The Definitive Guide to Quantitative

Aptitude for the IB ACIO Tier 1

Examination
Part I: Foundational Framework: Strategy and
Syllabus
Section 1: Decoding the IB ACIO Quantitative Aptitude Challenge
Success in any competitive examination begins with a precise understanding of its structure and
the specific demands it places on aspirants. The Intelligence Bureau Assistant Central
Intelligence Officer (IB ACIO) Tier 1 exam is a test of knowledge, speed, and strategic acumen.
This section deconstructs the examination pattern and provides a critical analysis of the
Quantitative Aptitude syllabus, setting a clear roadmap for preparation.

1.1 The Tier 1 Gauntlet: Exam Pattern and Structure

The IB ACIO Tier 1 is an objective, multiple-choice question (MCQ) based examination

designed as a screening test. It is a high-stakes, high-speed challenge where candidates must
demonstrate proficiency across five distinct domains within a stringent time limit. The structure is
uniform, with each section carrying equal weightage, making a balanced preparation strategy
essential.
A critical feature of the examination is the provision for negative marking. For each incorrect
answer, one-fourth (0.25) of the marks assigned to that question will be deducted. This penalty
mechanism elevates the importance of accuracy and discourages random guessing.
Candidates must be strategic, attempting only those questions they are confident about to avoid
jeopardizing their accumulated score.
The most formidable aspect of the Tier 1 exam is its time constraint. With a composite duration
of just 60 minutes to attempt 100 questions, the average time available per question is a mere
36 seconds. This is not merely a test of one's ability to solve problems but a rigorous
assessment of the ability to do so under extreme time pressure. It implies that a significant
portion of the questions must be solvable through mental calculations, shortcuts, and immediate
formula recall. Mastery of high-speed techniques is not just an advantage; it is a prerequisite for
success.
Table 1.1: IB ACIO Tier 1 Exam Pattern at a Glance
Section No. of Marks per Total Marks Negative Total Duration
Questions Question Marking
General 20 1 20 0.25 per wrong 60 Minutes
Awareness answer (Composite
Time)
Quantitative 20 1 20 0.25 per wrong 60 Minutes
Aptitude answer (Composite
Section No. of Marks per Total Marks Negative Total Duration
Questions Question Marking
Time)
Numerical/Anal 20 1 20 0.25 per wrong 60 Minutes
ytical/Logical answer (Composite
Ability & Time)
Reasoning
English 20 1 20 0.25 per wrong 60 Minutes
Language answer (Composite
Time)
General 20 1 20 0.25 per wrong 60 Minutes
Studies answer (Composite
Time)
Total 100 - 100 - 60 Minutes
1.2 The Quantitative Aptitude Syllabus: A Critical Analysis

The Quantitative Aptitude section assesses a candidate's numerical ability and problem-solving
skills. While various sources provide a list of topics, a careful examination reveals a potential
point of confusion for aspirants. Some syllabi list highly advanced mathematical topics such as
"Calculus," "Differential Geometry," "Real Analysis," and "Operations Research & Linear
Programming". However, an in-depth analysis of previous years' question papers and the nature
of similar competitive examinations indicates that these topics are not representative of the
actual questions asked.
The questions featured in past papers consistently align with the syllabus of exams like the SSC
CGL, focusing on core Arithmetic and foundational advanced mathematics. The presence of
topics like Calculus in some online syllabi is likely an anomaly, possibly due to an erroneous
copy-paste from a different examination's syllabus or an overly broad categorization. Aspirants
are strongly advised to focus their energies on the topics that are empirically known to be
tested. Wasting valuable preparation time on university-level mathematics would be a significant
strategic error.
The definitive syllabus, based on a consolidation of reliable sources and an analysis of past
trends, is as follows:
●​ Core Arithmetic:
○​ Number Systems, LCM, and HCF
○​ Percentages
○​ Profit, Loss, and Discount
○​ Simple and Compound Interest
○​ Ratio and Proportion
○​ Mixture and Alligation
○​ Partnership
○​ Problems on Ages
○​ Averages
○​ Time, Speed, and Distance (including Problems on Trains, Boats & Streams)
○​ Time and Work (including Pipes and Cisterns)
●​ Advanced Mathematics (Foundational):
○​ Mensuration (2D and 3D)
○​ Algebra (Basic Identities, Linear & Quadratic Equations)
 ○​ Geometry (Lines, Angles, Triangles, Quadrilaterals, Circles)
○​ Trigonometry (Ratios, Identities, Heights & Distances)
○​ Data Interpretation (Tables, Bar Graphs, Pie Charts, Line Graphs)
This curated syllabus provides a clear and accurate framework for preparation, ensuring that
effort is directed towards relevant and high-scoring areas.

Part II: Mastery of Core Arithmetic

Section 2: Number Systems, HCF, and LCM
This foundational chapter deals with the properties of numbers, their relationships, and the
principles of divisibility. Mastery of this topic is crucial as its concepts are interwoven with almost
every other chapter in quantitative aptitude.

A. Core Concepts

The number system is the framework for representing numbers using digits or other symbols.
Key concepts include the classification of numbers (natural, whole, integers, rational, irrational,
prime, composite), place value, face value, and the rules of divisibility. HCF (Highest Common
Factor) is the largest number that divides two or more numbers without leaving a remainder,
while LCM (Least Common Multiple) is the smallest number that is a multiple of two or more
numbers.
A significant area of focus in competitive exams is the application of divisibility rules, especially
for composite numbers like 72, 88, and 99. A number is divisible by 72 if it is divisible by both 8
and 9. Similarly, for a number to be divisible by 88, it must be divisible by both 8 and 11. These
questions test conceptual clarity rather than heavy calculation and are excellent for saving time
if the rules are mastered.

B. Exhaustive Formulas & Shortcuts

1.​ Algebraic Identities:

○​ (a + b)^2 = a^2 + b^2 + 2ab
○​ (a - b)^2 = a^2 + b^2 - 2ab
○​ a^2 - b^2 = (a - b)(a + b)
○​ (a + b + c)^2 = a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
○​ a^3 + b^3 = (a + b)(a^2 - ab + b^2)
○​ a^3 - b^3 = (a - b)(a^2 + ab + b^2)
○​ a^3 + b^3 + c^3 - 3abc = (a + b + c)(a^2 + b^2 + c^2 - ab - bc - ac)
○​ If a + b + c = 0, then a^3 + b^3 + c^3 = 3abc
2.​ Sum of Series:
○​ Sum of first n natural numbers: 1 + 2 +... + n = \frac{n(n+1)}{2}
○​ Sum of squares of first n natural numbers: 1^2 + 2^2 +... + n^2 =
\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}
○​ Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers: 1^3 + 2^3 +... + n^3 =
\left[\frac{n(n+1)}{2}\right]^2
○​ Sum of first n odd numbers: n^2
○​ Sum of first n even numbers: n(n+1)
 3.​ Divisibility Rules:
○​ By 2: Unit digit is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.
○​ By 3: Sum of digits is divisible by 3.
○​ By 4: Number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4.
○​ By 5: Unit digit is 0 or 5.
○​ By 6: Divisible by both 2 and 3.
○​ By 8: Number formed by the last three digits is divisible by 8.
○​ By 9: Sum of digits is divisible by 9.
○​ By 11: Difference between the sum of digits at odd places and the sum of digits at
even places is 0 or a multiple of 11.
○​ By 72: Divisible by both 8 and 9.
○​ By 88: Divisible by both 8 and 11.
○​ By 99: Divisible by both 9 and 11.
4.​ HCF and LCM:
○​ Product of two numbers = HCF × LCM of the numbers
○​ HCF of fractions = \frac{\text{HCF of Numerators}}{\text{LCM of Denominators}}
○​ LCM of fractions = \frac{\text{LCM of Numerators}}{\text{HCF of Denominators}}
○​ The greatest number that divides x, y, z leaving remainders a, b, c respectively is
the HCF of (x-a), (y-b), (z-c).
○​ The least number which when divided by x, y, z leaves the same remainder R in
each case is (LCM of x, y, z) + R.

C. Solved Examples (Illustrating Concepts & PYQs)

Example 1 (Divisibility - PYQ Style): If the 8-digit number 89x6549y is divisible by 72, then
what is the value of \sqrt{x^2 - 4y}?
Solution: A number divisible by 72 must be divisible by both 8 and 9.
●​ Divisibility by 8: The number formed by the last three digits, 49y, must be divisible by 8.
○​ Let's check values for y. If y=6, then 496 is divisible by 8 (496 \div 8 = 62). So, y=6.
●​ Divisibility by 9: The sum of the digits of the number must be divisible by 9.
○​ Sum = 8 + 9 + x + 6 + 5 + 4 + 9 + y
○​ Sum = 41 + x + y
○​ Substitute y=6: Sum = 41 + x + 6 = 47 + x.
○​ For 47 + x to be divisible by 9, the next multiple of 9 after 47 is 54.
○​ 47 + x = 54 \implies x = 7.
●​ Final Calculation: We need to find the value of \sqrt{x^2 - 4y}.
○​ Substitute x=7 and y=6: \sqrt{7^2 - 4(6)} = \sqrt{49 - 24} = \sqrt{25} = 5.
○​ Thus, the value is 5.
Example 2 (HCF and LCM): The HCF of two numbers is 29, and the other two factors of their
LCM are 15 and 13. Find the smaller of the two numbers.
Solution: Let the two numbers be 29a and 29b, where a and b are co-prime. The LCM of these
two numbers will be 29ab. The problem states that the other two factors of the LCM are 15 and
13. This implies that the co-prime factors a and b are 15 and 13. So, the two numbers are:
Number 1 = 29 \times 13 = 377 Number 2 = 29 \times 15 = 435 The smaller of the two numbers
is 377.

