1. What do you mean by Data Analysis?

Data analysis is a multidisciplinary field of data science, in which data is analyzed using mathematical,
statistical, and computer science with domain expertise to discover useful information or patterns
from the data. It involves gathering, cleaning, transforming, and organizing data to draw conclusions,
forecast, and make informed decisions. The purpose of data analysis is to turn raw data into
actionable knowledge that may be used to guide decisions, solve issues, or reveal hidden trends.

2. How do data analysts differ from data scientists?

Data analysts and Data Scientists can be recognized by their responsibilities, skill sets, and areas of
expertise. Sometimes the roles of data analysts and data scientists may conflict or not be clear.

Data analysts are responsible for collecting, cleaning, and analyzing data to help businesses make
better decisions. They typically use statistical analysis and visualization tools to identify trends and
patterns in data. Data analysts may also develop reports and dashboards to communicate their
findings to stakeholders.

Data scientists are responsible for creating and implementing machine learning and statistical models
on data. These models are used to make predictions, automate jobs, and enhance business
processes. Data scientists are also well-versed in programming languages and software engineering.

Feature Data analyst Data Scientist

Machine Learning, Statistical

Excel, SQL, Python, R, Tableau,
Modeling, Docker, Software
PowerBI
Skills Engineering

Database Management,
Data Collection, Web
Predictive Analysis and
Scrapping, Data Cleaning, Data
prescriptive analysis, Machine
Visualization, Explanatory
Learning model building and
Data Analysis, Reports
Deployment, Task automation,
Development and
Work for Business
Presentations
Tasks Improvements Process.

Positions Entry Label Seniors Label

3. How Data analysis is similar to Business Intelligence?

Data analysis and Business intelligence are both closely related fields, Both use data and make
analysis to make better and more effective decisions. However, there are some key differences
between the two.

 Data analysis involves data gathering, inspecting, cleaning, transforming and finding relevant
information, So, that it can be used for the decision-making process.
  Business Intelligence(BI) also makes data analysis to find insights as per the business
requirements. It generally uses statistical and Data visualization tools popularly known as BI
tools to present the data in user-friendly views like reports, dashboards, charts and graphs.

The similarities and differences between the Data Analysis and Business Intelligence are as follows:

Similarities Differences

Data analysis is more technical, while BI is

Both use data to make better decisions.
more strategic.

Data analysis focuses on finding patterns and

Both involve collecting, cleaning, and
insights in data, while BI focuses on providing
transforming data.
relevant information

Data analysis is often used to provide specific

Both use visualization tools to communicate
answers, whereas business intelligence (BI) is
findings.
used to help broader decision-making.

4. What are the different tools mainly used for data analysis?

There are different tools used for data analysis. each has some strengths and weaknesses. Some of
the most commonly used tools for data analysis are as follows:

 Spreadsheet Software: Spreadsheet Software is used for a variety of data analysis tasks, such
as sorting, filtering, and summarizing data. It also has several built-in functions for
performing statistical analysis. The top 3 mostly used Spreadsheet Software are as follows:

o Microsoft Excel

o Google Sheets

o LibreOffice Calc

 Database Management Systems (DBMS): DBMSs, or database management systems, are

crucial resources for data analysis. It offers a secure and efficient way to manage, store, and
organize massive amounts of data.

o MySQL

o PostgreSQL

o Microsoft SQL Server

o Oracle Database

 Statistical Software: There are many statistical software used for Data analysis, Each with its
strengths and weaknesses. Some of the most popular software used for data analysis are as
follows:
 o SAS: Widely used in various industries for statistical analysis and data management.

o SPSS: A software suite used for statistical analysis in social science research.

o Stata: A tool commonly used for managing, analyzing, and graphing data in various
fields.SPSS:

 Programming Language: In data analysis, programming languages are used for deep and
customized analysis according to mathematical and statistical concepts. For Data analysis,
two programming languages are highly popular:

o R: R is a free and open-source programming language widely popular for data

analysis. It has good visualizations and environments mainly designed for statistical
analysis and data visualization. It has a wide variety of packages for performing
different data analysis tasks.

o Python: Python is also a free and open-source programming language used for Data
analysis. Nowadays, It is becoming widely popular among researchers. Along with
data analysis, It is used for Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and web
development.

5. What is Data Wrangling?

Data Wrangling is very much related concepts to Data Preprocessing. It's also known as Data
munging. It involves the process of cleaning, transforming, and organizing the raw, messy or
unstructured data into a usable format. The main goal of data wrangling is to improve the quality and
structure of the dataset. So, that it can be used for analysis, model building, and other data-driven
tasks.

Data wrangling can be a complicated and time-consuming process, but it is critical for businesses that
want to make data-driven choices. Businesses can obtain significant insights about their products,
services, and bottom line by taking the effort to wrangle their data.

Some of the most common tasks involved in data wrangling are as follows:

 Data Cleaning: Identify and remove the errors, inconsistencies, and missing values from the
dataset.

 Data Transformation: Transformed the structure, format, or values of data as per the
requirements of the analysis. that may include scaling & normalization, encoding categorical
values.

 Data Integration: Combined two or more datasets, if that is scattered from multiple sources,
and need of consolidated analysis.

 Data Restructuring: Reorganize the data to make it more suitable for analysis. In this case,
data are reshaped to different formats or new variables are created by aggregating the
features at different levels.

 Data Enrichment: Data are enriched by adding additional relevant information, this may be
external data or combined aggregation of two or more features.

 Quality Assurance: In this case, we ensure that the data meets certain quality standards and
is fit for analysis.
6. What is the difference between descriptive and predictive analysis?

Descriptive and predictive analysis are the two different ways to analyze the data.

 Descriptive Analysis: Descriptive analysis is used to describe questions like "What has
happened in the past?" and "What are the key characteristics of the data?". Its main goal is
to identify the patterns, trends, and relationships within the data. It uses statistical
measures, visualizations, and exploratory data analysis techniques to gain insight into the
dataset.
The key characteristics of descriptive analysis are as follows:

o Historical Perspective: Descriptive analysis is concerned with understanding past

data and events.

o Summary Statistics: It often involves calculating basic statistical measures like mean,
median, mode, standard deviation, and percentiles.

o Visualizations: Graphs, charts, histograms, and other visual representations are used
to illustrate data patterns.

o Patterns and Trends: Descriptive analysis helps identify recurring patterns and trends
within the data.

o Exploration: It's used for initial data exploration and hypothesis generation.

 Predictive Analysis: Predictive Analysis, on the other hand, uses past data and applies
statistical and machine learning models to identify patterns and relationships and make
predictions about future events. Its primary goal is to predict or forecast what is likely to
happen in future.
The key characteristics of predictive analysis are as follows:

o Future Projection: Predictive analysis is used to forecast and predict future events.

o Model Building: It involves developing and training models using historical data to
predict outcomes.

o Validation and Testing: Predictive models are validated and tested using unseen data
to assess their accuracy.

o Feature Selection: Identifying relevant features (variables) that influence the

predicted outcome is crucial.

o Decision Making: Predictive analysis supports decision-making by providing insights

into potential outcomes.

7. What is univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis?

Univariate, Bivariate and multivariate are the three different levels of data analysis that are used to
understand the data.

1. Univariate analysis: Univariate analysis analyzes one variable at a time. Its main purpose is
to understand the distribution, measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode),
measures of dispersion (range, variance, and standard deviation), and graphical methods
such as histograms and box plots. It does not deal with the courses or relationships from the
other variables of the dataset.
 Common techniques used in univariate analysis include histograms, bar charts, pie charts,
box plots, and summary statistics.

2. Bivariate analysis: Bivariate analysis involves the analysis of the relationship between the
two variables. Its primary goal is to understand how one variable is related to the other
variables. It reveals, Are there any correlations between the two variables, if yes then how
strong the correlations is? It can also be used to predict the value of one variable from the
value of another variable based on the found relationship between the two.
Common techniques used in bivariate analysis include scatter plots, correlation analysis,
contingency tables, and cross-tabulations.

3. Multivariate analysis: Multivariate analysis is used to analyze the relationship between three
or more variables simultaneously. Its primary goal is to understand the relationship among
the multiple variables. It is used to identify the patterns, clusters, and dependencies among
the several variables.
Common techniques used in multivariate analysis include principal component analysis
(PCA), factor analysis, cluster analysis, and regression analysis involving multiple predictor
variables.

8. Name some of the most popular data analysis and visualization tools used for data analysis.

Some of the most popular data analysis and visualization tools are as follows:

 Tableau: Tableau is a powerful data visualization application that enables users to generate
interactive dashboards and visualizations from a wide range of data sources. It is a popular
choice for businesses of all sizes since it is simple to use and can be adjusted to match any
organization's demands.

 Power BI: Microsoft's Power BI is another well-known data visualization tool. Power BI's
versatility and connectivity with other Microsoft products make it a popular data analysis
and visualization tool in both individual and enterprise contexts.

 Qlik Sense: Qlik Sense is a data visualization tool that is well-known for its speed and
performance. It enables users to generate interactive dashboards and visualizations from
several data sources, and it can be used to examine enormous datasets.

 SAS: A software suite used for advanced analytics, multivariate analysis, and business
intelligence.

 IBM SPSS: A statistical software for data analysis and reporting.

 Google Data Studio: Google Data Studio is a free web-based data visualization application
that allows users to create customized dashboards and simple reports. It aggregates data
from up to 12 different sources, including Google Analytics, into an easy-to-modify, easy-to-
share, and easy-to-read report.

9. What are the steps you would take to analyze a dataset?

Data analysis involves a series of steps that transform raw data into relevant insights, conclusions,
and actionable suggestions. While the specific approach will vary based on the context and aims of
the study, here is an approximate outline of the processes commonly followed in data analysis:
  Problem Definition or Objective: Make sure that the problem or question you're attempting
to answer is stated clearly. Understand the analysis's aims and objectives to direct your
strategy.

 Data Collection: Collate relevant data from various sources. This might include surveys, tests,
databases, web scraping, and other techniques. Make sure the data is representative and
accurate.ALso

 Data Preprocessing or Data Cleaning: Raw data often has errors, missing values, and
inconsistencies. In Data Preprocessing and Cleaning, we redefine the column's names or
values, standardize the formats, and deal with the missing values.

 Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): EDA is a crucial step in Data analysis. In EDA, we
apply various graphical and statistical approaches to systematically analyze and summarize
the main characteristics, patterns, and relationships within a dataset. The primary objective
behind the EDA is to get a better knowledge of the data's structure, identify probable
abnormalities or outliers, and offer initial insights that can guide further analysis.

 Data Visualizations: Data visualizations play a very important role in data analysis. It provides
visual representation of complicated information and patterns in the data which enhances
the understanding of data and helps in identifying the trends or patterns within a data. It
enables effective communication of insights to various stakeholders.

10. What is data cleaning?

Data cleaning is the process of identifying the removing misleading or inaccurate records from the
datasets. The primary objective of Data cleaning is to improve the quality of the data so that it can be
used for analysis and predictive model-building tasks. It is the next process after the data collection
and loading.

In Data cleaning, we fix a range of issues that are as follows:

1. Inconsistencies: Sometimes data stored are inconsistent due to variations in formats,

columns_name, data types, or values naming conventions. Which creates difficulties while
aggregating and comparing. Before going for further analysis, we correct all these
inconsistencies and formatting issues.

2. Duplicate entries: Duplicate records may biased analysis results, resulting in exaggerated
counts or incorrect statistical summaries. So, we also remove it.

3. Missing Values: Some data points may be missing. Before going further either we remove
the entire rows or columns or we fill the missing values with probable items.

4. Outlier: Outliers are data points that drastically differ from the average which may result in
machine error when collecting the dataset. if it is not handled properly, it can bias results
even though it can offer useful insights. So, we first detect the outlier and then remove it.

11. What is the importance of exploratory data analysis (EDA) in data analysis?

Exploratory data analysis (EDA) is the process of investigating and understanding the data through
graphical and statistical techniques. It is one of the crucial parts of data analysis that helps to identify
the patterns and trends in the data as well as help in understanding the relationship between
variables.
EDA is a non-parametric approach in data analysis, which means it does take any assumptions about
the dataset. EDA is important for a number of reasons that are as follows:

1. With EDA we can get a deep understanding of patterns, distributions, nature of data and
relationship with another variable in the dataset.

2. With EDA we can analyze the quality of the dataset by making univariate analyses like the
mean, median, mode, quartile range, distribution plot etc and identify the patterns and
trends of single rows of the dataset.

3. With EDA we can also get the relationship between the two or more variables by making
bivariate or multivariate analyses like regression, correlations, covariance, scatter plot, line
plot etc.

