unit II

MICROPROCESSOR PROGRAMMING-I

The Instruction set of 8086

1 Data-Transfer Instructions

2 Arithmetic Instructions

3 Logic Instructions

4 Shift Instructions

5 Rotate Instructions

1. Data-Transfer Instructions:

 The data-transfer functions provide the ability to

move data either between its internal registers or
between an internal register and a storage location in
memory

 The data-transfer functions include

 MOV (Move byte or word)

 XCHG (Exchange byte or word)

 XLAT (Translate byte)

 LEA (Load effective address)

 LDS (Load data segment)

 LES (Load extra segment)

  The MOVE Instruction

 The move (MOV) instruction is used to transfer a

byte or a word of data from a source operand to
a destination operand

e.g. MOV DX, CS

MOV [SUM], AX

a) MOV data transfer instructions:

 Note that the MOV instruction cannot transfer

data directly between external memory

B)Allowed Operands:
 MOV DX, CS before fetch and execution

 MOV DX, CS after execution

  EXAMPLE:

What is the effect of executing the instruction?

MOV CX, [SOURCE_MEM],

where SOURCE_MEM equal to 2016 is a memory location

offset relative to the current data segment starting at
1A00016

 Solution:

((DS)0+2016) (CL)

((DS)0+2016+116) (CH)

Therefore CL is loaded with the contents held at memory

address

1A00016 + 2016 = 1A02016

and CH is loaded with the contents of memory address

1A00016 + 2016 +116 = 1A02116

The XCHG Instruction:

 The exchange (XCHG) instruction can be used to

swap data between two general-purpose
registers or between a general purpose register
and a storage location in memory

 e.g. XCHG AX, DX

XCHG data transfer instruction:

Allowed Operands:

 EXAMPLE:

What is the result of executing the following

instruction?

XCHG [SUM], BX

where SUM = 123416, (DS)=120016

 Solution:

((DS)0+SUM) (BX)

PA = 1200016 + 123416=1323416

Execution of the instruction performs the following 16-bit

swap:

(1323416) (BL)

(1323516) (BH)

So we get (BX) = 00FF16, (SUM) = 11AA16

XCHG [SUM], BX before fetch and execution:

After Execution:
 The XLAT Instruction

 The translate (XLAT) instruction is used to

simplify implementation of the lookup-table
operation.

 Execution of the XLAT replaces the contents

of AL by the contents of the accessed
lookup-table location

XLAT data transfer instructions:

e.g. PA = (DS)0 + (BX) + (AL)

= 0300016 + 010016 + 0D16 = 0310D16

(0310D16) (AL)

 The LEA, LDS, and LES Instructions:

 The LEA, LDS, LES instructions provide the ability

to manipulate memory addresses by loading
either a 16-bit offset address into a general-
purpose register or a register together with a
segment address into either DS or ES

 The LEA, LDS, and LES data transfer Instructions:

 e.g. LEA SI, [DI+BX+5H]

 LDS SI, [200H] before fetch and execution

 LDS SI, [200H] after execution:
 EXAMPLE:

 Initializing the internal registers of the 8088 from

a table in memory

 Solution:
a) Initializing the internal registers of the 8088from a
table in memory

b) Table of initialization information:

Arithmetic Instructions

 The arithmetic instructions include

 Addition

 Subtraction

 Multiplication

 Division

 Data formats

 Unsigned binary bytes

 Signed binary bytes

 Unsigned binary words

 Signed binary words

 Unpacked decimal bytes

 Packed decimal bytes

 ASCII numbers
 Addition Instructions: ADD, ADC, INC, AAA, DAA

 Addition Instructions: ADD, ADC, INC, AAA, DAA

Allowed operands for ADD and Allowed
operands

for INC instruction ADC

instructions

 EXAMPLE:

 Assume that the AX and BX registers contain

110016 and 0ABC16, respectively. What is the
result of executing the instruction ADD AX, BX?