D. Practice Questions with Detailed Solutions

 1.​ What is the sum of the digits of the least number which when divided by 15, 18, and 36
leaves the same remainder 9 in each case and is also divisible by 11?
2.​ A nine-digit number 89563x87y is divisible by 72. What is the value of 7x - 3y?
3.​ Five bells ring together at intervals of 3, 5, 8, 9, and 10 seconds. After what time will they
ring simultaneously again?
4.​ Find the greatest 3-digit number divisible by 24, 36, and 54.
Solutions:
1.​ Solution: First, find the LCM of 15, 18, and 36. 15 = 3 \times 5 18 = 2 \times 3^2 36 = 2^2
\times 3^2 LCM(15, 18, 36) = 2^2 \times 3^2 \times 5 = 4 \times 9 \times 5 = 180. The
number is of the form 180k + 9. We need this number to be divisible by 11. Let's test
values of k: If k=1, Number = 180(1) + 9 = 189. (189 is not divisible by 11) If k=2, Number
= 180(2) + 9 = 369. (369 is not divisible by 11) If k=3, Number = 180(3) + 9 = 549. (549 is
not divisible by 11) If k=4, Number = 180(4) + 9 = 729. (729 is not divisible by 11) If k=5,
Number = 180(5) + 9 = 909. (909 is not divisible by 11) If k=6, Number = 180(6) + 9 =
1089. To check divisibility by 11 for 1089: (Sum of odd digits) - (Sum of even digits) =
(9+0) - (8+1) = 9 - 9 = 0. So, 1089 is divisible by 11. The least such number is 1089. The
sum of its digits is 1 + 0 + 8 + 9 = 18.
2.​ Solution: For the number 89563x87y to be divisible by 72, it must be divisible by 8 and 9.
○​ Divisibility by 8: The number 87y must be divisible by 8. Checking values, if y=2,
then 872 is divisible by 8 (872 \div 8 = 109). So, y=2.
○​ Divisibility by 9: The sum of digits must be divisible by 9. Sum =
8+9+5+6+3+x+8+7+y = 46 + x + y. Substitute y=2: Sum = 46 + x + 2 = 48 + x. The
next multiple of 9 after 48 is 54. So, 48 + x = 54 \implies x=6.
○​ Final Calculation: We need to find 7x - 3y. 7(6) - 3(2) = 42 - 6 = 36. (Note: The
options provided in the source are 8, 5, 6, 4. There might be an error in the source
question or options. Based on the calculation, the answer is 36.)
3.​ Solution: The time after which they will ring together is the LCM of their individual
intervals. LCM of 3, 5, 8, 9, 10. 3 = 3 5 = 5 8 = 2^3 9 = 3^2 10 = 2 \times 5 LCM = 2^3
\times 3^2 \times 5 = 8 \times 9 \times 5 = 360 seconds. To convert to minutes: 360 \div
60 = 6 minutes.
4.​ Solution: First, find the LCM of 24, 36, and 54. 24 = 2^3 \times 3 36 = 2^2 \times 3^2 54
= 2 \times 3^3 LCM(24, 36, 54) = 2^3 \times 3^3 = 8 \times 27 = 216. The greatest 3-digit
number is 999. Divide 999 by the LCM (216): 999 \div 216. 216 \times 4 = 864. 216 \times
5 = 1080 (which is a 4-digit number). So, the greatest 3-digit number divisible by 24, 36,
and 54 is 216 \times 4 = 864. (Note: The source gives the answer as 936, which is
incorrect. 936 is not divisible by 54. The correct answer is 864).

Section 3: Percentages, Profit, Loss, and Discount

This section covers the application of percentages in commercial mathematics. It forms the
bedrock for understanding topics like interest, data interpretation, and mixtures.

A. Core Concepts

●​ Percentage: A percentage is a fraction with a denominator of 100. It is a way to express

a number as a fraction of 100, denoted by the symbol '%'.
●​ Cost Price (CP): The price at which an article is purchased.
●​ Selling Price (SP): The price at which an article is sold.
 ●​ Marked Price (MP) or List Price: The price printed on an article.
●​ Profit (or Gain): Occurs when SP > CP.
●​ Loss: Occurs when CP > SP.
●​ Discount: A reduction offered on the Marked Price.

B. Exhaustive Formulas & Shortcuts

1.​ Basic Percentage:

○​ Percentage = (\frac{\text{Value}}{\text{Total Value}}) \times 100
○​ To express x\% as a fraction: \frac{x}{100}
○​ If A is r\% more than B, B is less than A by (\frac{r}{100+r} \times 100)\%.
○​ If A is r\% less than B, B is more than A by (\frac{r}{100-r} \times 100)\%.
○​ Successive percentage change of a\% and b\%: (a + b + \frac{ab}{100})\%.
2.​ Profit and Loss:
○​ Profit = SP - CP
○​ Loss = CP - SP
○​ Profit % = (\frac{\text{Profit}}{CP}) \times 100
○​ Loss % = (\frac{\text{Loss}}{CP}) \times 100
○​ SP = CP \times (\frac{100 + \text{Profit}\%}{100})
○​ SP = CP \times (\frac{100 - \text{Loss}\%}{100})
○​ CP = SP \times (\frac{100}{100 + \text{Profit}\%})
○​ CP = SP \times (\frac{100}{100 - \text{Loss}\%})
3.​ Discount:
○​ Discount = MP - SP
○​ Discount % = (\frac{\text{Discount}}{MP}) \times 100
○​ SP = MP \times (\frac{100 - \text{Discount}\%}{100})
4.​ Special Cases:
○​ If two items are sold at the same SP, one at a gain of x\% and the other at a loss of
x\%, there is always a total loss given by Loss % = (\frac{x^2}{100})\%.
○​ Dishonest Dealer (False Weight): Gain % = (\frac{\text{True Weight} - \text{False
Weight}}{\text{False Weight}}) \times 100 = (\frac{\text{Error}}{\text{True Value} -
\text{Error}}) \times 100.

C. Solved Examples (Illustrating Concepts & PYQs)

Example 1 (Successive Selling - PYQ Style): A sells a bicycle to B at a profit of 20%, and B
sells it to C at a profit of 25%. If C pays Rs. 5400, what did A pay for it?
Solution: Let the cost price for A be CP_A. SP for A (CP for B) = CP_A \times (1 +
\frac{20}{100}) = 1.2 \times CP_A. SP for B (CP for C) = CP for B \times (1 + \frac{25}{100}) =
(1.2 \times CP_A) \times 1.25. We are given that C pays Rs. 5400. So, (1.2 \times CP_A) \times
1.25 = 5400. 1.5 \times CP_A = 5400. CP_A = \frac{5400}{1.5} = \frac{54000}{15} = 3600. A
paid Rs. 3600 for the bicycle.
Example 2 (Overall Profit/Loss - PYQ Style): A seller sold two cycles for Rs. 6000 each. On
one he gained 20% and on the other he lost 20%. What is the total gain or loss percentage?
Solution: This is a case where two items are sold at the same selling price, with an equal
percentage of profit and loss. Using the shortcut formula: Total Loss % = (\frac{x^2}{100})\%.
Here, x = 20. Total Loss % = (\frac{20^2}{100})\% = \frac{400}{100}\% = 4\%. There is a total
loss of 4%.
Detailed Method:
●​ For the first cycle (20% gain):
○​ SP_1 = 6000.
○​ CP_1 = SP_1 \times (\frac{100}{100 + 20}) = 6000 \times \frac{100}{120} = 5000.
●​ For the second cycle (20% loss):
○​ SP_2 = 6000.
○​ CP_2 = SP_2 \times (\frac{100}{100 - 20}) = 6000 \times \frac{100}{80} = 7500.
●​ Total Transaction:
○​ Total SP = 6000 + 6000 = 12000.
○​ Total CP = 5000 + 7500 = 12500.
○​ Loss = Total CP - Total SP = 12500 - 12000 = 500.
○​ Loss % = (\frac{\text{Loss}}{\text{Total CP}}) \times 100 = (\frac{500}{12500}) \times
100 = 4\%.

D. Practice Questions with Detailed Solutions

1.​ A dishonest shopkeeper pretends to sell his goods at cost price but uses a weight of 900
g for a 1 kg weight. Find his gain percent.
2.​ An article is sold for Rs. 2400 at a profit of 25%. What would have been the actual profit
or loss if it had been sold at Rs. 1800?
3.​ A shopkeeper marks up the cost price of an item by 30% and then offers a 10% discount.
If the cost price is $500, what is the selling price?
4.​ A computer is on sale for $1600, which is a 20% discount off the regular price. What is the
regular price?
Solutions:
1.​ Solution: True Weight = 1000 g. False Weight = 900 g. Error = True Weight - False
Weight = 1000 - 900 = 100 g. Using the formula: Gain % = (\frac{\text{Error}}{\text{False
Weight}}) \times 100. Gain % = (\frac{100}{900}) \times 100 = \frac{100}{9} = 11.11\%.
2.​ Solution: SP = Rs. 2400, Profit = 25%. First, find the Cost Price (CP). CP = SP \times
(\frac{100}{100 + \text{Profit}\%}) = 2400 \times \frac{100}{125} = 2400 \times \frac{4}{5} =
1920. The cost price of the article is Rs. 1920. New SP = Rs. 1800. Since New SP < CP,
there is a loss. Loss = CP - New SP = 1920 - 1800 = 120. Loss % =
(\frac{\text{Loss}}{CP}) \times 100 = (\frac{120}{1920}) \times 100 = \frac{1}{16} \times 100
= 6.25\%.
3.​ Solution: CP = $500. Markup = 30% of CP = 0.30 \times 500 = 150. Marked Price (MP) =
CP + Markup = 500 + 150 = 650. Discount = 10% of MP = 0.10 \times 650 = 65. Selling
Price (SP) = MP - Discount = 650 - 65 = 585. The selling price is $585.
4.​ Solution: Let the regular price be P. The sale price is $1600, which is after a 20%
discount. So, 1600 = P \times (1 - \frac{20}{100}) = P \times 0.80. P = \frac{1600}{0.80} =
2000. The regular price is $2000.

Section 4: Simple and Compound Interest

Interest is the cost of borrowing money, typically expressed as an annual percentage rate. This
section deals with the two primary methods of calculating interest: Simple Interest (SI) and
Compound Interest (CI).
A. Core Concepts

●​ Principal (P): The initial sum of money lent or borrowed.

●​ Rate of Interest (R): The percentage at which interest is charged, usually per annum.
●​ Time (T): The duration for which the money is borrowed or lent.
●​ Simple Interest (SI): Interest calculated only on the principal amount. The interest earned
each year is constant.
●​ Compound Interest (CI): Interest calculated on the principal and also on the
accumulated interest of previous periods. It is essentially "interest on interest."
●​ Amount (A): The total sum to be paid back, i.e., Principal + Interest.