4. With EDA we can find out the most influential feature of the dataset using correlations,
covariance, and various bivariate or multivariate plotting.

5. With EDA we can also identify the outliers using Box plots and remove them further using a
statistical approach.

EDA provides the groundwork for the entire data analysis process. It enables analysts to make more
informed judgments about data processing, hypothesis testing, modelling, and interpretation,
resulting in more accurate and relevant insights.

12. What is Time Series analysis?

Time Series analysis is a statistical technique used to analyze and interpret data points collected at
specific time intervals. Time series data is the data points recorded sequentially over time. The data
points can be numerical, categorical, or both. The objective of time series analysis is to understand
the underlying patterns, trends and behaviours in the data as well as to make forecasts about future
values.

The key components of Time Series analysis are as follows:

 Trend: The data's long-term movement or direction over time. Trends can be upward,
downward, or flat.

 Seasonality: Patterns that repeat at regular intervals, such as daily, monthly, or yearly cycles.

 Cyclical Patterns: Longer-term trends that are not as regular as seasonality, and are
frequently associated with economic or business cycles.

 Irregular Fluctuations: Unpredictable and random data fluctuations that cannot be explained
by trends, seasonality, or cycles.

 Auto-correlations: The link between a data point and its prior values. It quantifies the degree
of dependence between observations at different time points.

Time series analysis approaches include a variety of techniques including Descriptive analysis to
identify trends, patterns, and irregularities, smoothing techniques like moving averages or
exponential smoothing to reduce noise and highlight underlying trends, Decompositions to separate
the time series data into its individual components and forecasting technique like ARIMA, SARIMA,
and Regression technique to predict the future values based on the trends.

13. What is Feature Engineering?

Feature engineering is the process of selecting, transforming, and creating features from raw data in
order to build more effective and accurate machine learning models. The primary goal of feature
engineering is to identify the most relevant features or create the relevant features by combining
two or more features using some mathematical operations from the raw data so that it can be
effectively utilized for getting predictive analysis by machine learning model.

The following are the key elements of feature engineering:

 Feature Selection: In this case we identify the most relevant features from the dataset based
on the correlation with the target variables.

 Create new feature: In this case, we generate the new features by aggregating or
transforming the existing features in such a way that it can be helpful to capture the patterns
or trends which is not revealed by the original features.

 Transformation: In this case, we modify or scale the features so, that it can helpful in
building the machine learning model. Some of the common transformations method
are Min-Max Scaling, Z-Score Normalization, and log transformations etc.

 Feature encoding: Generally ML algorithms only process the numerical data, so, that we
need to encode categorical features into the numerical vector. Some of the popular encoding
technique are One-Hot-Encoding, Ordinal label encoding etc.

14. What is data normalization, and why is it important?

Data normalization is the process of transforming numerical data into standardised range. The
objective of data normalization is scale the different features (variables) of a dataset onto a common
scale, which make it easier to compare, analyze, and model the data. This is particularly important
when features have different units, scales, or ranges because if we doesn't normalize then each
feature has different-different impact which can affect the performance of various machine learning
algorithms and statistical analyses.

Common normalization techniques are as follows:

 Min-Max Scaling: Scales the data to a range between 0 and 1 using the formula:
(x - min) / (max - min)

 Z-Score Normalization (Standardization): Scales data to have a mean of 0 and a standard

deviation of 1 using the formula:
(x - mean) / standard_deviation

 Robust Scaling: Scales data by removing the median and scaling to the interquartile
range(IQR) to handle outliers using the formula:
(X - Median) / IQR

 Unit Vector Scaling: Scales each data point to have a Euclidean norm (length) (||X||) of 1
using the formula:
X / ||X||

15. What are the main libraries you would use for data analysis in Python?

For data analysis in Python, many great libraries are used due to their versatility, functionality, and
ease of use. Some of the most common libraries are as follows:
  NumPy: A core Python library for numerical computations. It supports arrays, matrices, and a
variety of mathematical functions, making it a building block for many other data analysis
libraries.

 Pandas: A well-known data manipulation and analysis library. It provides data structures (like
as DataFrames) that make to easily manipulate, filter, aggregate, and transform data. Pandas
is required when working with structured data.

 SciPy: SciPy is a scientific computing library. It offers a wide range of statistical,

mathematical, and scientific computing functions.

 Matplotlib: Matplotlib is a library for plotting and visualization. It provides a wide range of
plotting functions, making it easy to create beautiful and informative visualizations.

 Seaborn: Seaborn is a library for statistical data visualization. It builds on top of Matplotlib
and provides a more user-friendly interface for creating statistical plots.

 Scikit-learn: A powerful machine learning library. It includes classification, regression,

clustering, dimensionality reduction, and model evaluation tools. Scikit-learn is well-known
for its consistent API and simplicity of use.

 Statsmodels: A statistical model estimation and interpretation library. It covers a wide range
of statistical models, such as linear models and time series analysis.

16. What's the difference between structured and unstructured data?

Structured and unstructured data depend on the format in which the data is stored. Structured data
is information that has been structured in a certain format, such as a table or spreadsheet. This
facilitates searching, sorting, and analyzing. Unstructured data is information that is not arranged in a
certain format. This makes searching, sorting, and analyzing more complex.

The differences between the structured and unstructured data are as follows:

Feature Structured Data Unstructured Data

Schema (structure of data) is

No predefined relationships
often rigid and organized into
between data elements.
Structure of data rows and columns

Excellent for searching,

Difficult to search
Searchability reporting, and querying

Simple to quantify and No fixed format, making it

process using standard more challenging to organize
Analysis database functions. and analyze.

Storage Relational databases Data lakes

Feature Structured Data Unstructured Data

Customer records, product Text documents, images,

Examples inventories, financial data audio, video

17. How can pandas be used for data analysis?

Pandas is one of the most widely used Python libraries for data analysis. It has powerful tools and
data structure which is very helpful in analyzing and processing data. Some of the most useful
functions of pandas which are used for various tasks involved in data analysis are as follows:

1. Data loading functions: Pandas provides different functions to read the dataset from the
different-different formats like read_csv, read_excel, and read_sql functions are used to read
the dataset from CSV, Excel, and SQL datasets respectively in a pandas DataFrame.

2. Data Exploration: Pandas provides functions like head, tail, and sample to rapidly inspect the
data after it has been imported. In order to learn more about the different data types,
missing values, and summary statistics, use pandas .info and .describe functions.

3. Data Cleaning: Pandas offers functions for dealing with missing values (fillna), duplicate rows
(drop_duplicates), and incorrect data types (astype) before analysis.

4. Data Transformation: Pandas may be used to modify and transform data. It is simple to do
actions like selecting columns, filtering rows (loc, iloc), and adding new ones. Custom
transformations are feasible using the apply and map functions.

5. Data Aggregation: With the help of pandas, we can group the data using groupby function,
and also apply aggregation tasks like sum, mean, count, etc., on specify columns.

6. Time Series Analysis: Pandas offers robust support for time series data. We can easily
conduct date-based computations using functions like resample, shift etc.

7. Merging and Joining: Data from different sources can be combined using Pandas merge and
join functions.

18. What is the difference between pandas Series and pandas DataFrames?

In pandas, Both Series and Dataframes are the fundamental data structures for handling and
analyzing tabular data. However, they have distinct characteristics and use cases.

A series in pandas is a one-dimensional labelled array that can hold data of various types like integer,
float, string etc. It is similar to a NumPy array, except it has an index that may be used to access the
data. The index can be any type of object, such as a string, a number, or a datetime.

A pandas DataFrame is a two-dimensional labelled data structure resembling a table or a

spreadsheet. It consists of rows and columns, where each column can have a different data type. A
DataFrame may be thought of as a collection of Series, where each column is a Series with the same
index.
The key differences between the pandas Series and Dataframes are as follows:

pandas Series pandas DataFrames

A one-dimensional labelled array that can hold

A two-dimensional labelled data structure that
data of various types like (integer, float, string,
resembles a table or a spreadsheet.
etc.)

Similar to the single vector or column in a Similar to a spreadsheet, which can have
spreadsheet multiple vectors or columns as well as.

The versatility and handling of the multiple

Best suited for working with single-feature
features make it suitable for tasks like data
data
analysis.

DataFrames can be assumed as a collection of

Each element of the Series is associated with
multiple Series, where each column shares the
its label known as the index
same index.

19. What is One-Hot-Encoding?

One-hot encoding is a technique used for converting categorical data into a format that machine
learning algorithms can understand. Categorical data is data that is categorized into different groups,
such as colors, nations, or zip codes. Because machine learning algorithms often require numerical
input, categorical data is represented as a sequence of binary values using one-hot encoding.

To one-hot encode a categorical variable, we generate a new binary variable for each potential value
of the category variable. For example, if the category variable is "color" and the potential values are
"red," "green," and "blue," then three additional binary variables are created: "color_red,"
"color_green," and "color_blue." Each of these binary variables would have a value of 1 if the
matching category value was present and 0 if it was not.

20. What is a boxplot and how it's useful in data science?

A boxplot is a graphic representation of data that shows the distribution of the data. It is a
standardized method of the distribution of a data set based on its five-number summary of data
points: the minimum, first quartile [Q1], median, third quartile [Q3], and maximum.
Boxplot

Boxplot is used for detection the outliers in the dataset by visualizing the distribution of data.

Statistics Interview Questions and Answers for Data Analyst

21. What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?

Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are the two main branches of statistics

 Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive statistics is the branch of statistics, which is used to

summarize and describe the main characteristics of a dataset. It provides a clear and concise
summary of the data's central tendency, variability, and distribution. Descriptive statistics
help to understand the basic properties of data, identifying patterns and structure of the
dataset without making any generalizations beyond the observed data. Descriptive statistics
compute measures of central tendency and dispersion and also create graphical
representations of data, such as histograms, bar charts, and pie charts to gain insight into a
dataset.
Descriptive statistics is used to answer the following questions:

o What is the mean salary of a data analyst?

o What is the range of income of data analysts?

o What is the distribution of monthly incomes of data analysts?

 Inferential Statistics: Inferential statistics is the branch of statistics, that is used to conclude,
make predictions, and generalize findings from a sample to a larger population. It makes
inferences and hypotheses about the entire population based on the information gained
from a representative sample. Inferential statistics use hypothesis testing, confidence
intervals, and regression analysis to make inferences about a population.
Inferential statistics is used to answer the following questions:

o Is there any difference in the monthly income of the Data analyst and the Data
Scientist?

o Is there any relationship between income and education level?

o Can we predict someone's salary based on their experience?

22. What are measures of central tendency?

Measures of central tendency are the statistical measures that represent the centre of the data set. It
reveals where the majority of the data points generally cluster. The three most common measures of
central tendency are:

 Mean: The mean, also known as the average, is calculated by adding up all the values in a
dataset and then dividing by the total number of values. It is sensitive to outliers since a
single extreme number can have a large impact on the mean.
Mean = (Sum of all values) / (Total number of values)

 Median: The median is the middle value in a data set when it is arranged in ascending or
descending order. If there is an even number of values, the median is the average of the two
middle values.

 Mode: The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a dataset. A dataset can have
no mode (if all values are unique) or multiple modes (if multiple values have the same
highest frequency). The mode is useful for categorical data and discrete distributions.

23. What are the Measures of dispersion?

Measures of dispersion, also known as measures of variability or spread, indicate how much the
values in a dataset deviate from the central tendency. They help in quantifying how far the data
points vary from the average value.

Some of the common Measures of dispersion are as follows:

 Range: The range is the difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set. It
gives an idea of how much the data spreads from the minimum to the maximum.

 Variance: The variance is the average of the squared deviations of each data point from the
mean. It is a measure of how spread out the data is around the mean.
Variance(σ2)=∑(X−μ)2NVariance(σ2)=N∑(X−μ)2

 Standard Deviation: The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. It is a
measure of how spread out the data is around the mean, but it is expressed in the same
units as the data itself.

 Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD): MAD is the average of the absolute differences between
each data point and the mean. Unlike variance, it doesn't involve squaring the differences,
making it less sensitive to extreme values. it is less sensitive to outliers than the variance or
standard deviation.

 Percentiles: Percentiles are statistical values that measure the relative positions of values
within a dataset. Which is computed by arranging the dataset in descending order from least
to the largest and then dividing it into 100 equal parts. In other words, a percentile tells you
what percentage of data points are below or equal to a specific value. Percentiles are often
used to understand the distribution of data and to identify values that are above or below a
certain threshold within a dataset.

 Interquartile Range (IQR): The interquartile range (IQR) is the range of values ranging from
the 25th percentile (first quartile) to the 75th percentile (third quartile). It measures the
spread of the middle 50% of the data and is less affected by outliers.
  Coefficient of Variation (CV): The coefficient of variation (CV) is a measure of relative
variability, It is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean, expressed as a percentage.
It's used to compare the relative variability between datasets with different units or scales.

