Python 2.0, released October 2000,[8] introduced list comprehensions, a feature borrowed from
the functional programming languages SETL and Haskell. Python's syntax for this construct is
very similar to Haskell's, apart from Haskell's preference for punctuation characters and Python's
preference for alphabetic keywords. Python 2.0 also introduced a garbage collector able to
collect reference cycles.[8]

Python 2.1 was close to Python 1.6.1, as well as Python 2.0. Its license was renamed Python
Software Foundation License. All code, documentation and specifications added, from the time
of Python 2.1's alpha release on, is owned by the Python Software Foundation (PSF), a nonprofit
organization formed in 2001, modeled after the Apache Software Foundation.[21] The release
included a change to the language specification to support nested scopes, like other statically
scoped languages.[22] (The feature was turned off by default, and not required, until Python 2.2.)

Python 2.2 was released in December 2001;[23] a major innovation was the unification of Python's
types (types written in C) and classes (types written in Python) into one hierarchy. This single
unification made Python's object model purely and consistently object oriented.[24] Also added
were generators which were inspired by Icon.[25]

Historic Python logos used on Windows (left) and the Macintosh (center), and the logo used since version 2.5 (right).
Python 2.5 was released in September 2006[26] and introduced the with statement, which
encloses a code block within a context manager (for example, acquiring a lock before the block
of code is run and releasing the lock afterwards, or opening a file and then closing it), allowing
resource acquisition is initialization (RAII)-like behavior and replacing a common try/finally
idiom.[27]

Python 2.6 was released to coincide with Python 3.0, and included some features from that
release, as well as a "warnings" mode that highlighted the use of features that were removed in
Python 3.0.[28][10] Similarly, Python 2.7 coincided with and included features from Python 3.1,[29]
which was released on June 26, 2009. Parallel 2.x and 3.x releases then ceased, and Python 2.7
was the last release in the 2.x series.[30] In November 2014, it was announced that Python 2.7
would be supported until 2020, but users were encouraged to move to Python 3 as soon as
possible.[31] Python 2.7 support ended on January 1, 2020, along with code freeze of 2.7
development branch. A final release, 2.7.18, occurred on April 20, 2020, and included fixes for
critical bugs and release blockers.[32] This marked the end-of-life of Python 2.[33]

Version 3

Python 3.0 (also called "Python 3000" or "Py3K") was released on December 3, 2008.[9] It was
designed to rectify fundamental design flaws in the language – the changes required could not
be implemented while retaining full backwards compatibility with the 2.x series, which
necessitated a new major version number. The guiding principle of Python 3 was: "reduce feature
duplication by removing old ways of doing things".[34]

Python 3.0 was developed with the same philosophy as in prior versions. However, as Python
had accumulated new and redundant ways to program the same task, Python 3.0 had an
emphasis on removing duplicative constructs and modules, in keeping with the Zen of Python:
"There should be one— and preferably only one —obvious way to do it".

Nonetheless, Python 3.0 remained a multi-paradigm language. Coders could still follow object-
oriented, structured, and functional programming paradigms, among others, but within such
broad choices, the details were intended to be more obvious in Python 3.0 than they were in
Python 2.x.

Compatibility

Python 3.0 broke backward compatibility, and much Python 2 code does not run unmodified on
Python 3.[35] Python's dynamic typing combined with the plans to change the semantics of
certain methods of dictionaries, for example, made perfect mechanical translation from Python
2.x to Python 3.0 very difficult. A tool called " 2to3 " does the parts of translation that can be
done automatically. At this, 2to3 appeared to be fairly successful, though an early review noted
that there were aspects of translation that such a tool would never be able to handle.[36] Prior to
the roll-out of Python 3, projects requiring compatibility with both the 2.x and 3.x series were
recommended to have one source (for the 2.x series), and produce releases for the Python 3.x
platform using 2to3 . Edits to the Python 3.x code were discouraged for so long as the code
needed to run on Python 2.x.[10] This is no longer recommended; as of 2012 the preferred
approach was to create a single code base that can run under both Python 2 and 3 using
compatibility modules.[37]

Features

Some of the major changes included for Python 3.0 were:

Changing print so that it is a built-in function, not a statement. This made it easier to
change a module to use a different print function, as well as making the syntax more regular.
In Python 2.6 and 2.7 print() is available as a built-in but is masked by the print statement
syntax, which can be disabled by entering from __future__ import print_function
at the top of the file[38]

Removal of the Python 2 input function, and the renaming of the raw_input function to
input . Python 3's input function behaves like Python 2's raw_input function, in that
the input is always returned as a string rather than being evaluated as an expression