B. Exhaustive Formulas & Shortcuts

1.​ Simple Interest (SI):

○​ SI = \frac{P \times R \times T}{100}
○​ Amount (A) = P + SI = P(1 + \frac{RT}{100})
○​ P = \frac{SI \times 100}{R \times T}
○​ R = \frac{SI \times 100}{P \times T}
○​ T = \frac{SI \times 100}{P \times R}
2.​ Compound Interest (CI):
○​ Amount (A) = P(1 + \frac{R}{100})^T (compounded annually)
○​ CI = A - P = P\left
○​ Compounded Half-yearly: A = P(1 + \frac{R/2}{100})^{2T}
○​ Compounded Quarterly: A = P(1 + \frac{R/4}{100})^{4T}
○​ Different Rates: If rates are R_1\%, R_2\%, R_3\% for 3 years, then A = P(1 +
\frac{R_1}{100})(1 + \frac{R_2}{100})(1 + \frac{R_3}{100}).
3.​ Difference between CI and SI:
○​ For 2 years: CI - SI = P(\frac{R}{100})^2
○​ For 3 years: CI - SI = P(\frac{R}{100})^2 (\frac{R}{100} + 3)

C. Solved Examples (Illustrating Concepts & PYQs)

Example 1 (Basic CI): A newborn child receives a $20,000 gift. How much will it be worth in 17
years if it is invested at 7% compounded quarterly?
Solution: Principal (P) = $20,000 Rate (R) = 7% per annum Time (T) = 17 years Compounded
quarterly, so the number of compounding periods in a year (n) = 4. The rate per period (r) = 7\%
/ 4 = 1.75\% = 0.0175. The total number of periods (nt) = 17 \times 4 = 68. Formula for Amount
(A) = P(1 + \frac{R/n}{100})^{nT} A = 20000(1 + \frac{7/4}{100})^{4 \times 17} = 20000(1 +
0.0175)^{68} A = 20000(1.0175)^{68} A \approx 20000 \times 3.253422 \approx 65068.44 The
amount will be approximately $65,068.44.
Example 2 (Difference between CI and SI): If a sum is compounded annually and becomes
841/625 times itself in 2 years, then find the rate of interest.
Solution: Let the principal be P. Amount after 2 years, A = \frac{841}{625}P. We know the
formula for amount in compound interest: A = P(1 + \frac{R}{100})^T. \frac{841}{625}P = P(1 +
\frac{R}{100})^2 \frac{841}{625} = (1 + \frac{R}{100})^2 Taking the square root on both sides:
\sqrt{\frac{841}{625}} = 1 + \frac{R}{100} \frac{29}{25} = 1 + \frac{R}{100} \frac{R}{100} =
\frac{29}{25} - 1 = \frac{4}{25} R = \frac{4}{25} \times 100 = 16. The rate of interest is 16% per
annum.

D. Practice Questions with Detailed Solutions

1.​ If $3,000 is loaned for 4 months at a 4.5% annual simple interest rate, how much interest
is earned?
2.​ How long will it take for $4,000 to grow to $9,000 if it is invested at 7% compounded
monthly?
3.​ Find the compound interest on Rs. 8500 at 4% per annum for 2 years, compounded
annually.
4.​ What is the difference between the compound interests on Rs. 5000 for 1\frac{1}{2} years
at 4% per annum compounded yearly and half-yearly?
Solutions:
1.​ Solution: P = $3,000 R = 4.5% per annum T = 4 months = 4/12 years = 1/3 years. SI =
\frac{P \times R \times T}{100} = \frac{3000 \times 4.5 \times (1/3)}{100} = \frac{1000
\times 4.5}{100} = 45. The interest earned is $45.
2.​ Solution: A = $9,000 P = $4,000 R = 7% per annum Compounded monthly, so n=12.
Rate per period (r) = 7\% / 12. Formula: A = P(1 + \frac{R/n}{100})^{nT} 9000 = 4000(1 +
\frac{7/12}{100})^{12T} \frac{9}{4} = (1 + \frac{7}{1200})^{12T} 2.25 =
(\frac{1207}{1200})^{12T} Taking log on both sides: \log(2.25) = 12T
\log(\frac{1207}{1200}) 0.35218 = 12T \times \log(1.00583) 0.35218 = 12T \times 0.00252
12T = \frac{0.35218}{0.00252} \approx 139.75 T = \frac{139.75}{12} \approx 11.64 years.
Approximately 11 years and 8 months.
3.​ Solution: P = Rs. 8500, R = 4%, T = 2 years. A = P(1 + \frac{R}{100})^T = 8500(1 +
\frac{4}{100})^2 = 8500(\frac{104}{100})^2 = 8500 \times 1.04 \times 1.04 = 9193.6. CI = A
- P = 9193.6 - 8500 = 693.6. The compound interest is Rs. 693.6.
4.​ Solution: P = Rs. 5000, R = 4% p.a., T = 1\frac{1}{2} years.
○​ Case 1: Compounded Yearly Interest for the first year = \frac{5000 \times 4 \times
1}{100} = 200. Principal for the next half year = 5000 + 200 = 5200. Interest for the
next half year = \frac{5200 \times 4 \times (1/2)}{100} = 104. Total CI = 200 + 104 =
304.
○​ Case 2: Compounded Half-Yearly Rate for half year = 4/2 = 2\%. Time =
1\frac{1}{2} years = 3 half-years. A = 5000(1 + \frac{2}{100})^3 =
5000(\frac{51}{50})^3 = 5000 \times \frac{132651}{125000} = 5306.04. CI = 5306.04
- 5000 = 306.04.
○​ Difference: Difference = 306.04 - 304 = 2.04. The difference is Rs. 2.04.

Section 5: Ratio, Proportion, and Mixtures (including Partnership &

Ages)
This section combines three interconnected topics. Ratio and proportion deal with the relative
comparison of quantities. Partnership applies these concepts to profit distribution based on
investment. Mixture and Alligation provide a powerful tool to solve problems involving the mixing
of ingredients.

A. Core Concepts
 ●​ Ratio: Compares two quantities of the same kind, written as a:b or a/b.
●​ Proportion: An equality of two ratios. If a:b = c:d, then a, b, c, d are in proportion, written
as a:b::c:d. The product of means equals the product of extremes (b \times c = a \times
d).
●​ Partnership: A business venture where two or more individuals invest capital and share
profits or losses in the ratio of their investments (considering the time period).
●​ Problems on Ages: Word problems solved using linear equations based on age
relationships at different points in time.
●​ Mixture & Alligation: Alligation is a rule that enables us to find the ratio in which two or
more ingredients at given prices must be mixed to produce a mixture of a desired price.

B. Exhaustive Formulas & Shortcuts

1.​ Ratio and Proportion:

○​ Compounding Ratios: To combine ratios like A:B = p:q and B:C = r:s, make the 'B'
term equal. A:B:C = pr:qr:qs.
○​ Proportionals:
■​ Fourth Proportional to a, b, c is d such that a:b::c:d. So, d = \frac{bc}{a}.
■​ Third Proportional to a, b is c such that a:b::b:c. So, c = \frac{b^2}{a}.
■​ Mean Proportional between a, b is x such that a:x::x:b. So, x = \sqrt{ab}.
○​ Properties:
■​ Invertendo: If a:b::c:d, then b:a::d:c.
■​ Alternendo: If a:b::c:d, then a:c::b:d.
■​ Componendo: If a:b::c:d, then (a+b):b::(c+d):d.
■​ Dividendo: If a:b::c:d, then (a-b):b::(c-d):d.
■​ Componendo & Dividendo: If a:b::c:d, then (a+b):(a-b)::(c+d):(c-d).
2.​ Partnership:
○​ If partners invest C_1, C_2,... for times T_1, T_2,... respectively, then the ratio of
their profits is P_1:P_2:... = C_1T_1 : C_2T_2 :...
3.​ Mixture and Alligation:
○​ Alligation Rule: It gives the ratio in which two ingredients must be mixed. (Quantity
of Cheaper) / (Quantity of Dearer) = (Price of Dearer - Mean Price) / (Mean Price -
Price of Cheaper) This can be visualized as: !(https://i.imgur.com/8Q7vY5W.png)

C. Solved Examples (Illustrating Concepts & PYQs)

Example 1 (Ratio of Coins - PYQ Style): A purse contains coins of Rs. 1, 50 paise, and 25
paise in the ratio 9:14:12. If the total amount is Rs. 1729, find the number of 25 paise coins.
Solution: Let the number of coins of Rs. 1, 50 paise (Rs. 0.5), and 25 paise (Rs. 0.25) be 9x,
14x, and 12x respectively. The total value of the coins is given by: Value = (9x \times 1) + (14x
\times 0.5) + (12x \times 0.25) Value = 9x + 7x + 3x = 19x. Given that the total value is Rs. 1729.
19x = 1729 x = \frac{1729}{19} = 91. The number of 25 paise coins is 12x = 12 \times 91 =
1092.
Example 2 (Mixture): In a 60-litre mixture, the ratio of milk and water is 2:1. If this ratio is to be
1:2, then what quantity of water should be further added?
Solution: Initial mixture = 60 litres. Ratio of Milk:Water = 2:1. Quantity of Milk = \frac{2}{2+1}
\times 60 = \frac{2}{3} \times 60 = 40 litres. Quantity of Water = \frac{1}{3} \times 60 = 20 litres.
Let x litres of water be added. New quantity of water = 20 + x. The quantity of milk remains the
same, i.e., 40 litres. The new ratio is Milk:Water = 1:2. So, \frac{40}{20+x} = \frac{1}{2}. 40 \times
2 = 1 \times (20+x) 80 = 20 + x x = 60. Therefore, 60 litres of water should be added.