24. What is a probability distribution?

A probability distribution is a mathematical function that estimates the probability of different

possible outcomes or events occurring in a random experiment or process. It is a mathematical
representation of random phenomena in terms of sample space and event probability, which helps
us understand the relative possibility of each outcome occurring.

There are two main types of probability distributions:

1. Discrete Probability Distribution: In a discrete probability distribution, the random variable

can only take on distinct, separate values. Each value is associated with a probability.
Examples of discrete probability distributions include the binomial distribution, the Poisson
distribution, and the hypergeometric distribution.

2. Continuous Probability Distribution: In a continuous probability distribution, the random

variable can take any value within a certain range. These distributions are described by
probability density functions (PDFs). Examples of continuous probability distributions include
the normal distribution, the exponential distribution, and the uniform distribution.

25. What are normal distributions?

A normal distribution, also known as a Gaussian distribution, is a specific type of probability

distribution with a symmetric, bell-shaped curve. The data in a normal distribution clustered around
a central value i.e mean, and the majority of the data falls within one standard deviation of the
mean. The curve gradually tapers off towards both tails, showing that extreme values are becoming

distribution having a mean equal to 0 and standard deviation equal to 1 is known as standard normal
distribution and Z-scores are used to measure how many standard deviations a particular data point
is from the mean in standard normal distribution.

Normal distributions are a fundamental concept that supports many statistical approaches and helps
researchers understand the behaviour of data and variables in a variety of scenarios.

26. What is the central limit theorem?

The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) is a fundamental concept in statistics that states that, under certain
conditions, the distribution of sample means approaches a normal distribution as sample size rises,
regardless of the the original population distribution. In other words, even if the population
distribution is not normal, when the sample size is high enough, the distribution of sample means
will tend to be normal.

The Central Limit Theorem has three main assumptions:

1. The samples must be independent. This means that the outcome of one sample cannot
affect the outcome of another sample.

2. The samples must be random. This means that each sample must be drawn from the
population in a way that gives all members of the population an equal chance of being
selected.
 3. The sample size must be large enough. The CLT typically applies when the sample size is
greater than 30.

27. What are the null hypothesis and alternative hypotheses?

In statistics, the null and alternate hypotheses are two mutually exclusive statements regarding a
population parameter. A hypothesis test analyzes sample data to determine whether to accept or
reject the null hypothesis. Both null and alternate hypotheses represent the opposing statements or
claims about a population or a phenomenon under investigation.

 Null Hypothesis (H0 H0 ): The null hypothesis is a statement regarding the status quo
representing no difference or effect after the phenomena unless there is strong evidence to
the contrary.

 Alternate Hypothesis (Ha or H1 Ha or H1 ): The alternate hypothesis is a statement that

disregards the status quo means supports the difference or effect. The researcher tries to
prove the hypothesis.

28. What is a p-value, and what does it mean?

A p-value, which stands for "probability value," is a statistical metric used in hypothesis testing to
measure the strength of evidence against a null hypothesis. When the null hypothesis is considered
to be true, it measures the chance of receiving observed outcomes (or more extreme results). In
layman's words, the p-value determines whether the findings of a study or experiment are
statistically significant or if they might have happened by chance.

The p-value is a number between 0 and 1, which is frequently stated as a decimal or percentage. If
the null hypothesis is true, it indicates the probability of observing the data (or more extreme data).

29. What is the significance level?

The significance level, often denoted as α (alpha), is a critical parameter in hypothesis testing and
statistical analysis. It defines the threshold for determining whether the results of a statistical test are
statistically significant. In other words, it sets the standard for deciding when to reject the null
hypothesis (H0) in favor of the alternative hypothesis (Ha).

If the p-value is less than the significance level, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there
is a statistically significant difference between the groups.

 If p-value ≤ α: Reject the null hypothesis. This indicates that the results are statistically
significant, and there is evidence to support the alternative hypothesis.

 If p-value > α: Fail to reject the null hypothesis. This means that the results are not
statistically significant, and there is insufficient evidence to support the alternative
hypothesis.

The choice of a significance level involves a trade-off between Type I and Type II errors. A lower
significance level (e.g., α = 0.01) decreases the risk of Type I errors while increasing the chance of
Type II errors (failure to identify a real impact). A higher significance level (e.g., = 0.10), on the other
hand, increases the probability of Type I errors while decreasing the chance of Type II errors.

30. Describe Type I and Type II errors in hypothesis testing.

In hypothesis testing, When deciding between the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative
hypothesis (Ha), two types of errors may occur. These errors are known as Type I and Type II errors,
and they are important considerations in statistical analysis.

 Type I error (False Positive, α): Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when
it is true. This is also referred as a false positive. The probability of committing a Type I error
is denoted by α (alpha) and is also known as the significance level. A lower significance level
(e.g., = 0.05) reduces the chance of Type I mistakes while increasing the risk of Type II errors.
For example, a Type I error would occur if we estimated that a new medicine was successful
when it was not.

o Type I Error (False Positive, α): Rejecting a true null hypothesis.

 Type II Error (False Negative, β): Type II error occurs when a researcher fails to reject the null
hypothesis when it is actually false. This is also referred as a false negative. The probability of
committing a Type II error is denoted by β (beta)
For example, a Type II error would occur if we estimated that a new medicine was not
effective when it is actually effective.

o Type II Error (False Negative, β): Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.

31. What is a confidence interval, and how does it is related to point estimates?

The confidence interval is a statistical concept used to estimates the uncertainty associated with
estimating a population parameter (such as a population mean or proportion) from a sample. It is a
range of values that is likely to contain the true value of a population parameter along with a level of
confidence in that statement.

 Point estimate: A point estimate is a single that is used to estimate the population
parameter based on a sample. For example, the sample mean (x̄ ) is a point estimate of the
population mean (μ). The point estimate is typically the sample mean or the sample
proportion.

 Confidence interval: A confidence interval, on the other hand, is a range of values built
around a point estimate to account for the uncertainty in the estimate. It is typically
expressed as an interval with an associated confidence level (e.g., 95% confidence interval).
The degree of confidence or confidence level shows the probability that the interval contains
the true population parameter.

The relationship between point estimates and confidence intervals can be summarized as follows:

 A point estimate provides a single value as the best guess for a population parameter based
on sample data.

 A confidence interval provides a range of values around the point estimate, indicating the
range of likely values for the population parameter.

 The confidence level associated with the interval reflects the level of confidence that the
true parameter value falls within the interval.

For example, A 95% confidence interval indicates that you are 95% confident that the real population
parameter falls inside the interval. A 95% confidence interval for the population mean (μ) can be
expressed as :
(xˉ−Margin of error,xˉ+Margin of error)(xˉ−Margin of error,xˉ+Margin of error)

where x̄ is the point estimate (sample mean), and the margin of error is calculated using the
standard deviation of the sample and the confidence level.

32. What is ANOVA in Statistics?

ANOVA, or Analysis of Variance, is a statistical technique used for analyzing and comparing the
means of two or more groups or populations to determine whether there are statistically significant
differences between them or not. It is a parametric statistical test which means that, it assumes the
data is normally distributed and the variances of the groups are identical. It helps researchers in
determining the impact of one or more categorical independent variables (factors) on a continuous
dependent variable.

ANOVA works by partitioning the total variance in the data into two components:

 Between-group variance: It analyzes the difference in means between the different groups
or treatment levels being compared.

 Within-group variance: It analyzes the variance within each individual group or treatment
level.

Depending on the investigation's design and the number of independent variables, ANOVA has
numerous varieties:

 One-Way ANOVA: Compares the means of three or more independent groups or levels of a
single categorical variable. For Example: One-way ANOVA can be used to compare the
average age of employees among the three different teams in a company.

 Two-Way ANOVA: Compare the means of two or more independent groups while taking into
account the impact of a two independent categorical variables (factors) . For example, Two-
way ANOVA can be to compare the average age of employees among the three different
teams in a company, while also taking into account the gender of the employees.

 Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA): Compare the means of multiple dependent

variables. For example, MANOVA can be used to compare the average age, average salary,
and average experience of employees among the three different teams in a company.

33. What is a correlation?

Correlation is a statistical term that analyzes the degree of a linear relationship between two or more
variables. It estimates how effectively changes in one variable predict or explain changes in
another.Correlation is often used to access the strength and direction of associations between
variables in various fields, including statistics, economics.

The correlation between two variables is represented by correlation coefficient, denoted as "r". The
value of "r" can range between -1 and +1, reflecting the strength of the relationship:

 Positive correlation (r > 0): As one variable increases, the other tends to increase. The
greater the positive correlation, the closer "r" is to +1.

 Negative correlation (r < 0): As one variable rises, the other tends to fall. The closer "r" is to -
1, the greater the negative correlation.

 No correlation (r = 0): There is little or no linear relationship between the variables.

34. What are the differences between Z-test, T-test and F-test?

The Z-test, t-test, and F-test are statistical hypothesis tests that are employed in a variety of contexts
and for a variety of objectives.

 Z-test: The Z-test is performed when the population standard deviation is known. It is a
parametric test, which means that it makes certain assumptions about the data, such as that
the data is normally distributed. The Z-test is most accurate when the sample size is large.

 T-test: The T-test is performed when the population standard deviation is unknown. It is also
a parametric test, but unlike the Z-test, it is less sensitive to violations of the normality
assumption. The T-test is most accurate when the sample size is large.

 F-test: The F-test is performed to compare two or more groups' variances. It assume that
populations being compared follow a normal distribution.. When the sample sizes of the
groups are equal, the F-test is most accurate.

The key differences between the Z-test, T-test, and F-test are as follows:

Z-Test T-Test F-Test

1. Population
follows a
normal 1. The variances of
distribution the populations
or the sample from which the
1. Population
size is large samples are
follows a
enough for drawn should be
normal
the Central equal
distribution.
Limit (homoscedastic).
2. Population Theorem to
2. Populations
standard apply.
being compared
deviation is
2. Also applied have normal
known
when the distributions and
population that the samples
standard are independent.
deviation is
Assumptions unknown.

N<30 or population
Used to test the
N>30 standard deviation is
variances
Data unknown.

Z-Test=xˉ−μσ/NZ- T-test=xˉ−μS/nT- F-Test=σ12σ22F-

Formula Test=σ/Nxˉ−μ test=S/nxˉ−μ Test=σ22σ12
35. What is linear regression, and how do you interpret its coefficients?

Linear regression is a statistical approach that fits a linear equation to observed data to represent the
connection between a dependent variable (also known as the target or response variable) and one or
more independent variables (also known as predictor variables or features). It is one of the most
basic and extensively used regression analysis techniques in statistics and machine learning. Linear
regression presupposes that the independent variables and the dependent variable have a linear
relationship.

A simple linear regression model can be represented as:

Y=β0+β1X+ϵY=β0+β1X+ϵ

Where:

 Y: Dependent variable or Target

 X: Independent variables

 β0 β0 is the intercept (i.e value of Y when X =0)

 β1 β1 is the coefficient for the independent variable X, representing the change in Y for a
one-unit change in X.

 ϵ ϵ is represents the error term (i.e Difference between the actual and predicted value from
the linear relationship.

SQL Interview Questions for Data Analysts

36. What is DBMS?

DBMS stands for Database Management System. It is software designed to manage, store, retrieve,
and organize data in a structured manner. It provides an interface or a tool for performing CRUD
operations into a database. It serves as an intermediary between the user and the database, allowing
users or applications to interact with the database without the need to understand the underlying
complexities of data storage and retrieval.

37. What are the basic SQL CRUD operations?

SQL CRUD stands for CREATE, READ(SELECT), UPDATE, and DELETE statements in SQL Server. CRUD is
nothing but Data Manipulation Language (DML) Statements. CREATE operation is used to insert new
data or create new records in a database table, READ operation is used to retrieve data from one or
more tables in a database, UPDATE operation is used to modify existing records in a database table
and DELETE is used to remove records from the database table based on specified conditions.
Following are the basic query syntax examples of each operation:

CREATE

It is used to create the table and insert the values in the database. The commands used to create the
table are as follows:

INSERT INTO employees (first_name, last_name, salary)

VALUES ('Pawan', 'Gunjan', 50000);

READ
Used to retrive the data from the table

SELECT * FROM employees;

UPDATE

Used to modify the existing records in the database table

UPDATE employees

SET salary = 55000

WHERE last_name = 'Gunjan';

DELETE

Used to remove the records from the database table

DELETE FROM employees

WHERE first_name = 'Pawan';

38. What is the SQL statement used to insert new records into a table?

We use the 'INSERT' statement to insert new records into a table. The 'INSERT INTO' statement in SQL
is used to add new records (rows) to a table.

