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JDBC - Quick Guide

JDBC - Introduction
What is JDBC?
JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity, which is a standard Java API for database-
independent connectivity between the Java programming language and a wide range of
databases.

The JDBC library includes APIs for each of the tasks mentioned below that are commonly
associated with database usage.

Making a connection to a database.

Creating SQL or MySQL statements.

Executing SQL or MySQL queries in the database.

Viewing & Modifying the resulting records.

Fundamentally, JDBC is a specification that provides a complete set of interfaces that

allows for portable access to an underlying database. Java can be used to write different
types of executables, such as −

Java Applications

Java Applets
Java Servlets

Java ServerPages (JSPs)

Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs).

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All of these different executables are able to use a JDBC driver to access a database, and
take advantage of the stored data.

JDBC provides the same capabilities as ODBC, allowing Java programs to contain
database-independent code.

Pre-Requisite
Before moving further, you need to have a good understanding of the following two
subjects −

Core JAVA Programming

SQL or MySQL Database

JDBC Architecture
The JDBC API supports both two-tier and three-tier processing models for database
access but in general, JDBC Architecture consists of two layers −

JDBC API − This provides the application-to-JDBC Manager connection.

JDBC Driver API − This supports the JDBC Manager-to-Driver Connection.

The JDBC API uses a driver manager and database-specific drivers to provide
transparent connectivity to heterogeneous databases.

The JDBC driver manager ensures that the correct driver is used to access each data
source. The driver manager is capable of supporting multiple concurrent drivers
connected to multiple heterogeneous databases.

Following is the architectural diagram, which shows the location of the driver manager
with respect to the JDBC drivers and the Java application −
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Common JDBC Components

The JDBC API provides the following interfaces and classes −

DriverManager − This class manages a list of database drivers. Matches

connection requests from the java application with the proper database driver
using communication sub protocol. The first driver that recognizes a certain
subprotocol under JDBC will be used to establish a database Connection.

Driver − This interface handles the communications with the database server.
You will interact directly with Driver objects very rarely. Instead, you use
DriverManager objects, which manages objects of this type. It also abstracts the
details associated with working with Driver objects.

Connection − This interface with all methods for contacting a database. The
connection object represents communication context, i.e., all communication with
database is through connection object only.

Statement − You use objects created from this interface to submit the SQL
statements to the database. Some derived interfaces accept parameters in
addition to executing stored procedures.

ResultSet − These objects hold data retrieved from a database after you
execute an SQL query using Statement objects. It acts as an iterator to allow you
to move through its data.

SQLException − This class handles any errors that occur in a database

application.

The JDBC 4.0 Packages

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The java.sql and javax.sql are the primary packages for JDBC 4.0. This is the latest JDBC
version at the time of writing this tutorial. It offers the main classes for interacting with
your data sources.

The new features in these packages include changes in the following areas −

Automatic database driver loading.

Exception handling improvements.

Enhanced BLOB/CLOB functionality.

Connection and statement interface enhancements.

National character set support.

SQL ROWID access.

SQL 2003 XML data type support.

Annotations.

JDBC - SQL Syntax

Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standardized language that allows you to perform
operations on a database, such as creating entries, reading content, updating content,
and deleting entries.

SQL is supported by almost any database you will likely use, and it allows you to write
database code independently of the underlying database.

This chapter gives an overview of SQL, which is a prerequisite to understand JDBC

concepts. After going through this chapter, you will be able to Create, Create, Read,
Update, and Delete (often referred to as CRUD operations) data from a database.

For a detailed understanding on SQL, you can read our MySQL Tutorial.

Create Database
The CREATE DATABASE statement is used for creating a new database. The syntax is −

SQL> CREATE DATABASE DATABASE_NAME;

Example
The following SQL statement creates a Database named EMP −
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SQL> CREATE DATABASE EMP;

Drop Database
The DROP DATABASE statement is used for deleting an existing database. The syntax is
−

SQL> DROP DATABASE DATABASE_NAME;

Note − To create or drop a database you should have administrator privilege on your
database server. Be careful, deleting a database would loss all the data stored in the
database.

Create Table
The CREATE TABLE statement is used for creating a new table. The syntax is −

SQL> CREATE TABLE table_name

(
column_name column_data_type,
column_name column_data_type,
column_name column_data_type
...
);

Example
The following SQL statement creates a table named Employees with four columns −

SQL> CREATE TABLE Employees

(
id INT NOT NULL,
age INT NOT NULL,
first VARCHAR(255),
last VARCHAR(255),
PRIMARY KEY ( id )
);

Drop Table
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The DROP TABLE statement is used for deleting an existing table. The syntax is −

SQL> DROP TABLE table_name;

Example
The following SQL statement deletes a table named Employees −

SQL> DROP TABLE Employees;

INSERT Data
The syntax for INSERT, looks similar to the following, where column1, column2, and so
on represents the new data to appear in the respective columns −

SQL> INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (column1, column2, ...);

Example
The following SQL INSERT statement inserts a new row in the Employees database
created earlier −

SQL> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (100, 18, 'Zara', 'Ali');

SELECT Data
The SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from a database. The syntax for SELECT
is −

SQL> SELECT column_name, column_name, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE conditions;

The WHERE clause can use the comparison operators such as =, !=, <, >, <=,and >=,
as well as the BETWEEN and LIKE operators.

Example
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The following SQL statement selects the age, first and last columns from the Employees
table, where id column is 100 −

SQL> SELECT first, last, age

FROM Employees
WHERE id = 100;

The following SQL statement selects the age, first and last columns from the Employees
table where first column contains Zara −

SQL> SELECT first, last, age

FROM Employees
WHERE first LIKE '%Zara%';

UPDATE Data
The UPDATE statement is used to update data. The syntax for UPDATE is −

SQL> UPDATE table_name

SET column_name = value, column_name = value, ...
WHERE conditions;

The WHERE clause can use the comparison operators such as =, !=, <, >, <=,and >=,
as well as the BETWEEN and LIKE operators.

Example
The following SQL UPDATE statement changes the age column of the employee whose id
is 100 −

SQL> UPDATE Employees SET age=20 WHERE id=100;

DELETE Data
The DELETE statement is used to delete data from tables. The syntax for DELETE is −

SQL> DELETE FROM table_name WHERE conditions;

The WHERE clause can use the comparison operators such as =, !=, <, >, <=,and >=,
as well as the BETWEEN and LIKE operators.
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Example
The following SQL DELETE statement deletes the record of the employee whose id is 100
−

SQL> DELETE FROM Employees WHERE id=100;

JDBC - Environment
To start developing with JDBC, you should setup your JDBC environment by following the
steps shown below. We assume that you are working on a Windows platform.

Install Java
Java SE is available for download for free. To download click here, please download a
version compatible with your operating system.

Follow the instructions to download Java, and run the .exe to install Java on your
machine. Once you have installed Java on your machine, you would need to set
environment variables to point to correct installation directories.

Setting Up the Path for Windows 2000/XP

Assuming you have installed Java in c:\Program Files\java\jdk directory −

Right-click on 'My Computer' and select 'Properties'.

Click on the 'Environment variables' button under the 'Advanced' tab.

Now, edit the 'Path' variable and add the path to the Java executable directory at
the end of it. For example, if the path is currently set to C:\Windows\System32,
then edit it the following way

C:\Windows\System32;c:\Program Files\java\jdk\bin

Setting Up the Path for Windows 95/98/ME

Assuming you have installed Java in c:\Program Files\java\jdk directory −

Edit the 'C:\autoexec.bat' file and add the following line at the end −
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SET PATH = %PATH%;C:\Program Files\java\jdk\bin

Setting Up the Path for Linux, UNIX, Solaris, FreeBSD

Environment variable PATH should be set to point to where the Java binaries have been
installed. Refer to your shell documentation if you have trouble doing this.

For example, if you use bash as your shell, then you would add the following line at the
end of your .bashrc −

export PATH = /path/to/java:$PATH'

You automatically get both JDBC packages java.sql and javax.sql, when you install
J2SE Development Kit.

Install Database
The most important thing you will need, of course is an actual running database with a
table that you can query and modify.

Install a database that is most suitable for you. You can have plenty of choices and most
common are −

MySQL DB − MySQL is an open source database. You can download it from

MySQL Official Site. We recommend downloading the full Windows installation.
In addition, download and install MySQL Administrator as well as MySQL Query
Browser. These are GUI based tools that will make your development much
easier.
Finally, download and unzip MySQL Connector/J (the MySQL JDBC driver) in a
convenient directory. For the purpose of this tutorial we will assume that you
have installed the driver at C:\Program Files\MySQL\mysql-connector-java-5.1.8.
Accordingly, set CLASSPATH variable to C:\Program Files\MySQL\mysql-
connector-java-5.1.8\mysql-connector-java-5.1.8-bin.jar. Your driver version may
vary based on your installation.

Set Database Credential

When we install MySQL database, its administrator ID is set to root and it gives
provision to set a password of your choice.

Using root ID and password you can either create another user ID and password, or you
can use root ID and password for your JDBC application.
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There are various database operations like database creation and deletion, which would
need administrator ID and password.

For rest of the JDBC tutorial, we would use MySQL Database with guest as ID and
guest123 as password.

If you do not have sufficient privilege to create new users, then you can ask your
Database Administrator (DBA) to create a user ID and password for you.

Create Database
To create the TUTORIALSPOINT database, use the following steps −

Step 1
Open a Command Prompt and change to the installation directory as follows −

C:\>
C:\>cd Program Files\MySQL\bin
C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>

Note − The path to mysqld.exe may vary depending on the install location of MySQL
on your system. You can also check documentation on how to start and stop your
database server.