D. Practice Questions with Detailed Solutions

1.​ The monthly incomes of A and B are in the ratio 8:5, while their monthly expenditures are
in the ratio 5:3. If they have saved Rs. 12000 and Rs. 10000 monthly respectively, then
what is the difference in their monthly incomes?
2.​ The ratio of males and females in a village is 5:3. If there are 800 males in the village, find
the number of females.
3.​ Three glasses of equal volume contain acid mixed with water. The ratios of acid and water
are 2:3, 3:4, and 4:5, respectively. Contents of these glasses are poured into a large
vessel. What is the ratio of acid and water in the large vessel?
4.​ A and B enter into a partnership with capitals in the ratio 5:6. At the end of 8 months, A
withdraws his capital. If they receive profits in the ratio 5:9, find how long B's capital was
used.
Solutions:
1.​ Solution: Let the monthly incomes of A and B be 8x and 5x. Let their monthly
expenditures be 5y and 3y. Saving = Income - Expenditure. For A: 8x - 5y = 12000 (i) For
B: 5x - 3y = 10000 (ii) To solve these linear equations, multiply (i) by 3 and (ii) by 5: 24x -
15y = 36000 25x - 15y = 50000 Subtracting the first new equation from the second: (25x -
15y) - (24x - 15y) = 50000 - 36000 x = 14000. Income of A = 8x = 8 \times 14000 =
112000. Income of B = 5x = 5 \times 14000 = 70000. Difference in their incomes = 112000
- 70000 = 42000. The difference is Rs. 42000.
2.​ Solution: Ratio of Males:Females = 5:3. Let the number of males be 5x and females be
3x. Given, number of males = 5x = 800. x = \frac{800}{5} = 160. Number of females = 3x =
3 \times 160 = 480.
3.​ Solution: Let the equal volume of each glass be V. To make calculations easy, let V be
the LCM of the sum of ratios: (2+3=5), (3+4=7), (4+5=9). LCM(5, 7, 9) = 315. Let the
volume of each glass be 315 units.
○​ Glass 1: Acid = \frac{2}{5} \times 315 = 126. Water = \frac{3}{5} \times 315 = 189.
○​ Glass 2: Acid = \frac{3}{7} \times 315 = 135. Water = \frac{4}{7} \times 315 = 180.
○​ Glass 3: Acid = \frac{4}{9} \times 315 = 140. Water = \frac{5}{9} \times 315 = 175.
○​ In the large vessel: Total Acid = 126 + 135 + 140 = 401. Total Water = 189 + 180 +
175 = 544. The final ratio of acid to water is 401:544.
4.​ Solution: Let the capitals of A and B be 5C and 6C. A invested for 8 months. Let B invest
for T months. Ratio of profits = (Capital of A × Time of A) : (Capital of B × Time of B) 5:9 =
(5C \times 8) : (6C \times T) \frac{5}{9} = \frac{40C}{6CT} = \frac{40}{6T} 5 \times 6T = 9
\times 40 30T = 360 T = 12. B's capital was used for 12 months.

Section 6: Averages
The average or arithmetic mean represents the central value of a set of numbers. Questions on
this topic often involve finding averages of series, calculating new averages after changes in the
group, or determining average speed.

A. Core Concepts
The average of a set of observations is calculated by dividing the sum of the observations by
the total number of observations. The concept is central to understanding data sets and is
frequently tested through word problems involving ages, marks, weights, or speeds.
●​ Weighted Average: Used when different items in a set have different weights or
importance. The weighted average is the sum of the product of each value and its weight,
divided by the sum of the weights.
●​ Average Speed: When an object travels the same distance at two different speeds, say u
and v, the average speed is not the arithmetic mean of the speeds. It is the total distance
divided by the total time.

B. Exhaustive Formulas & Shortcuts

1.​ Basic Average:

○​ Average = \frac{\text{Sum of Observations}}{\text{Number of Observations}}
2.​ Averages of Series:
○​ Average of first n natural numbers = \frac{n+1}{2}
○​ Average of first n even numbers = n+1
○​ Average of first n odd numbers = n
○​ Average of squares of first n natural numbers = \frac{(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}
○​ Average of cubes of first n natural numbers = \frac{n(n+1)^2}{4}
○​ The average of a consecutive series (an arithmetic progression) is the middle term.
If the number of terms is even, it's the average of the two middle terms.
3.​ Weighted Average:
○​ Weighted Average = \frac{n_1x_1 + n_2x_2 +... + n_kx_k}{n_1 + n_2 +... + n_k}
4.​ Average Speed:
○​ If a distance is covered in two equal halves at speeds u and v, Average Speed =
\frac{2uv}{u+v}.
5.​ Rules for Changes in Observation:
○​ If each observation is increased/decreased by a value 'a', the average also
increases/decreases by 'a'.
○​ If each observation is multiplied/divided by a value 'a', the average also gets
multiplied/divided by 'a'.

C. Solved Examples (Illustrating Concepts & PYQs)

Example 1 (Consecutive Numbers): The average of 7 consecutive numbers is 20. What is the
largest of these numbers?
Solution: For a set of consecutive numbers, the average is the middle number. Since there are
7 numbers, the 4th number is the middle number, which is the average. So, the 4th number is
20. The 7 consecutive numbers are: 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. The largest of these numbers is
23.
Example 2 (Inclusion/Exclusion): The average weight of a group of seven boys is 56 kg. The
individual weights of six of them are 52, 57, 55, 60, 59, and 55 kg. Find the weight of the
seventh boy.
Solution: Average weight of 7 boys = 56 kg. Total weight of 7 boys = Average × Number of
boys = 56 \times 7 = 392 kg. Sum of the weights of the six known boys = 52 + 57 + 55 + 60 + 59
+ 55 = 338 kg. Weight of the seventh boy = Total weight of 7 boys - Total weight of 6 boys
Weight of the seventh boy = 392 - 338 = 54 kg.

D. Practice Questions with Detailed Solutions

1.​ The average age of 7 boys is 20 years. If the average age of the first 6 boys is 19.5 years
(39/2), what is the age of the seventh boy?
2.​ The average of 3 consecutive even numbers is 10. What is the third number?
3.​ A car travels at a speed of 80 km/hr on the way to a destination and returns at a speed of
50 km/hr. What is the average speed for the entire journey?
4.​ The average of 50 numbers is 20. If two numbers, 37 and 43, are discarded, find the
average of the remaining numbers.
Solutions:
1.​ Solution: Total age of 7 boys = 7 \times 20 = 140 years. Total age of the first 6 boys = 6
\times 19.5 = 117 years. Age of the seventh boy = Total age of 7 boys - Total age of 6
boys Age of the seventh boy = 140 - 117 = 23 years.
2.​ Solution: For consecutive even numbers, the average is the middle number. The middle
number (the second number) is 10. The three consecutive even numbers are 8, 10, 12.
The third number is 12.
3.​ Solution: Let the distance to the destination be D. The return distance is also D. The
speeds are u = 80 km/hr and v = 50 km/hr. Since the distance is the same for both parts
of the journey, we can use the average speed formula: Average Speed = \frac{2uv}{u+v} =
\frac{2 \times 80 \times 50}{80 + 50} = \frac{8000}{130} \approx 61.54 km/hr.
4.​ Solution: Total sum of 50 numbers = 50 \times 20 = 1000. The two discarded numbers
are 37 and 43. Their sum is 37 + 43 = 80. New sum of the remaining numbers = 1000 - 80
= 920. Number of remaining numbers = 50 - 2 = 48. New average = \frac{\text{New
Sum}}{\text{New Count}} = \frac{920}{48} \approx 19.17.

Section 7: Time, Speed, and Distance

This topic explores the fundamental relationship between speed, the time taken to travel, and
the distance covered. It includes specialized sub-topics like problems on trains, and boats and
streams.

A. Core Concepts

The core relationship is defined by the formula: Distance = Speed × Time. All problems in this
chapter are variations of this fundamental equation.
●​ Relative Speed: When two objects are in motion, their relative speed is the speed of one
object with respect to the other.
○​ Opposite Direction: If objects move towards each other, their speeds add up.
Relative Speed = S_1 + S_2.
○​ Same Direction: If objects move in the same direction, their speeds subtract.
Relative Speed = |S_1 - S_2|.
●​ Problems on Trains: These problems involve calculating the time taken for a train to
cross a stationary object (like a pole or a man) or a long object (like a platform or another
train). The key is to consider the total distance covered, which often includes the length of
the train itself.
●​ Boats and Streams: The speed of a river's current affects the speed of a boat.
 ○​ Downstream: The boat travels in the direction of the current. Speed = Speed of
Boat + Speed of Stream.
○​ Upstream: The boat travels against the current. Speed = Speed of Boat - Speed of
Stream.

B. Exhaustive Formulas & Shortcuts

1.​ Basic Formulas:

○​ Speed = \frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Time}}
○​ Distance = Speed \times Time
○​ Time = \frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Speed}}
2.​ Unit Conversions:
○​ To convert km/hr to m/s, multiply by \frac{5}{18}.
○​ To convert m/s to km/hr, multiply by \frac{18}{5}.
3.​ Relative Speed:
○​ Objects moving in opposite directions: S_{rel} = S_1 + S_2.
○​ Objects moving in the same direction: S_{rel} = |S_1 - S_2|.
4.​ Trains:
○​ Time to cross a pole/man: T = \frac{\text{Length of Train}}{\text{Speed of Train}}.
○​ Time to cross a platform/bridge: T = \frac{\text{Length of Train} + \text{Length of
Platform}}{\text{Speed of Train}}.
○​ Time for two trains to cross each other (opposite direction): T = \frac{L_1 +
L_2}{S_1 + S_2}.
○​ Time for a faster train to cross a slower train (same direction): T = \frac{L_1 +
L_2}{|S_1 - S_2|}.
5.​ Boats and Streams:
○​ Let speed of boat in still water = B and speed of stream = R.
○​ Downstream Speed (D) = B + R.
○​ Upstream Speed (U) = B - R.
○​ B = \frac{D+U}{2}.
○​ R = \frac{D-U}{2}.

C. Solved Examples (Illustrating Concepts & PYQs)

Example 1 (Average Speed - PYQ Style): Monish covers two-thirds of a certain distance at a
speed of 4 km/h and the remaining part at a speed of 5 km/h in 1 hour 24 minutes. Find the total
distance.
Solution: Let the total distance be D km. Time taken for the entire journey = 1 hour 24 minutes
= 1 + \frac{24}{60} = 1 + \frac{2}{5} = \frac{7}{5} hours. Distance for the first part = \frac{2}{3}D.
Speed = 4 km/h. Time for the first part (T_1) = \frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Speed}} =
\frac{(2/3)D}{4} = \frac{2D}{12} = \frac{D}{6} hours. Distance for the second part = D -
\frac{2}{3}D = \frac{1}{3}D. Speed = 5 km/h. Time for the second part (T_2) =
\frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Speed}} = \frac{(1/3)D}{5} = \frac{D}{15} hours. Total time = T_1 +
T_2. \frac{7}{5} = \frac{D}{6} + \frac{D}{15}. To add the fractions on the right, find the LCM of 6
and 15, which is 30. \frac{7}{5} = \frac{5D + 2D}{30} = \frac{7D}{30}. 7 \times 30 = 5 \times 7D.
30 = 5D. D = 6. The total distance is 6 km.
Example 2 (Boats and Streams): A boat goes 15 km upstream in 3 hours and 21 km
downstream in 3 hours. Find the speed of the stream.
Solution: Upstream Speed (U) = \frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Time}} = \frac{15}{3} = 5 km/hr.
Downstream Speed (D) = \frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Time}} = \frac{21}{3} = 7 km/hr. Speed of
the stream (R) = \frac{D-U}{2} = \frac{7-5}{2} = \frac{2}{2} = 1 km/hr.