 Solution:

(BX)+(AX)= 0ABC16 + 110016=1BBC16

The sum ends up in destination register AX. That is

(AX) = 1BBC16

 Addition Instructions: ADD, ADC, INC, AAA, DAA

 ADD AX, BX
 Addition Instructions: ADD, ADC, INC, AAA, DAA

 ADD AX, BX
 EXAMPLE:

 The original contents of AX, BL, word-size

memory location SUM, and carry flag (CF) are
123416, AB16, 00CD16, and 016, respectively.
Describe the results of executing the following
sequence of instruction?

ADD AX, [SUM]

ADC BL, 05H

INC WORD PTR [SUM]

  Solution:

(AX) (AX)+(SUM) = 123416 + 00CD16

=130116

(BL) (BL)+imm8+(CF) = AB16 + 516+016 =

B016

(SUM) (SUM)+ 116 = 00CD16 + 116 = 00CE16

 EXAMPLE:

What is the result of executing the following instruction

sequence?

ADD AL, BL

AAA

Assuming that AL contains 3216 (ASCII code for 2) and BL

contains 3416 (ASCII code 4), and that AH has been cleared

 Solution:

(AL) (AL)+(BL)= 3216 + 3416=6616

The result after the AAA instruction is

(AL) = 0616

(AH) = 0016

with both AF and CF remain cleared

 EXAMPLE:

 Perform a 32-bit binary add operation on the

contents of the processor’s register.

 Solution:
(DX,CX) (DX,CX)+(BX,AX)

(DX,CX) = FEDCBA9816

(BX,AX) = 0123456716

MOV DX, 0FEDCH

MOV CX, 0BA98H

MOV BX, 01234H

MOV AX, 04567H

ADD CX, AX

ADC DX, BX ; Add with carry

 Subtraction Instructions: SUB, SBB, DEC, AAS, DAS,

and NEG

 Subtraction Instructions: SUB, SBB, DEC, AAS, DAS,

and NEG
Allowed operands for Allowed operands Allowed
operands

SUB and SBB instructions for DEC instruction for NEG

instruction

 EXAMPLE:

 Assuming that the contents of register BX and CX

are 123416 and 012316, respectively, and the carry
flag is 0, what is the result of executing the
instruction SBB BX, CX?

 Solution:

(BX)-(CX)-(CF) (BX)

We get

(BX) = 123416 – 012316 – 016

= 111116

the carry flag remains cleared

 EXAMPLE:

 Assuming that the register BX contains 003A16,

what is the result of executing the following
instruction?

NEG BX
  Solution:

(BX) = 000016-(BX)=000016+2’complement of 003A16

= 000016+FFC616

= FFC616

Since no carry is generated in this add operation, the

carry flag is complemented to give (CF) = 1

 EXAMPLE:

 Perform a 32-bit binary subtraction for variable X

and Y

 Solution:

Multiplication Instructions: MUL, DIV, IMUL, IDIV, AAM,

AAD, CBW, and CWD
 EXAMPLE:

 The 2’s-complement signed data contents of AL

are –1 and that of CL are –2. What result is
produced in AX by executing the following
instruction?
 MUL CL and IMUL CL

 Solution:

(AL) = -1 (as 2’s complement) = 111111112 = FF16

(CL) = -2 (as 2’s complement) = 111111102 = FE16

Executing the MUL instruction gives

(AX) =

Executing the IMUL instruction gives

(AX) = -116 x -216 = 216 = 000216

 EXAMPLE:

 What is the result of executing the following

instructions?

MOV AL, 0A1H

CBW

CWD

 Solution:

(AL) = A116 = 101000012

Executing the CBW instruction extends the MSB of AL

(AH) = 111111112 = FF16

or (AX) = 11111111101000012

Executing the CWD instruction, we get

(DX) = 11111111111111112 = FFFF16

That is, (AX) = FFA116 (DX) = FFFF16

Logic Instructions
  The logic instructions include

 AND

 OR

 XOR (Exclusive-OR)

 NOT

 Logic instructions : AND, OR, XOR, NOT

Allowed operands for AND, OR, and Allowed

operands

XOR instructions for NOT

instruction
  EXAMPLE:

 Describe the results of executing the following

instructions?