Step 2
Start the database server by executing the following command, if it is already not
running.

C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>mysqld
C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>

Step 3
Create the TUTORIALSPOINT database by executing the following command −

C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin> mysqladmin create TUTORIALSPOINT -u guest -p

Enter password: ********
C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>
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Create Table
To create the Employees table in TUTORIALSPOINT database, use the following steps −

Step 1
Open a Command Prompt and change to the installation directory as follows −

C:\>
C:\>cd Program Files\MySQL\bin
C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>

Step 2
Login to the database as follows −

C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>mysql -u guest -p

Enter password: ********
mysql>

Step 3
Create the table Employees as follows −

mysql> use TUTORIALSPOINT;

mysql> create table Employees
-> (
-> id int not null,
-> age int not null,
-> first varchar (255),
-> last varchar (255)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)
mysql>

Create Data Records

Finally you create few records in Employee table as follows −
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mysql> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (100, 18, 'Zara', 'Ali');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (101, 25, 'Mahnaz', 'Fatma');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (102, 30, 'Zaid', 'Khan');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (103, 28, 'Sumit', 'Mittal');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql>

For a complete understanding on MySQL database, study the MySQL Tutorial.

Now you are ready to start experimenting with JDBC. Next chapter gives you a sample
example on JDBC Programming.

JDBC - Sample Code

This chapter provides an example of how to create a simple JDBC application. This will
show you how to open a database connection, execute a SQL query, and display the
results.

All the steps mentioned in this template example, would be explained in subsequent
chapters of this tutorial.

Creating JDBC Application

There are following six steps involved in building a JDBC application −

Import the packages − Requires that you include the packages containing the
JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import
java.sql.* will suffice.

Open a connection − Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection()

method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection
with the database.

Execute a query − Requires using an object of type Statement for building and
submitting an SQL statement to the database.

Extract data from result set − Requires that you use the appropriate
ResultSet.getXXX() method to retrieve the data from the result set.
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Clean up the environment − Requires explicitly closing all database resources

versus relying on the JVM's garbage collection.

Sample Code
This sample example can serve as a template when you need to create your own JDBC
application in the future.

This sample code has been written based on the environment and database setup done
in the previous chapter.

Copy and paste the following example in FirstExample.java, compile and run as follows −

import java.sql.*;

public class FirstExample {

static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/TUTORIALSPOINT";
static final String USER = "guest";
static final String PASS = "guest123";
static final String QUERY = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Employees";

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Open a connection
try(Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(QUERY);) {
// Extract data from result set
while (rs.next()) {
// Retrieve by column name
System.out.print("ID: " + rs.getInt("id"));
System.out.print(", Age: " + rs.getInt("age"));
System.out.print(", First: " + rs.getString("first"));
System.out.println(", Last: " + rs.getString("last"));
}
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

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C:\>javac FirstExample.java
C:\>

When you run FirstExample, it produces the following result −

C:\>java FirstExample
Connecting to database...
Creating statement...
ID: 100, Age: 18, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 101, Age: 25, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
C:\>

JDBC - Driver Types

What is JDBC Driver?
JDBC drivers implement the defined interfaces in the JDBC API, for interacting with your
database server.

For example, using JDBC drivers enable you to open database connections and to
interact with it by sending SQL or database commands then receiving results with Java.

The Java.sql package that ships with JDK, contains various classes with their behaviours
defined and their actual implementaions are done in third-party drivers. Third party
vendors implements the java.sql.Driver interface in their database driver.

JDBC Drivers Types

JDBC driver implementations vary because of the wide variety of operating systems and
hardware platforms in which Java operates. Sun has divided the implementation types
into four categories, Types 1, 2, 3, and 4, which is explained below −

Type 1 − JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver

In a Type 1 driver, a JDBC bridge is used to access ODBC drivers installed on each client
machine. Using ODBC, requires configuring on your system a Data Source Name (DSN)
that represents the target database.

When Java first came out, this was a useful driver because most databases only
supported ODBC access but now this type of driver is recommended only for
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experimental use or when no other alternative is available.

The JDBC-ODBC Bridge that comes with JDK 1.2 is a good example of this kind of driver.

Type 2 − JDBC-Native API

In a Type 2 driver, JDBC API calls are converted into native C/C++ API calls, which are
unique to the database. These drivers are typically provided by the database vendors
and used in the same manner as the JDBC-ODBC Bridge. The vendor-specific driver must
be installed on each client machine.

If we change the Database, we have to change the native API, as it is specific to a

database and they are mostly obsolete now, but you may realize some speed increase
with a Type 2 driver, because it eliminates ODBC's overhead.

The Oracle Call Interface (OCI) driver is an example of a Type 2 driver.

Type 3 − JDBC-Net pure Java

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In a Type 3 driver, a three-tier approach is used to access databases. The JDBC clients
use standard network sockets to communicate with a middleware application server. The
socket information is then translated by the middleware application server into the call
format required by the DBMS, and forwarded to the database server.

This kind of driver is extremely flexible, since it requires no code installed on the client
and a single driver can actually provide access to multiple databases.

You can think of the application server as a JDBC "proxy," meaning that it makes calls for
the client application. As a result, you need some knowledge of the application server's
configuration in order to effectively use this driver type.

Your application server might use a Type 1, 2, or 4 driver to communicate with the
database, understanding the nuances will prove helpful.

Type 4 − 100% Pure Java

In a Type 4 driver, a pure Java-based driver communicates directly with the vendor's
database through socket connection. This is the highest performance driver available for
the database and is usually provided by the vendor itself.

This kind of driver is extremely flexible, you don't need to install special software on the
client or server. Further, these drivers can be downloaded dynamically.
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MySQL's Connector/J driver is a Type 4 driver. Because of the proprietary nature of their
network protocols, database vendors usually supply type 4 drivers.

Which Driver should be Used?

If you are accessing one type of database, such as Oracle, Sybase, or IBM, the preferred
driver type is 4.

If your Java application is accessing multiple types of databases at the same time, type 3
is the preferred driver.

Type 2 drivers are useful in situations, where a type 3 or type 4 driver is not available
yet for your database.

The type 1 driver is not considered a deployment-level driver, and is typically used for
development and testing purposes only.

JDBC - Connections
After you've installed the appropriate driver, it is time to establish a database connection
using JDBC.

The programming involved to establish a JDBC connection is fairly simple. Here are these
simple four steps −

Import JDBC Packages − Add import statements to your Java program to

import required classes in your Java code.

Register JDBC Driver − This step causes the JVM to load the desired driver
implementation into memory so it can fulfill your JDBC requests.

Database URL Formulation − This is to create a properly formatted address

that points to the database to which you wish to connect.
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Create Connection Object − Finally, code a call to the DriverManager object's

getConnection( ) method to establish actual database connection.

Import JDBC Packages

The Import statements tell the Java compiler where to find the classes you reference in
your code and are placed at the very beginning of your source code.

To use the standard JDBC package, which allows you to select, insert, update, and delete
data in SQL tables, add the following imports to your source code −

import java.sql.* ; // for standard JDBC programs

import java.math.* ; // for BigDecimal and BigInteger support

Register JDBC Driver

You must register the driver in your program before you use it. Registering the driver is
the process by which the Oracle driver's class file is loaded into the memory, so it can be
utilized as an implementation of the JDBC interfaces.

You need to do this registration only once in your program. You can register a driver in
one of two ways.

Approach I - Class.forName()
The most common approach to register a driver is to use Java's Class.forName()
method, to dynamically load the driver's class file into memory, which automatically
registers it. This method is preferable because it allows you to make the driver
registration configurable and portable.

The following example uses Class.forName( ) to register the Oracle driver −

try {
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
}
catch(ClassNotFoundException ex) {
System.out.println("Error: unable to load driver class!");
System.exit(1);
}

You can use getInstance() method to work around noncompliant JVMs, but then you'll
have to code for two extra Exceptions as follows −
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try {
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver").newInstance();
}
catch(ClassNotFoundException ex) {
System.out.println("Error: unable to load driver class!");
System.exit(1);
catch(IllegalAccessException ex) {
System.out.println("Error: access problem while loading!");
System.exit(2);
catch(InstantiationException ex) {
System.out.println("Error: unable to instantiate driver!");
System.exit(3);
}

Approach II - DriverManager.registerDriver()
The second approach you can use to register a driver, is to use the static
DriverManager.registerDriver() method.

You should use the registerDriver() method if you are using a non-JDK compliant JVM,
such as the one provided by Microsoft.

The following example uses registerDriver() to register the Oracle driver −

try {
Driver myDriver = new oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver();
DriverManager.registerDriver( myDriver );
}
catch(ClassNotFoundException ex) {
System.out.println("Error: unable to load driver class!");
System.exit(1);
}

Database URL Formulation

After you've loaded the driver, you can establish a connection using the
DriverManager.getConnection() method. For easy reference, let me list the three
overloaded DriverManager.getConnection() methods −

getConnection(String url)

getConnection(String url, Properties prop)

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getConnection(String url, String user, String password)

Here each form requires a database URL. A database URL is an address that points to
your database.

Formulating a database URL is where most of the problems associated with establishing
a connection occurs.

Following table lists down the popular JDBC driver names and database URL.

