HUMAN

REPRODUCTION
Course Syllabus
• Course title: Human Reproduction
• Credit units: 3 units
• Course description: this course focuses on the biological aspect of human
reproduction, in which are capable of reproducing. It provide a unique opportunity
to study one system across traditional subject boundaries: anatomy, physiology,
endocrinology, biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, embryology, and human
sexuality are brought together to provide a comprehensive view of the functioning
of the human reproductive system and discuss the process of fertilization, fetal
development, and birth.
Answer the following;
• For your own idea, what is the purpose of individual in scientific view?
• How important reproduction is?
• How does reproduction relate to humans?
• At what age you consider your self to reproduce a new human being and why?
• Share your ideas about the different role of two gender in the society?
• Create your own genogram in three generation.
CHARACTERISTIC OF
LIFE
 Organization
Responsiveness

Development

Metabolism
Characteristic
of Life

Reproduction

Growth
Characteristic of Life
1. Organization – how those part interact to perform specific
function.
2. Metabolism – the ability to use energy to perform vital function
3. Responsiveness – the ability of an organism to sense the changes
in the environment and make adjustment that help maintain its life.
4. Growth – refer to an increase in size of all or part of the organism.
5. Development – it includes the changes of an organism undergoes
through time; it begin with fertilization.
6. Reproduction – is the formation of a new organism.
THE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Reproductive System
• The biological system in living organism that is responsible for
producing offspring. It includes the organs and tissues that
enables sexual reproduction.
Functions

Production of gametes

Fertilization

Development and nourishment of new individuals

Production of sex hormones

Structural level of Organism
• Chemical – it involves how atom such as hydrogen and carbon interact and
combine into molecule. Molecule can combine together to form organelles
(little organs)
• Cell – the basic unit of living matter.

• Tissue – is a group of cell and material surrounding them.

• Organs – composed of two or more tissue types that together perform on or

more functions.
• Organ system – a group of organ that is classified as a unit because of a
common function or set of functions.
• Organism – all organ system is working together.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Male Reproductive System
• The male reproductive system is located in the pelvis region. It
includes a pair of testes along with accessory ducts, glands and
the external genitalia.
Functions
Produce sperm cells (sex cell).
Produce male sex hormones.
Transfer sperm cell to female
 Testes and Scrotum
• The testes are situated outside the abdominal
cavity within a pouch called scrotum.
• The scrotum helps in maintaining the low
temperature of the testes (2–2.5o C lower than
the normal internal body temperature)
necessary for spermatogenesis. In adults, each
testis is oval in shape, with a length of about 4
to 5 cm and a width of about 2 to 3 cm.
• The testis is covered by a dense covering. Each
testis has about 250 compartments called
testicular lobules.
Testicular Lobules
• Each lobule contains one to
three highly coiled seminiferous
tubules in which sperms are
produced.
Seminiferous Tubule
• Each seminiferous tubule is lined on its
inside by two types of cells called male
germ cells (spermatogonia) and Sertoli
cells.
• The male germ cells undergo meiotic
divisions finally leading to sperm
formation.
• Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the
germ cells.
 TESTIS

TESTICULAR LOBULES(250)

3 HIGHLY SEMINIFEROUS
TUBULES

2 TYPES OF CELLS

GERM CELLS (SPERMATOGONIA) – SERTOLI CELLS – PROVIDES

SPERM FORMATION NUTRITION TO GERM CERLL

SPERM
Seminiferous Tubule
• The regions outside the seminiferous
tubules called interstitial spaces,
contain small blood vessels and
interstitial cells or Leydig cells.
• Interstitial cell or
Leydig cells
synthesise and secrete testicular
hormones called androgens. Other
immunologically competent cells are
also present.
 Accessory Ducts
• The male sex accessory ducts include rete
testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis and vas
deferens.
• The seminiferous tubules of the testis
open into the vasa efferentia through rete
testis.
• The vasa efferentia leave the testis and
open into epididymis located along the
posterior surface of each testis.
• The epididymis leads to vas deferens that
ascends to the abdomen and loops over
the urinary bladder. It receives a duct from
seminal vesicle and opens into urethra as
the ejaculatory duct. These ducts store
and transport the sperms from the testis
to the outside through urethra.
• The urethra originates from the urinary
bladder and extends through the penis to
its external opening called urethral
meatus.
• The penis is the male external genitalia. It
is made up of special tissue that helps in
erection of the penis to facilitate
insemination.
• The enlarged end of penis called the
Glans penis is covered by a loose fold of
skin called foreskin.
The Male Accessory Glands
• paired seminal vesicles

• Prostate

• paired bulbourethral glands

• Secretions of these glands constitute
the seminal plasma which is rich in
fructose, calcium and certain
enzymes.
• The secretions of bulbourethral
glands also helps in the lubrication of
the penis.
 Organ Location Function
Scrotum External Support testes and regulates their
temperature.
Penis External Delivers urine copulating organ.
Testes Internal Produce sperm and male hormones.
Seminal vesicles Internal Contribute to semen production.
Prostate gland Internal Contributes to semen production.

Bulbourethral glands Internal Neutralize urine in urethra.