Syntax

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);

Example

INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, City, Country)

VALUES ('Shivang', 'Noida', 'India');

39. How do you filter records using the WHERE clause in SQL?

We can filter records using the 'WHERE' clause by including 'WHERE' clause in 'SELECT' statement,
specifying the conditions that records must meet to be included.

Syntax

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name

WHERE condition;

Example : In this example, we are fetching the records of employee where job title is Developer.

SELECT * FROM employees

WHERE job_title = 'Developer';

40. How can you sort records in ascending or descending order using SQL?
We can sort records in ascending or descending order by using 'ORDER BY; clause with the 'SELECT'
statement. The 'ORDER BY' clause allows us to specify one or more columns by which you want to
sort the result set, along with the desired sorting order i.e ascending or descending order.

Syntax for sorting records in ascending order

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name

ORDER BY Column_To_Sort1 ASC, Column_To_Sort2 ASC, ...;

Example: This statement selects all customers from the 'Customers' table, sorted ascending by the
'Country'

SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Country ASC;

Syntax for sorting records in descending order

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name

ORDER BY column_to_sort1 DESC, column_to_sort2 DESC, ...;

Example: This statement selects all customers from the 'Customers' table, sorted descending by the
'Country' column

SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Country DESC;

41. Explain the purpose of the GROUP BY clause in SQL.

The purpose of GROUP BY clause in SQL is to group rows that have the same values in specified
columns. It is used to arrange different rows in a group if a particular column has the same values
with the help of some functions.

Syntax

SELECT column1, function_name(column2)

FROM table_name

GROUP BY column_name(s);

Example: This SQL query groups the 'CUSTOMER' table based on age by using GROUP BY

SELECT AGE, COUNT(Name)

FROM CUSTOMERS

GROUP BY AGE;

42. How do you perform aggregate functions like SUM, COUNT, AVG, and MAX/MIN in SQL?
An aggregate function groups together the values of multiple rows as input to form a single value of
more significant meaning. It is also used to perform calculations on a set of values and then returns a
single result. Some examples of aggregate functions are SUM, COUNT, AVG, and MIN/MAX.

SUM: It calculates the sum of values in a column.

Example: In this example, we are calculating sum of costs from cost column in PRODUCT table.

SELECT SUM(Cost)

FROM Products;

COUNT: It counts the number of rows in a result set or the number of non-null values in a column.

Example: Ij this example, we are counting the total number of orders in an "orders" table.

SELECT COUNT(*)

FROM Orders;

AVG: It calculates the average value of a numeric column.

Example: In this example, we are finding average salary of employees in an "employees" table.

SELECT AVG(Price)

FROM Products;

MAX: It returns the maximum value in a column.

Example: In this example, we are finding the maximum temperature in the 'weather' table.

SELECT MAX(Price)

FROM Orders;

MIN: It returns the minimum value in a column.

Example: In this example, we are finding the minimum price of a product in a "products" table.

SELECT MIN(Price)

FROM Products;

43. What is an SQL join operation? Explain different types of joins (INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL).

SQL Join operation is used to combine data or rows from two or more tables based on a common
field between them. The primary purpose of a join is to retrieve data from multiple tables by linking
records that have a related value in a specified column. There are different types of join i.e, INNER,
LEFT, RIGHT, FULL. These are as follows:

INNER JOIN: The INNER JOIN keyword selects all rows from both tables as long as the condition is
satisfied. This keyword will create the result-set by combining all rows from both the tables where
the condition satisfies i.e the value of the common field will be the same.

Example:

SELECT customers.customer_id, orders.order_id

FROM customers

INNER JOIN orders

ON customers.customer_id = orders.customer_id;

LEFT JOIN: A LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table and the matching rows from the right
table.

Example:

SELECT departments.department_name, employees.first_name

FROM departments

LEFT JOIN employees

ON departments.department_id = employees.department_id;

RIGHT JOIN: RIGHT JOIN is similar to LEFT JOIN. This join returns all the rows of the table on the right
side of the join and matching rows for the table on the left side of the join.

Example:

SELECT employees.first_name, orders.order_id

FROM employees

RIGHT JOIN orders

ON employees.employee_id = orders.employee_id;

FULL JOIN: FULL JOIN creates the result set by combining the results of both LEFT JOIN and RIGHT
JOIN. The result set will contain all the rows from both tables.

Example:

SELECT customers.customer_id, orders.order_id

FROM customers

FULL JOIN orders

ON customers.customer_id = orders.customer_id;

44. How can you write an SQL query to retrieve data from multiple related tables?

To retrieve data from multiple related tables, we generally use 'SELECT' statement along with help of
'JOIN' operation by which we can easily fetch the records from the multiple tables. Basically, JOINS
are used when there are common records between two tables. There are different types of joins i.e.
INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL JOIN. In the above question, detailed explanation is given regarding JOIN so
you can refer that.

45. What is a subquery in SQL? How can you use it to retrieve specific data?

A subquery is defined as query with another query. A subquery is a query embedded in WHERE
clause of another SQL query. Subquery can be placed in a number of SQL clause: WHERE clause,
HAVING clause, FROM clause. Subquery is used with SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE statements
along with expression operator. It could be comparison or equality operator such as =>,=,<= and like
operator.

Example 1: Subquery in the SELECT Clause

SELECT customer_name,

(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders WHERE orders.customer_id = customers.customer_id) AS

order_count

FROM customers;

Example 2: Subquery in the WHERE Clause

SELECT employee_name, salary

FROM employees

WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees);

Example 3: Subquery in the FROM Clause (Derived Tables)

SELECT category, SUM(sales) AS total_sales

FROM (SELECT product_id, category, sales FROM products) AS derived_table

GROUP BY category;

46. Can you give an example of using a subquery in combination with an IN or EXISTS condition?

We can use subquery in combination with IN or EXISTS condition. Example of using a subquery in
combination with IN is given below. In this example, we will try to find out the geek’s data from table
geeks_data, those who are from the computer science department with the help of geeks_dept table
using sub-query.

Using a Subquery with IN

SELECT f_name, l_name

FROM geeks_data

WHERE dept IN

(SELECT dep_name FROM geeks_dept WHERE dept_id = 1);

Using a Subquery with EXISTS:

SELECT DISTINCT store_t

FROM store

WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM city_store WHERE city_store.store_t = store.store_t);

47. What is the purpose of the HAVING clause in SQL? How is it different from the WHERE clause?

In SQL, the HAVING clause is used to filter the results of a GROUP BY query depending on aggregate
functions applied to grouped columns. It allows you to filter groups of rows that meet specific
conditions after grouping has been performed. The HAVING clause is typically used with aggregate
functions like SUM, COUNT, AVG, MAX, or MIN.

The main differences between HAVING and WHERE clauses are as follows:

HAVING WHERE

The HAVING clause is used to filter groups of The WHERE clause is used to filter rows before
rows after grouping. It operates on the results grouping. It operates on individual rows in the
of aggregate functions applied to grouped table and is applied before grouping and
columns. aggregation.

The HAVING clause is typically used with The WHERE clause can be used with any SQL
GROUP BY queries. It filters groups of rows query, whether it involves grouping or not. It
based on conditions involving aggregated filters individual rows based on specified
values. conditions.

In the HAVING clause, you generally use

In the WHERE clause, you can reference
aggregate functions (e.g., SUM, COUNT) to
columns directly and apply conditions to
reference grouped columns and apply
individual rows.
conditions to groups of rows.

Command: Command:

SELECT customer_id, SUM(order_total) AS SELECT customer_id, SUM(order_total) AS

total_order_amount total_order_amount

FROM orders FROM orders

GROUP BY customer_id GROUP BY customer_id

HAVING SUM(order_total) > 1000; WHERE total_order_amount > 1000;

48. How do you use the UNION and UNION ALL operators in SQL?

In SQL, the UNION and UNION ALL operators are used to combine the result sets of multiple SELECT
statements into a single result set. These operators allow you to retrieve data from multiple tables or
queries and present it as a unified result. However, there are differences between the two operators:

1. UNION Operator:

The UNION operator returns only distinct rows from the combined result sets. It removes duplicate
rows and returns a unique set of rows. It is used when you want to combine result sets and eliminate
duplicate rows.

Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table1

UNION

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table2;

Example:

select name, roll_number

from student

UNION

select name, roll_number

from marks

2. UNION ALL Operator:

The UNION ALL operator returns all rows from the combined result sets, including duplicates. It does
not remove duplicate rows and returns all rows as they are. It is used when you want to combine
result sets but want to include duplicate rows.
Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table1

UNION ALL

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table2;

Example:

select name, roll_number

from student

UNION ALL

select name, roll_number

from marks

49. Explain the concept of database normalization and its importance.

Database Normalization is the process of reducing data redundancy in a table and improving data
integrity. It is a way of organizing data in a database. It involves organizing the columns and tables in
the database to ensure that their dependencies are correctly implemented using database
constraints.

It is important because of the following reasons:

  It eliminates redundant data.

 It reduces the chances of data error.

 The normalization is important because it allows the database to take up less disk space.

 It also helps in increasing the performance.

 It improves the data integrity and consistency.

50. Can you list and briefly describe the normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF) in SQL?

Normalization can take numerous forms, the most frequent of which are 1NF (First Normal Form),
2NF (Second Normal Form), and 3NF (Third Normal Form). Here's a quick rundown of each:

 First Normal Form (1NF): In 1NF, each table cell should contain only a single value, and each
column should have a unique name. 1NF helps in eliminating duplicate data and simplifies
the queries. It is the fundamental requirement for a well-structured relational database. 1NF
eliminates all the repeating groups of the data and also ensures that the data is organized at
its most basic granularity.

 Second Normal Form (2NF): In 2NF, it eliminates the partial dependencies, ensuring that
each of the non-key attributes in the table is directly related to the entire primary key. This
further reduces data redundancy and anomalies. The Second Normal form (2NF) eliminates
redundant data by requiring that each non-key attribute be dependent on the primary key. In
2NF, each column should be directly related to the primary key, and not to other columns.

 Third Normal Form (3NF): Third Normal Form (3NF) builds on the Second Normal Form (2NF)
by requiring that all non-key attributes are independent of each other. This means that each
column should be directly related to the primary key, and not to any other columns in the
same table.

51. Explain window functions in SQL. How do they differ from regular aggregate functions?

In SQL, window functions provide a way to perform complex calculations and analysis without the
need for self-joins or subqueries.

SELECT col_name1,

window_function(col_name2)

OVER([PARTITION BY col_name1] [ORDER BY col_name3]) AS new_col

FROM table_name;provides

Example:

SELECT

department,

AVG(salary) OVER(PARTITION BY department ORDER BY employee_id) AS avg_salary

FROM

employees;

Window vs Regular Aggregate Function

Window Functions Aggregate Functions

Window functions perform calculations within

a specific "window" or subset of rows defined
Regular aggregate functions operate on the
by an OVER() clause. It can be customized
entire result set and return a single value for
based on specific criteria, such as rows with the
the entire set of rows.
same values in a certain column or rows that
are ordered in a specific way.

Window functions return a result for each row Aggregate functions return a single result for
in the result set based on its specific window. the entire dataset. Each row receives the same
Each row can have a different result. value.

Window functions provide both an aggregate Regular aggregates provide a summary of the
result and retain the details of individual rows entire dataset, often losing detail about
within the defined window. individual rows.

Window functions require the use of the

Regular aggregate functions do not use the
OVER() clause to specify the window's
OVER() clause because they do not have a
characteristics, such as the partitioning and
notion of windows.
ordering of rows.

52. What are primary keys and foreign keys in SQL? Why are they important?

Primary keys and foreign keys are two fundamental concepts in SQL that are used to build and
enforce connections between tables in a relational database management system (RDBMS).

 Primary key: Primary keys are used to ensure that the data in the specific column is always
unique. In this, a column cannot have a NULL value. The primary key is either an existing
table column or it's specifically generated by the database itself according to a sequence.
Importance of Primary Keys:

o Uniqueness

o Query Optimization

o Data Integrity

o Relationships

o Data Retrieval

 Foreign key: Foreign key is a group of column or a column in a database table that provides a
link between data in given two tables. Here, the column references a column of another
table.
Importance of Foreign Keys:
 o Relationships

o Data Consistency

o Query Efficiency

o Referential Integrity

o Cascade Actions

53. Describe the concept of a database transaction. Why is it important to maintain data integrity?

Database transactions are the set of operations that are usually used to perform logical work.
Database transactions mean that data in the database has been changed. It is one of the major
characteristics provided in DBMS i.e. to protect the user's data from system failure. It is done by
ensuring that all the data is restored to a consistent state when the computer is restarted. It is any
one execution of the user program. Transaction's one of the most important properties is that it
contains a finite number of steps.