RDBMS JDBC driver name URL format

jdbc:mysql://hostname/
MySQL com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
databaseName

jdbc:oracle:thin:@hostname:port
ORACLE oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver
Number:databaseName

jdbc:db2:hostname:port
DB2 COM.ibm.db2.jdbc.net.DB2Driver
Number/databaseName

jdbc:sybase:Tds:hostname: port
Sybase com.sybase.jdbc.SybDriver
Number/databaseName

All the highlighted part in URL format is static and you need to change only the
remaining part as per your database setup.

Create Connection Object

We have listed down three forms of DriverManager.getConnection() method to create
a connection object.

Using a Database URL with a username and password

The most commonly used form of getConnection() requires you to pass a database URL,
a username, and a password −

Assuming you are using Oracle's thin driver, you'll specify a host:port:databaseName
value for the database portion of the URL.

If you have a host at TCP/IP address 192.0.0.1 with a host name of amrood, and your
Oracle listener is configured to listen on port 1521, and your database name is EMP, then
complete database URL would be −

jdbc:oracle:thin:@amrood:1521:EMP
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Now you have to call getConnection() method with appropriate username and password
to get a Connection object as follows −

String URL = "jdbc:oracle:thin:@amrood:1521:EMP";

String USER = "username";
String PASS = "password"
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(URL, USER, PASS);

Using Only a Database URL

A second form of the DriverManager.getConnection( ) method requires only a database
URL −

DriverManager.getConnection(String url);

However, in this case, the database URL includes the username and password and has
the following general form −

jdbc:oracle:driver:username/password@database

So, the above connection can be created as follows −

String URL = "jdbc:oracle:thin:username/password@amrood:1521:EMP";

Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(URL);

Using a Database URL and a Properties Object

A third form of the DriverManager.getConnection( ) method requires a database URL and
a Properties object −

DriverManager.getConnection(String url, Properties info);

A Properties object holds a set of keyword-value pairs. It is used to pass driver

properties to the driver during a call to the getConnection() method.

To make the same connection made by the previous examples, use the following code −

import java.util.*;
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String URL = "jdbc:oracle:thin:@amrood:1521:EMP";

Properties info = new Properties( );
info.put( "user", "username" );
info.put( "password", "password" );

Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(URL, info);

Closing JDBC Connections

At the end of your JDBC program, it is required explicitly to close all the connections to
the database to end each database session. However, if you forget, Java's garbage
collector will close the connection when it cleans up stale objects.

Relying on the garbage collection, especially in database programming, is a very poor

programming practice. You should make a habit of always closing the connection with the
close() method associated with connection object.

To ensure that a connection is closed, you could provide a 'finally' block in your code. A
finally block always executes, regardless of an exception occurs or not.

To close the above opened connection, you should call close() method as follows −

conn.close();

Explicitly closing a connection conserves DBMS resources, which will make your database
administrator happy.

For a better understanding, we suggest you to study our JDBC - Sample Code tutorial.

JDBC - Statements
Once a connection is obtained we can interact with the database. The JDBC Statement,
CallableStatement, and PreparedStatement interfaces define the methods and properties
that enable you to send SQL or PL/SQL commands and receive data from your database.

They also define methods that help bridge data type differences between Java and SQL
data types used in a database.

The following table provides a summary of each interface's purpose to decide on the
interface to use.

Interfaces Recommended Use

Statement Use this for general-purpose access to your database. Useful

when you are using static SQL statements at runtime. The
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Statement interface cannot accept parameters.

Use this when you plan to use the SQL statements many
PreparedStatement times. The PreparedStatement interface accepts input
parameters at runtime.

Use this when you want to access the database stored

CallableStatement procedures. The CallableStatement interface can also accept
runtime input parameters.

The Statement Objects

Creating Statement Object

Before you can use a Statement object to execute a SQL statement, you need to create
one using the Connection object's createStatement( ) method, as in the following
example −

Statement stmt = null;

try {
stmt = conn.createStatement( );
. . .
}
catch (SQLException e) {
. . .
}
finally {
. . .
}

Once you've created a Statement object, you can then use it to execute an SQL
statement with one of its three execute methods.

boolean execute (String SQL): Returns a boolean value of true if a ResultSet

object can be retrieved; otherwise, it returns false. Use this method to execute
SQL DDL statements or when you need to use truly dynamic SQL.

int executeUpdate (String SQL) − Returns the number of rows affected by the
execution of the SQL statement. Use this method to execute SQL statements for
which you expect to get a number of rows affected - for example, an INSERT,
UPDATE, or DELETE statement.

ResultSet executeQuery (String SQL) − Returns a ResultSet object. Use this

method when you expect to get a result set, as you would with a SELECT
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statement.

Closing Statement Object

Just as you close a Connection object to save database resources, for the same reason
you should also close the Statement object.

A simple call to the close() method will do the job. If you close the Connection object
first, it will close the Statement object as well. However, you should always explicitly
close the Statement object to ensure proper cleanup.

Statement stmt = null;

try {
stmt = conn.createStatement( );
. . .
}
catch (SQLException e) {
. . .
}
finally {
stmt.close();
}

For a better understanding, we suggest you to study the Statement - Example tutorial.

The PreparedStatement Objects

The PreparedStatement interface extends the Statement interface, which gives you
added functionality with a couple of advantages over a generic Statement object.

This statement gives you the flexibility of supplying arguments dynamically.

Creating PreparedStatement Object

PreparedStatement pstmt = null;

try {
String SQL = "Update Employees SET age = ? WHERE id = ?";
pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(SQL);
. . .
}
catch (SQLException e) {
. . .
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}
finally {
. . .
}

All parameters in JDBC are represented by the ? symbol, which is known as the
parameter marker. You must supply values for every parameter before executing the SQL
statement.

The setXXX() methods bind values to the parameters, where XXX represents the Java
data type of the value you wish to bind to the input parameter. If you forget to supply
the values, you will receive an SQLException.

Each parameter marker is referred by its ordinal position. The first marker represents
position 1, the next position 2, and so forth. This method differs from that of Java array
indices, which starts at 0.

All of the Statement object's methods for interacting with the database (a) execute(),
(b) executeQuery(), and (c) executeUpdate() also work with the PreparedStatement
object. However, the methods are modified to use SQL statements that can input the
parameters.

Closing PreparedStatement Object

Just as you close a Statement object, for the same reason you should also close the
PreparedStatement object.

A simple call to the close() method will do the job. If you close the Connection object
first, it will close the PreparedStatement object as well. However, you should always
explicitly close the PreparedStatement object to ensure proper cleanup.

PreparedStatement pstmt = null;

try {
String SQL = "Update Employees SET age = ? WHERE id = ?";
pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(SQL);
. . .
}
catch (SQLException e) {
. . .
}
finally {
pstmt.close();
}
 Page 26 of 79

For a better understanding, let us study Prepare - Example Code.

The CallableStatement Objects

Just as a Connection object creates the Statement and PreparedStatement objects, it
also creates the CallableStatement object, which would be used to execute a call to a
database stored procedure.

Creating CallableStatement Object

Suppose, you need to execute the following Oracle stored procedure −

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE getEmpName

(EMP_ID IN NUMBER, EMP_FIRST OUT VARCHAR) AS
BEGIN
SELECT first INTO EMP_FIRST
FROM Employees
WHERE ID = EMP_ID;
END;

NOTE − Above stored procedure has been written for Oracle, but we are working with
MySQL database so, let us write same stored procedure for MySQL as follows to create it
in EMP database −

DELIMITER $$

DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS `EMP`.`getEmpName` $$

CREATE PROCEDURE `EMP`.`getEmpName`
(IN EMP_ID INT, OUT EMP_FIRST VARCHAR(255))
BEGIN
SELECT first INTO EMP_FIRST
FROM Employees
WHERE ID = EMP_ID;
END $$

DELIMITER ;

Three types of parameters exist: IN, OUT, and INOUT. The PreparedStatement object
only uses the IN parameter. The CallableStatement object can use all the three.

Here are the definitions of each −

 Page 27 of 79

Parameter Description

A parameter whose value is unknown when the SQL

IN statement is created. You bind values to IN parameters with
the setXXX() methods.

A parameter whose value is supplied by the SQL statement it

OUT returns. You retrieve values from theOUT parameters with the
getXXX() methods.

A parameter that provides both input and output values. You

INOUT bind variables with the setXXX() methods and retrieve values
with the getXXX() methods.

The following code snippet shows how to employ the Connection.prepareCall()

method to instantiate a CallableStatement object based on the preceding stored
procedure −

CallableStatement cstmt = null;

try {
String SQL = "{call getEmpName (?, ?)}";
cstmt = conn.prepareCall (SQL);
. . .
}
catch (SQLException e) {
. . .
}
finally {
. . .
}

The String variable SQL, represents the stored procedure, with parameter placeholders.

Using the CallableStatement objects is much like using the PreparedStatement objects.
You must bind values to all the parameters before executing the statement, or you will
receive an SQLException.

If you have IN parameters, just follow the same rules and techniques that apply to a
PreparedStatement object; use the setXXX() method that corresponds to the Java data
type you are binding.

When you use OUT and INOUT parameters you must employ an additional
CallableStatement method, registerOutParameter(). The registerOutParameter() method
binds the JDBC data type, to the data type that the stored procedure is expected to
return.
 Page 28 of 79

Once you call your stored procedure, you retrieve the value from the OUT parameter
with the appropriate getXXX() method. This method casts the retrieved value of SQL
type to a Java data type.

Closing CallableStatement Object

Just as you close other Statement object, for the same reason you should also close the
CallableStatement object.

A simple call to the close() method will do the job. If you close the Connection object
first, it will close the CallableStatement object as well. However, you should always
explicitly close the CallableStatement object to ensure proper cleanup.