Semen
Mixture of sperm and secretion from glands.
Provides a transport medium and nutrients that protects and activate
sperm.
Male Sex Hormone
Male Puberty
Sequence of events in which a boy begins to produce male
hormones and sperm cells.
Begins at 12 to 14.
Testosterone is major male hormone.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
The Female Reproductive System
• The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries along
with a pair of oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina and the external genitalia
located in pelvic region. These parts of the system along with a pair of the
mammary glands are integrated structurally and functionally to support the
processes of ovulation, fertilization, pregnancy, birth and child care.
Functions
Produce female oocytes (sex cells).
Produce female sex hormones.
Receive sperm from males.
Develop and nourish embryo.
 Ovaries
• It is the primary female sex organs that produce the
female gamete (ovum) and several steroid hormones
(ovarian hormones).
• The ovaries are located one on each side of the lower
abdomen.
• Each ovary is about 2 to 4 cm in length and is
connected to the pelvic wall and uterus by ligaments.
• Each ovary is covered by a thin epithelium which
encloses the ovarian stroma.
• The stroma is divided into two zones – a peripheral
cortex and an inner medulla.
 Fallopian Tubes (oviducts)

• Each fallopian tube is about 10-12 cm

long and extends from the periphery
of each ovary to the uterus
• the part closer to the ovary is the
funnel-shaped infundibulum.
 Fallopian Tubes (oviducts)
• The edges of the infundibulum
possess finger-like projections called
fimbriae, which help in collection of
the ovum after ovulation.
• The infundibulum leads to a wider
part of the oviduct called ampulla.
• The last part of the oviduct, isthmus
has a narrow lumen and it joins the
uterus.
Uterus
• the uterus is single and it is also called
womb. The shape of the uterus is like an
inverted pear. It is supported by
ligaments attached to the pelvic wall.
• The uterus opens into vagina through a
narrow cervix. The cavity of the cervix is
called cervical canal, which along with
vagina forms the birth canal.
• The wall of the uterus has three layers of
tissue.
 Three Layers of Uterus
• The external thin membranous perimetrium,
• middle thick layer of smooth muscle,
myometrium
• inner glandular layer called endometrium
that lines the uterine cavity. The
endometrium undergoes cyclical changes
during menstrual cycle while the myometrium
exhibits strong contraction during delivery of
the baby
 The Female External Genitalia
• Mons pubis is a cushion of fatty tissue
covered by skin and pubic hair.
• The labia majora are fleshy folds of
tissue, which extend down from the
mons pubis and surround the vaginal
opening.
• The labia minora are paired folds of
tissue under the labia majora.
The Female External Genitalia
• The opening of the vagina is
often covered partially by a
membrane called hymen.
• The clitoris is a tiny finger-like
structure which lies at the
upper junction of the two labia
minora above the urethral
opening.
The Hymen
• The hymen is often torn during the
first coitus (intercourse). However, it
can also be broken by a sudden fall or
jolt, insertion of a vaginal tampon,
active participation in some sports
like horseback riding, cycling, etc. In
some women the hymen persists
even after coitus. In fact, the presence
or absence of hymen is not a reliable
indicator of virginity or sexual
experience.
 Organ Location Function
Clitoris External Sensory organ
Mons pubis External Fatty area overlying pubic bone
Labia majora External Covers labia minora; contains sweat and
sebaceous glands
Labia minora External Covers vestibule
Greater vestibular External Secrete mucus; lubricate vagina
glands
Breast External Produces and delivers milk
Ovaries Internal Produce and develop eggs
Oviducts Internal Transport egg to uterus; site of fertilization

Uterus Internal Supports developing embryo

Vagina Internal Common tube for intercourse, birth cannal,
passing menstrual flow
Ovulation
When a mature follicle rupture forcing oocytes into peritoneal
(pelvic) cavity.
It occurs when your ovary releases an egg. It happens around the
14th day of 28-day menstrual cycle. It is also a phase in the menstrual
cycle when your ovary release an egg (ovum). Once an egg leaves your
ovary, it travels down your fallopian tube where it waits to be fertilized
by sperm.
The corpus luteum is the mature follicle after ovulation that
degenerates if egg is not fertilized.
Female Puberty
• begins between 11 to 13 years old and usually completed by 19 year
old
• Menarche is the first episode of menstrual bleeding

• vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, and external genitalia to enlarge and fat
is deposited in the breast and hips.
• elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone are secreted by ovaries.
 Mammary Gland
• A functional mammary gland is characteristic of all female mammals. The
mammary glands are paired structures (breasts) that contain glandular tissue
and variable amount of fat.
• The glandular tissue of each breast is divided into 15-20 mammary lobes
containing clusters of cells called alveoli.
• The cells of alveoli secrete milk, which is stored in the cavities (lumens) of
alveoli.
• The alveoli open into mammary tubules. The tubules of each lobe join to form a
mammary duct.
• Several mammary ducts join to form a wider mammary ampulla which is
connected to lactiferous duct and opens at the nipple, from where milk is
expressed during breastfeeding.
Female Sex Hormones
PREPARED BY;
NAJWA-JOHAINA R. BASHEIR, RN
Instructor