Array
The Array object in JavaScript is a collection of ordered elements that
can store multiple values in a single variable. Arrays are zero-indexed,
meaning the first element has an index of 0 .
Array
Static Methods
Array.from(arrayLike, mapFn, thisArg)
Array.fromAsync(arrayLike, mapFn, thisArg)
Array.isArray(value)
Array.of(elementN)
Instance Methods
Accessing Elements
at(index)
indexOf(searchElement, fromIndex)
lastIndexOf(searchElement, fromIndex)
includes(searchElement, fromIndex)
Searching & Filtering
filter(callbackFn, thisArg)
find(callbackFn, thisArg)
findIndex(callbackFn, thisArg)
findLast(callbackFn, thisArg)
findLastIndex(callbackFn, thisArg)
Adding & Removing Elements
push(elementN)
pop()
shift()
unshift(elementN)
splice(start, deleteCount, ...itemN)
toSpliced(start, deleteCount, ...itemN)
Conditions
every(callbackFn, thisArg)
some(callbackFn, thisArg)
Sorting & Reversing
sort(compareFn)
toSorted(compareFn)
reverse()
toReversed()
Reducing
reduce(callbackFn, initialValue)
reduceRight(callbackFn, initialValue)
Extracting & Slicing
slice(start, end)
Copying & Modifying
copyWithin(target, start, end)
fill(value, start, end)
Creation & Combination
concat(arrN)
flat(depth)
flatMap(callbackFn, thisArg)
with(index, value)
String Conversion
toString()
toLocaleString(locales, options)
join(separator)
Iteration & Transformation
map(callbackFn, thisArg)
forEach(callbackFn, thisArg)
entries()
Instance Properties
length
Static Methods
Array.from(arrayLike, mapFn, thisArg)
Creates a new array from an array-like or iterable object. An optional
mapFn can modify elements during creation.
Example:
1 let str = "hello";
2
3 console.log(Array.from(str)); // ["h", "e", "l", "l",
"o"]
4 console.log(Array.from([1, 2, 3], (x) => x * 2)); // [2,
4, 6]
5 console.log(Array.from("9528", Number)); // [9, 5, 2, 8]
Arguments:
arrayLike : The array-like or iterable object to convert.
mapFn (Optional): A function to apply to each element before
adding it to the array.
element : The current element.
index (Optional): The index of the element. Defaults to 0 .
array (Optional): The array being created.
thisArg (Optional): Value to use as this inside mapFn .
Array.fromAsync(arrayLike, mapFn, thisArg)
Similar to Array.from , but supports async iterables and returns a
Promise resolving to an array.
Example:
1 async function* asyncGen() {
2 yield 1;
3 yield 2;
4 yield 3;
5 }
6
7 Array.fromAsync(asyncGen()).then(console.log); // [1, 2,
3]
Arguments:
arrayLike : The array-like or async iterable object to convert.
mapFn (Optional): A function to apply to each element before
adding it to the array.
element : The current element.
index (Optional): The index of the element. Defaults to 0 .
array (Optional): The array being created.
thisArg (Optional): Value to use as this inside mapFn .
Array.isArray(value)
Returns true if value is an array, otherwise false .
Example:
1 console.log(Array.isArray([1, 2, 3])); // true
2 console.log(Array.isArray("hello")); // false
3 console.log(Array.isArray({})); // false
Arguments:
value : The value to check.
Array.of(elementN)
Creates a new array with the provided elements. Unlike Array , it
avoids unintended behavior with a single numeric argument.
Example:
1 console.log(Array.of(3)); // [3]
2 console.log(Array(3)); // [ <3 empty slots> ]
3 console.log(Array.of(1, 2, 3)); // [1, 2, 3]
Arguments:
elementN : Elements to include in the new array.
Instance Methods
Accessing Elements
Used to retrieve elements from an array based on their position or
check for their existence.
at(index)
Returns the element at the specified index . Supports negative
indexing.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30];
2
3 console.log(arr.at(1)); // 20
4 console.log(arr.at(-1)); // 30
5 console.log(arr[-1]); // undefined
Arguments:
index : The position of the element to retrieve. Supports negative
values for accessing from the end.