CallableStatement cstmt = null;

try {
String SQL = "{call getEmpName (?, ?)}";
cstmt = conn.prepareCall (SQL);
. . .
}
catch (SQLException e) {
. . .
}
finally {
cstmt.close();
}

For a better understanding, I would suggest to study Callable - Example Code.

JDBC - Result Sets

The SQL statements that read data from a database query, return the data in a result
set. The SELECT statement is the standard way to select rows from a database and view
them in a result set. The java.sql.ResultSet interface represents the result set of a
database query.

A ResultSet object maintains a cursor that points to the current row in the result set. The
term "result set" refers to the row and column data contained in a ResultSet object.

The methods of the ResultSet interface can be broken down into three categories −

Navigational methods − Used to move the cursor around.

Get methods − Used to view the data in the columns of the current row being
pointed by the cursor.
 Page 29 of 79

Update methods − Used to update the data in the columns of the current row.
The updates can then be updated in the underlying database as well.

The cursor is movable based on the properties of the ResultSet. These properties are
designated when the corresponding Statement that generates the ResultSet is created.

JDBC provides the following connection methods to create statements with desired
ResultSet −

createStatement(int RSType, int RSConcurrency);

prepareStatement(String SQL, int RSType, int RSConcurrency);

prepareCall(String sql, int RSType, int RSConcurrency);

The first argument indicates the type of a ResultSet object and the second argument is
one of two ResultSet constants for specifying whether a result set is read-only or
updatable.

Type of ResultSet
The possible RSType are given below. If you do not specify any ResultSet type, you will
automatically get one that is TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY.

Type Description

The cursor can only move forward in the

ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY
result set.

The cursor can scroll forward and backward,

and the result set is not sensitive to changes
ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE
made by others to the database that occur
after the result set was created.

The cursor can scroll forward and backward,

and the result set is sensitive to changes
ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE.
made by others to the database that occur
after the result set was created.

Concurrency of ResultSet
The possible RSConcurrency are given below. If you do not specify any Concurrency
type, you will automatically get one that is CONCUR_READ_ONLY.

Concurrency Description
 Page 30 of 79

ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY Creates a read-only result set. This is the default

ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE Creates an updateable result set.

All our examples written so far can be written as follows, which initializes a Statement
object to create a forward-only, read only ResultSet object −

try {
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement(
ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,
ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY);
}
catch(Exception ex) {
....
}
finally {
....
}

Navigating a Result Set

There are several methods in the ResultSet interface that involve moving the cursor,
including −

S.N. Methods & Description

public void beforeFirst() throws SQLException

1
Moves the cursor just before the first row.

public void afterLast() throws SQLException

2
Moves the cursor just after the last row.

public boolean first() throws SQLException

3
Moves the cursor to the first row.

public void last() throws SQLException

4
Moves the cursor to the last row.

public boolean absolute(int row) throws SQLException

5
Moves the cursor to the specified row.

public boolean relative(int row) throws SQLException

6 Moves the cursor the given number of rows forward or backward, from where it
is currently pointing.
 Page 31 of 79

public boolean previous() throws SQLException

7 Moves the cursor to the previous row. This method returns false if the previous
row is off the result set.

public boolean next() throws SQLException

8 Moves the cursor to the next row. This method returns false if there are no
more rows in the result set.

public int getRow() throws SQLException

9
Returns the row number that the cursor is pointing to.

public void moveToInsertRow() throws SQLException

10 Moves the cursor to a special row in the result set that can be used to insert a
new row into the database. The current cursor location is remembered.

public void moveToCurrentRow() throws SQLException

11 Moves the cursor back to the current row if the cursor is currently at the insert
row; otherwise, this method does nothing

For a better understanding, let us study Navigate - Example Code.

Viewing a Result Set

The ResultSet interface contains dozens of methods for getting the data of the current
row.

There is a get method for each of the possible data types, and each get method has two
versions −

One that takes in a column name.

One that takes in a column index.

For example, if the column you are interested in viewing contains an int, you need to use
one of the getInt() methods of ResultSet −

S.N. Methods & Description

public int getInt(String columnName) throws SQLException

1
Returns the int in the current row in the column named columnName.

public int getInt(int columnIndex) throws SQLException

Returns the int in the current row in the specified column index. The column
2
index starts at 1, meaning the first column of a row is 1, the second column of
a row is 2, and so on.
 Page 32 of 79

Similarly, there are get methods in the ResultSet interface for each of the eight Java
primitive types, as well as common types such as java.lang.String, java.lang.Object, and
java.net.URL.

There are also methods for getting SQL data types java.sql.Date, java.sql.Time,
java.sql.TimeStamp, java.sql.Clob, and java.sql.Blob. Check the documentation for more
information about using these SQL data types.

For a better understanding, let us study Viewing - Example Code.

Updating a Result Set

The ResultSet interface contains a collection of update methods for updating the data of
a result set.

As with the get methods, there are two update methods for each data type −

One that takes in a column name.

One that takes in a column index.

For example, to update a String column of the current row of a result set, you would use
one of the following updateString() methods −

S.N. Methods & Description

public void updateString(int columnIndex, String s) throws

1 SQLException
Changes the String in the specified column to the value of s.

public void updateString(String columnName, String s) throws

SQLException
2
Similar to the previous method, except that the column is specified by its name
instead of its index.

There are update methods for the eight primitive data types, as well as String, Object,
URL, and the SQL data types in the java.sql package.

Updating a row in the result set changes the columns of the current row in the ResultSet
object, but not in the underlying database. To update your changes to the row in the
database, you need to invoke one of the following methods.

S.N. Methods & Description

public void updateRow()

1
Updates the current row by updating the corresponding row in the database.
 Page 33 of 79

public void deleteRow()

2
Deletes the current row from the database

public void refreshRow()

3 Refreshes the data in the result set to reflect any recent changes in the
database.

public void cancelRowUpdates()

4
Cancels any updates made on the current row.

public void insertRow()

5 Inserts a row into the database. This method can only be invoked when the
cursor is pointing to the insert row.

For a better understanding, let us study the Updating - Example Code .

JDBC - Data Types

The JDBC driver converts the Java data type to the appropriate JDBC type, before
sending it to the database. It uses a default mapping for most data types. For example,
a Java int is converted to an SQL INTEGER. Default mappings were created to provide
consistency between drivers.

The following table summarizes the default JDBC data type that the Java data type is
converted to, when you call the setXXX() method of the PreparedStatement or
CallableStatement object or the ResultSet.updateXXX() method.

SQL JDBC/Java setXXX updateXXX

VARCHAR java.lang.String setString updateString

CHAR java.lang.String setString updateString

LONGVARCHAR java.lang.String setString updateString

BIT boolean setBoolean updateBoolean

NUMERIC java.math.BigDecimal setBigDecimal updateBigDecimal

TINYINT byte setByte updateByte

SMALLINT short setShort updateShort

INTEGER int setInt updateInt

BIGINT long setLong updateLong

 Page 34 of 79

REAL float setFloat updateFloat

FLOAT float setFloat updateFloat

DOUBLE double setDouble updateDouble

VARBINARY byte[ ] setBytes updateBytes

BINARY byte[ ] setBytes updateBytes

DATE java.sql.Date setDate updateDate

TIME java.sql.Time setTime updateTime

TIMESTAMP java.sql.Timestamp setTimestamp updateTimestamp

CLOB java.sql.Clob setClob updateClob

BLOB java.sql.Blob setBlob updateBlob

ARRAY java.sql.Array setARRAY updateARRAY

REF java.sql.Ref SetRef updateRef

STRUCT java.sql.Struct SetStruct updateStruct

JDBC 3.0 has enhanced support for BLOB, CLOB, ARRAY, and REF data types. The
ResultSet object now has updateBLOB(), updateCLOB(), updateArray(), and updateRef()
methods that enable you to directly manipulate the respective data on the server.

The setXXX() and updateXXX() methods enable you to convert specific Java types to
specific JDBC data types. The methods, setObject() and updateObject(), enable you to
map almost any Java type to a JDBC data type.

ResultSet object provides corresponding getXXX() method for each data type to retrieve
column value. Each method can be used with column name or by its ordinal position.

SQL JDBC/Java setXXX getXXX

VARCHAR java.lang.String setString getString

CHAR java.lang.String setString getString

LONGVARCHAR java.lang.String setString getString

BIT boolean setBoolean getBoolean

NUMERIC java.math.BigDecimal setBigDecimal getBigDecimal

 Page 35 of 79

TINYINT byte setByte getByte

SMALLINT short setShort getShort

INTEGER int setInt getInt

BIGINT long setLong getLong

REAL float setFloat getFloat

FLOAT float setFloat getFloat

DOUBLE double setDouble getDouble

VARBINARY byte[ ] setBytes getBytes

BINARY byte[ ] setBytes getBytes

DATE java.sql.Date setDate getDate

TIME java.sql.Time setTime getTime

TIMESTAMP java.sql.Timestamp setTimestamp getTimestamp

CLOB java.sql.Clob setClob getClob

BLOB java.sql.Blob setBlob getBlob

ARRAY java.sql.Array setARRAY getARRAY

REF java.sql.Ref SetRef getRef

STRUCT java.sql.Struct SetStruct getStruct

Date & Time Data Types

The java.sql.Date class maps to the SQL DATE type, and the java.sql.Time and
java.sql.Timestamp classes map to the SQL TIME and SQL TIMESTAMP data types,
respectively.

