Thin-Walled Structures

Analysis of Shells
 Introduction to Shells
- Shells are space structures with very
small thickness
- They are used to cover large areas

2
At first (in the 16th to 19th centuries, they depended on the
big masses of the building materials
They depended on the big mass of the building in the strength

Pantheon of Rome (Clear span = 43.5m) 3

At first (in the 16th to 19th centuries, they depended on the
big masses of the building materials
They depended on the big mass of the building in the strength

Cathedral of Florence (Clear span = 42 m) 4

At first (in the 16th to 19th centuries, they depended on the
big masses of the building materials
They depended on the big mass of the building in the strength

Saint Peter Cathedral (Rome)

(Clear span = 42 m) 5
Schott Factory (Clear span = 40 m)
6
 Introduction to Shells
To consider the covering a thin shell
1/10000 ≤ t / R ≤ 1/20
Types of shells
1- Shells of revolution
- Spherical Shells
- Dome
- Conical shells
- Cylindrical shells
2- Hyperbolic paraboloid
7
 Introduction to Shells
1- Shells of revolution
Axis of symmetry Meridian
curve

8
 Introduction to Shells
1- Shells of revolution
- Dome

9
 Introduction to Shells
1- Shells of revolution
Spherical Shells

10
 Introduction to Shells
1- Shells of revolution Open Shell
Lantern-
Ventillation-
skylight

11
 Introduction to Shells
1- Shells of revolution

12
 Introduction to Shells
1- Shells of revolution Conical Shells

13
 Introduction to Shells
1- Shells of revolution

- Cylindrical shells

14
Introduction to Shells
2- Hyperbolic paraboloid

15
 Introduction to Shells
Drawings
Closed

Opened

16
 Introduction to Shells
Drawings
Closed

Opened

17
Introduction to Shells
Drawings - Supports
Ring beam

Ring beam
18
Introduction to Shells
Symmetry
Un-symmetry

19
Introduction to Shells
Symmetry
Axis-symmetry (Axi-symmetry)
Line load

20
Introduction to Shells
Loads
Concentrated load

21
Introduction to Shells
Loads
Uniform load (Dead Load)
(g: weight per unit area of the surface)

22
Introduction to Shells
Loads
Uniform load (Live Load)

23
 Live Load

Dead Load

24
Structural Analysis
of
Shells

25
Meridian curve

r
A

26
 D rr
A r
C r2
O1 r1
B

r1
O

27
Semi-spherical shell

r2
r1

r1 = r2 = a

28
Part of a sphere

r2
r1

29
 External forces
Any external force is resolved into two components:
Pr and Pf
Pf
Sign of loads
Pr
Pr: ┴ surface
Inword → +ve
A r2
f
O1 pΦ: tangential to
the meridian curve
r1 Increase of Φ → +ve

O 30
 Membrane Internal forces
1- Normal forces
D Nf Meridian force
Nq (t/m)
Ring force
(t/m) A
C
Nq

D A
C
B B
Nf
31
 Membrane Internal forces
1- Shear forces
D
Nfq
Nqf
A
C
Nqf

Nfq
B
Nfq = Nqf = 0 from symmetry
32
Relation between NΦ and Nθ

? ? Nq Nf
Nf Nq
+ = - pr
r1 r2 Nq
✓
✓ ✓
Nf
Pr
r2

Pf
r1
33
 Pr
r2
Nf Nq
+ = - pr
r1 r2 Pf f
r1


r1 r2 (Pr cosf + Pf sinf) sinf df
1
Nf = -
r2 sin2f

From the eqn get Nf → then get Nθ

34
Integration

cosf df = sinf

 sinf df = - cosf

1

1
cosf sinf df = - cos f = sin f
2 2
2 2

35
 Boundary conditions P
1- Closed shell
Pointed shell
With concentrated
load at the top Nf cos f r
f
At any angle f
Nf r2 f
∑Fy =0 Nf sin f
-P = 2pr Nf sin f Nf sin f Nf
r = r2 sin f