They are important to maintain data integrity because they ensure that the database always remains
in a valid and consistent state, even in the presence of multiple users or several operations. Database
transactions are essential for maintaining data integrity because they enforce ACID properties i.e,
atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability properties. Transactions provide a solid and robust
mechanism to ensure that the data remains accurate, consistent, and reliable in complex and
concurrent database environments. It would be challenging to guarantee data integrity in relational
database systems without database transactions.

54. Explain how NULL values are handled in SQL queries, and how you can use functions like IS
NULL and IS NOT NULL.

In SQL, NULL is a special value that usually represents that the value is not present or absence of the
value in a database column. For accurate and meaningful data retrieval and manipulation, handling
NULL becomes crucial. SQL provides IS NULL and IS NOT NULL operators to work with NULL values.

IS NULL: IS NULL operator is used to check whether an expression or column contains a NULL value.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IS NULL;

Example: In the below example, the query retrieves all rows from the employee table where the
middle name contains NULL values.

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE mid_name IS NULL;

IS NOT NULL: IS NOT NULL operator is used to check whether an expression or column does not
contain a NULL value.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IS NOT NULL;

Example: In the below example, the query retrieves all rows from the employee table where the first
name does not contains NULL values.

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE first_name IS NOT NULL;

55. What is the difference between normalization and denormalization in database design.

Normalization is used in a database to reduce the data redundancy and inconsistency from the
table. Denormalization is used to add data redundancy to execute the query as quick as possible.

S.NO Normalization Denormalization

Non-redundant and consistent Data are combined to execute

1.
data are stored in set schema. a query as quick as possible

Addition of redundancy takes

Data inconsistency and
2. place for better execution of
redundancy is reduced.
queries

Data integrity takes place and

3. Data integrity is not maintained
maintained.

Data redundancy is eliminated Redundancy is added instead

4.
or reduced. of elimination or reduction.

5. Number of tables is increased. Number of tables is decreased.

Optimized the use of disk Does not optimize the use of

6.
space. disk space.

Data Visualizations or BI tools Interview questions

56. Explain the difference between a dimension and a measure in Tableau.

In Tableau, dimensions and measures are two fundamental types of fields used for data visualization
and analysis. They serve distinct purposes and have different characteristics:

Attributes Dimension Measure

They are categorical or They are numerical or

qualitative data fields. They quantitative data fields. They
represent categories, labels or represent quantities, amounts
attributes by which you can or values that can be
Nature segment and group your data. aggregated, or calculated.
Attributes Dimension Measure

They are used for grouping They are used for performing
and segmenting data, creating calculations, and creating the
hierarchies and the structure numerical representation of
Usage for visualizations. the data as sum, average, etc.

Sales(sum of sales), Profit(sum

Category, Region, Product
of profit), Quantity(sum of
name, etc.
Example quantity), etc.

57. What are the dashboard, worksheet, Story, and Workbook in Tableau?

Tableau is a robust data visualization and business intelligence solution that includes a variety of
components for producing, organizing, and sharing data-driven insights. Here's a rundown of some
of Tableau's primary components:

 Dashboard : A dashboard is a collection of views(worksheets) arranged on a single page,

designed to provide an interactive and holistic view of data. They include charts, maps,
tables and other web content. Dashboards combine different visualizations into a single
interface to allow users to comprehensively display and understand data. They are employed
in the production of interactive reports and the provision of quick insights.
Dashboards support the actions and interactivity, enabling the users to filter and highlight
the data dynamically. Dashboard behaviour can be modified with parameters and quick
filters.

 Worksheet: A worksheet serves as the fundamental building element for creating data
visualizations. To build tables, graphs, and charts, drag and drop fields onto the sheet or
canvas. They are used to design individual visualizations and we can create various types of
charts, apply filters, and customize formatting within a worksheet.
Worksheets offer a wide range of visualization options, including bar charts, line charts,
scatter plots, etc. It also allows you to use reference lines, blend data and create calculated
fields.

 Story: A story is a sequence or narrative created by combining sheets into a logical flow. Each
story point represents a step in the narrative. Stories are used to systematically lead viewers
through a set of visualizations or insights. They are useful for telling data-driven stories or
presenting data-driven narratives.
Stories allow you to add text descriptions, annotations, and captions to every story point.
Users can navigate through the story interactively.

 Workbook: It is the highest-level container in Tableau. It is a file that has the capacity to hold
a number of worksheets, dashboards, and stories. The whole tableau project, including data
connections and visuals, is stored in workbooks. They are the primary files used for creating,
saving and sharing tableau projects. They store all the components required for data analysis
and visualization.
 Multiple worksheets, dashboards and tales can be organized in workbooks. At the workbook
level, you can set up data source connections, define parameters and build computed fields.

58. Name the different products of Tableau with their significance.

The different products of Tableau are as follows :

 Tableau Desktop: It is the primary authoring and publishing tool. It allows data professionals
to connect to various data sources, create interactive and shareable visualizations, and
develop dashboards and reports for data analysis. Users can use the drag-and-drop interface
to generate insights and explore data.

 Tableau Server: This is an enterprise-level platform tableau server that enables safe internal
collaboration and sharing of tableau information. It manages access, centralizes data
sources, and maintains data security. It is appropriate for bigger businesses with numerous
users who require access to tableau content.

 Tableau Online: It is an online version of tableau. In a scalable and adaptable cloud

environment, it enables users to publish, share, and collaborate on tableau content. For
businesses searching for cloud-based analytics solutions without managing their
infrastructure.

 Tableau Public: It is a free version of tableau that enables users to create, publish and share
dashboards and visualizations publicly on the web. The ability to share their data stories with
a larger audience is perfect for data enthusiasts and educators.

 Tableau Prep: It is a tool for data preparation that makes it easier and faster to clean, shape,
and combine data from diverse sources. Data specialists can save time and effort because it
makes sure that the data is well-structured and ready for analysis.

 Tableau Mobile: A mobile application that extends tableau's capabilities to smartphones and
tablets. By allowing users to access and interact with tableau content while on the go, it
ensures data accessibility and decision-making flexibility.

 Tableau Reader: It is a free desktop application that enables users to view and interact with
tableau workbooks and dashboards shared by the tableau desktop users. This tool is useful
for those who require access to and exploration of tableau material without a tableau
desktop license.

 Tableau Prep Builder: It is an advanced data preparation tool designed for data
professionals. In order to simplify complicated data preparation operations, it provides more
comprehensive data cleaning, transformation, and automation tools.

59. What is the difference between joining and blending in Tableau?

In Tableau, joining and blending are ways for combining data from various tables or data sources.
However, they are employed in various contexts and have several major differences:

Basis Joining Blending

Data Source Requirement Joining is basically used when Blending is used when we
Basis Joining Blending

have data from different data

you have data from the same
sources. such as a
data source, such as a
combination of Excel
relational database, where
spreadsheets, CSV files, and
tables are already related
databases. These sources may
through primary and foreign
not have predefined
keys.
relationships.

Foundation for joins is the use There is no need for pre-

of common data like a established links between
customer ID or product code tables while blending.
to establish predetermined Instead, you link different
links between tables. These data sources separately and
relations are developed within combine them by matching
Relationships same data source. fields with comparable values.

Data blending maintains the

When tables are joined, a separation of the data
single unified data source with sources. At query time,
a merged schema is produced. tableau gathers and combines
A single table with every data from several sources to
relevant fields is created by produce a momentary, in-
combining the two tables. memory blend for
Data Combining visualization needs.

It is useful for data

It is only useful for data
transformation, aggregations
transformation and
and calculations on the
calculations. It cannot create
combined data. The
calculated fields that involves
information from many
data from different blended
connected tables can be used
data sources.
Data Transformation to build computed fields.

Performance Joins are more effective and It can be slower than joining
quicker than blending because because it involves querying
they leverage the database's and combining the data from
processing power to perform the different sources at
the merge runtime. Large datasets in
particular may have an impact
Basis Joining Blending

on performance.

60. What is the difference between a discrete and a continuous field in Tableau?

In Tableau, fields can be classified as discrete or continuous, and the categorization determines how
the field is utilized and shown in visualizations. The following are the fundamental distinctions
between discrete and continuous fields in Tableau:

 Discrete Fields: They are designed for handling categorical or qualitative data such as names,
categories, or labels. Each value within a discrete field represents a distinct category or
group, with nor inherent order or measure associated with these values. Discrete fields are
added to a tableau view and are identified by blue pill-shaped headers that are commonly
positioned on the rows or column shelves. They successfully divide the data into distinct
groups, generating headers for each division.

 Continuous Fields: They are designed for handling quantitative or numerical data,
encompassing measurements, values, or quantities. Mathematical procedures like
summation and averaging are possible because continuous fields have a natural order by
nature. In tableau views, these fields are indicated by pill-shaped heads in a green color that
are frequently located on the rows or columns shelf. Continuous fields when present in a
view, represent a continuous range of value within the chosen measure or dimension.

61. Explain the difference between live connections and extracts.

In Tableau, There are two ways to attach data to visualizations: live connections and data extracts
(also known as extracts). Here's a rundown of the fundamental distinctions between the two:

 Live Connections: Whether its a database, spreadsheet, online service or other data
repository, live connections offers a real-time access to the data source. The visualizations
always represent the most recent information available since they dynamically fetch data.
When speed and current data are important, live connections are the best. However, they ca
be demanding on the performance of the data source, as every interaction triggers a query
to the source system. As a result, the responsiveness of the data source has a significant
impact on how well live connections perform.

 Extracts: They involve producing and archiving a static snapshot of the original data in
Tableau's exclusive .hyper format. Extracts can be manually or automatically renewed to
allow for recurring updates. The ability of extracts to greatly improve query performance is
what makes them unique. They are particularly useful for huge datasets or circumstances
where the source system's performance may be subpar because they are optimized for quick
data retrieval. Extracts are particularly helpful when building intricate, high-performing
dashboards.

62. What Are the Different Joins in Tableau?

Tableau allows you to make many sorts of joins to mix data from numerous tables or data sources.
Tableau's major join types are:
  Inner Join: An inner join returns only the rows that have matching values in both tables.
Rows that do not have a match in the other table are excluded from the result.

 Left Join: A left join returns all the rows from the left table and matching rows present in the
right table. If there is no match in the right table, null values are included in the result.

 Right Join: A right join returns all the rows from the right table and matching rows present in
the left table. If there is no match in the left table, null values are included.

 Full Outer Join: A full outer join returns all the rows where there is a match in either the left
or right table. It includes all the rows from both tables and fills in null values where there is
no match.

63. How can we create a calculated field in Tableau?

You may use calculated fields in Tableau to make calculations or change data based on your
individual needs. Calculated fields enable you to generate new values, execute mathematical
operations, use conditional logic, and many other things. Here's how to add a calculated field to
Tableau:

 Open the Tableau workbook or the data source.

 In the "data" pane on the left, right-click anywhere and choose "Create Calculated Field".

 In the calculated field editor, write your custom calculation using fields, functions, and
operators.

 Click "OK" to save the calculated field.

64. What are the different data aggregation functions used in Tableau?

Tableau has many different data aggregation functions used in tableau:

 SUM: calculates the sum of the numeric values within a group or partition.

 AVG: Computes the average of the numeric values.

 MIN: Determines the minimum value.

 MAX: Determines the maximum value.

 COUNT: Count the number of records or non-null values.

 VAR: Computes the variance of the sample population.

 VARP: Computes the variance of the entire population.

 STEDV: Compute the standard deviation of the sample population.

 STEDVP: Calculate the standard deviation of the entire population.

65. What is the Difference Between . twbx And .twb?

The Difference Between .twbx And .twb are as follows:

 .twb: It represents a tableau workbook, focusing on the layout and visualization details
created in the tableau desktop. It only contains the references to the location of the data
source rather than the actual data itself. .twb files are less in size due to their lightweight
 nature. Recievers of .twb files must have access to the associated data source in order for the
workbook to operate properly.

 .twbx: It is known as tableau packaged workbooks, provide a comprehensive solution for

sharing tableau workbooks. They include both actual data source and the workbook layout,
including any custom calculations and visualizations. This embedded data ensures that
recipients can open and view the workbook independently of the original data source.
However, .twbx files tend to be larger due to the included data.

66. What are the different data types used by Tableau?

Tableau supports 7 variousvarious different data types:

 String

 Numerical values

 Date and time values

 Boolean values

 Geographic values

 Date values

 Cluster Values

67. What is a Parameter in Tableau?

The parameter is a dynamic control that allows a user to input a single value or choose from a
predefined list of values. In Tableau, dashboards and reports, parameters allow for interactivity and
flexibility by allowing users to change a variety of visualization-related elements without having to
perform substantial editing or change the data source.