Following example shows how the Date and Time classes format the standard Java date
and time values to match the SQL data type requirements.

import java.sql.Date;
import java.sql.Time;
import java.sql.Timestamp;
import java.util.*;
 Page 36 of 79

public class SqlDateTime {

public static void main(String[] args) {
//Get standard date and time
java.util.Date javaDate = new java.util.Date();
long javaTime = javaDate.getTime();
System.out.println("The Java Date is:" +
javaDate.toString());

//Get and display SQL DATE

java.sql.Date sqlDate = new java.sql.Date(javaTime);
System.out.println("The SQL DATE is: " +
sqlDate.toString());

//Get and display SQL TIME

java.sql.Time sqlTime = new java.sql.Time(javaTime);
System.out.println("The SQL TIME is: " +
sqlTime.toString());
//Get and display SQL TIMESTAMP
java.sql.Timestamp sqlTimestamp =
new java.sql.Timestamp(javaTime);
System.out.println("The SQL TIMESTAMP is: " +
sqlTimestamp.toString());
}//end main
}//end SqlDateTime

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

C:\>javac SqlDateTime.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces the following result −

C:\>java SqlDateTime
The Java Date is:Tue Aug 18 13:46:02 GMT+04:00 2009
The SQL DATE is: 2009-08-18
The SQL TIME is: 13:46:02
The SQL TIMESTAMP is: 2009-08-18 13:46:02.828
C:\>

Handling NULL Values

 Page 37 of 79

SQL's use of NULL values and Java's use of null are different concepts. So, to handle SQL
NULL values in Java, there are three tactics you can use −

Avoid using getXXX( ) methods that return primitive data types.

Use wrapper classes for primitive data types, and use the ResultSet object's
wasNull( ) method to test whether the wrapper class variable that received the
value returned by the getXXX( ) method should be set to null.

Use primitive data types and the ResultSet object's wasNull( ) method to test
whether the primitive variable that received the value returned by the getXXX( )
method should be set to an acceptable value that you've chosen to represent a
NULL.

Here is one example to handle a NULL value −

Statement stmt = conn.createStatement( );

String sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Employees";
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

int id = rs.getInt(1);
if( rs.wasNull( ) ) {
id = 0;
}

JDBC - Transactions
If your JDBC Connection is in auto-commit mode, which it is by default, then every SQL
statement is committed to the database upon its completion.

That may be fine for simple applications, but there are three reasons why you may want
to turn off the auto-commit and manage your own transactions −

To increase performance.

To maintain the integrity of business processes.

To use distributed transactions.

Transactions enable you to control if, and when, changes are applied to the database. It
treats a single SQL statement or a group of SQL statements as one logical unit, and if
any statement fails, the whole transaction fails.

To enable manual- transaction support instead of the auto-commit mode that the JDBC
driver uses by default, use the Connection object's setAutoCommit() method. If you
 Page 38 of 79

pass a boolean false to setAutoCommit( ), you turn off auto-commit. You can pass a
boolean true to turn it back on again.

For example, if you have a Connection object named conn, code the following to turn off
auto-commit −

conn.setAutoCommit(false);

Commit & Rollback

Once you are done with your changes and you want to commit the changes then call
commit() method on connection object as follows −

conn.commit( );

Otherwise, to roll back updates to the database made using the Connection named conn,
use the following code −

conn.rollback( );

The following example illustrates the use of a commit and rollback object −

try{
//Assume a valid connection object conn
conn.setAutoCommit(false);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();

String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees " +

"VALUES (106, 20, 'Rita', 'Tez')";
stmt.executeUpdate(SQL);
//Submit a malformed SQL statement that breaks
String SQL = "INSERTED IN Employees " +
"VALUES (107, 22, 'Sita', 'Singh')";
stmt.executeUpdate(SQL);
// If there is no error.
conn.commit();
}catch(SQLException se){
// If there is any error.
conn.rollback();
}
 Page 39 of 79

In this case, none of the above INSERT statement would success and everything would
be rolled back.

For a better understanding, let us study the Commit - Example Code.

Using Savepoints
The new JDBC 3.0 Savepoint interface gives you the additional transactional control.
Most modern DBMS, support savepoints within their environments such as Oracle's
PL/SQL.

When you set a savepoint you define a logical rollback point within a transaction. If an
error occurs past a savepoint, you can use the rollback method to undo either all the
changes or only the changes made after the savepoint.

The Connection object has two new methods that help you manage savepoints −

setSavepoint(String savepointName) − Defines a new savepoint. It also

returns a Savepoint object.

releaseSavepoint(Savepoint savepointName) − Deletes a savepoint. Notice

that it requires a Savepoint object as a parameter. This object is usually a
savepoint generated by the setSavepoint() method.

There is one rollback (String savepointName) method, which rolls back work to the
specified savepoint.

The following example illustrates the use of a Savepoint object −

try{
//Assume a valid connection object conn
conn.setAutoCommit(false);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();

//set a Savepoint
Savepoint savepoint1 = conn.setSavepoint("Savepoint1");
String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees " +
"VALUES (106, 20, 'Rita', 'Tez')";
stmt.executeUpdate(SQL);
//Submit a malformed SQL statement that breaks
String SQL = "INSERTED IN Employees " +
"VALUES (107, 22, 'Sita', 'Tez')";
stmt.executeUpdate(SQL);
// If there is no error, commit the changes.
conn.commit();
 Page 40 of 79

}catch(SQLException se){
// If there is any error.
conn.rollback(savepoint1);
}

In this case, none of the above INSERT statement would success and everything would
be rolled back.

For a better understanding, let us study the Savepoints - Example Code.

JDBC - Exceptions
Exception handling allows you to handle exceptional conditions such as program-defined
errors in a controlled fashion.

When an exception condition occurs, an exception is thrown. The term thrown means
that current program execution stops, and the control is redirected to the nearest
applicable catch clause. If no applicable catch clause exists, then the program's
execution ends.

JDBC Exception handling is very similar to the Java Exception handling but for JDBC, the
most common exception you'll deal with is java.sql.SQLException.

SQLException Methods
An SQLException can occur both in the driver and the database. When such an exception
occurs, an object of type SQLException will be passed to the catch clause.

The passed SQLException object has the following methods available for retrieving
additional information about the exception −

Method Description

Gets the error number associated with the

getErrorCode( )
exception.

Gets the JDBC driver's error message for an

getMessage( ) error, handled by the driver or gets the Oracle
error number and message for a database error.
 Page 41 of 79

Gets the XOPEN SQLstate string. For a JDBC

driver error, no useful information is returned
getSQLState( ) from this method. For a database error, the five-
digit XOPEN SQLstate code is returned. This
method can return null.

Gets the next Exception object in the exception

getNextException( )
chain.

Prints the current exception, or throwable, and

printStackTrace( )
it's backtrace to a standard error stream.

Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the

printStackTrace(PrintStream s)
print stream you specify.

Prints this throwable and it's backtrace to the

printStackTrace(PrintWriter w)
print writer you specify.

By utilizing the information available from the Exception object, you can catch an
exception and continue your program appropriately. Here is the general form of a try
block −

try {
// Your risky code goes between these curly braces!!!
}
catch(Exception ex) {
// Your exception handling code goes between these
// curly braces, similar to the exception clause
// in a PL/SQL block.
}
finally {
// Your must-always-be-executed code goes between these
// curly braces. Like closing database connection.
}

Example
Study the following example code to understand the usage of try....catch...finally
blocks.

import java.sql.CallableStatement;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
 Page 42 of 79

import java.sql.SQLException;

public class JDBCExample {

static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/TUTORIALSPOINT";
static final String USER = "guest";
static final String PASS = "guest123";
static final String QUERY = "{call getEmpName (?, ?)}";

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Open a connection
try(Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
CallableStatement stmt = conn.prepareCall(QUERY);
) {
// Bind values into the parameters.
stmt.setInt(1, 1); // This would set ID
// Because second parameter is OUT so register it
stmt.registerOutParameter(2, java.sql.Types.VARCHAR);
//Use execute method to run stored procedure.
System.out.println("Executing stored procedure..." );
stmt.execute();
//Retrieve employee name with getXXX method
String empName = stmt.getString(2);
System.out.println("Emp Name with ID: 1 is " + empName);
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Now, let us compile the above example as follows −

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces the following result if there is no problem,
otherwise the corresponding error would be caught and error message would be
displayed −

C:\>java JDBCExample
Executing stored procedure...
 Page 43 of 79

Emp Name with ID: 1 is Zara

C:\>

Try the above example by passing wrong database name or wrong username or
password and check the result.

JDBC - Batch Processing

Batch Processing allows you to group related SQL statements into a batch and submit
them with one call to the database.

When you send several SQL statements to the database at once, you reduce the amount
of communication overhead, thereby improving performance.

JDBC drivers are not required to support this feature. You should use the
DatabaseMetaData.supportsBatchUpdates() method to determine if the target
database supports batch update processing. The method returns true if your
JDBC driver supports this feature.

The addBatch() method of Statement, PreparedStatement, and

CallableStatement is used to add individual statements to the batch. The
executeBatch() is used to start the execution of all the statements grouped
together.

The executeBatch() returns an array of integers, and each element of the array
represents the update count for the respective update statement.

Just as you can add statements to a batch for processing, you can remove them
with the clearBatch() method. This method removes all the statements you
added with the addBatch() method. However, you cannot selectively choose
which statement to remove.

Batching with Statement Object

Here is a typical sequence of steps to use Batch Processing with Statement Object −

Create a Statement object using either createStatement() methods.

Set auto-commit to false using setAutoCommit().