-P = 2p(r2sinf) Nf sin f -P
Nf =
-P= 2pr2 Nf sin2 f 2pr2 sin2 f 36
 Boundary conditions
P
1- Closed shell Φ0 Φ0
Pointed shell Nf Nf
With concentrated
load at the top

at Φ = Φ0

-P
Nf =
2π r2 sin2f0

37
 Boundary conditions

1- Closed shell Φ0 Φ0
Pointed shell Nf Nf
Without concentrated
load at the top

at Φ = Φ0

Nf = 0

r1 r2 (Pr cosf + Pf sinf) sinf df

1
Nf = -
r2 sin2f 38
 Boundary conditions

1- Closed shell Nf Nf
Spherical shell
Without concentrated
load at the top

at Φ = Φ0 = 0
=0



1 r1 r2 (Pr cosf + Pf sinf) sinf df
Nf = -
r2 sin2f 39
 Boundary conditions
P
1- Closed shell Nf Nf
Spherical shell
With concentrated
load at the top

at Φ = Φ0 = 0
The shell collapses

r1 r2 (Pr cosf + Pf sinf) sinf df

1
Nf = -
r2 sin2f 40
 Boundary conditions

2- Opened shell Φ0
Without concentrated Nf
load at the top
NΦ sinΦ0 Φ0

at Φ = Φ0

NΦ sinΦ0 (2π r) =0 Nf = 0


r1 r2 (Pr cosf + Pf sinf) sinf df
1
Nf = -
r2 sin2f 41
 Boundary conditions
g g
2- Opened shell Φ0
With concentrated Nf
load at the top
NΦ sinΦ0

at Φ = Φ0
-g
NΦ sinΦ0 (2π r) =-g (2 π r) Nf =
sin f0


1 r1 r2 (Pr cosf + Pf sinf) sinf df
Nf = -
r2 sin2f 42
 Steps of solution of shells

Nf Nq
- pr
1
r1
+
r2
= ……………. 1


1
2 Nf = - r1 r2 (Pr cosf + Pf sinf) sinf df … 2
r2 sin2f

3 Use the boundary conditions to get the

value of the constant from the integration
➔ Get Nf
4 Substitute in equation (1) to get Nθ
43
Examples
44
Example 1 :
Calculate and draw the internal forces
diagrams for the shown closed semi-
spherical shell with radius (a) due to
dead load g t/m2

a a

45
r 1 = r2 = a
Pr = g cosf g sinf g cosf
f f
Pf = g sinf
At first, calculate Nf g a


r1 r2 (Pr cosf + Pf sinf) sinf df
1
Nf = -
r2 sin2f

Pr cosf + Pf sinf = g cos2f + g sin2f = g


1
Nf = - a2 g sinf df
a sin2f
46
 
1
Nf = - a2 g sinf df
a sin2f

a sin f 
ga 2
Nf = - sinf df
2

ga
Nf = - ( -cosf + c)
sin f
2

B.C. f=0
 =0 -1+c=0 c =1

ga
Nf = - ( 1 - cosf)
sin2f
47
 ga
Nf = - ( 1 - cosf)
sin2f
g a ( 1 - cosf)
Nf = -
(1- cos2f )

g a ( 1 - cosf)
Nf = -
(1- cosf) (1+ cosf)
-ga
Nf =
(1+ cosf )

48
Second, calculate Nq

Nf Nq
+ = - pr r 1 = r2 = a
r1 r2

Nf Nq
+ = - pr
a a
Nf + Nq = - pr a

Nq = - pr a - Nf

49
Nq = - pr a - Nf
-ga
Pr = g cosf Nf =
(1+ cosf )

ga
Nq = - g a cosf +
(1+ cosf )

50
 -ga
Nf =
(1+ cosf )
ga
Nq = - g a cosf +
(1+ cosf ) f=0

at
f = 0 cosf = 1 f = 90
-ga
Nf =
2
ga -ga
Nq = - g a + =
2 2
f = 90 cosf = 0 Nf = - g a Nq = g a 51
at -ga -ga
f=0 Nf = Nq =
2 2
f = 90 Nf = - g a Nq = g a

ga ga
2 2
_
_

+
ga ga
Nq Nf

52
 Location of zero Nq ga
2
ga _
Nq = - g a cosf +
(1+ cosf )
ga
0 = - g a cosf + +
(1+ cosf )
ga ga
g a cosf =
(1+ cosf ) Nq
1
cosf = cos 2f + cosf - 1 =0
(1+ cosf )
cosf = x