Note that you can use the normal [] notation but it doesn't support
negative indices. Here where at() method comes to play.
indexOf(searchElement, fromIndex)
Returns the first index where searchElement is found, or -1 if not
found.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30, 20];
2
3 console.log(arr.indexOf(20)); // 1
4 console.log(arr.indexOf(50)); // -1
5 console.log(arr.indexOf(20, 2)); // 3
Arguments:
searchElement : The value to locate in the array.
fromIndex (Optional): The index to start the search from. Defaults
to 0 .
lastIndexOf(searchElement, fromIndex)
Returns the last index where searchElement is found, or -1 if not
found.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30, 20];
2
3 console.log(arr.lastIndexOf(20)); // 3
4 console.log(arr.lastIndexOf(50)); // -1
5 console.log(arr.lastIndexOf(20, 2)); // 1
Arguments:
searchElement : The value to locate in the array.
fromIndex (Optional): The index to start searching backwards
from. Defaults to array.length - 1 .
includes(searchElement, fromIndex)
Returns true if searchElement exists in the array, otherwise false .
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30];
2
3 console.log(arr.includes(20)); // true
4 console.log(arr.includes(50)); // false
5 console.log(arr.includes(20, 2)); // false
Arguments:
searchElement : The value to check for in the array.
fromIndex (Optional): The index to start the search from. Defaults
to 0 .
Searching & Filtering
Help find specific elements in an array, either by condition or direct
match, and filter elements based on criteria.
filter(callbackFn, thisArg)
Returns a new array with elements that satisfy callbackFn .
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30, 40];
2
3 let result = arr.filter((num) => num > 20);
4 console.log(result); // [30, 40]
Arguments:
callbackFn : A function called for each element. Should return
true to keep the element, which takes three arguments:
element : The current element being processed in the array.
index (Optional): The index of the current element in the
array.
array (Optional): The array that filter was called on.
thisArg (Optional): Value to use as this inside callbackFn .
find(callbackFn, thisArg)
Returns the first element that satisfies callbackFn , or undefined if
none match.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30, 40];
2
3 let result = arr.find((num) => num > 20);
4 console.log(result); // 30
Arguments:
callbackFn : A function called for each element. Should return
true to return the element, which takes three arguments:
element : The current element being processed in the array.
index (Optional): The index of the current element in the
array.
array (Optional): The array that filter was called on.
thisArg (Optional): Value to use as this inside callbackFn .
findIndex(callbackFn, thisArg)
Returns the index of the first element that satisfies callbackFn , or
-1 if none match.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30, 40];
2
3 let result = arr.findIndex((num) => num > 20);
4 console.log(result); // 2
Arguments:
callbackFn : A function called for each element. Should return
true to return the index, which takes three arguments:
element : The current element being processed in the array.
index (Optional): The index of the current element in the
array.
array (Optional): The array that filter was called on.
thisArg (Optional): Value to use as this inside callbackFn .
findLast(callbackFn, thisArg)
Returns the last element that satisfies callbackFn , or undefined if
none match.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30, 40];
2
3 let result = arr.findLast((num) => num > 20);
4 console.log(result); // 40
Arguments:
callbackFn : A function called for each element. Should return
true to return the element, which takes three arguments:
element : The current element being processed in the array.
index (Optional): The index of the current element in the
array.
array (Optional): The array that filter was called on.
thisArg (Optional): Value to use as this inside callbackFn .
findLastIndex(callbackFn, thisArg)
Returns the index of the last element that satisfies callbackFn , or
-1 if none match.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30, 40];
2
3 let result = arr.findLastIndex((num) => num > 20);
4 console.log(result); // 3
Arguments:
callbackFn : A function called for each element. Should return
true to return the index, which takes three arguments:
element : The current element being processed in the array.
index (Optional): The index of the current element in the
array.
array (Optional): The array that filter was called on.
thisArg (Optional): Value to use as this inside callbackFn .
