GOMBE STATE UNIVERSITY

COURSE CODE:

ENTP311F

COURSE TITLE:

HARDWARE MAINTENANCE

READING MATERIAL

BY

Student

Based on the content delivered in the course

September, 2023
1.1 Hardware components of a computer

Hardware components of a computer are tangible physical devices that make up a computer
system. They include input/output devices, storage devices, processing devices, communication
devices, and power supply units (Bertram, 2019).

Ten components of computer hardware are:

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): This is the brain of the computer that performs the
operations required to execute programs and handle tasks.

Function: The CPU executes instructions and performs arithmetic and logical operations.

Faults: Overheating, system crashes, and slow processing speeds.

Solutions: Clean the CPU fan, check the cooling system, restore any lost system files, and
upgrade the CPU.

2. Random Access Memory (RAM): This is temporary memory that stores data and instructions
that the CPU requires while the computer is running.

Function: RAM allows quick access and retrieval of data by the CPU.

Faults: Slow processing speed, application errors, data corruption, and system crashes.

Solutions: Check for memory leaks, run a virus scan, clear the RAM cache, replace faulty RAM
chips, and upgrade RAM.

3. Hard Disk Drive (HDD): This is a storage device that is used to store data and files
permanently.

Function: The HDD stores all data and programs when they are not in use and provides an area
for later access.

Faults: Hardware failure, data corruption, slow reading or writing speeds, and loud noises.
Solutions: Check the cables, scan for viruses, defragment the HDD, and replace the HDD with a
new one.

4. Solid State Drive (SSD): This is a storage device that uses flash memory to store data and
files.

Function: The SSD provides quick read and write speeds and uses less power than an HDD.

Faults: Data corruption, slow reading or writing speeds, firmware problems, and hardware
failure.

Solutions: Format the SSD, update the firmware, optimize the SSD, and replace the SSD if
faulty.

5. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): This is a dedicated processing unit that speeds up
graphical processing tasks.

Function: The GPU is responsible for rendering images and graphics on your computer.

Faults: Overheating, driver issues, low frame rates, and screen artifacts.

Solutions: Clean the GPU, update the driver, optimize the GPU, and replace faulty GPU.

6. Motherboard: This is the main circuit board that connects all the hardware components
together and controls the flow of data.

Function: The motherboard provides a platform for all the other hardware components to work
together.

Faults: Overheating, memory conflicts, faulty BIOS, and short circuits.

Solutions: Clean the motherboard, update the BIOS, check cables, and replace the motherboard
if faulty.

7. Power Supply Unit (PSU): This is a device that supplies power to the computer hardware
components.

Function: The PSU delivers electrical power to the computer components.

Faults: Overheating, voltage drops, fan problems, and intermittent power supply.

Solutions: Clean the PSU fan, upgrade the PSU, and replace the PSU if faulty.

1.2 Assembling a computer system

1. Assembling a computer system refers to the process of putting together the hardware
components, including motherboard, CPU, RAM, hard disk, graphics card, power supply, and
other peripherals, to create a functioning computer. (Techradar, 2021)

2. Assembling a computer system requires knowledge of computer hardware components,

compatibility of components, proper handling of fragile parts, and adherence to safety guidelines
to prevent damage to the components and ensure the successful creation of a functional computer
system. (PCMag, 2021)

1.2.1 Steps of assembling a computer system

a. Before putting motherboard back

i. Put the processor
ii. Insert RAM
iii. Put the heat sink/fan
b. Put the motherboard back and screw it
i. Put the hard drive
ii. Put DVD/CD drive
iii. Put the power pack
iv. Attach the cables
v. Cover the case

1.3 Disassembling a computer system

1. Disassembling a computer system refers to the process of disassembling or taking apart the
hardware components of a computer system, including the motherboard, CPU, RAM, hard disk,
graphics card, power supply, and other peripherals, to troubleshoot, replace or upgrade any of the
components. (Techradar, 2021)
2. Disassembling a computer system requires proper tools, safe handling of fragile parts and
adherence to safety guidelines to avoid any damage to the hardware components. (PCMag, 2021)

1.3.1 Steps of disassembling a computer system

i. Remove all metallic objects from your hand

ii. Unscrew the cover
iii. Remove the cables connected to the motherboard
iv. Unscrew the power pack
v. Remove the DVD/CD drive
vi. Remove the hard drive
vii. Remove the RAM
viii. Remove the heat sink/fan
ix. Remove the processor
x. Unscrew the motherboard

2.1 Computer software

Computer software is a collection of programs, applications, and data that constitute the
operating system and various applications used on a computer system. It is essential for the
functionality of a computer system, allowing users to perform tasks and run specific applications.