Add as many as SQL statements you like into batch using addBatch() method on
created statement object.

Execute all the SQL statements using executeBatch() method on created

statement object.

Finally, commit all the changes using commit() method.

 Page 44 of 79

Example

The following code snippet provides an example of a batch update using Statement
object −

// Create statement object

Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();

// Set auto-commit to false

conn.setAutoCommit(false);

// Create SQL statement

String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees (id, first, last, age) " +
"VALUES(200,'Zia', 'Ali', 30)";
// Add above SQL statement in the batch.
stmt.addBatch(SQL);

// Create one more SQL statement

String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees (id, first, last, age) " +
"VALUES(201,'Raj', 'Kumar', 35)";
// Add above SQL statement in the batch.
stmt.addBatch(SQL);

// Create one more SQL statement

String SQL = "UPDATE Employees SET age = 35 " +
"WHERE id = 100";
// Add above SQL statement in the batch.
stmt.addBatch(SQL);

// Create an int[] to hold returned values

int[] count = stmt.executeBatch();

//Explicitly commit statements to apply changes

conn.commit();

For a better understanding, let us study the Batching - Example Code.

Batching with PrepareStatement Object

Here is a typical sequence of steps to use Batch Processing with PrepareStatement
Object −
 Page 45 of 79

Create SQL statements with placeholders.

Create PrepareStatement object using either prepareStatement() methods.
Set auto-commit to false using setAutoCommit().
Add as many as SQL statements you like into batch using addBatch() method on
created statement object.
Execute all the SQL statements using executeBatch() method on created statement
object.
Finally, commit all the changes using commit() method.

The following code snippet provides an example of a batch update using

PrepareStatement object −

// Create SQL statement

String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees (id, first, last, age) " +
"VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?)";

// Create PrepareStatement object

PreparedStatemen pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(SQL);

//Set auto-commit to false

conn.setAutoCommit(false);

// Set the variables

pstmt.setInt( 1, 400 );
pstmt.setString( 2, "Pappu" );
pstmt.setString( 3, "Singh" );
pstmt.setInt( 4, 33 );
// Add it to the batch
pstmt.addBatch();

// Set the variables

pstmt.setInt( 1, 401 );
pstmt.setString( 2, "Pawan" );
pstmt.setString( 3, "Singh" );
pstmt.setInt( 4, 31 );
// Add it to the batch
pstmt.addBatch();

//add more batches

.
.
.
 Page 46 of 79

.
//Create an int[] to hold returned values
int[] count = stmt.executeBatch();

//Explicitly commit statements to apply changes

conn.commit();

For a better understanding, let us study the Batching - Example Code.

JDBC - Stored Procedure

We have learnt how to use Stored Procedures in JDBC while discussing the JDBC -
Statements chapter. This chapter is similar to that section, but it would give you
additional information about JDBC SQL escape syntax.

Just as a Connection object creates the Statement and PreparedStatement objects, it

also creates the CallableStatement object, which would be used to execute a call to a
database stored procedure.

Creating CallableStatement Object

Suppose, you need to execute the following Oracle stored procedure −

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE getEmpName

(EMP_ID IN NUMBER, EMP_FIRST OUT VARCHAR) AS
BEGIN
SELECT first INTO EMP_FIRST
FROM Employees
WHERE ID = EMP_ID;
END;

NOTE − Above stored procedure has been written for Oracle, but we are working with
MySQL database so, let us write same stored procedure for MySQL as follows to create it
in EMP database.

DELIMITER $$

DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS `EMP`.`getEmpName` $$

CREATE PROCEDURE `EMP`.`getEmpName`
(IN EMP_ID INT, OUT EMP_FIRST VARCHAR(255))
BEGIN
SELECT first INTO EMP_FIRST
 Page 47 of 79

FROM Employees
WHERE ID = EMP_ID;
END $$

DELIMITER ;

Three types of parameters exist − IN, OUT, and INOUT. The PreparedStatement object
only uses the IN parameter. The CallableStatement object can use all the three.

Here are the definitions of each −

Parameter Description

A parameter whose value is unknown when the SQL

IN statement is created. You bind values to IN parameters with
the setXXX() methods.

A parameter whose value is supplied by the SQL statement it

OUT returns. You retrieve values from the OUT parameters with
the getXXX() methods.

A parameter that provides both input and output values. You

INOUT bind variables with the setXXX() methods and retrieve values
with the getXXX() methods.

The following code snippet shows how to employ the Connection.prepareCall()

method to instantiate a CallableStatement object based on the preceding stored
procedure −

CallableStatement cstmt = null;

try {
String SQL = "{call getEmpName (?, ?)}";
cstmt = conn.prepareCall (SQL);
. . .
}
catch (SQLException e) {
. . .
}
finally {
. . .
}

The String variable SQL represents the stored procedure, with parameter placeholders.
 Page 48 of 79

Using CallableStatement objects is much like using PreparedStatement objects. You must
bind values to all the parameters before executing the statement, or you will receive an
SQLException.

If you have IN parameters, just follow the same rules and techniques that apply to a
PreparedStatement object; use the setXXX() method that corresponds to the Java data
type you are binding.

When you use OUT and INOUT parameters, you must employ an additional
CallableStatement method, registerOutParameter(). The registerOutParameter() method
binds the JDBC data type to the data type the stored procedure is expected to return.

Once you call your stored procedure, you retrieve the value from the OUT parameter
with the appropriate getXXX() method. This method casts the retrieved value of SQL
type to a Java data type.

Closing CallableStatement Object

Just as you close other Statement object, for the same reason you should also close the
CallableStatement object.

A simple call to the close() method will do the job. If you close the Connection object
first, it will close the CallableStatement object as well. However, you should always
explicitly close the CallableStatement object to ensure proper cleanup.

CallableStatement cstmt = null;

try {
String SQL = "{call getEmpName (?, ?)}";
cstmt = conn.prepareCall (SQL);
. . .
}
catch (SQLException e) {
. . .
}
finally {
cstmt.close();
}

studyWe have studied more details in the Callable - Example Code.

JDBC SQL Escape Syntax

The escape syntax gives you the flexibility to use database specific features unavailable
to you by using standard JDBC methods and properties.
 Page 49 of 79

The general SQL escape syntax format is as follows −

{keyword 'parameters'}

Here are the following escape sequences, which you would find very useful while
performing the JDBC programming −

d, t, ts Keywords
They help identify date, time, and timestamp literals. As you know, no two DBMSs
represent time and date the same way. This escape syntax tells the driver to render the
date or time in the target database's format. For Example −

{d 'yyyy-mm-dd'}

Where yyyy = year, mm = month; dd = date. Using this syntax {d '2009-09-03'} is

March 9, 2009.

Here is a simple example showing how to INSERT date in a table −

//Create a Statement object

stmt = conn.createStatement();
//Insert data ==> ID, First Name, Last Name, DOB
String sql="INSERT INTO STUDENTS VALUES" +
"(100,'Zara','Ali', {d '2001-12-16'})";

stmt.executeUpdate(sql);

Similarly, you can use one of the following two syntaxes, either t or ts −

{t 'hh:mm:ss'}

Where hh = hour; mm = minute; ss = second. Using this syntax {t '13:30:29'} is

1:30:29 PM.

{ts 'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'}

This is combined syntax of the above two syntax for 'd' and 't' to represent timestamp.

escape Keyword
 Page 50 of 79

This keyword identifies the escape character used in LIKE clauses. Useful when using the
SQL wildcard %, which matches zero or more characters. For example −

String sql = "SELECT symbol FROM MathSymbols

WHERE symbol LIKE '\%' {escape '\'}";
stmt.execute(sql);

If you use the backslash character (\) as the escape character, you also have to use two
backslash characters in your Java String literal, because the backslash is also a Java
escape character.

fn Keyword
This keyword represents scalar functions used in a DBMS. For example, you can use SQL
function length to get the length of a string −

{fn length('Hello World')}

This returns 11, the length of the character string 'Hello World'.

call Keyword
This keyword is used to call the stored procedures. For example, for a stored procedure
requiring an IN parameter, use the following syntax −

{call my_procedure(?)};

For a stored procedure requiring an IN parameter and returning an OUT parameter, use
the following syntax −

{? = call my_procedure(?)};

oj Keyword
This keyword is used to signify outer joins. The syntax is as follows −

{oj outer-join}

Where outer-join = table {LEFT|RIGHT|FULL} OUTERJOIN {table | outer-join} on

search-condition. For example −
 Page 51 of 79

String sql = "SELECT Employees

FROM {oj ThisTable RIGHT
OUTER JOIN ThatTable on id = '100'}";
stmt.execute(sql);

JDBC - Streaming Data

A PreparedStatement object has the ability to use input and output streams to supply
parameter data. This enables you to place entire files into database columns that can
hold large values, such as CLOB and BLOB data types.

There are following methods, which can be used to stream data −

setAsciiStream() − This method is used to supply large ASCII values.

setCharacterStream() − This method is used to supply large UNICODE values.

setBinaryStream() − This method is used to supply large binary values.

The setXXXStream() method requires an extra parameter, the file size, besides the
parameter placeholder. This parameter informs the driver how much data should be sent
to the database using the stream.

This example would create a database table XML_Data and then XML content would be
written into this table.