Adding & Removing Elements
Enable modifying the array by adding or removing elements at the
start, middle, or end.
push(elementN)
Adds one or more elements to the end of the array and returns the
new length.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20];
2
3 console.log(arr.push(30, 40)); // 4
4 console.log(arr); // [10, 20, 30, 40]
Arguments:
elementN : Elements to add at the end of the array.
pop()
Removes the last element from the array and returns it. Returns
undefined if the array is empty.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30];
2
3 console.log(arr.pop()); // 30
4 console.log(arr); // [10, 20]
shift()
Removes the first element from the array and returns it. Returns
undefined if the array is empty.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30];
2
3 console.log(arr.shift()); // 10
4 console.log(arr); // [20, 30]
unshift(elementN)
Adds one or more elements to the beginning of the array and returns
the new length.
Example:
1 let arr = [20, 30];
2
3 console.log(arr.unshift(10)); // 3
4 console.log(arr); // [10, 20, 30]
Arguments:
elementN : Elements to add at the beginning of the array.
splice(start, deleteCount, ...itemN)
Modifies the array by removing or replacing elements and returns the
removed elements.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30, 40];
2
3 console.log(arr.splice(1, 2, 50, 60)); // [20, 30]
4 console.log(arr); // [10, 50, 60, 40]
Arguments:
start : The index at which to start modifying the array.
deleteCount (Optional): The number of elements to remove.
Defaults to 0 .
itemN (Optional): Elements to insert at start .
toSpliced(start, deleteCount, ...itemN)
Returns a new array with modifications without changing the original
array.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30, 40];
2
3 let result = arr.toSpliced(1, 2, 50, 60);
4 console.log(result); // [10, 50, 60, 40]
5 console.log(arr); // [10, 20, 30, 40]
Arguments:
start : The index at which to start modifying the array.
deleteCount (Optional): The number of elements to remove.
Defaults to 0 .
itemN (Optional): Elements to insert at start .
Conditions
Used to determine if all or some elements meet a specified condition.
every(callbackFn, thisArg)
Returns true if all elements satisfy callbackFn , otherwise returns
false . Stops checking once it finds a false result.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30];
2
3 console.log(arr.every((num) => num > 5)); // true
4 console.log(arr.every((num) => num > 15)); // false
Arguments:
callbackFn : A function called for each element. Should return
true to keep checking, which takes three arguments:
element : The current element being processed in the array.
index (Optional): The index of the current element in the
array.
array (Optional): The array that filter was called on.
thisArg (Optional): Value to use as this inside callbackFn .
some(callbackFn, thisArg)
Returns true if at least one element satisfies callbackFn , otherwise
returns false . Stops checking once it finds a true result.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30];
2
3 console.log(arr.some((num) => num > 25)); // true
4 console.log(arr.some((num) => num > 40)); // false
Arguments:
callbackFn : A function called for each element. Should return
true to stop checking, which takes three arguments:
element : The current element being processed in the array.
index (Optional): The index of the current element in the
array.
array (Optional): The array that filter was called on.
thisArg (Optional): Value to use as this inside callbackFn .
Sorting & Reversing
Provide ways to order elements in ascending or descending order
and reverse their sequence.
sort(compareFn)
Sorts the array in place and returns the sorted array. If compareFn is
not provided, it sorts elements as strings in ascending order.
Example:
1 let arr = [30, 10, 20];
2
3 console.log(arr.sort()); // [10, 20, 30] (default
behavior)
4 console.log(arr.sort((a, b) => b - a)); // [30, 20, 10]
(descending order)
Arguments:
compareFn (Optional): A function that defines the sorting logic.
Should return a negative value for ascending order, positive for
descending, and zero for equal values.
toSorted(compareFn)
Returns a new sorted array without modifying the original array.
Example:
1 let arr = [30, 10, 20];
2
3 let result = arr.toSorted((a, b) => a - b);
4 console.log(result); // [10, 20, 30]
5 console.log(arr); // [30, 10, 20] (unchanged)
Arguments:
compareFn (Optional): A function that defines the sorting logic.
reverse()
Reverses the elements of the array in place and returns the modified
array.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30];
2
3 console.log(arr.reverse()); // [30, 20, 10]
4 console.log(arr); // [30, 20, 10] (modified)
toReversed()
Returns a new array with elements reversed without modifying the
original array.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30];
2
3 let result = arr.toReversed();
4 console.log(result); // [30, 20, 10]
5 console.log(arr); // [10, 20, 30] (unchanged)
Reducing
Used for accumulating values from an array into a single result, like
sums or averages.
reduce(callbackFn, initialValue)
Applies callbackFn to each element, accumulating a single result
from left to right.