x2 + x - 1 =0 x = 0.618 f = 51.83 53
Numerical example :
Calculate and draw the internal forces
diagrams for the shown closed semi-
spherical shell with radius 10m due to
dead load (the expected shell thickness
is 8 cm)
Solution :
a = 10
ts = 8 cm o.w. = 0.08 x 2.5 = 0.2 t/m2
cover = 0.1 t/m2
g = 0.3 t/m2
54
 a = 10 g = 0.3 t/m2
at -ga -ga
f=0 Nf = = - 1.5 Nq = = - 1.5
2 2
f = 90 Nf = - g a = - 3 Nq = g a = 3

1.5 1.5
_
_

+
3 3
Nq Nf

55
Example 2 :
Calculate and draw the internal forces
diagrams for the shown closed semi-
spherical shell with radius (a) due to
uniform live load p t/m2
p t/m2

a a
56
 p
p
p cos f
1 f
w 1/cos f
p cosf sinf p cos2f
P*1=w*1 /cos f f f
Pr = p cos f2
w=p cos f
Pf = p cosf sinf p cos f


r1 r2 (Pr cosf + Pf sinf) sinf df
1
Nf = -
r2 sin2f
Pr cosf + Pf sinf = p cos3f + p cosf sin2f
= p cosf (cos2f + sin2f )
= p cosf
57
Pr cosf + Pf sinf = p cosf


r1 r2 (Pr cosf + Pf sinf) sinf df
1
Nf = -
r2 sin2f
r 1 = r2 = a


1
Nf = - a2 p cosf sinf df
a sin2f

a sin f 
pa 2
Nf = - cosf sinf df
2

pa 1
Nf = - ( sin2f + c)
sin2f 2
58
 pa 1
Nf = - ( sin2f + c)
sin2f 2
B.C. f=0
 =0 c=0

pa 1
Nf = - ( sin2f )
sin f
2 2
pa
Nf = -
2

59
Another solution : P

-p pro2 =Nf sinf ( 2 pro )

Nf cosf
ro= a sin f Nf f ro
f
-p ( a sin f) a f
Nf sinf
=Nf sinf (2 )

-pa
Nf =
2

60
Nf
+
Nq
= - pr r1 = r2 = a
r1 r2
Nf Nq
+ = - pr
a a
Nf + Nq = - pr a
Pr = p cos2f
Nq = - pr a - Nf -pa
Nf =
2
pa
Nq = - p a cos2f +
2
61
 -pa
Nf =
2
pa
Nq = - p a cos2f +
2
at -pa
f=0 cosf = 1 Nq =
2
pa
f = 90 cosf = 0 Nq =
2

62
at -pa -pa
f = 0 Nf = Nq =
2 2
-pa pa
f = 90 Nf = Nq =
2 2
pa pa
2 2
_
_
45 ͦ
+ pa
2
Nq Nf

63
Numerical example :
Calculate and draw the internal forces
diagrams for the shown closed semi-
spherical shell with radius 10m due to
uniform live load 100 kg /m2
Solution :
a = 10
p = 0.1 t/m2

64
 p = 0.1 t/m2
a = 10
at -pa -pa
f = 0 Nf = = - 0.5 Nq = = - 0.5
2 2
-pa pa
f = 90 Nf = = - 0.5 Nq = = 0.5
2 2
0.5 0.5
_
_

+ 0.5

Nq Nf

65
Example 3 :
Calculate and draw the internal forces
diagrams for the shown spherical shell
due to uniform dead load 0.3 t/m2

4 4

66
As in example 1
-ga
Nf =
(1+ cosf )
ga
Nq = - g a cosf +
(1+ cosf )
4 2
a
4 4
a-2
a

a2 = (a-2)2+42 a2 = a2-4a+4+16 4a= 20

a= 5
67
 2

fo 3
5
4 4

a= 5 sin f = 0.8 f = 53o

68
 -ga
Nf =
(1+ cosf )
ga f = 0→53
Nq = - g a cosf +
(1+ cosf )
at
f=0 -ga -ga
Nf = Nq =
2 2

f = 53 cosf = 0.6 Nf = - 0.625 g a

ga
Nq = - 0.6 g a + Nq = 0.025 g a
(1+ 0.6 )
69
 -ga -ga
f = 0 Nf = Nq =
2 2
f = 53 Nf = - 0.625 g a Nq = 0.025 g a
ga ga
2 2
_ _
0.025ga 0.625ga
Nq Nf