68. What Are the Filters? Name the Different types of Filters available in Tableau.

Filters are the crucial tools for data analysis and visualization in Tableau. Filters let you set the
requirements that data must meet in order to be included or excluded, giving you control over which
data will be shown in your visualizations.
There are different types of filters in Tableau:

 Extract Filter: These are used to filter the extracted data from the main data source.

 Data Source Filter: These filters are used to filter data at the data source level, affecting all
worksheets and dashboards that use the same data source.

 Dimension Filter: These filters are applied to the qualitative field and a non-aggregated filter.

 Context Filter: These filters are used to define a context to your data, creating a temporary
subset of data based on the filter conditions.

 Measure Filter: These filters can be used in performing different aggregation functions. They
are applied to quantitative fields.

 Table Calculation Filter: These filters are used to view data without filtering any hidden data.
They are applied after the view has been created.
69. What are Sets and Groups in Tableau?

The difference between Sets and Groups in Tableau are as follows:

 Sets: Sets are used to build custom data subsets based on predefined conditions or
standards. They give you the ability to dynamically segment your data, which facilitates the
analysis and visualization of particular subsets. Sets can be categorical or numeric and can be
built from dimensions or measures. They are flexible tools that let you compare subsets,
highlight certain data points, or perform real-time calculations. For instance, you can
construct a set of "Hot Leads" based on the potential customers with high engagement score
or create a set of high-value customers by choosing customers with total purchases above a
pre-determined level. Sets are dynamic and adaptable for a variety of analytical tasks
because they can change as the data does.

 Groups: Groups are used to combine people (dimension values) into higher level categories.
They do this by grouping comparable values into useful categories, which simplifies complex
data. Group members are fixed and do not alter as a result of the data since groups are
static. Groups, which are typically constructed from dimensions, are crucial for classifying
and labeling data points. For instance, you can combine small subcategories of product into
larger categories or make your own dimension by combining different dimensions. Data can
be presented and organized in a structed form using groups, which makes it easier to analyze
and visualize.

70. Explain the different types of charts available in Tableau with their significance.

Tableau offers a wide range of charts and different visualizations to help users explore and present
the data effectively. Some of the charts in Tableau are:

 Bar Chart: They are useful for comparing categorical data and can be used show the
distribution of data across categories or to compare value between categories.

 Line Chart: Line chart are excellent for showing trends and changes over time. They are
commonly used for time series data to visualize how single measure changes over time.

 Area Chart: They are same as line chart but the area under the line is colored in area chart.
They are used with different multiple variables in data to demonstrate the differences
between the variables.

 Pie Chart: It shows parts of a whole. They are useful for illustrating the distribution of data
where each category corresponds to a share of the total.

 Tree Maps: They show hierarchical data as nested rectangles. They are helpful for illustrating
hierarchical structures, such as organizational or file directories.

 Bubble chart: Bubble charts are valuable for visualizing and comparing data points with
three different attributes. They are useful when you want to show relationships, highlight
data clusters, etc.

 Scatter Plot: They are used to display the relationship between two continuous variables.
They help find correlations, clusters or outliers in the data.

 Density Map: Density maps are used to represent the distribution and concentration of data
points or values within a 2D space.
  Heat Map: Heat maps are used to display data on a grid, where color represents values. They
are useful for visualizing large datasets and identifying patterns.

 Symbol Map: Symbol maps are used to represent geographic data by placing symbols or
markers on a map to convey information about specific locations.

 Gannt Chart: Gantt charts are used for project management to visualize tasks, their
durations, and dependencies over time.

 Bullet Graph: They are used for tracking progress towards a goal. They provide a compact
way to display a measure, target and performance ranges.

 Box Plot(Box and Whisker) : They are used to display the distribution of data and identify
outliers. They show median, quartiles, and potential outliers.

71. How can you create a map in Tableau?

The key steps to create a map in Tableau are:

 Open your tableau workbook and connect to a data source containing geographic
information.

 Drag the relevant geographic dimensions onto the "Rows" and "Columns" shelves.

 Use a marks card to adjust marker shapes, colour and sizes. Apply size encoding and color
based on the data values.

 Add background images, reference lines, or custom shapes to enhance the map, optionally.

 Save and explore your map by zooming, panning and interacting with map markers. Use it to
analyze the spatial data, identify trends and gain insights from the data.

72. How can we create a doughnut chart in Tableau?

The key steps to create a doughnut chart in tableau:

 Open the Tableau desktop and connect to the data source.

 Go to the sheet and in the marks card, select a pie chart with categories and values. Drag the
dimensions and measure in the "column" and "row" shelf, respectively.

 Duplicate the sheet, in the new sheet right click on the "axis" on the left side of the chart and
select "Dual Axis" chart.
On the right axis, right click on the axis and select "edit axis". In edit axis, set the "Fixed"
range for both minimum and maximum to be the same and click ok.

 Now, right click on both axes and select "Synchronize Axis" to make sure that both pie charts
share the same scale.

 Create a circle on the second chart by dragging dimensions to Rows in second chart and
remove all labels and headers to make it a blank circle.

 Select the "Circle" chart in the second chart and set the opacity in the marks card to be 0% to
make circle transparent.

 In the marks card. set the "color" to white or transparent and adjust the size of the circle as
needed to create the desired doughnut hole.
 Customize the colors and labels for both pie charts to make them visually attractive and
informative.

73. How can we create a Dual-axis chart in Tableau?

The key steps to create a dual-axis chart in tableau are as follows:

 Connect with the data source. Create a chart by dragging and dropping the dimension and
measure into "column" and "rows" shelf, respectively.

 Duplicate the chart by right click on the chart and select "Duplicate". This will create the
duplicate of the chart.

 In the duplicated chart, change the measure you want to display by dragging the new
measure to the "columns" or "rows" shelf, replacing the existing measure.

 In the second chart, assign the measure to different axis by clicking on the "dual-axis". This
will create two separate axes on the chart.

 Right click on one of the axes and select "synchronize axis". Adjust formatting, colors and
labels as needed. You now have a dual-axis chart.

74. What is a Gantt Chart in Tableau?

A Gantt Chart has horizontal bars and sets out on two axes. The tasks are represented by Y-axis, and
the time estimates are represented by the X-axis. It is an excellent approach to show which tasks may
be completed concurrently, which needs to be prioritized, and how they are dependent on one
another.
Gantt Chart is a visual representation of project schedules, timelines or task durations. To illustrate
tasks, their start and end dates, and their dependencies, this common form of chat is used in project
management. Gantt charts are a useful tool in tableau for tracking and analyzing project progress
and deadlines since you can build them using a variety of dimensions and measures.

75. What is the Difference Between Treemaps and Heat Maps?

The Difference Between Treemaps and Heat Maps are as follows:

Basis Tree Maps Heat Maps

Tree maps present

Heat maps uses color
hierarchical data in a nested,
intensity to depict values in a
rectangular format. The size
grid. They are usually used to
and color of each rectangle,
depict the distribution or
which each represents a
concentration of data points
category or subcategory,
in a 2D space.
Representation conveys information.
Basis Tree Maps Heat Maps

They are used to display They are used to display

hierarchical and categorical continuous data such as
Data Type data. numeric values.

Color is frequently used n tree In heat maps, values are

maps to represent a particular typically denoted by color
attribute or measure. The intensity. Lower values are
intensity of the color can represented by lighter colors
convey additional and higher values by brighter
Color Usage information. or darker colors.

It is possible for tree maps to

be interactive, allowing users Heat maps can be interactive,
to click on the rectangle to allowing users to hover over
uncover subcategories and the cells to see specific details
drill down into hierarchical or values.
Interactivity data.

They are used for visualizing

They are used in various fields
organizational structures,
like finance, geographic data,
hierarchical data and
data analysis, etc.
Use Case categorical data.

76. What is the blended axis in Tableau?

If two measures have the same scale and share the same axis, they can be combined using the
blended axis function. The trends could be misinterpreted if the scales of the two measures are
dissimilar.

77. What is the Level of Detail (LOD) Expression in Tableau?

A Level of Detail Expression is a powerful feature that allows you to perform calculations at various
levels of granularity within your data visualization regardless of the visualization's dimensions and
filters. For more control and flexibility when aggregating or disaggregating data based on the
particular dimensions or fields, using LOD expressions.
There are three types of LOD:

 Fixed LOD: The calculation remains fixed at a specified level of detail, regardless of
dimensions or filters in the view.

 Include LOD: The calculation considers the specified dimensions and any additional
dimensions in the view.
  Exclude LOD: The calculation excludes the specified dimensions from the view's context.

78. How to handle Null, incorrect data types and special values in Tableau?

Handling null values, erroneous data types, and unusual values is an important element of Tableau
data preparation. The following are some popular strategies and recommended practices for coping
with data issues:

 For Handling Null values:

You can filter out the null values in specified field by right clicking on the field and choosing
"Filter". Then exclude null values in the filter options.
Using the 'ZN()' or 'IFNULL()' functions in the calculated fields to replace null values.

 For incorrect data types:

Modify data types in the data pane, use calculated fields or use tableau's data interpreter.

 For special Values:

Use data transformations tools like split, replace, etc., using calculated fields or data blending
to handle special values.

79. How can we create a Dynamic webpage in Tableau?

To create dynamic webpages with interactive tableau visualizations, you can embed tableau
dashboard or report into a web application or web page. It provides embedding options and APIs
that allows you to integrate tableau content into a web application.
Following steps to create a dynamic webpage in tableau:

 Go to the dashboard and click the webpage option in the 'Objects'.

 In the dialog box that displays, don't enter a URL and then click 'OK'.

 choose 'Action' by clicking on the dashboard menu. Click on the 'Add Action' in action and
select 'Go to URL' .

 Enter the 'URL' of the webpage and click on the arrow next to it. Click 'OK'.

80. What are the KPI or Key Performance Indicators in Tableau?

Key Performance Indicators or KPI are the visual representations of the significant metrics and
performance measurements that assist organizations in monitoring their progress towards particular
goals and objectives. KPIs offer a quick and simple approach to evaluate performance, spot patterns,
and make fact-based decisions.

81. what is a context filter in Tableau?

Context filter is a feature that allows you to optimize performance and control data behavior by
creating a temporary data subset based on a selected filter. When you designate a filter as a context
filter, tableau creates a smaller temporary table containing only the data that meets the criteria of
that particular filter. This decrease in data capacity considerably accelerates processing and rendering
for visualization, which is especially advantageous for huge datasets. When handling several filters in
a workbook, context filters are useful because they let you select the order in which filters are
applied, ensuring a sensible filtering process.

82.How can you create a dynamic title in a Tableau worksheet?

You can create a dynamic title for a worksheet by using parameters, calculated fields and
dashboards. Here are some steps to achieve this:

 Creating a Parameter: Go to data pane, right click on it and select "Create Parameter".
Choose the data type for the parameter. For a dynamic title, yo can choose "string" or
"integer". Then define the allowable values for the parameter. You can choose all values or
some specific values.

 Create a calculated field: Now create a calculated field that will be used to display the
dynamic title. You can use the parameters in the calculated field to create a dynamic title.
Create a new worksheet. Drag and drop the calculated field you created in the "Title" shelf of
the worksheet.

 Create a Dashboard: Go to the "dashboard" and add a parameter control and connect it to
the worksheet and then select parameter control in the dashboard. This will allow the
parameter control to change parameter value dynamically.
Now, whenever you will interact with the parameter control on the dashboard, the title of
the worksheet will update based on the parameter's value.

83. What is data source filtering, and how does it impact performance?

Data Source filtering is a method used in reporting and data analysis applications like Tableau to limit
the quantity of data obtained from a data source based on predetermined constraints or criteria. It
affects performance by lowering the amount of data that must be sent, processed, and displayed,
which may result in a quicker query execution time and better visualization performance. It involves
applying filters or conditions at the data source level, often within

the SQL query sent to the database or by using mechanisms designed specially for databases.
Impact on performance:
Data source filtering improves performance by reducing the amount of data retrieved from the
source. It leads to faster query execution. shorter data transfer times, and quick visualization
rendering. by applying filters based on criteria minimizes resource consumption and optimizes
network traffic, resulting in a more efficient and responsive data analysis process.

84. How do I link R and Tableau?

To link R and Tableau, we can use R integration features provided by Tableau. Here are the steps to
do so:

 Install R and R Integration Package:

we have to install R on the computer. Then install the "RServe" package by using
"Install.packages("Rserve")". Open R and load the RServe library and start running it.