D. Practice Questions with Detailed Solutions

1.​ A 150 m long train is running at a speed of 68 km/hr. How long will it take to pass a man
who is running at 8 km/hr in the same direction as the train?
2.​ A train passes a station platform in 36 seconds and a man standing on the platform in 20
seconds. If the speed of the train is 54 km/hr, what is the length of the platform?
3.​ A man can row at 5 km/hr in still water. If the velocity of the current is 1 km/hr and it takes
him 1 hour to row to a place and come back, how far is the place?
4.​ Two trains start at the same time from A and B and proceed towards each other at 80
km/hr and 95 km/hr respectively. When they meet, it is found that one train has traveled
180 km more than the other. Find the distance between A and B.
Solutions:
1.​ Solution: Speed of train = 68 km/hr. Speed of man = 8 km/hr. Since they are moving in
the same direction, the relative speed = 68 - 8 = 60 km/hr. Convert relative speed to m/s:
60 \times \frac{5}{18} = \frac{50}{3} m/s. The distance to be covered is the length of the
train = 150 m. Time = \frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Relative Speed}} = \frac{150}{50/3} = 150
\times \frac{3}{50} = 3 \times 3 = 9 seconds.
2.​ Solution: Speed of the train = 54 km/hr = 54 \times \frac{5}{18} = 15 m/s. Time to pass
the man = 20 seconds. Length of the train = Speed × Time = 15 \times 20 = 300 m. Time
to pass the platform = 36 seconds. Let the length of the platform be P. Total distance =
Length of train + Length of platform = 300 + P. Speed = \frac{\text{Total
Distance}}{\text{Time}}. 15 = \frac{300 + P}{36}. 15 \times 36 = 300 + P. 540 = 300 + P
\implies P = 240 m.
3.​ Solution: Speed of man in still water (B) = 5 km/hr. Speed of current (R) = 1 km/hr.
Downstream speed (D) = B + R = 5 + 1 = 6 km/hr. Upstream speed (U) = B - R = 5 - 1 = 4
km/hr. Let the distance be d km. Total time = Time to go downstream + Time to come back
upstream = 1 hour. \frac{d}{6} + \frac{d}{4} = 1. LCM of 6 and 4 is 12. \frac{2d + 3d}{12} =
1 \implies 5d = 12 \implies d = 2.4 km.
4.​ Solution: Let the two trains meet after T hours. Distance covered by train from A = 80T.
Distance covered by train from B = 95T. The difference in distance traveled is 95T - 80T =
15T. Given, this difference is 180 km. 15T = 180 \implies T = 12 hours. The total distance
between A and B is the sum of the distances they traveled. Total Distance = 80T + 95T =
175T = 175 \times 12 = 2100 km.

Section 8: Time and Work

This chapter deals with the efficiency of individuals or groups in completing a task. The core
idea is to calculate the rate of work and use it to find the time required to complete the work,
either individually or collectively.

A. Core Concepts

●​ Work Rate (Efficiency): The amount of work an individual can do in one unit of time
(e.g., one day or one hour). If a person can complete a work in D days, their one day's
 work (efficiency) is 1/D.
●​ Total Work: Usually assumed to be 1 unit. Alternatively, for easier calculations, the total
work can be assumed to be the LCM of the days taken by all individuals.
●​ Relationship: Work Done = Efficiency × Time Taken.
●​ Pipes and Cisterns: A variation of Time and Work problems. Pipes filling a tank are
considered to do positive work, while pipes emptying it do negative work.

B. Exhaustive Formulas & Shortcuts

1.​ Basic Relationship:

○​ If A can do a work in x days, A's 1-day work = \frac{1}{x}.
○​ If A's 1-day work is \frac{1}{x}, A will finish the work in x days.
2.​ Combined Work:
○​ If A and B can do a work in x and y days respectively, together they can finish it in
\frac{xy}{x+y} days.
○​ If A, B, and C can do a work in x, y, and z days respectively, together they can finish
it in \frac{xyz}{xy+yz+zx} days.
○​ If A can do a work in x days and A+B can do it in y days, B alone can do it in
\frac{xy}{x-y} days.
3.​ MDH Formula:
○​ If M_1 persons can do W_1 work in D_1 days working H_1 hours per day, and M_2
persons can do W_2 work in D_2 days working H_2 hours per day, then: \frac{M_1
D_1 H_1}{W_1} = \frac{M_2 D_2 H_2}{W_2}. If work is the same, M_1 D_1 H_1 =
M_2 D_2 H_2.
4.​ Efficiency and Wages:
○​ Ratio of efficiencies is inversely proportional to the ratio of time taken. If time ratio of
A:B is a:b, then efficiency ratio is b:a.
○​ Wages are distributed in the ratio of work done, which is the same as the ratio of
efficiencies.

C. Solved Examples (Illustrating Concepts & PYQs)

Example 1 (Combined Work): A does a work in 10 days and B does the same work in 15 days.
In how many days will they do the same work together?
Solution (LCM Method): Let the total work be LCM(10, 15) = 30 units. Efficiency of A (work per
day) = \frac{30}{10} = 3 units/day. Efficiency of B (work per day) = \frac{30}{15} = 2 units/day.
Combined efficiency of A and B = 3 + 2 = 5 units/day. Time taken to complete the work together
= \frac{\text{Total Work}}{\text{Combined Efficiency}} = \frac{30}{5} = 6 days.
Solution (Formula Method): Time taken together = \frac{xy}{x+y} = \frac{10 \times 15}{10 + 15}
= \frac{150}{25} = 6 days.
Example 2 (Efficiency): P is twice as good as Q and together they finish a piece of work in 36
days. In how many days can P alone finish the work?
Solution: The ratio of efficiencies of P and Q is P:Q = 2:1. Let the efficiency of Q be 1 unit/day,
then the efficiency of P is 2 units/day. Combined efficiency = 2 + 1 = 3 units/day. Total work =
Combined Efficiency × Time = 3 \times 36 = 108 units. Time taken by P alone = \frac{\text{Total
Work}}{\text{Efficiency of P}} = \frac{108}{2} = 54 days.
D. Practice Questions with Detailed Solutions

1.​ A and B can do a piece of work in 12 days, B and C in 15 days, and C and A in 20 days.
How long would A take separately to do the same work?
2.​ A alone can do a piece of work in 6 days and B alone in 8 days. A and B undertook to do
it for Rs. 3200. With the help of C, they completed the work in 3 days. How much is to be
paid to C?
3.​ 30 men are engaged to do a piece of work in 6 days. They work for 4 days, but only 50%
of the work is completed. How many more men should be engaged to complete the work
in the given period of time?
4.​ A tap can fill a tank in 6 hours. After half the tank is filled, three more similar taps are
opened. What is the total time taken to fill the tank completely?
Solutions:
1.​ Solution: Let the total work be LCM(12, 15, 20) = 60 units. Efficiency of (A+B) = 60/12 =
5 units/day. Efficiency of (B+C) = 60/15 = 4 units/day. Efficiency of (C+A) = 60/20 = 3
units/day. Adding these three equations: 2(A+B+C) = 5 + 4 + 3 = 12 units/day. Efficiency
of (A+B+C) = 12/2 = 6 units/day. Efficiency of A = Efficiency of (A+B+C) - Efficiency of
(B+C) Efficiency of A = 6 - 4 = 2 units/day. Time taken by A alone = \frac{\text{Total
Work}}{\text{Efficiency of A}} = \frac{60}{2} = 30 days.
2.​ Solution: Let the total work be LCM(6, 8, 3) = 24 units. Efficiency of A = 24/6 = 4
units/day. Efficiency of B = 24/8 = 3 units/day. Efficiency of (A+B+C) = 24/3 = 8 units/day.
Efficiency of C = Eff(A+B+C) - Eff(A) - Eff(B) = 8 - 4 - 3 = 1 unit/day. Wages are distributed
in the ratio of efficiencies. Ratio of work done A:B:C = 4:3:1. Total parts = 4+3+1 = 8. C's
share = \frac{1}{8} \times 3200 = 400. Rs. 400 is to be paid to C.
3.​ Solution: Using the formula \frac{M_1 D_1}{W_1} = \frac{M_2 D_2}{W_2}. Here, M_1 =
30, D_1 = 4 days, W_1 = 0.5 (50% of work). The remaining work W_2 = 0.5. The
remaining time D_2 = 6 - 4 = 2 days. Let the total men required be M_2. \frac{30 \times
4}{0.5} = \frac{M_2 \times 2}{0.5}. 120 = 2M_2 \implies M_2 = 60. The total number of
men required is 60. Number of additional men to be engaged = 60 - 30 = 30.
4.​ Solution: Let the capacity of the tank be 6 units (LCM of 6). Efficiency of one tap = 6/6 =
1 unit/hour. Time to fill half the tank (3 units) = \frac{3}{1} = 3 hours. Remaining work = 3
units. Now, three more similar taps are opened. Total taps = 4. Combined efficiency of 4
taps = 4 \times 1 = 4 units/hour. Time to fill the remaining half = \frac{\text{Remaining
Work}}{\text{New Efficiency}} = \frac{3}{4} hours. \frac{3}{4} hours = \frac{3}{4} \times 60 =
45 minutes. Total time taken = 3 hours + 45 minutes = 3 hours 45 minutes.

Part III: Advanced Mathematics Simplified

Section 9: Mensuration (2D and 3D Figures)
Mensuration deals with the measurement of geometric figures, including their perimeter, area,
and volume. This is a formula-intensive topic, and direct questions are common.

A. Core Concepts

●​ 2D Figures (Plane Figures): These figures have two dimensions, length and breadth.
The primary measurements are Perimeter (the length of the boundary) and Area (the
 surface enclosed by the boundary).
●​ 3D Figures (Solid Figures): These figures have three dimensions: length, breadth, and
height. The primary measurements are Volume (the space occupied), Lateral/Curved
Surface Area (LSA/CSA, the area of the surfaces excluding the top and base), and Total
Surface Area (TSA, the area of all surfaces including top and base).