70
In semi-spherical shell, the shell ends with a vertical tangent
→ No horizontal thrust (H) exists

Nf
Nf = Nf =

Nf
 If the shell does not end with a vertical tangent
Nf

Nf Nf
Nf sinf
Nf Nf
Nf sinf
f Nf cosf

f
Nf cosf 72
 Nf sinf
Nf sinf

73
Nf cosf

74
 Ring Beam

W= Nf cosf
r
W
T T

T = W.r

A s = T / fs

75
Note: The thickness of the
shell should be increased
near the beams to avoid
cracking that may be
produced from different
thicknesses and the
moment exists on the beam
adjacent to the shell.
Additional reinforcement is
added also in the shell as
shown
We can use only one beam to
resist both Vl and Hl forces .
However, these forces make the
beam under torsion.
To avoid this torsion, two beams
(Hl and Vl) are used. 76
If all forces are
compression
Then use min
reinforcement
5 f 10/m (in the
two directions;
Nf, Nq

If ts <10 cm then
use single steel
mesh of
reinforcement
Min As = 0.3% Ac

77
In other cases

C C
C=Wr 78
 T=Wr Nf
Nf Nf sinf
W = Nf cos f f
Nf cosf
r=4m
T = 4 Nf cos f f
T = 4x0.625ga x0.6
T = 4x0.625gx5x0.6= 7.5 g
Design as Tie
_

0.625ga
Nf 79
Example 4 :
Calculate and draw the internal forces
diagrams for the shown opened semi-
spherical shell with radius 5 m due to
uniform dead load 0.3 t/m2 and line load
(weight of the lantern) (G) 3 t/m
G G

5 5 80
As in example 1
ga
Nf = - ( -cosf + c)
sin2f
G G
B.C.
fo Nf
at f = fo Nf fo
-G fo 3
Nfo =
sin fo
5 5
sin fo = 0.8 G 4 G
cos fo = 0.6
3 f 5 3
o

-G
Nfo = 5 5
sin fo
ga
Nf = - ( -cosf + c)
sin2f
-G ga
=- ( -cosfo+ c)
sin fo sin fo
2

82
 -G ga
=- ( -cosf + c)
sin fo sin2fo o

G
sin fo = -cosfo+ c
ga
G
sin fo + cosfo = c
ga
sin fo = 0.8 cos fo = 0.6
g = 0.3 G=3 a=5

3
x 0.8 + 0.6 = c c = 2.2
0.3 x 5 83
 ga
Nf = - ( -cosf + c) c = 2.2
sin2f
ga
Nf = - (2.2 - cosf)
sin2f
Nf Nq
+ = - pr r1 = r2 = a
r1 r2
Nf Nq
+ = - pr
a a
Nf + Nq = - pr a

Nq = - pr a - Nf
84
Nq = - pr a - Nf
ga
Nf = - (2.2 - cosf)
sin2f
As in example 1

Pr = g cosf
ga
Nq = - g a cosf + (2.2 - cosf)
sin f
2

85
 ga
Nf = - (2.2 - cosf)
sin f
2
ga
Nq = - g a cosf + (2.2 - cosf)
sin f
2

at
f = 53 cosf = 0.6 sinf = 0.8
ga
Nf = - (2.2 – 0.6) = -2.5 g a
0.82 ga
Nq = - g a x0.6 + (2.2 – 0.6) = 1.9 g a
0.82
f = 90 cosf = 0 sinf = 1
ga
Nf = - (2.2 – 0) = -2.2 g a
12 ga
Nq = - g a x0 + (2.2 – 0) = 2.2 g a
12 86
 f = 53 Nf = -2.5 g a Nq = 1.9 g a
f = 90 Nf = -2.2 g a Nq = 2.2 g a

1.9ga 2.5ga
_ _
2.2ga 2.2ga
Nq Nf

87
Questions
88