Example:
1 let arr = [1, 2, 3, 4];
2
3 let sum = arr.reduce((acc, num) => acc + num, 0);
4 console.log(sum); // 10
Arguments:
callbackFn : A function executed on each element in the array,
which takes four arguments:
accumulator : The accumulated value returned by the last
execution of callbackFn , or initialValue if provided.
currentValue : The current element being processed in the
array.
index (Optional): The index of the current element being
processed.
array (Optional): The array reduce was called on.
initialValue (Optional): The initial value to start the
accumulation. If omitted, the first element of the array will be
used as the initial value and the iteration will start from the
second element.
reduceRight(callbackFn, initialValue)
Works like reduce but processes elements from right to left.
Example:
1 let arr = ["a", "b", "c"];
2
3 let result = arr.reduceRight((acc, char) => acc + char,
"");
4 console.log(result); // "cba"
Arguments:
callbackFn : A function executed on each element in the array,
which takes four arguments:
accumulator : The accumulated value returned by the last
execution of callbackFn , or initialValue if provided.
currentValue : The current element being processed in the
array.
index (Optional): The index of the current element being
processed.
array (Optional): The array reduceRight was called on.
initialValue (Optional): The initial value to start the
accumulation. If omitted, the first element of the array will be
used as the initial value and the iteration will start from the
second element.
Extracting & Slicing
Provide ways to extract portions of an array without modifying the
original.
slice(start, end)
Returns a new array containing elements from start up to (but not
including) end , without modifying the original array.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];
2
3 console.log(arr.slice(1, 4)); // [20, 30, 40]
4 console.log(arr.slice(2)); // [30, 40, 50]
5 console.log(arr.slice(-3)); // [30, 40, 50]
6 console.log(arr); // [10, 20, 30, 40, 50] (unchanged)
Arguments:
start : The index to begin slicing. Defaults to 0 .
end (Optional): The index to stop slicing (not included). Defaults
to the array length.
Copying & Modifying
Allow duplicating and modifying elements within an array without
adding or removing anything.
copyWithin(target, start, end)
Copies a sequence of elements within the array to another position,
overwriting existing values. Modifies the original array.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];
2
3 console.log(arr.copyWithin(1, 3)); // [10, 40, 50, 40,
50]
4 console.log(arr); // [10, 40, 50, 40, 50] (modified)
Arguments:
target : The index where copied elements will be placed.
start : The index to start copying from.
end (Optional): The index to stop copying (not included). Defaults
to the array length.
fill(value, start, end)
Replaces all elements in a specified range with value . Modifies the
original array.
Example:
1 let arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
2
3 console.log(arr.fill(0, 1, 4)); // [1, 0, 0, 0, 5]
4 console.log(arr); // [1, 0, 0, 0, 5] (modified)
Arguments:
value : The value to fill the array with.
start (Optional): The index to begin filling. Defaults to 0 .
end (Optional): The index to stop filling (not included). Defaults to
the array length.
Creation & Combination
These functions help in creating new arrays by merging, flattening, or
modifying existing ones.
concat(arrN)
Returns a new array by merging the original array with one or more
provided arrays or values.
Example:
1 let arr = [1, 2, 3];
2
3 console.log(arr.concat([4, 5], 6)); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
4 console.log(arr); // [1, 2, 3] (unchanged)
Arguments:
arrN : One or more arrays or values to merge with the original
array.
flat(depth)
Returns a new array with sub-arrays flattened up to the specified
depth .