 Connect Tableau to R:
Open the tableau desktop and go to "Help" menu. Select "settings and performance" then
select "Manage External service connection".
In the "External Service" section , select "R integration".
Specify the R server details, such as host, port and any necessary authentication credentials.
Test the connection to ensure its working properly.

85. How do you export Tableau visualizations to other formats, such as PDFs or images?
Exporting tableau visualizations to other formats such as PDF or images, is a common task for sharing
or incorporating your visualizations into reports or presentations. Here are the few steps to do so:

 Open the tableau workbook and select the visualization you want to export.

 Go to the "File" menu, select "Export".

 After selecting "Export" a sub menu will appear with various export options. Choose the
format you want to export to. (PDF, image, etc.,)

 Depending on the chosen export format, you may have some configuration options that you
can change according to the needs.

 Specify the directory or the folder where you want to save the exported fie and name it.

 Once the settings are configured, click on "save" or "Export".

General Data Analyst Interview Questions

In an interview, these questions are more likely to appear early in the process and cover data analysis
at a high level.

1. Mention the differences between Data Mining and Data Profiling?

Data Mining Data Profiting

Data profiling is done to evaluate a

Data mining is the process of discovering relevant information that
dataset for its uniqueness, logic, and
has not yet been identified before.
consistency.

It cannot identify inaccurate or

In data mining, raw data is converted into valuable information.
incorrect data values.

2. Define the term 'Data Wrangling in Data Analytics.

Data Wrangling is the process wherein raw data is cleaned, structured, and enriched into a desired
usable format for better decision making. It involves discovering, structuring, cleaning, enriching,
validating, and analyzing data. This process can turn and map out large amounts of data extracted
from various sources into a more useful format. Techniques such as merging, grouping,
concatenating, joining, and sorting are used to analyze the data. Thereafter it gets ready to be used
with another dataset.

3. What are the various steps involved in any analytics project?

This is one of the most basic data analyst interview questions. The various steps involved in any
common analytics projects are as follows:

Understanding the Problem

Understand the business problem, define the organizational goals, and plan for a lucrative solution.

Collecting Data

Gather the right data from various sources and other information based on your priorities.

Cleaning Data

Clean the data to remove unwanted, redundant, and missing values, and make it ready for analysis.

Exploring and Analyzing Data

Use data visualization and business intelligence tools, data mining techniques, and predictive
modeling to analyze data.

Interpreting the Results

Interpret the results to find out hidden patterns, future trends, and gain insights.

4. What are the common problems that data analysts encounter during analysis?
The common problems steps involved in any analytics project are:

 Handling duplicate

 Collecting the meaningful right data and the right time

 Handling data purging and storage problems

 Making data secure and dealing with compliance issues

5. Which are the technical tools that you have used for analysis and presentation purposes?

As a data analyst, you are expected to know the tools mentioned below for analysis and presentation
purposes. Some of the popular tools you should know are:

MS SQL Server, MySQL

For working with data stored in relational databases.

MS Excel, Tableau

For creating reports and dashboards.

Python, R, SPSS

For statistical analysis, data modeling, and exploratory analysis.

MS PowerPoint

For presentation, displaying the final results and important conclusions.

6. What are the best methods for data cleaning?

 Create a data cleaning plan by understanding where the common errors take place and keep
all the communications open.

 Before working with the data, identify and remove the duplicates. This will lead to an easy
and effective data analysis process.

 Focus on the accuracy of the data. Set cross-field validation, maintain the value types of data,
and provide mandatory constraints.

 Normalize the data at the entry point so that it is less chaotic. You will be able to ensure that
all information is standardized, leading to fewer errors on entry.

7. What is the significance of Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)?

 Exploratory data analysis (EDA) helps to understand the data better.

 It helps you obtain confidence in your data to a point where you’re ready to engage a
machine learning algorithm.

 It allows you to refine your selection of feature variables that will be used later for model
building.

 You can discover hidden trends and insights from the data.
  8. Explain descriptive, predictive, and
prescriptive analytics.

Descriptive Predictive Prescriptive

Suggest various
It provides insights into
Understands the future to courses of action to
the past to answer “what
answer “what could happen” answer “what should
has happened”
you do”

Uses simulation
Uses data aggregation algorithms and
Uses statistical models and
and data mining optimization
forecasting techniques
techniques techniques to advise
possible outcomes

Example: An ice cream Example: Lower

Example: An ice cream
company can analyze prices to increase
company can analyze how
how much ice cream the sale of ice
much ice cream was sold,
was sold, which flavors creams, produce
which flavors were sold, and
were sold, and whether more/fewer
whether more or less ice
more or less ice cream quantities of a
cream was sold than the day
was sold than the day specific flavor of ice
before
before cream

9. What are the different types of sampling techniques used by data analysts?

Sampling is a statistical method to select a subset of data from an entire dataset (population) to
estimate the characteristics of the whole population.
There are majorly five types of sampling methods:

 Simple random sampling

 Systematic sampling

 Cluster sampling

 Stratified sampling

 Judgmental or purposive sampling

10. Describe univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis.

Univariate analysis is the simplest and easiest form of data analysis where the data being analyzed
contains only one variable.

Example - Studying the heights of players in the NBA.

Univariate analysis can be described using Central Tendency, Dispersion, Quartiles, Bar charts,
Histograms, Pie charts, and Frequency distribution tables.

The bivariate analysis involves the analysis of two variables to find causes, relationships, and
correlations between the variables.

Example – Analyzing the sale of ice creams based on the temperature outside.

The bivariate analysis can be explained using Correlation coefficients, Linear regression, Logistic
regression, Scatter plots, and Box plots.

The multivariate analysis involves the analysis of three or more variables to understand the
relationship of each variable with the other variables.

Example – Analysing Revenue based on expenditure.

Multivariate analysis can be performed using Multiple regression, Factor analysis, Classification &
regression trees, Cluster analysis, Principal component analysis, Dual-axis charts, etc.

11. What are your strengths and weaknesses as a data analyst?

The answer to this question may vary from a case to case basis. However, some general strengths of
a data analyst may include strong analytical skills, attention to detail, proficiency in data
manipulation and visualization, and the ability to derive insights from complex datasets. Weaknesses
could include limited domain knowledge, lack of experience with certain data analysis tools or
techniques, or challenges in effectively communicating technical findings to non-technical
stakeholders.

12. What are the ethical considerations of data analysis?

Some of the most the ethical considerations of data analysis includes:

 Privacy: Safeguarding the privacy and confidentiality of individuals' data, ensuring

compliance with applicable privacy laws and regulations.

 Informed Consent: Obtaining informed consent from individuals whose data is being
analyzed, explaining the purpose and potential implications of the analysis.
  Data Security: Implementing robust security measures to protect data from unauthorized
access, breaches, or misuse.

 Data Bias: Being mindful of potential biases in data collection, processing, or interpretation
that may lead to unfair or discriminatory outcomes.

 Transparency: Being transparent about the data analysis methodologies, algorithms, and
models used, enabling stakeholders to understand and assess the results.

 Data Ownership and Rights: Respecting data ownership rights and intellectual property, using
data only within the boundaries of legal permissions or agreements.

 Accountability: Taking responsibility for the consequences of data analysis, ensuring that
actions based on the analysis are fair, just, and beneficial to individuals and society.

 Data Quality and Integrity: Ensuring the accuracy, completeness, and reliability of data used
in the analysis to avoid misleading or incorrect conclusions.

 Social Impact: Considering the potential social impact of data analysis results, including
potential unintended consequences or negative effects on marginalized groups.

 Compliance: Adhering to legal and regulatory requirements related to data analysis, such as
data protection laws, industry standards, and ethical guidelines.

13. What are some common data visualization tools you have used?

You should name the tools you have used personally, however here’s a list of the commonly used
data visualization tools in the industry:

 Tableau

 Microsoft Power BI

 QlikView

 Google Data Studio

 Plotly

 Matplotlib (Python library)

 Excel (with built-in charting capabilities)

 SAP Lumira

 IBM Cognos Analytics

Data Analyst Interview Questions On Statistics

14. How can you handle missing values in a dataset?

This is one of the most frequently asked data analyst interview questions, and the interviewer
expects you to give a detailed answer here, and not just the name of the methods. There are four
methods to handle missing values in a dataset.

Listwise Deletion
In the listwise deletion method, an entire record is excluded from analysis if any single value is
missing.

Average Imputation

Take the average value of the other participants' responses and fill in the missing value.

Regression Substitution

You can use multiple-regression analyses to estimate a missing value.

Multiple Imputations

It creates plausible values based on the correlations for the missing data and then averages the
simulated datasets by incorporating random errors in your predictions.

15. Explain the term Normal Distribution.

Normal Distribution refers to a continuous probability distribution that is symmetric about the mean.
In a graph, normal distribution will appear as a bell curve.

 The mean, median, and mode are equal

 All of them are located in the center of the distribution

 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation of the mean

 95% of the data lies between two standard deviations of the mean

 99.7% of the data lies between three standard deviations of the mean

16. What is Time Series analysis?

Time Series analysis is a statistical procedure that deals with the ordered sequence of values of a
variable at equally spaced time intervals. Time series data are collected at adjacent periods. So, there
is a correlation between the observations. This feature distinguishes time-series data from cross-
sectional data.

Below is an example of time-series data on coronavirus cases and its graph.

17. How is Overfitting different from Underfitting?

This is another frequently asked data analyst interview question, and you are expected to cover all
the given differences!

Overfitting Underfitting

Here, the model neither trains the data

The model trains the data well using the training set.
well nor can generalize to new data.

Performs poorly both on the train and

The performance drops considerably over the test set.
the test set.

This happens when there is lesser data

Happens when the model learns the random fluctuations and to build an accurate model and when
noise in the training dataset in detail. we try to develop a linear model using
non-linear data.

18. How do you treat outliers in a dataset?

An outlier is a data point that is distant from other similar points. They may be due to variability in
the measurement or may indicate experimental errors.

The graph depicted below shows there are three outliers in the dataset.
To deal with outliers, you can use the following four methods:

 Drop the outlier records

 Cap your outliers data

 Assign a new value

 Try a new transformation

19. What are the different types of Hypothesis testing?

Hypothesis testing is the procedure used by statisticians and scientists to accept or reject statistical
hypotheses. There are mainly two types of hypothesis testing:

 Null hypothesis: It states that there is no relation between the predictor and outcome
variables in the population. H0 denoted it.

Example: There is no association between a patient’s BMI and diabetes.

 Alternative hypothesis: It states that there is some relation between the predictor and
outcome variables in the population. It is denoted by H1.

Example: There could be an association between a patient’s BMI and diabetes.

🎯 Turn Questions into Opportunities: Learn the in-demand tools and techniques that interviewers
love to hear about. Enroll now!

20. Explain the Type I and Type II errors in Statistics?

In Hypothesis testing, a Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected even if it is true. It is
also known as a false positive.

A Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is not rejected, even if it is false. It is also known as a
false negative.

21. How would you handle missing data in a dataset?

Ans: The choice of handling technique depends on factors such as the amount and nature of missing
data, the underlying analysis, and the assumptions made. It's crucial to exercise caution and carefully
consider the implications of the chosen approach to ensure the integrity and reliability of the data
analysis. However, a few solutions could be:

 removing the missing observations or variables

 imputation methods including, mean imputation (replacing missing values with the mean of
the available data), median imputation (replacing missing values with the median), or
regression imputation (predicting missing values based on regression models)

 sensitivity analysis

22. Explain the concept of outlier detection and how you would identify outliers in a dataset.

Outlier detection is the process of identifying observations or data points that significantly deviate
from the expected or normal behavior of a dataset. Outliers can be valuable sources of information
or indications of anomalies, errors, or rare events.

It's important to note that outlier detection is not a definitive process, and the identified outliers
should be further investigated to determine their validity and potential impact on the analysis or
model. Outliers can be due to various reasons, including data entry errors, measurement errors, or
genuinely anomalous observations, and each case requires careful consideration and interpretation.

Excel Data Analyst Interview Questions

23. In Microsoft Excel, a numeric value can be treated as a text value if it precedes with what?

24. What is the difference between COUNT, COUNTA, COUNTBLANK, and COUNTIF in Excel?

 COUNT function returns the count of numeric cells in a range

 COUNTA function counts the non-blank cells in a range

 COUNTBLANK function gives the count of blank cells in a range

 COUNTIF function returns the count of values by checking a given condition

25. How do you make a dropdown list in MS Excel?

 First, click on the Data tab that is present in the ribbon.

 Under the Data Tools group, select Data Validation.

 Then navigate to Settings > Allow > List.

  Select the source you want to provide as a list array.