Moving reduce (but not map or filter ) out of the built-in namespace and into
functools (the rationale being code that uses reduce is less readable than code that
uses a for loop and accumulator variable)[39][40]

Adding support for optional function annotations that can be used for informal type
declarations or other purposes[41]

Unifying the str / unicode types, representing text, and introducing a separate immutable
bytes type; and a mostly corresponding mutable bytearray type, both of which represent
arrays of bytes[42]

Removing backward-compatibility features, including old-style classes, string exceptions, and

implicit relative imports

A change in integer division functionality: in Python 2, integer division always returns an

integer. For example 5 / 2 is 2 ; whereas in Python 3, 5 / 2 is 2.5 . (In both Python 2 –
2.2 onwards – and Python 3, a separate operator exists to provide the old behavior: 5 // 2
is 2 )

Allowing non-ASCII letters to be used in identifiers,[43] such as in smörgåsbord

Subsequent releases in the Python 3.x series have included additional, substantial new features;
all ongoing development of the language is done in the 3.x series.

Table of versions

Releases before numbered versions:

Implementation started – December, 1989[2]

Internal releases at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica – 1990[2]

 Latest
Version Release date End of full support End of security fixes
micro version

0.9 0.9.9[2] 1991-02-20[2] 1993-07-29[a][2]

1.0 1.0.4[2] 1994-01-26[2] 1994-07-14[a][2]

1.1 1.1.1[2] 1994-10-11[2] 1994-11-10[a][2]

1.2 1995-04-13[2] Unsupported

1.3 1995-10-13[2] Unsupported

1.4 1996-10-25[2] Unsupported

1.5 1.5.2[44] 1998-01-03[2] 1999-04-13[a][2]

1.6 1.6.1[44] 2000-09-05[45] 2000–09[a][44]

2.0 2.0.1[46] 2000-10-16[47] 2001-06-22[a][46]

2.1 2.1.3[46] 2001-04-15[48] 2002-04-09[a][46]

2.2 2.2.3[46] 2001-12-21[49] 2003-05-30[a][46]

2.3 2.3.7[46] 2003-06-29[50] 2008-03-11[a][46]

2.4 2.4.6[46] 2004-11-30[51] 2008-12-19[a][46]

2.5 2.5.6[46] 2006-09-19[52] 2011-05-26[a][46]

2.6 2.6.9[28] 2008-10-01[28] 2010-08-24[b][28] 2013-10-29[28]

2.7 2.7.18[33] 2010-07-03[33] 2020-01-01[c][33]

3.0 3.0.1[46] 2008-12-03[28] 2009-06-27[53]

3.1 3.1.5[54] 2009-06-27[54] 2011-06-12[55] 2012-04-06[54]

3.2 3.2.6[56] 2011-02-20[56] 2013-05-13[b][56] 2016-02-20[56]

3.3 3.3.7[57] 2012-09-29[57] 2014-03-08[b][57] 2017-09-29[57]

3.4 3.4.10[58] 2014-03-16[58] 2017-08-09[59] 2019-03-18[a][58]

3.5 3.5.10[60] 2015-09-13[60] 2017-08-08[61] 2020-09-30[60]

3.6 3.6.15[62] 2016-12-23[62] 2018-12-24[b][62] 2021-12-23[62]

3.7 3.7.17[63] 2018-06-27[63] 2020-06-27[b][63] 2023-06-06[63]

3.8 3.8.20[64] 2019-10-14[64] 2021-05-03[b][64] 2024-10-07[64]

3.9 3.9.21[65] 2020-10-05[65] 2022-05-17[b][65] 2025-10[65][66]

3.10 3.10.16[67] 2021-10-04[67] 2023-04-05[b][67] 2026-10[67]

3.11 3.11.11[68] 2022-10-24[68] 2024-04-02[b][68] 2027-10[68]

3.12 3.12.9[69] 2023-10-02[69] 2025-05[69] 2028-10[69]

3.13 3.13.2[70] 2024-10-07[70] 2026-05[70] 2029-10[70]

3.14 3.14.0a6[71] 2025-10-07[71] 2027-05[71] 2030-10[71]

Legend: Old version, not maintained Old version, still maintained Latest version
Latest preview version Future version
Italics indicates the latest micro version of currently supported versions as of 2025-02-20.
Table notes:

a. Date of last micro release.

b. Date of last non security only release.

c. Official support ended on 2020-01-01, but a final release of the code as it appeared on 2020-
01-01 was released on 2020-04-20 as version 2.7.18.[33]

Support

See also

History of software engineering

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Liens externes

Blog de Guido Van Rossum sur l'histoire de Python (http://python-history.blogspot.com/)