MOV AL, 01010101B

AND AL, 00011111B

OR AL, 11000000B

XOR AL, 00001111B

NOT AL

 Solution:

(AL)=010101012 × 000111112= 000101012=1516

Executing the OR instruction, we get

(AL)= 000101012 +110000002= 110101012=D516

Executing the XOR instruction, we get

(AL)= 110101012 Å 000011112= 110110102=DA16

Executing the NOT instruction, we get

(AL)= (NOT)110110102 = 001001012=2516

 EXAMPLE:

 Masking and setting bits in a register

 Solution:

Mask off the upper 12 bits of the word of data in AX

AND AX, 000F16

Setting B4 of the byte at the offset address

CONTROL_FLAGS
 MOV AL, [CONTROL_FLAGS]

OR AL, 10H

MOV [CONTROL_FLAGS], AL

Executing the above instructions, we get

(AL)=XXXXXXXX2 +000100002=
XXX1XXXX2

Shift Instructions
The four shift instructions of the 8088
can perform two basic types of shift instructions: The
logical shift and the arithmetic shift.

Each of these operations can

performed to the right to or the left.

The shift instructions are shift logical

left (SHL), shift arithmetic left (SAL), Shift logical right
(SHR), and arithmetic right (SAR).

These instructions are used to align

data, to isolate bits of a byte or word so that it can be
tested and to perform simple multiply and divide
computations.

 Shift instructions: SHL, SHR, SAL, SAR

  Allowed operands for shift instructions

a) Results of executing SHL AX,1:

 SHL
AX, 1

b) Results of executing SHR AX,CL with (CL)=02:

SHR
AX, CL

(CL)=2

c) Results of executing SAR AX,CL with(CL)-02:

SAR
AX, CL
(CL)=2

 EXAMPLE:

 Assume that CL contains 0216 and AX contains

091A16.

 Determine the new contents of AX and the carry

flag after the instruction SAR AX, CL is executed

 Solution:

(AX)=00000010010001102=024616

and the carry flag is (CF)=12

 EXAMPLE:

 Isolate the bit B3 of the byte at the offset

address CONTROL_FLAGS.

 Solution:

MOV AL, [CONTROL_FLAGS]

MOV CL, 04H

SHR AL, CL

Executing the instructions, we get

(AL)=0000B7B6B5B4 and (CF)=B3

Rotate Instructions:

Rotate instructions similar to the

shift instructions.

 Rotate instructions: ROL, ROR, RCL, RCR

 Allowed operands for Rotate instructions: ROL, ROR,

RCL, RCR
 a)Results for executing ROL AX,1:

ROL
AX, 1

b)Results of executing ROR AX,CL with (CL)=4:

ROR AX, CL

(CL)=4

For RCL, RCR, the bits are rotate through the carry flag

Rotation caused by execution of the RCL instructions:

 EXAMPLE:

 What is the result in BX and CF after execution of

the following instructions?

RCR BX, CL

Assume that, prior to execution of the instruction,

(CL)=0416, (BX)=123416, and (CF)=0

Solution:
The original contents of BX are

(BX) = 00010010001101002 = 123416

Execution of the RCR command causes a 4-bit

rotate right through carry to take place on the data

in BX, the results are

(BX) = 10000001001000112 = 812316

(CF) = 02

 EXAMPLE:

 Disassembly and addition of 2 hexadecimal digits

stored as a byte in memory.

 Solution:

 MOV AL, [HEX_DIGITS]

 MOV BL, AL

 MOV CL, 04H

 ROR BL, CL

 AND AL, 0FH

 AND BL, 0FH

 ADD AL, BL