Copy and paste the following example in FirstApplication.java, compile and run as follows
−

import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;
 Page 52 of 79

public class TestApplication {

static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/TUTORIALSPOINT";
static final String USER = "guest";
static final String PASS = "guest123";
static final String QUERY = "SELECT Data FROM XML_Data WHERE id=100";
static final String INSERT_QUERY="INSERT INTO XML_Data VALUES (?,?)";
static final String CREATE_TABLE_QUERY = "CREATE TABLE XML_Data (id
INTEGER, Data LONG)";
static final String DROP_TABLE_QUERY = "DROP TABLE XML_Data";
static final String XML_DATA = "<Employee><id>100</id><first>Zara</first>
<last>Ali</last><Salary>10000</Salary><Dob>18-08-1978</Dob></Employee>";

public static void createXMLTable(Statement stmt)

throws SQLException{
System.out.println("Creating XML_Data table..." );
//Drop table first if it exists.
try{
stmt.executeUpdate(DROP_TABLE_QUERY);
}catch(SQLException se){
}
stmt.executeUpdate(CREATE_TABLE_QUERY);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Open a connection
try(Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(INSERT_QUERY);
) {
createXMLTable(stmt);

ByteArrayInputStream bis = new

ByteArrayInputStream(XML_DATA.getBytes());

pstmt.setInt(1,100);
pstmt.setAsciiStream(2,bis,XML_DATA.getBytes().length);
pstmt.execute();

//Close input stream

bis.close();

ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(QUERY);
 Page 53 of 79

// Get the first row

if (rs.next ()){
//Retrieve data from input stream
InputStream xmlInputStream = rs.getAsciiStream (1);
int c;
ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
while (( c = xmlInputStream.read ()) != -1)
bos.write(c);
//Print results
System.out.println(bos.toString());
}
// Clean-up environment
rs.close();

} catch (SQLException | IOException e) {

e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

C:\>javac FirstApplication.java
C:\>

When you run FirstApplication, it produces the following result −

C:\>java FirstApplication
Creating XML_Data table...
<Employee><id>100</id><first>Zara</first><last>Ali</last><Salary>10000</Salary><D
C:\>

 

JDBC - Create Database

This tutorial provides an example on how to create a Database using JDBC application.
Before executing the following example, make sure you have the following in place −

You should have admin privilege to create a database in the given schema. To
execute the following example, you need to replace the username and password
with your actual user name and password.
 Page 54 of 79

Your MySQL or whatever database is up and running.

Required Steps
The following steps are required to create a new Database using JDBC application −

Import the packages − Requires that you include the packages containing the
JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import
java.sql.* will suffice.

Open a connection − Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection()

method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection
with the database server.
To create a new database, you need not give any database name while preparing
database URL as mentioned in the below example.

Execute a query − Requires using an object of type Statement for building and
submitting an SQL statement to the database.

Clean up the environment . try with resources automatically closes the

resources.

Sample Code
Copy and paste the following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows
−

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class JDBCExample {

static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/";
static final String USER = "guest";
static final String PASS = "guest123";

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Open a connection
try(Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
) {
String sql = "CREATE DATABASE STUDENTS";
 Page 55 of 79

stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
System.out.println("Database created successfully...");
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces the following result −

C:\>java JDBCExample
Database created successfully...
C:\>

JDBC - Select Database

This chapter provides an example on how to select a Database using JDBC application.
Before executing the following example, make sure you have the following in place −

To execute the following example you need to replace the username and
password with your actual user name and password.

Your MySQL or whatever database you are using, is up and running.

Required Steps
The following steps are required to create a new Database using JDBC application −

Import the packages − Requires that you include the packages containing the
JDBC classes needed for the database programming. Most often, using import
java.sql.* will suffice.

Open a connection − Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection()

method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection
with a selected database.
 Page 56 of 79

Selection of database is made while you prepare database URL. Following

example would make connection with STUDENTS database.

Clean up the environment − try with resources automatically closes the

resources.

Sample Code
Copy and paste the following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows
−

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class JDBCExample {

static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/TUTORIALSPOINT";
static final String USER = "guest";
static final String PASS = "guest123";

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database...");
// Open a connection
try(Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);)
{
System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces the following result −

 Page 57 of 79

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
C:\>

JDBC - Drop Database

This chapter provides an example on how to drop an existing Database using JDBC
application. Before executing the following example, make sure you have the following in
place −

To execute the following example you need to replace the username and
password with your actual user name and password.

Your MySQL is up and running.

NOTE: This is a serious operation and you have to make a firm decision before
proceeding to delete a database because everything you have in your database would be
lost.

Required Steps
The following steps are required to create a new Database using JDBC application −

Import the packages − Requires that you include the packages containing the
JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import
java.sql.* will suffice.

Open a connection − Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection()

method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection
with a database server.
Deleting a database does not require database name to be in your database URL.
Following example would delete STUDENTS database.

Execute a query − Requires using an object of type Statement for building and
submitting an SQL statement to delete the database.

Clean up the environment − try with resources automatically closes the

resources.

Sample Code
Copy and paste the following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows
−
 Page 58 of 79

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class JDBCExample {

static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/";
static final String USER = "guest";
static final String PASS = "guest123";

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Open a connection
try(Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
) {
String sql = "DROP DATABASE STUDENTS";
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
System.out.println("Database dropped successfully...");
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces the following result −

C:\>java JDBCExample
Database dropped successfully...
C:\>

JDBC - Create Tables

This chapter provides an example on how to create a table using JDBC application.
Before executing the following example, make sure you have the following in place −
 Page 59 of 79

To execute the following example you can replace the username and password
with your actual user name and password.

Your MySQL is up and running.

Required Steps
The following steps are required to create a new Database using JDBC application −

Import the packages − Requires that you include the packages containing the
JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import
java.sql.* will suffice.

Open a connection − Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection()

method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection
with a database server.

Execute a query − Requires using an object of type Statement for building and
submitting an SQL statement to create a table in a seleted database.

Clean up the environment − try with resources automatically closes the

resources.

Sample Code
Copy and paste the following example in TestApplication.java, compile and run as follows
−

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class TestApplication {

static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/TUTORIALSPOINT";
static final String USER = "guest";
static final String PASS = "guest123";

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Open a connection
try(Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
) {
String sql = "CREATE TABLE REGISTRATION " +
 Page 60 of 79

"(id INTEGER not NULL, " +

" first VARCHAR(255), " +
" last VARCHAR(255), " +
" age INTEGER, " +
" PRIMARY KEY ( id ))";

stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
System.out.println("Created table in given database...");
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

C:\>javac TestApplication.java
C:\>

When you run TestApplication, it produces the following result −

C:\>java TestApplication
Created table in given database...
C:\>

JDBC - Drop Tables

This chapter provides an example on how to delete a table using JDBC application.
Before executing the following example, make sure you have the following in place −

To execute the following example you can replace the username and password
with your actual user name and password.

Your MySQL or whatever database you are using, is up and running.

NOTE Reformatting JDBC Tutorial This is a serious operation and you have to make a
firm decision before proceeding to delete a table, because everything you have in your
table would be lost.

Required Steps
 Page 61 of 79

The following steps are required to create a new Database using JDBC application −

Import the packages − Requires that you include the packages containing the
JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import
java.sql.* will suffice.

Open a connection − Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection()

method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection
with a database server.

Execute a queryReformatting JDBC Tutorial Requires using an object of type

Statement for building and submitting an SQL statement to drop a table in a
seleted database.

Clean up the environment Reformatting JDBC Tutorial try with resources

automatically closes the resources.

Sample Code
Copy and paste the following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows
−

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class JDBCExample {

static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/TUTORIALSPOINT";
static final String USER = "guest";
static final String PASS = "guest123";

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Open a connection
try(Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
) {
String sql = "DROP TABLE REGISTRATION";
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
System.out.println("Table deleted in given database...");
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
 Page 62 of 79

}
}

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces the following result −

C:\>java JDBCExample
Table deleted in given database...
C:\>

JDBC - Insert Records

This chapter provides an example on how to insert records in a table using JDBC
application. Before executing following example, make sure you have the following in
place −

To execute the following example you can replace the username and password
with your actual user name and password.

Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps
The following steps are required to create a new Database using JDBC application −

Import the packages − Requires that you include the packages containing the
JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import
java.sql.* will suffice.

Register the JDBC driver − Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open
a communications channel with the database.

Open a connection − Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection()

method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection
with a database server.

Execute a query − Requires using an object of type Statement for building and
submitting an SQL statement to insert records into a table.
 Page 63 of 79

Clean up the environment try with resources automatically closes the

resources.

Sample Code
Copy and paste the following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows
−

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class JDBCExample {

static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/TUTORIALSPOINT";
static final String USER = "guest";
static final String PASS = "guest123";

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Open a connection
try(Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
) {
// Execute a query
System.out.println("Inserting records into the table...");
String sql = "INSERT INTO Registration VALUES (100, 'Zara', 'Ali',
18)";
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
sql = "INSERT INTO Registration VALUES (101, 'Mahnaz', 'Fatma', 25)";
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
sql = "INSERT INTO Registration VALUES (102, 'Zaid', 'Khan', 30)";
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
sql = "INSERT INTO Registration VALUES(103, 'Sumit', 'Mittal', 28)";
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
System.out.println("Inserted records into the table...");
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
 Page 64 of 79

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces the following result −

C:\>java JDBCExample
Inserting records into the table...
Inserted records into the table...
C:\>

JDBC - Select Records

This chapter provides an example on how to select/ fetch records from a table using
JDBC application. Before executing the following example, make sure you have the
following in place −

To execute the following example you can replace the username and password
with your actual user name and password.

Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps
The following steps are required to create a new Database using JDBC application −

Import the packages − Requires that you include the packages containing the
JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import
java.sql.* will suffice.

Open a connection − Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection()

method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection
with a database server.

