Introduction to Artificial

Intelligence
Syllabus
Syllabus
Syllabus
Syllabus
What is Human Intelligence?
● Perceiving
● Understanding of Language
● Feeling
● Reasoning
● Learning
What is Artificial Intelligence?
● The science of making machines intelligent.
● With AI, a machine can accomplish tasks that normally require human
intelligence.

● Definition: AI is the study of how to make computers do things which at

the moment, people do better.
School of Thoughts for defining AI
● Think like Humans
● Act like Humans
● Think Rationally
● Act Rationally
School of Thoughts for defining AI
What is AI?
● AI is the study of how to make computers do things which at the moment,
people do better.
● This definition fails to include the areas where some problems can’t be
solved by humans as well as computers.
● Artificial Intelligence is a “way of making a computer, a
computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the same
manner a intelligent human thinks”.
● According to the father of AI, John Mccarthy, AI is the science and
engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent
computer programs.
AI Problems (Task Domains of AI)
AI tasks are divided into 3 groups: Mundane Tasks, Formal Tasks and Expert Tasks.
1. Mundane Tasks: are the ones that we( the humans) do on regular basis
without any special training such as:
a. Perception (vision + speech)
b. Natural Language (Understanding + Generation + Translation)
c. Common Sense Reasoning
d. Robot Control

These tasks seem easy to humans but are extremely difficult to inculcate in
machines.
AI Problems (task domains of AI)
● Perceptive tasks are difficult
- Involves analog signals (noisy)
- Large number of things to be perceived at once which is difficult

● NLP is challenging
- To understand sentences in language, machine should know not only the
language but also a great deal of knowledge about the topic as well.

● Animals possessing less intelligence exhibit finest perceptive capabilities.

AI Problems (task domains of AI)
2. Formal Task: are the ones where there is an application of formal logic, some
learning etc. Verifications, Theorem proving etc are the common characteristics.
Games such as Chess Checkers, Go etc are classified in these task.
● Game Playing and Problem Solving
● People who perform these tasks well are considered to be displaying
intelligence.
● It appeared initially that computers could perform well at these tasks by being
fast at exploring a large number of solution paths and selecting the best one
(using Graph Traversal techniques)
● However it was found that no computer was fast enough to overcome
Combinatorial Explosion
AI Problems (task domains of AI)
● Examples of some AI programs developed for formal tasks:
1. Checkers playing program by Samuel - used experience to improve its
later performance
2. Logic Theorist - proved mathematical theorems from first chapter of
Whitehead and Russell's Principia Mathematica textbook.
3. Gelernter’s Theorem - Geometrical theorem proving
AI Problems (task domains of AI)
3. Expert Tasks - many people can perform some specialized tasks in which
carefully acquired expertise is necessary. Tasks which requires high analytical
and thinking skills, a job only a professionals can do.
● Examples of such tasks are:
○ Engineering - Design, fault finding, planning, manufacturing
○ Scientific Analysis
○ Medical Diagnosis
○ Financial Analysis
● AI is most flourishing in this problem area.
What is AI Technique
● Method that exploits knowledge.
● This knowledge should be represented in a way that:
1. Knowledge should capture Generalizations: in other words, it is not necessary to
represent each individual situation separately. Instead, situations that share important
properties are grouped together. If knowledge does not have this property, large
amount of memory and updating will be required.
2. Knowledge should be understood by people who provide it - although for many AI
programs, the bulk of the data can be acquired automatically, in many AI domains
most of the knowledge which program has must be provided by the people in terms
they understand.
3. We should be able to easily modify to correct errors and reflect changes in the real
world.
4. Should be able to use it even if it is not totally accurate or complete.
What is AI Technique
● It is possible to solve AI problems without using AI techniques.
● It is possible to apply AI techniques to solutions of non-AI problems.
Important AI Techniques:
● Search: Provides a way of solving problems for which no more direct approach
is available as well as a framework into which any direct techniques that are
available can be embedded.
● Use of Knowledge: Provides a way of solving complex problems by exploiting
the structures of the objects that are involved.
● Abstraction: Provides a way of separating important features and variations
from the many unimportant ones that would otherwise overwhelm any process.
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Criteria of Success (Turing Test)
● In 1950, Alan Turing proposed the method for determining whether a
machine can think. His method has since become known as the “Turing
Test”.
● To conduct this test, we need two people and the machine to be
evaluated.
● Turing Test provides a definition of intelligence in a machine and
compares the intelligent behavior of human being with that of a
computer.
● One person A plays the role of the interrogator, who is in a separate room
from the computer and the other person.
● The interrogator can ask set of questions to both the computer Z and
person X by typing questions and receiving typed responses.
● The interrogator knows them only as Z and X and aims to determine who
the person is and who the machine is.
Criteria of Success (Turing Test)
● The goal of machine is to fool the interrogator into believing that it is the
person. If the machine succeeds we conclude that the machine can think.
● The machine is allowed to do whatever it can do to fool the interrogator.
For example, if asked the question “How much is 12,324 times 73,981?”
● The machine could wait several minutes and then respond with wrong
answer.
● The interrogator receives two sets of responses, but does not know which
set comes from human and which from computer.
● After careful examination of responses, if interrogator cannot definitely
tell which set has come from the computer and which from human, then
the computer has passed the Turing Test.
Criticism faced by Turing Test
1. People said befooling someone is not intelligence.
2. Computer (being a machine) possesses more memory than human beings
so it should be better at tasks that require memory.
Measuring Achievement of AI (in more restricted domains)
1. Rating Based: in chess game, the rating can be based on rating of the
players whom program can beat.
2. Time Based: comparing the time taken to complete a task. Human vs
Computer
3. Programs Performance: compared with human performance.
Applications of AI
1. AI in Astronomy - Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex
universe problems. AI technology can be helpful for understanding the universe
such as how it works, origin, etc.
2. AI in Healthcare - In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous
for the healthcare industry and going to have a significant impact on this industry.
Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than
humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are
worsening so that medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
3. AI in Gaming - AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play
strategic games like chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of
possible places.
Applications of AI
4. AI in Finance - AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The
finance industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence,
algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial processes.
5. AI in Data Security - The security of data is crucial for every company and
cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make
your data more safe and secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are
used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.
6. AI in Social Media - Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat
contain billions of user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very
efficient way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze
lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.
Applications of AI
7. AI in Travel & Transport - AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries.
AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as from making travel
arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers.
Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can make human-like
interaction with customers for better and fast response.
8. AI in Automotive Industry - Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide
virtual assistant to their user for better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced
TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant. o Various Industries are currently working
for developing self-driven cars which can make your journey more safe and secure.
9. AI in Robotics: - Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually,
general robots are programmed such that they can perform some repetitive tasks,
but with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with
their own experiences without pre-programmed.
Applications of AI
10. AI in Entertainment - We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life
with some entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI
algorithms, these services show the recommendations for programs or shows.
11. AI in Agriculture - Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor,
money, and time for best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is
emerging in this field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop
monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.
12. AI in E-commerce - AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and
it is becoming more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to
discover associated products with recommended size, color, or even brand.
13. AI in education - AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to
teach. AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant. o AI in the future
can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be accessible easily at any
time and any place.