2.2 Types of computer software

Software can be divided into two categories: System Software and Application Software

1. System Software: System Software is a type of computer software is designed to control and
manage the basic function of a computer system. There are two main types of System Software.

a. Operating Systems: An operating system is software that manages a computer's hardware and
software resources, providing services for application programs. It includes Windows, macOS,
and Linux.

b. Utilities: Utilities software are applications that provide additional functionality to a computer
system such as antivirus software, disk clean-up programs, and system backup utilities.
2. Application Software: Application Software is the software that is designed to perform a
specific task for the user. There are two types of Application Software.

a. Productivity Software: Productivity Software allows users to create and edit various types of
documents and files. Examples include Microsoft Office, Google Docs, and Adobe Creative
Suite.

b. Entertainment Software: Entertainment Software includes various types of software such as

video games, media players, and music production software.

2.2.1 Functions and differences of system software and application software

The primary function of System software is to control and manage the basic function of a
computer system, while Application software is used to carry out individual tasks on a computer
system based on the user's needs. System software is essential for the computer system to
function properly and to interact with peripherals, while Application software is not a
requirement for the computer system to operate.

2.3 Common Computer Software faults and Solutions:

1. Application crashes – restart the application or computer

2. Slow performance – ensure the system meets required specifications, uninstall unnecessary
applications, and clear disk space.

3. Software compatibility issues − update or reinstall the software, or install the required
software patches.

4. Application installation errors – uninstall the software and reinstall it using the correct
installation procedure.

5. Corrupted files – restore the data from a backup or repair files using built-in system tools.

6. Malware attacks – run antivirus software and remove any infected files.

7. System crashes – restart the computer, remove any hardware peripheral and only install
essential applications and drivers.
8. The Blue screen of death – troubleshoot hardware or software issues and repair or replace
any components that are causing the error.

3.1 Formatting a computer system

Formatting a computer system refers to the process of erasing and preparing the hard drive of a
computer for a new installation of an operating system or programs. It involves removing all
existing files and data from the hard drive to create a clean slate for the new operating system or
applications. Changing an operating system involves removing an existing operating system
from a computer system and replacing it with a new operating system.

3.2 Reasons of formatting a computer system

There are several reasons why individuals choose to format their computer system or change
their operating system. They include:

1. Improved performance: Over time, a computer can become slow and cluttered with
unnecessary files, which can affect its speed and performance. Reformatting a computer system
can help improve performance by removing unwanted programs and files.

2. Virus or malware infections: If a computer system is infected with a virus or malware that
cannot be removed through other means, formatting may be necessary to remove the virus or
malware completely.

3. Hard disk errors: If a hard disk has errors that cannot be repaired through other means,
formatting can help solve the issue.

4. Upgrading to a new operating system: When upgrading to a new operating system,

formatting is required to ensure a clean installation.

5. Selling or donating a computer: Before selling or donating a computer, it is crucial to format

the hard disk to remove all personal data and prevent it from being accessed by others.

6. Resolving software conflicts: If there are significant software conflicts between programs,
reformatting the hard drive and reinstalling the programs can help resolve issues.
7. Starting fresh: Some people prefer to format their computer system to start fresh and remove
any unnecessary data and programs.

8. Partition management: Formatting can help create new or change the existing partitions on a
hard drive, which can help manage data better.

9. System cleaning: Reformatting helps in cleaning up the entire system and fixing minor errors,
giving the system a fresh start.

10. Driver issues: Issues with old or outdated drivers can be resolved by formatting the hard disk
and reinstalling the drivers.

3.3 Steps in formatting a computer system

1. Backup files: The first step is to back up any valuable information. Formatting a computer
system means that all the data stored on the computer will be lost, so it is essential to back up all
important files and documents to external drives or cloud storage.