Execute a query − Requires using an object of type Statement for building and
submitting an SQL statement to select (i.e. fetch ) records from a table.

Extract Data − Once SQL query is executed, you can fetch records from the
table.

Clean up the environment − try with resources automatically closes the

resources.
 Page 65 of 79

Sample Code
Copy and paste the following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows
−

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class JDBCExample {

static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/TUTORIALSPOINT";
static final String USER = "guest";
static final String PASS = "guest123";
static final String QUERY = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM
Registration";

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Open a connection
try(Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(QUERY);
) {
while(rs.next()){
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + rs.getInt("id"));
System.out.print(", Age: " + rs.getInt("age"));
System.out.print(", First: " + rs.getString("first"));
System.out.println(", Last: " + rs.getString("last"));
}
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>
 Page 66 of 79

When you run JDBCExample, it produces the following result −

C:\>java JDBCExample
ID: 100, Age: 18, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 101, Age: 25, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
C:\>

JDBC - Update Records

This chapter provides an example on how to update records in a table using JDBC
application. Before executing the following example, make sure you have the following in
place −

To execute the following example you can replace the username and password
with your actual user name and password.

Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps
The following steps are required to create a new Database using JDBC application −

Import the packages − Requires that you include the packages containing the
JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import
java.sql.* will suffice.

Open a connection − Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection()

method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection
with a database server.

Execute a query − Requires using an object of type Statement for building and
submitting an SQL statement to update records in a table. This Query makes use
of IN and WHERE clause to update conditional records.

Clean up the environment − try with resources automatically closes the

resources.

Sample Code
Copy and paste the following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows
−
 Page 67 of 79

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class JDBCExample {

static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/TUTORIALSPOINT";
static final String USER = "guest";
static final String PASS = "guest123";
static final String QUERY = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM
Registration";

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Open a connection
try(Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
) {
String sql = "UPDATE Registration " +
"SET age = 30 WHERE id in (100, 101)";
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(QUERY);
while(rs.next()){
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + rs.getInt("id"));
System.out.print(", Age: " + rs.getInt("age"));
System.out.print(", First: " + rs.getString("first"));
System.out.println(", Last: " + rs.getString("last"));
}
rs.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>
 Page 68 of 79

When you run JDBCExample, it produces the following result −

C:\>java JDBCExample
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 101, Age: 30, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
C:\>

JDBC - Delete Records

This chapter provides an example on how to delete records from a table using JDBC
application. Before executing following example, make sure you have the following in
place −

To execute the following example you can replace the username and password
with your actual user name and password.

Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps
The following steps are required to create a new Database using JDBC application −

Import the packages − Requires that you include the packages containing the
JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import
java.sql.* will suffice.

Register the JDBC driver − Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open
a communications channel with the database.

Open a connection − Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection()

method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection
with a database server.

Execute a query − Requires using an object of type Statement for building and
submitting an SQL statement to delete records from a table. This Query makes
use of the WHERE clause to delete conditional records.

Clean up the environment − try with resources automatically closes the

resources.

Sample Code
 Page 69 of 79

Copy and paste the following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows
−

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class JDBCExample {

static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/TUTORIALSPOINT";
static final String USER = "guest";
static final String PASS = "guest123";
static final String QUERY = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM
Registration";

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Open a connection
try(Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
) {
String sql = "DELETE FROM Registration " +
"WHERE id = 101";
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(QUERY);
while(rs.next()){
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + rs.getInt("id"));
System.out.print(", Age: " + rs.getInt("age"));
System.out.print(", First: " + rs.getString("first"));
System.out.println(", Last: " + rs.getString("last"));
}
rs.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

 Page 70 of 79

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces the following result −

C:\>java JDBCExample
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
C:\>

JDBC - WHERE Clause

This chapter provides an example on how to select records from a table using JDBC
application. This would add additional conditions using WHERE clause while selecting
records from the table. Before executing the following example, make sure you have the
following in place −

To execute the following example you can replace the username and password
with your actual user name and password.

Your MySQL or whatever database you are using, is up and running.

Required Steps
The following steps are required to create a new Database using JDBC application −
 Page 71 of 79

Import the packages − Requires that you include the packages containing the
JDBC classes needed for the database programming. Most often, using import
java.sql.* will suffice.

Register the JDBC driver − Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open
a communications channel with the database.

Open a connection − Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection()

method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection
with a database server.

Execute a query − Requires using an object of type Statement for building and
submitting an SQL statement to fetch records from a table, which meet the given
condition. This Query makes use of the WHERE clause to select records.

Clean up the environment − try with resources automatically closes the

resources.

Sample Code
Copy and paste the following example in TestApplication.java, compile and run as follows
−

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class TestApplication {

static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/TUTORIALSPOINT";
static final String USER = "guest";
static final String PASS = "guest123";
static final String QUERY = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM
Registration";

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Open a connection
try(Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();) {
System.out.println("Fetching records without condition...");
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(QUERY);
while(rs.next()){
//Display values
 Page 72 of 79

System.out.print("ID: " + rs.getInt("id"));

System.out.print(", Age: " + rs.getInt("age"));
System.out.print(", First: " + rs.getString("first"));
System.out.println(", Last: " + rs.getString("last"));
}

// Select all records having ID equal or greater than 101

System.out.println("Fetching records with condition...");
String sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Registration" +
" WHERE id >= 101 ";
rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

while(rs.next()){
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + rs.getInt("id"));
System.out.print(", Age: " + rs.getInt("age"));
System.out.print(", First: " + rs.getString("first"));
System.out.println(", Last: " + rs.getString("last"));
}
rs.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

C:\>javac TestApplication.java
C:\>

When you run TestApplication, it produces the following result −

C:\>java TestApplication
Fetching records without condition...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Fetching records with condition...
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
 Page 73 of 79

ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal

C:\>

JDBC - Like Clause

This chapter provides an example on how to select records from a table using JDBC
application. This would add additional conditions using LIKE clause while selecting
records from the table. Before executing the following example, make sure you have the
following in place −

To execute the following example you can replace the username and password
with your actual user name and password.

Your MySQL or whatever database you are using, is up and running.

Required Steps
The following steps are required to create a new Database using JDBC application −

Import the packages − Requires that you include the packages containing the
JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import
java.sql.* will suffice.

Open a connection − Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection()

method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection
with a database server.

Execute a query − Requires using an object of type Statement for building and
submitting an SQL statement to fetch records from a table which meet given
condition. This Query makes use of LIKE clause to select records to select all the
students whose first name starts with "za".

Clean up the environment − try with resources automatically closes the

resources.

Sample Code
Copy and paste the following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows
−

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
 Page 74 of 79

import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class JDBCExample {

static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/TUTORIALSPOINT";
static final String USER = "guest";
static final String PASS = "guest123";
static final String QUERY = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM
Registration";

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Open a connection
try(Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();) {
System.out.println("Fetching records without condition...");
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(QUERY);
while(rs.next()){
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + rs.getInt("id"));
System.out.print(", Age: " + rs.getInt("age"));
System.out.print(", First: " + rs.getString("first"));
System.out.println(", Last: " + rs.getString("last"));
}

// Select all records having ID equal or greater than 101

System.out.println("Fetching records with condition...");
String sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Registration" +
" WHERE first LIKE '%za%'";
rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

while(rs.next()){
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + rs.getInt("id"));
System.out.print(", Age: " + rs.getInt("age"));
System.out.print(", First: " + rs.getString("first"));
System.out.println(", Last: " + rs.getString("last"));
}
rs.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
 Page 75 of 79

}
}

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces the following result −

C:\>java JDBCExample
Fetching records without condition...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Fetching records with condition...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
C:\>

JDBC - Sorting Data

This chapter provides an example on how to sort records from a table using JDBC
application. This would use asc and desc keywords to sort records in ascending or
descending order. Before executing the following example, make sure you have the
following in place −

To execute the following example you can replace the username and password
with your actual user name and password.

Your MySQL or whatever database you are using, is up and running.

Required Steps
The following steps are required to create a new Database using JDBC application −

Import the packages − Requires that you include the packages containing the
JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import
java.sql.* will suffice.
 Page 76 of 79

Open a connection − Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection()

method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection
with a database server.

Execute a query − Requires using an object of type Statement for building and
submitting an SQL statement to sort records from a table. These Queries make
use of asc and desc clauses to sort data in ascending and descening orders.

Clean up the environment − try with resources automatically closes the

resources.

Sample Code
Copy and paste the following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows
−

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class JDBCExample {

static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/TUTORIALSPOINT";
static final String USER = "guest";
static final String PASS = "guest123";
static final String QUERY = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM
Registration";

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Open a connection
try(Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();) {
System.out.println("Fetching records in ascending order...");
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(QUERY + " ORDER BY first ASC");
while(rs.next()){
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + rs.getInt("id"));
System.out.print(", Age: " + rs.getInt("age"));
System.out.print(", First: " + rs.getString("first"));
System.out.println(", Last: " + rs.getString("last"));
}
 Page 77 of 79

System.out.println("Fetching records in descending order...");

rs = stmt.executeQuery(QUERY + " ORDER BY first DESC");
while(rs.next()){
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + rs.getInt("id"));
System.out.print(", Age: " + rs.getInt("age"));
System.out.print(", First: " + rs.getString("first"));
System.out.println(", Last: " + rs.getString("last"));
}
rs.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Now let us compile the above example as follows −

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces the following result −

C:\>java JDBCExample
Fetching records in ascending order...
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
Fetching records in descending order...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
C:\>

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