Example:
1 let arr = [1, [2, [3, [4]]]];
2
3 console.log(arr.flat(2)); // [1, 2, 3, [4]]
4 console.log(arr.flat()); // [1, 2, [3, [4]]] (default
depth = 1)
Arguments:
depth (Optional): The level of nested arrays to flatten. Defaults to
1.
flatMap(callbackFn, thisArg)
Maps each element using callbackFn and flattens the result into a
new array.
Example:
1 let arr = [1, 2, 3];
2
3 console.log(arr.flatMap((num) => [num, num * 2])); // [1,
2, 2, 4, 3, 6]
Arguments:
callbackFn : A function called for each element. Should return an
array or value, which takes three arguments:
element : The current element being processed.
index (Optional): The index of the current element. Defaults
to 0 .
array (Optional): The array that flatMap was called on.
thisArg (Optional): Value to use as this inside callbackFn .
with(index, value)
Returns a new array with the element at index replaced by value ,
without modifying the original array.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30];
2
3 console.log(arr.with(1, 99)); // [10, 99, 30]
4 console.log(arr); // [10, 20, 30] (unchanged)
Arguments:
index : The position of the element to replace.
value : The new value to insert at index .
String Conversion
Convert arrays into strings, either directly or with specific formatting.
toString()
Returns a string representation of the array, where elements are
separated by commas.
Example:
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30];
2
3 console.log(arr.toString()); // "10,20,30"
toLocaleString(locales, options)
Returns a localized string representation of the array, formatting
elements based on the given locale and options.
Example:
1 let arr = [1000, new Date("2023-01-01")];
2
3 console.log(arr.toLocaleString("en-US")); // "1,000,
1/1/2023, 12:00:00 AM"
4 console.log(arr.toLocaleString("de-DE")); // "1.000,
1.1.2023, 00:00:00"
Arguments:
locales (Optional): A string or array of locale codes (e.g., "en-
US" ). Defaults to the system's locale.
options (Optional): An object specifying formatting options.
join(separator)
Returns a string where array elements are joined by separator .
Example:
1 let arr = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"];
2
3 console.log(arr.join(" - ")); // "apple - banana -
cherry"
4 console.log(arr.join()); // "apple,banana,cherry"
(default separator is ",")
Arguments:
separator (Optional): The string to place between elements.
Defaults to "," .
Iteration & Transformation
Return iterable objects that allow traversing an array’s elements with
key-value pairs.
map(callbackFn, thisArg)
Creates a new array by applying callbackFn to each element of the
original array.
Example:
1 let arr = [1, 2, 3];
2
3 console.log(arr.map((num) => num * 2)); // [2, 4, 6]
4 console.log(arr); // [1, 2, 3] (unchanged)
Arguments:
callbackFn : A function called for each element, which takes three
arguments:
element : The current element being processed.
index (Optional): The index of the current element. Defaults
to 0 .
array (Optional): The array that map was called on.
thisArg (Optional): Value to use as this inside callbackFn .
forEach(callbackFn, thisArg)
Executes callbackFn for each array element but does not return a
new array.
Example:
1 let arr = ["a", "b", "c"];
2
3 arr.forEach((char, index) => console.log(index, char));
4 // 0 "a"
5 // 1 "b"
6 // 2 "c"
Arguments:
callbackFn : A function called for each element, which takes three
arguments:
element : The current element being processed.
index (Optional): The index of the current element. Defaults
to 0 .
array (Optional): The array that forEach was called on.
thisArg (Optional): Value to use as this inside callbackFn .
entries()
Returns an iterator containing key-value pairs of the array, where the
key is the index and the value is the element.
Example:
1 let arr = ["x", "y", "z"];
2
3 for (let [index, value] of arr.entries()) {
4 console.log(index, value);
5 }
6 // 0 "x"
7 // 1 "y"
8 // 2 "z"
Instance Properties
length
Represents the number of elements in the array. Can be used to get
or set the array's length.
Example (Getting the length):
1 let arr = [10, 20, 30];
2
3 console.log(arr.length); // 3
Example (Setting the length):
1 let arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
2
3 arr.length = 3;
4 console.log(arr); // [1, 2, 3] (truncated)
5
6 arr.length = 6;
7 console.log(arr); // [1, 2, 3, <3 empty slots>]