26. Can you provide a dynamic range in “Data Source” for a Pivot table?

Yes, you can provide a dynamic range in the “Data Source” of Pivot tables. To do that, you need to
create a named range using the offset function and base the pivot table using a named range
constructed in the first step.

27. What is the function to find the day of the week for a particular date value?

The get the day of the week, you can use the WEEKDAY() function.

The above function will return 6 as the result, i.e., 17th December is a Saturday.

28. How does the AND() function work in Excel?

AND() is a logical function that checks multiple conditions and returns TRUE or FALSE based on
whether the conditions are met.

Syntax: AND(logica1,[logical2],[logical3]....)

In the below example, we are checking if the marks are greater than 45. The result will be true if the
mark is >45, else it will be false.

29. Explain how VLOOKUP works in Excel?

VLOOKUP is used when you need to find things in a table or a range by row.

VLOOKUP accepts the following four parameters:

lookup_value - The value to look for in the first column of a table

table - The table from where you can extract value

col_index - The column from which to extract value

range_lookup - [optional] TRUE = approximate match (default). FALSE = exact match

Let’s understand VLOOKUP with an example.

If you wanted to find the department to which Stuart belongs to, you could use the VLOOKUP
function as shown below:

Here, A11 cell has the lookup value, A2:E7 is the table array, 3 is the column index number with
information about departments, and 0 is the range lookup.

If you hit enter, it will return “Marketing”, indicating that Stuart is from the marketing department.

30. What function would you use to get the current date and time in Excel?

In Excel, you can use the TODAY() and NOW() function to get the current date and time.

31. Using the below sales table, calculate the total quantity sold by sales representatives whose
name starts with A, and the cost of each item they have sold is greater than 10.
You can use the SUMIFS() function to find the total quantity.

For the Sales Rep column, you need to give the criteria as “A*” - meaning the name should start with
the letter “A”. For the Cost each column, the criteria should be “>10” - meaning the cost of each item
is greater than 10.

The result is 13.

33. Using the data given below, create a pivot table to find the total sales made by each sales
representative for each item. Display the sales as % of the grand total.

 Select the entire table range, click on the Insert tab and choose PivotTable

 Select the table range and the worksheet where you want to place the pivot table
 Drag Sale total on to Values, and Sales Rep and Item on to Row Labels. It will give the sum of
sales made by each representative for every item they have sold.

 Right-click on “Sum of Sale Total’ and expand Show Values As to select % of Grand Total.

 Below is the resultant pivot table.

SQL Interview Questions for Data Analysts

34. How do you subset or filter data in SQL?

To subset or filter data in SQL, we use WHERE and HAVING clauses.

Consider the following movie table.

Using this table, let’s find the records for movies that were directed by Brad Bird.

Now, let’s filter the table for directors whose movies have an average duration greater than 115
minutes.
35. What is the difference between a WHERE clause and a HAVING clause in SQL?

Answer all of the given differences when this data analyst interview question is asked, and also give
out the syntax for each to prove your thorough knowledge to the interviewer.

WHERE HAVING

The HAVING clause operates on

WHERE clause operates on row data.
aggregated data.

In the WHERE clause, the filter occurs before any groupings are HAVING is used to filter values from a
made. group.

Aggregate functions cannot be used. Aggregate functions can be used.

Syntax of WHERE clause:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Syntax of HAVING clause;

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
HAVING condition
ORDER BY column_name(s);

36. Is the below SQL query correct? If not, how will you rectify it?
The query stated above is incorrect as we cannot use the alias name while filtering data using the
WHERE clause. It will throw an error.

37. How are Union, Intersect, and Except used in SQL?

The Union operator combines the output of two or more SELECT statements.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1

UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;

Let’s consider the following example, where there are two tables - Region 1 and Region 2.

To get the unique records, we use Union.

The Intersect operator returns the common records that are the results of 2 or more SELECT
statements.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1

INTERSECT
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;

The Except operator returns the uncommon records that are the results of 2 or more SELECT
statements.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1

EXCEPT
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;
Below is the SQL query to return uncommon records from region 1.

38. What is a Subquery in SQL?

A Subquery in SQL is a query within another query. It is also known as a nested query or an inner
query. Subqueries are used to enhance the data to be queried by the main query.

It is of two types - Correlated and Non-Correlated Query.

Below is an example of a subquery that returns the name, email id, and phone number of an
employee from Texas city.

SELECT name, email, phone

FROM employee

WHERE emp_id IN (

SELECT emp_id

FROM employee

WHERE city = 'Texas');

39. Using the product_price table, write an SQL query to find the record with the fourth-highest
market price.

Fig: Product Price table

select top 4 * from product_price order by mkt_price desc;

Now, select the top one from the above result that is in ascending order of mkt_price.

40. From the product_price table, write an SQL query to find the total and average market price for
each currency where the average market price is greater than 100, and the currency is in INR or AUD.

The SQL query is as follows:

The output of the query is as follows:

41. Using the product and sales order detail table, find the products with total units sold greater than
1.5 million.

Fig: Products table

Fig: Sales order detail table

We can use an inner join to get records from both the tables. We’ll join the tables based on a
common key column, i.e., ProductID.

The result of the SQL query is shown below.

42. How do you write a stored procedure in SQL?

You must be prepared for this question thoroughly before your next data analyst interview. The
stored procedure is an SQL script that is used to run a task several times.

Let’s look at an example to create a stored procedure to find the sum of the first N natural numbers'
squares.

 Create a procedure by giving a name, here it’s squaresum1

 Declare the variables

 Write the formula using the set statement

 Print the values of the computed variable

 To run the stored procedure, use the EXEC command

Output: Display the sum of the square for the first four natural numbers

43. Write an SQL stored procedure to find the total even number between two users given numbers.
Here is the output to print all even numbers between 30 and 45.

ableau Data Analyst Interview Questions

44. How is joining different from blending in Tableau?

Data Joining Data Blending

Data joining can only be carried out when the data comes from the Data blending is used when the data is
 same source. from two or more different sources.

E.g: Combining the Oracle table with

SQL Server, or combining Excel sheet
E.g: Combining two or more worksheets from the same Excel file
and Oracle table or two sheets from
or two tables from the same databases.
Excel.
All the combined sheets or tables contain a common set of
Meanwhile, in data blending, each
dimensions and measures.
data source contains its own set of
dimensions and measures.

45. What do you understand by LOD in Tableau?

LOD in Tableau stands for Level of Detail. It is an expression that is used to execute complex queries
involving many dimensions at the data sourcing level. Using LOD expression, you can find duplicate
values, synchronize chart axes and create bins on aggregated data.

46. Can you discuss the process of feature selection and its importance in data analysis?

Feature selection is the process of selecting a subset of relevant features from a larger set of
variables or predictors in a dataset. It aims to improve model performance, reduce overfitting,
enhance interpretability, and optimize computational efficiency. Here's an overview of the process
and its importance:

Importance of Feature Selection:

- Improved Model Performance: By selecting the most relevant features, the model can focus on the
most informative variables, leading to better predictive accuracy and generalization.
- Overfitting Prevention: Including irrelevant or redundant features can lead to overfitting, where the
model learns noise or specific patterns in the training data that do not generalize well to new data.
Feature selection mitigates this risk.
- Interpretability and Insights: A smaller set of selected features makes it easier to interpret and
understand the model's results, facilitating insights and actionable conclusions.
- Computational Efficiency: Working with a reduced set of features can significantly improve
computational efficiency, especially when dealing with large datasets.

47. What are the different connection types in Tableau Software?

There are mainly 2 types of connections available in Tableau.

Extract: Extract is an image of the data that will be extracted from the data source and placed into
the Tableau repository. This image(snapshot) can be refreshed periodically, fully, or incrementally.

Live: The live connection makes a direct connection to the data source. The data will be fetched
straight from tables. So, data is always up to date and consistent.

48. What are the different joins that Tableau provides?

Joins in Tableau work similarly to the SQL join statement. Below are the types of joins that Tableau
supports:
  Left Outer Join

 Right Outer Join

 Full Outer Join

 Inner Join

49. What is a Gantt Chart in Tableau?

A Gantt chart in Tableau depicts the progress of value over the period, i.e., it shows the duration of
events. It consists of bars along with the time axis. The Gantt chart is mostly used as a project
management tool where each bar is a measure of a task in the project.

50. Using the Sample Superstore dataset, create a view in Tableau to analyze the sales, profit, and
quantity sold across different subcategories of items present under each category.

 Load the Sample - Superstore dataset

 Drag Category and Subcategory columns into Rows, and Sales on to Columns. It will result in
a horizontal bar chart.
  Drag Profit on to Colour, and Quantity on to Label. Sort the Sales axis in descending order of
the sum of sales within each sub-category.

51. Create a dual-axis chart in Tableau to present Sales and Profit across different years using the
Sample Superstore dataset.

 Drag the Order Date field from Dimensions on to Columns, and convert it into continuous
Month.
 Drag Sales on to Rows, and Profits to the right corner of the view until you see a light green
rectangle.

 Synchronize the right axis by right-clicking on the profit axis.

  Under the Marks card, change SUM(Sales) to Bar and SUM(Profit) to Line and adjust the size.

52. Design a view in Tableau to show State-wise Sales and Profit using the Sample Superstore
dataset.

 Drag the Country field on to the view section and expand it to see the States.
 Drag the Sales field on to Size, and Profit on to Colour.

 Increase the size of the bubbles, add a border, and halo color.
From the above map, it is clear that states like Washington, California, and New York have the highest
sales and profits. While Texas, Pennsylvania, and Ohio have good amounts of sales but the least
profits.

53. What is the difference between Treemaps and Heatmaps in Tableau?

Treemaps Heatmaps

Heat maps can visualize measures against

dimensions with the help of colors and size to
Treemaps are used to display data in nested rectangles.
differentiate one or more dimensions and up
to two measures.

You use dimensions to define the structure of the treemap,

The layout is like a text table with variations
and measures to define the size or color of the individual
in values encoded as colors.
rectangles.

Treemaps are a relatively simple data visualization that can In the heatmap, you can quickly see a wide
provide insight in a visually attractive format. array of information.

54. Using the Sample Superstore dataset, display the top 5 and bottom 5 customers based on their
profit.
 Drag Customer Name field on to Rows, and Profit on to Columns.

 Right-click on the Customer Name column to create a set

 Give a name to the set and select the top tab to choose the top 5 customers by sum(profit)

 Similarly, create a set for the bottom five customers by sum(profit)

 Select both the sets, right-click to create a combined set. Give a name to the set and choose
All members in both sets.
  Drag top and bottom customers set on to Filters, and Profit field on to Colour to get the
desired result.

Data Analyst Interview Questions On Python

55. What is the correct syntax for reshape() function in NumPy?

56. What are the different ways to create a data frame in Pandas?
There are two ways to create a Pandas data frame.

 By initializing a list

 By initializing a dictionary

57. Write the Python code to create an employee’s data frame from the “emp.csv” file and display
the head and summary.

To create a DataFrame in Python, you need to import the Pandas library and use the read_csv
function to load the .csv file. Give the right location where the file name and its extension follow the
dataset.

To display the head of the dataset, use the head() function.

The ‘describe’ method is used to return the summary statistics in Python.

58. How will you select the Department and Age columns from an Employee data frame?

You can use the column names to extract the desired columns.
59. Suppose there is an array, what would you do?

num = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]). Extract the value 8 using 2D indexing.

Since the value eight is present in the 2nd row of the 1st column, we use the same index positions
and pass it to the array.

60. Suppose there is an array that has values [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. How will you display the following
values from the array - [1,3,5,7,9]?

Since we only want the odd number from 0 to 9, you can perform the modulus operation and check
if the remainder is equal to 1.
61. There are two arrays, ‘a’ and ‘b’. Stack the arrays a and b horizontally using the NumPy library in
Python.

You can either use the concatenate() or the hstack() function to stack the arrays.

62. How can you add a column to a Pandas Data Frame?

Suppose there is an emp data frame that has information about a few employees. Let’s add an
Address column to that data frame.

Declare a list of values that will be converted into an address column.

63. How will you print four random integers between 1 and 15 using NumPy?

To generate Random numbers using NumPy, we use the random.randint() function.

64. From the below DataFrame, how will you find each column's unique values and subset the data
for Age<35 and Height>6?

To find the unique values and number of unique elements, use the unique() and nunique() function.
Now, subset the data for Age<35 and Height>6.

65. Plot a sine graph using NumPy and Matplotlib library in Python.

Below is the result sine graph.

66. Using the below Pandas data frame, find the company with the highest average sales. Derive the
summary statistics for the sales column and transpose the statistics.

 Group the company column and use the mean function to find the average sales

 Use the describe() function to find the summary statistics

 Apply the transpose() function over the describe() method to transpose the statistics