B. Exhaustive Formulas & Shortcuts

Table 9.1: Master Table of 2D Mensuration Formulas

Shape Diagram Area Formula Perimeter/Circumf Other Formulas
erence
Square !(https://i.imgur.co a^2 4a Diagonal d =
m/2Y4xY8g.png) a\sqrt{2}
Rectangle !(https://i.imgur.co l \times b 2(l+b) Diagonal d =
m/gK7e6jL.png) \sqrt{l^2 + b^2}
Triangle !(https://i.imgur.co \frac{1}{2} \times b a+b+c (Sum of Heron's Formula:
m/xH5a5oN.png) \times h sides) \sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-
c)}, where s =
\frac{a+b+c}{2}
Equilateral !(https://i.imgur.co \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}a^ 3a Height h =
Triangle m/rN5o7iJ.png) 2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}a
Circle \pi r^2 2\pi r Diameter d = 2r
Parallelogram b \times h 2(a+b)
Rhombus !(https://i.imgur.co \frac{1}{2} \times 4a a^2 =
m/d5u6Q3v.png) d_1 \times d_2 (\frac{d_1}{2})^2 +
(\frac{d_2}{2})^2
Trapezium !(https://i.imgur.co \frac{1}{2}(a+b)h Sum of all sides
m/g9i7Y2H.png)
Table 9.2: Master Table of 3D Mensuration Formulas
Shape Diagram Volume Formula Curved/Lateral Total Surface Area
Surface Area (TSA)
(CSA/LSA)
Cube a^3 4a^2 6a^2
Cuboid l \times b \times h 2h(l+b) 2(lb+bh+hl)
Cylinder \pi r^2 h 2\pi r h 2\pi r(r+h)
Cone \frac{1}{3}\pi r^2 h \pi r l (where \pi r(r+l)
l=\sqrt{r^2+h^2})
Sphere !(https://i.imgur.co \frac{4}{3}\pi r^3 4\pi r^2 4\pi r^2
m/b9e8R2F.png)
Hemisphere \frac{2}{3}\pi r^3 2\pi r^2 3\pi r^2
C. Solved Examples (Illustrating Concepts & PYQs)

Example 1 (2D Mensuration): A wire in the form of a circle of radius 3.5 m is bent into the form
of a rectangle, whose length and breadth are in the ratio of 6:5. What is the area of the
rectangle?
Solution: When the wire is bent, its total length (perimeter) remains the same. Length of the
wire = Circumference of the circle = 2\pi r. Length = 2 \times \frac{22}{7} \times 3.5 = 2 \times 22
\times 0.5 = 22 m. This length is now the perimeter of the rectangle. Perimeter of rectangle =
2(l+b) = 22 \implies l+b = 11. The ratio of length to breadth is l:b = 6:5. Let l=6x and b=5x. 6x +
5x = 11 \implies 11x = 11 \implies x=1. So, length l = 6(1) = 6 m and breadth b = 5(1) = 5 m.
Area of the rectangle = l \times b = 6 \times 5 = 30 sq. m.
Example 2 (3D Mensuration): A rectangular piece of paper 11 cm × 4 cm is folded without
overlapping to make a cylinder of height 4 cm. Find the volume of the cylinder.
Solution: When the paper is folded, its height becomes the cylinder's height, and its length
becomes the circumference of the cylinder's base. Height of cylinder (h) = 4 cm. Circumference
of base = 11 cm. 2\pi r = 11. 2 \times \frac{22}{7} \times r = 11. r = \frac{11 \times 7}{2 \times 22}
= \frac{7}{4} cm. Volume of cylinder = \pi r^2 h. Volume = \frac{22}{7} \times (\frac{7}{4})^2 \times
4 = \frac{22}{7} \times \frac{49}{16} \times 4 = \frac{22 \times 7}{4} = \frac{154}{4} = 38.5 cm³.

D. Practice Questions with Detailed Solutions

1.​ The ratio of the volumes of two cubes is 729:1331. What is the ratio of their total surface
areas?
2.​ Find the height of a cylinder whose radius is 7 cm and the total surface area is 968 cm².
3.​ The area of a trapezium-shaped field is 480 m², the distance between two parallel sides is
15 m and one of the parallel sides is 20 m. Find the other parallel side.
4.​ A cube of side one meter length is cut into small cubes of side 10 cm each. How many
such small cubes can be obtained?
Solutions:
1.​ Solution: Let the sides of the two cubes be a_1 and a_2. Ratio of volumes:
\frac{a_1^3}{a_2^3} = \frac{729}{1331}. Taking the cube root: \frac{a_1}{a_2} =
\sqrt{\frac{729}{1331}} = \frac{9}{11}. The ratio of their sides is 9:11. The total surface area
of a cube is 6a^2. Ratio of total surface areas = \frac{6a_1^2}{6a_2^2} =
(\frac{a_1}{a_2})^2 = (\frac{9}{11})^2 = \frac{81}{121}. The ratio is 81:121.
2.​ Solution: Radius (r) = 7 cm. Total Surface Area (TSA) = 968 cm². Formula for TSA of a
cylinder = 2\pi r(r+h). 968 = 2 \times \frac{22}{7} \times 7 \times (7+h). 968 = 44 \times
(7+h). \frac{968}{44} = 7+h. 22 = 7+h \implies h = 15 cm.
3.​ Solution: Area = 480 m². Height (h) = 15 m. Let the parallel sides be a and b. Given a =
20 m. Area of trapezium = \frac{1}{2}(a+b)h. 480 = \frac{1}{2}(20+b) \times 15. \frac{480
\times 2}{15} = 20+b. 32 \times 2 = 20+b. 64 = 20+b \implies b = 44 m.
4.​ Solution: Side of large cube = 1 meter = 100 cm. Volume of large cube = (100)^3 =
1,000,000 cm³. Side of small cube = 10 cm. Volume of small cube = (10)^3 = 1000 cm³.
Number of small cubes = \frac{\text{Volume of large cube}}{\text{Volume of small cube}} =
\frac{1,000,000}{1000} = 1000.

Section 10: Algebra

Algebra questions in the IB ACIO exam typically revolve around the application of fundamental
identities, solving linear and quadratic equations, and simplifying expressions.

A. Core Concepts

●​ Algebraic Identities: These are equations that are true for all values of the variables
involved. They are essential tools for simplifying complex expressions quickly.
 ●​ Linear Equation: An equation of the first degree, typically of the form ax+b=0.
●​ Quadratic Equation: An equation of the second degree, of the form ax^2+bx+c=0. The
solutions (roots) can be found by factorization or using the quadratic formula.

B. Exhaustive Formulas & Shortcuts

1.​ Basic Identities:

○​ (a+b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2
○​ (a-b)^2 = a^2 - 2ab + b^2
○​ a^2 - b^2 = (a-b)(a+b)
○​ (a+b)^3 = a^3 + b^3 + 3ab(a+b)
○​ (a-b)^3 = a^3 - b^3 - 3ab(a-b)
○​ a^3 + b^3 = (a+b)(a^2 - ab + b^2)
○​ a^3 - b^3 = (a-b)(a^2 + ab + b^2)
2.​ Important Derived Identities:
○​ If x + \frac{1}{x} = k, then x^2 + \frac{1}{x^2} = k^2 - 2.
○​ If x - \frac{1}{x} = k, then x^2 + \frac{1}{x^2} = k^2 + 2.
○​ If x + \frac{1}{x} = k, then x^3 + \frac{1}{x^3} = k^3 - 3k.
○​ If x - \frac{1}{x} = k, then x^3 - \frac{1}{x^3} = k^3 + 3k.
3.​ Quadratic Equation (ax^2+bx+c=0):
○​ Roots are given by x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}.
○​ Sum of roots (\alpha + \beta) = -b/a.
○​ Product of roots (\alpha \beta) = c/a.

C. Solved Examples (Illustrating Concepts & PYQs)

Example 1 (Identities - PYQ Style): If x - \frac{1}{x} = 13, what will be the value of x^4 +
\frac{1}{x^4}?
Solution: Given, x - \frac{1}{x} = 13. Squaring both sides: (x - \frac{1}{x})^2 = 13^2 x^2 +
\frac{1}{x^2} - 2 = 169 x^2 + \frac{1}{x^2} = 169 + 2 = 171. Now, square this result again: (x^2 +
\frac{1}{x^2})^2 = 171^2 x^4 + \frac{1}{x^4} + 2 = 29241 x^4 + \frac{1}{x^4} = 29241 - 2 = 29239.
Example 2 (Identities): If a+b=7 and ab=12, find the value of a^2+b^2.
Solution: We use the identity (a+b)^2 = a^2 + b^2 + 2ab. Substitute the given values: 7^2 =
(a^2 + b^2) + 2(12) 49 = a^2 + b^2 + 24 a^2 + b^2 = 49 - 24 = 25.

D. Practice Questions with Detailed Solutions

1.​ If x + \frac{1}{x} = 5, find the value of x^3 + \frac{1}{x^3}.

2.​ If a^3 - b^3 = 208 and a - b = 4, find the value of (a+b)^2 - ab.
3.​ If xy=56 and x^2+y^2=113, what is the value of (x+y)?
4.​ Factorize x^3 - 8y^3.
Solutions:
1.​ Solution: Using the shortcut: If x + \frac{1}{x} = k, then x^3 + \frac{1}{x^3} = k^3 - 3k.
Here, k=5. x^3 + \frac{1}{x^3} = 5^3 - 3(5) = 125 - 15 = 110.
2.​ Solution: We use the identity a^3 - b^3 = (a-b)(a^2 + ab + b^2). We are given a^3 - b^3 =
208 and a-b=4. 208 = 4(a^2 + ab + b^2). \frac{208}{4} = a^2 + ab + b^2 \implies 52 = a^2
+ b^2 + ab. We need to find (a+b)^2 - ab. (a+b)^2 - ab = (a^2 + 2ab + b^2) - ab = a^2 +
b^2 + ab. Therefore, the value is 52.
 3.​ Solution: We use the identity (x+y)^2 = x^2 + y^2 + 2xy. Substitute the given values:
(x+y)^2 = 113 + 2(56) = 113 + 112 = 225. Taking the square root: x+y = \sqrt{225} = 15.
4.​ Solution: This is in the form of a^3 - b^3, where a=x and b=2y. Using the identity a^3 -
b^3 = (a-b)(a^2 + ab + b^2): x^3 - (2y)^3 = (x - 2y)(x^2 + x(2y) + (2y)^2). = (x - 2y)(x^2 +
2xy + 4y^2).

Section 11: Fundamentals of Geometry

Geometry questions test the understanding of properties and theorems related to lines, angles,
and various 2D shapes like triangles, quadrilaterals, and circles.