2. Boot up the computer: Insert the bootable media – either a DVD or a USB flash drive – that
houses the operating system you wish to install, and then restart your computer.

3. Access the BIOS settings: Press the key displayed on the screen to enter the BIOS setup,
select the bootable media option you inserted in the previous step and set the priority.

4. Choose the installation type: Next, select the type of installation you require. Options you
may see include an upgrade, where the existing operating system is replaced with a new one.

5. Format the drive: The next step is to format the hard drive completely. Choose a format that
erases the entire hard drive, such as the NTFS format for Windows or the HFS+ format for Mac
OS.

6. Install the OS: Once the hard drive is formatted, the operating system needs to be installed.
Follow the installation instructions, including the creation of the partition and the installation of
any drivers.

7. Configure the OS: Finally, configure the system with the necessary settings, including user
account details, time, date, and other settings.
The above steps are significant when it comes to formatting a computer. A formatted computer
system runs smoothly and is free from errors, viruses, and other issues. Therefore, it is essential
to have backup on crucial data and ensure that you understand the steps involved in formatting
the computer system correctly.

4.1 Computer printer

A printer is an output device that produces hard copies of digital documents in the form of text or
graphics on paper or other print media. Printers can be classified based on their printing
technology and capacity, such as inkjet, laser, or multifunctional printers.

The primary function of a printer is to transfer digital data to a physical paper or other media.
Operating systems of a computer, mobile phones, or tablets send digital files and commands to
printers through wired or wireless connections, and printers execute these commands by
converting the digital data into physical prints.

4.2 Faults and solutions of printer

Printers are prone to various types of faults that can impact their performance and print quality.
Some of these faults and solutions are as follows:

1. Paper jams: This occurs when sheets of paper stick together or get stuck in the printer. Open
the printer and remove any jammed paper.

2. Slow printing: Slow print speed may be due to the printer's settings, connectivity issues, or
the size/complexity of the document. Check the printer's settings or reset its default settings.

3. Low-quality printing: Poor print quality may be due to a dirty ink cartridge, low ink levels,
or incorrect settings. Clean or replace the ink cartridges and adjust the settings to improve print
quality.

4. Connectivity issues: If your printer is not connecting to your device, check the cables or the
printer's wireless connection. You may also need to update drivers or software for the printer.

5. Ink smears: Ink smears can occur when the ink cartridges are low on ink, or the paper is not
loaded correctly. Try replacing or refilling the ink cartridges, or reload the paper correctly.
6. Incorrect prints: This can happen if the printer has the wrong print settings. Check the
printer's settings and change the settings to match the document.

7. Paper feed issues: Paper feed problems can arise when paper is not loaded correctly. Load the
paper correctly and ensure the paper tray is aligned correctly.

8. Printer initialization problems: If the printer fails to initialize correctly, turn off the printer
and disconnect it from the power supply for a few minutes, then restart the printer.

9. Broken or damaged printer components: Bad printing quality, noise, and other errors may
result from damaged printer components. Check and replace any damaged printer components.

10. Printer software issues. If the printer isn't operating correctly, the fault might be in the
printer's software. Uninstall the printer software and re-install with the latest version.

5.1 Reference

- Bertram, J. K. (2019). Computer Hardware: The Ultimate Guide to Computer Systems and
Components. Independently published.

- "How to Build a Computer from Scratch: The Complete Guide" by TechRadar (2021) - This
comprehensive guide provides step-by-step instructions for assembling a computer system
from scratch, along with detailed illustrations and explanations of each component and its
function.

- "How to Disassemble a Computer: A Beginner's Guide" by The Balance (2021) - This

beginner's guide explains the process of taking apart a computer system, including a list of
tools needed, safety precautions, and instructions for removing each component.

-
- "Building a PC for Beginners" by PCMag (2021) - This guide covers the basics of building a
computer system, including tips on selecting components, installation instructions,
troubleshooting, and a step-by-step video tutorial.
- Lifewire (2021). How to Format a Hard Drive for Windows. Retrieved from:
https://www.lifewire.com/how-to-format-a-hard-drive-2626157

- Omkar Phatak (2020). Troubleshooting Common Print Quality Problems. Retrieved from:
https://www.hp.com/us-en/shop/tech-takes/troubleshooting-common-print-quality-problems