A. Core Concepts

●​ Lines and Angles: Concepts of parallel lines, transversals, corresponding angles,

alternate interior angles, and vertically opposite angles.
●​ Triangles: Properties related to the sum of angles, congruence (SSS, SAS, ASA, RHS),
similarity (AA, SSS, SAS), medians, altitudes, angle bisectors, and perpendicular
bisectors. Special triangles include isosceles, equilateral, and right-angled triangles
(Pythagoras theorem).
●​ Quadrilaterals: Properties of squares, rectangles, parallelograms, rhombuses, and
trapeziums.
●​ Circles: Properties of chords, tangents, secants. Theorems related to angles subtended
by arcs at the center and circumference, cyclic quadrilaterals, and tangent-secant
relationships.

B. Exhaustive Formulas & Theorems

1.​ Triangles:
○​ Sum of angles in a triangle is 180°.
○​ Pythagoras Theorem: In a right-angled triangle, (\text{Hypotenuse})^2 =
(\text{Base})^2 + (\text{Height})^2.
○​ Similarity: If two triangles are similar, the ratio of their corresponding sides is equal
to the ratio of their corresponding heights, medians, and perimeters. The ratio of
their areas is equal to the square of the ratio of their corresponding sides.
2.​ Circles:
○​ The angle subtended by an arc at the center is double the angle subtended by it at
any point on the remaining part of the circle.
○​ Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
○​ The angle in a semicircle is a right angle (90°).
○​ Tangent-Radius Property: The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to
the radius through the point of contact.
○​ Intersecting Chords Theorem: If two chords AB and CD intersect inside a circle at
point P, then AP \times PB = CP \times DP.
○​ Tangent-Secant Theorem: If a tangent from a point P touches the circle at T and a
secant from P intersects the circle at A and B, then PT^2 = PA \times PB.

C. Solved Examples (Illustrating Concepts & PYQs)

Example 1 (Intersecting Chords - PYQ Style): In a circle, two chords AB and CD intersect at
point P. If AB = 18 cm, PB = 8 cm, and CP = 5 cm, find the length of CD.
Solution: Given: AB = 18 cm, PB = 8 cm. So, AP = AB - PB = 18 - 8 = 10 cm. Given: CP = 5
cm. Using the Intersecting Chords Theorem: AP \times PB = CP \times DP. 10 \times 8 = 5
\times DP. 80 = 5 \times DP \implies DP = \frac{80}{5} = 16 cm. The length of chord CD = CP +
DP = 5 + 16 = 21 cm.
Example 2 (Angles): The length of a rectangle is 3 inches more than its breadth. The area of
the rectangle is 40 in². What is the perimeter of the rectangle?
Solution: Let the breadth be b inches. Then the length is l = b+3 inches. Area = l \times b = 40.
(b+3) \times b = 40. b^2 + 3b - 40 = 0. Factoring the quadratic equation: (b+8)(b-5) = 0. Since
breadth cannot be negative, b=5 inches. Length l = 5+3 = 8 inches. Perimeter = 2(l+b) = 2(8+5)
= 2(13) = 26 inches.

D. Practice Questions with Detailed Solutions

1.​ In a right-angled triangle, the lengths of the sides containing the right angle are 10 cm and
24 cm. Find the length of the hypotenuse.
2.​ In a circle with center O, AB is a chord and AOC is a diameter. If \angle ACB = 50^\circ,
what is \angle BAC?
3.​ The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2:3:4. Find the measure of the smallest angle.
4.​ A ladder 13 m long reaches a window which is 12 m above the ground on one side of a
street. Keeping its foot at the same point, the ladder is turned to the other side of the
street to reach a window 5 m high. Find the width of the street.
Solutions:
1.​ Solution: Using Pythagoras Theorem: (\text{Hypotenuse})^2 = (\text{Base})^2 +
(\text{Height})^2. (\text{Hypotenuse})^2 = 10^2 + 24^2 = 100 + 576 = 676. Hypotenuse =
\sqrt{676} = 26 cm.
2.​ Solution: Since AOC is a diameter, the angle in the semicircle, \angle ABC, is 90°. In
\triangle ABC, the sum of angles is 180°. \angle BAC + \angle ABC + \angle ACB =
180^\circ. \angle BAC + 90^\circ + 50^\circ = 180^\circ. \angle BAC + 140^\circ = 180^\circ
\implies \angle BAC = 40^\circ.
3.​ Solution: Let the angles be 2x, 3x, and 4x. The sum of angles in a triangle is 180°. 2x +
3x + 4x = 180^\circ. 9x = 180^\circ \implies x = 20^\circ. The angles are 2(20)=40^\circ,
3(20)=60^\circ, and 4(20)=80^\circ. The smallest angle is 40°.
4.​ Solution: Let the foot of the ladder be P. Let the first window be A and the second window
be B. For the first case, we have a right triangle with hypotenuse 13 m and height 12 m.
Distance of the foot of the ladder from the wall = \sqrt{13^2 - 12^2} = \sqrt{169 - 144} =
\sqrt{25} = 5 m. For the second case, the hypotenuse is 13 m and height is 5 m. Distance
of the foot of the ladder from the second wall = \sqrt{13^2 - 5^2} = \sqrt{169 - 25} =
\sqrt{144} = 12 m. The width of the street is the sum of these two distances = 5 + 12 = 17
m.

Section 12: Basic Trigonometry

Trigonometry in this context focuses on the relationship between angles and side lengths of
right-angled triangles, fundamental identities, and their application in height and distance
problems.
A. Core Concepts

●​ Trigonometric Ratios: For a right-angled triangle with angle \theta:

○​ Sine (\sin\theta) = Opposite/Hypotenuse
○​ Cosine (\cos\theta) = Adjacent/Hypotenuse
○​ Tangent (\tan\theta) = Opposite/Adjacent
○​ Cosecant (\csc\theta) = 1/\sin\theta
○​ Secant (\sec\theta) = 1/\cos\theta
○​ Cotangent (\cot\theta) = 1/\tan\theta
●​ Trigonometric Identities: Equations involving trigonometric functions that are true for all
values of the angles involved.
●​ Heights and Distances: Application of trigonometry to solve real-world problems
involving heights of towers, buildings, etc., using angles of elevation and depression.
○​ Angle of Elevation: The angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when
the object is above the horizontal level.
○​ Angle of Depression: The angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal
when the object is below the horizontal level.

B. Exhaustive Formulas & Shortcuts

1.​ Fundamental Identities:

○​ \sin^2\theta + \cos^2\theta = 1
○​ 1 + \tan^2\theta = \sec^2\theta
○​ 1 + \cot^2\theta = \csc^2\theta
2.​ Complementary Angles:
○​ \sin(90^\circ - \theta) = \cos\theta
○​ \cos(90^\circ - \theta) = \sin\theta
○​ \tan(90^\circ - \theta) = \cot\theta
3.​ Values for Standard Angles:
Angle (\theta) 0^\circ 30^\circ 45^\circ 60^\circ 90^\circ
\sin\theta 0 1/2 1/\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3}/2 1
\cos\theta 1 \sqrt{3}/2 1/\sqrt{2} 1/2 0
\tan\theta 0 1/\sqrt{3} 1 \sqrt{3} Undefined
C. Solved Examples (Illustrating Concepts & PYQs)

Example 1 (Heights and Distances): A man is standing on the deck of a ship, which is 10m
above water level. He observes the angle of elevation of the top of a lighthouse as 60° and the
angle of depression of the base of the lighthouse as 30°. Find the height of the lighthouse.
Solution: Let the man be at point C, 10m above the water level (point A). Let the lighthouse be
AB. The horizontal line from C is CD. Height of man above water, AC = 10 m. Angle of elevation
to the top of the lighthouse (B), \angle BCD = 60^\circ. Angle of depression to the base of the
lighthouse (A), \angle DCA = 30^\circ. In right \triangle CDA: \tan 30^\circ = \frac{AD}{CD} =
\frac{10}{CD} (since AD = AC = 10m). \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} = \frac{10}{CD} \implies CD = 10\sqrt{3}
m. In right \triangle CDB: \tan 60^\circ = \frac{BD}{CD}. \sqrt{3} = \frac{BD}{10\sqrt{3}} \implies
BD = 10\sqrt{3} \times \sqrt{3} = 30 m. Height of the lighthouse = AB = AD + BD = 10 + 30 = 40
m.
Example 2 (Identities): Simplify the expression \frac{\sin\theta}{1+\cos\theta} +
\frac{1+\cos\theta}{\sin\theta}.
Solution: Take the LCM, which is \sin\theta(1+\cos\theta). Expression = \frac{\sin^2\theta +
(1+\cos\theta)^2}{\sin\theta(1+\cos\theta)} = \frac{\sin^2\theta + 1 + \cos^2\theta +
2\cos\theta}{\sin\theta(1+\cos\theta)} Using the identity \sin^2\theta + \cos^2\theta = 1: = \frac{1
+ 1 + 2\cos\theta}{\sin\theta(1+\cos\theta)} = \frac{2 + 2\cos\theta}{\sin\theta(1+\cos\theta)} =
\frac{2(1+\cos\theta)}{\sin\theta(1+\cos\theta)} = \frac{2}{\sin\theta} = 2\csc\theta.

D. Practice Questions with Detailed Solutions

1.​ From a point on the ground 47 feet from the foot of a tree, the angle of elevation of the top
of the tree is 35°. Find the height of the tree to the nearest foot. (Given \tan 35^\circ
\approx 0.7)
2.​ If \sin A = 3/5, find the value of \cos A and \tan A.
3.​ Prove the identity: (\csc\theta - \cot\theta)^2 = \frac{1-\cos\theta}{1+\cos\theta}.
4.​ The angle of elevation from a point 25 feet from the base of a tree on level ground to the
top of the tree is 30°. Find the height of the tree.
Solutions:
1.​ Solution: Let the height of the tree be h. The distance from the foot is 47 feet.
\tan(\text{angle of elevation}) = \frac{\text{Height}}{\text{Distance}}. \tan 35^\circ =
\frac{h}{47}. h = 47 \times \tan 35^\circ \approx 47 \times 0.7 = 32.9 feet. To the nearest
foot, the height is 33 feet.
2.​ Solution: Given \sin A = \frac{\text{Opposite}}{\text{Hypotenuse}} = \frac{3}{5}. Using
Pythagoras theorem, Adjacent = \sqrt{\text{Hypotenuse}^2 - \text{Opposite}^2} = \sqrt{5^2
- 3^2} = \sqrt{25-9} = \sqrt{16} = 4. \cos A = \frac{\text{Adjacent}}{\text{Hypotenuse}} =
\frac{4}{5}. \tan A = \frac{\text{Opposite}}{\text{Adjacent}} = \frac{3}{4}.
3.​ Solution: LHS = (\csc\theta - \cot\theta)^2 = (\frac{1}{\sin\theta} -
\frac{\cos\theta}{\sin\theta})^2 = (\frac{1-\cos\theta}{\sin\theta})^2. =
\frac{(1-\cos\theta)^2}{\sin^2\theta}. Using \sin^2\theta = 1-\cos^2\theta =
(1-\cos\theta)(1+\cos\theta): = \frac{(1-\cos\theta)^2}{(1-\cos\theta)(1+\cos\theta)} =
\frac{1-\cos\theta}{1+\cos\theta} = RHS.
4.​ Solution: Let the height of the tree be h. \tan 30^\circ = \frac{h}{25}. \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} =
\frac{h}{25} \implies h = \frac{25}{\sqrt{3}}. Rationalizing, h = \frac{25\sqrt{3}}{3} feet.

Section 13: Data Interpretation

Data Interpretation (DI) questions assess the ability to read, understand, and interpret data
presented in various formats like tables, bar graphs, pie charts, and line graphs. This section is
an application of the concepts learned in Arithmetic, particularly Averages, Percentages, and
Ratios.

A. Core Concepts

●​ Tables: Data is organized in rows and columns. Careful reading of headings is crucial.
●​ Bar Graphs: Used to compare quantities across different categories. The height or length
of the bar is proportional to the value it represents.
●​ Pie Charts: A circular chart divided into sectors, illustrating numerical proportion. The
entire circle represents 100% or 360°.
●​ Line Graphs: Show trends over a period of time. They are useful for visualizing changes
 and rates of change.

B. Formulas and Calculation Techniques

DI is less about new formulas and more about applying existing ones efficiently.
●​ Percentage Growth/Decline: \frac{\text{Final Value} - \text{Initial Value}}{\text{Initial
Value}} \times 100.
●​ Contribution: To find the percentage contribution of a component to the total:
\frac{\text{Component Value}}{\text{Total Value}} \times 100.
●​ Pie Chart Conversion:
○​ Value to Angle: Value = \frac{\text{Angle}}{360^\circ} \times \text{Total Value}.
○​ Value to Percentage: Value = \frac{\text{Percentage}}{100} \times \text{Total Value}.

C. Solved Example

Directions: Study the following pie charts carefully and answer the questions that follow. The
charts show the market share of different detergent companies in two different years.
Market Size 1999 = 150 crore
●​ A: 20%
●​ B: 15%
●​ C: 25%
●​ D: 10%
●​ Others: 30%
Market Size 2000 = 375 crore
●​ A: 25%
●​ B: 10%
●​ C: 20%
●​ D: 15%
●​ Others: 30%
Question: What was the sales value of company A in 1999 and 2000?
Solution:
●​ Sales of A in 1999: Market Share = 20% Total Market Size = 150 crore Sales = 20\% of
150 = 0.20 \times 150 = 30 crore.
●​ Sales of A in 2000: Market Share = 25% Total Market Size = 375 crore Sales = 25\% of
375 = 0.25 \times 375 = 93.75 crore.

D. Practice Questions with Detailed Solutions

Use the data from the solved example above.

1.​ Which company had the minimum growth in sales value from 1999 to 2000?
2.​ What is the percentage growth of the detergent market from 1999 to 2000?
3.​ What is the ratio of sales of company D in 2000 to its sales in 1999?
Solutions:
1.​ Solution: We need to calculate the sales for each company in both years.
○​ A: 1999 = 30 cr, 2000 = 93.75 cr. Growth = 63.75 cr.
○​ B: 1999 = 15\% of 150 = 22.5 cr. 2000 = 10\% of 375 = 37.5 cr. Growth = 15 cr.
○​ C: 1999 = 25\% of 150 = 37.5 cr. 2000 = 20\% of 375 = 75 cr. Growth = 37.5 cr.
○​ D: 1999 = 10\% of 150 = 15 cr. 2000 = 15\% of 375 = 56.25 cr. Growth = 41.25 cr.
 Company B had the minimum growth in sales value (15 crore).
2.​ Solution: Market Size 1999 = 150 crore. Market Size 2000 = 375 crore. Growth = 375 -
150 = 225 crore. Percentage Growth = \frac{\text{Growth}}{\text{Initial Size}} \times 100 =
\frac{225}{150} \times 100 = 1.5 \times 100 = 150\%.
3.​ Solution: Sales of D in 2000 = 56.25 crore. Sales of D in 1999 = 15 crore. Ratio = 56.25 :
15. To simplify, divide both by 15: \frac{56.25}{15} : \frac{15}{15} \implies 3.75 : 1. To
remove the decimal, multiply by 4: 15 : 4.

Part IV: Strategic Application and Final Preparation

Section 14: Integrated Mock Practice Sets
This section provides mock tests designed to simulate the actual exam environment, testing a
mix of concepts from all chapters covered.

Mock Test 1 (20 Questions)

1.​ If the 8-digit number 179x091y is divisible by 88, what is the value of (5x-8y)?
2.​ The average of 25 results is 18. The average of the first 12 is 14 and that of the last 12 is
17. What is the 13th result?
3.​ A man sells two articles for Rs. 5000 each, neither losing nor gaining in the deal. If he
sold one of them at a gain of 25%, the other article is sold at a loss of:
4.​ If a + \frac{1}{a} = 3, what is the value of a^3 + \frac{1}{a^3}?
5.​ A and B can do a job in 15 days. B and C can do it in 10 days. A and C can do it in 12
days. How many days will A take to do it alone?
6.​ The ratio of the speeds of two trains is 7:8. If the second train runs 400 km in 4 hours,
what is the speed of the first train?
7.​ A sum of money becomes 8 times itself in 3 years at compound interest. In how many
years will the same amount become 16 times itself?
8.​ The area of a circle is 616 cm². Find its circumference.
9.​ From the top of a 100 m high tower, the angle of depression of a car on the ground is
observed to be 30°. Find the distance of the car from the base of the tower.
10.​The marked price of a shirt is Rs. 940 and the shopkeeper allows a discount of 15%. Find
the selling price.
11.​The LCM of two numbers is 2079 and their HCF is 27. If one of the numbers is 189, find
the other.
12.​In a 40-litre mixture of milk and water, the ratio of milk to water is 7:1. To make the ratio
3:1, how much water must be added?
13.​The perimeter of a rhombus is 40 cm. If the length of one of its diagonals is 12 cm, what is
the length of the other diagonal?
14.​If \tan\theta = \frac{4}{3}, find the value of \frac{3\sin\theta + 2\cos\theta}{3\sin\theta -
2\cos\theta}.
15.​A boat travels 2 km upstream in 1 hour and 1 km downstream in 10 minutes. What is the
speed of the boat in still water?
16.​The volume of a right circular cone is 100$\pi$ cm³ and its height is 12 cm. Find its slant
height.
17.​The average age of a husband and wife, who were married 4 years ago, was 25 years
 then. The average age of the family consisting of husband, wife, and a child, born during
the interval, is 20 years today. What is the age of the child?
18.​A shopkeeper cheats to the extent of 10% while buying as well as selling, by using false
weights. What is his total gain percent?
19.​In \triangle ABC, the line parallel to BC intersects AB and AC at P and Q respectively. If
AP:PB = 1:2, find the ratio of the area of \triangle APQ to the area of trapezium PBCQ.
20.​A sum of Rs. 12,500 amounts to Rs. 15,500 in 4 years at the rate of simple interest. What
is the rate of interest?
(Solutions are provided at the end of this section)

Solutions to Mock Test 1

1.​ Solution: Divisible by 88 means divisible by 8 and 11. For 8, 91y must be divisible by 8.
912 is divisible by 8, so y=2. For 11, (1+9+0+1) - (7+x+9+y) = 0 or multiple of 11. 11 -
(16+x+y)=0 \implies 11 - (16+x+2) = -7-x. Let -7-x = -11 \implies x=4. Value = 5(4) - 8(2) =
20 - 16 = 4.
2.​ Solution: Sum of 25 results = 25 \times 18 = 450. Sum of first 12 = 12 \times 14 = 168.
Sum of last 12 = 12 \times 17 = 204. 13th result = 450 - (168+204) = 450 - 372 = 78.
3.​ Solution: Total SP = 10000. Total CP = 10000. For the first article (25% gain), CP = 5000
\times (100/125) = 4000. Profit = 1000. CP for the second article = 10000 - 4000 = 6000.
SP = 5000. Loss = 6000 - 5000 = 1000. Loss % = (1000/6000) \times 100 = 16.67\%.
4.​ Solution: Use k^3 - 3k. 3^3 - 3(3) = 27 - 9 = 18.
5.​ Solution: LCM(15,10,12)=60. Eff(A+B)=4, Eff(B+C)=6, Eff(A+C)=5. 2(A+B+C) = 15
\implies A+B+C = 7.5. Eff(A) = (A+B+C) - (B+C) = 7.5 - 6 = 1.5. Time for A = 60/1.5 = 40
days.
6.​ Solution: Speed of 2nd train = 400/4 = 100 km/hr. Ratio is 7:8. If 8 parts = 100, then 1
part = 12.5. 7 parts = 7 \times 12.5 = 87.5 km/hr.
7.​ Solution: P \to 8P in 3 years. A = P(1+R/100)^T \implies 8 = (1+R/100)^3 \implies 2 =
(1+R/100). We need 16P. 16 = 2^4 = ((1+R/100))^4. So, T=4 cycles of doubling. Wait, the
formula is A=P(1+R/100)^T. 8P = P(1+R/100)^3 \implies 2^3 = (1+R/100)^3 \implies 2 =
(1+R/100). We want 16P. 16P = P(1+R/100)^T \implies 16 = (1+R/100)^T \implies 2^4 =
(2)^T \implies T=4 years.
8.​ Solution: \pi r^2 = 616 \implies (22/7)r^2 = 616 \implies r^2 = 28 \times 7 = 196 \implies
r=14. Circumference = 2\pi r = 2 \times (22/7) \times 14 = 88 cm.
9.​ Solution: \tan 30^\circ = 100/d \implies 1/\sqrt{3} = 100/d \implies d = 100\sqrt{3} m.
10.​Solution: SP = 940 \times (100-15)/100 = 940 \times 0.85 = 799.
11.​Solution: N_1 \times N_2 = HCF \times LCM \implies 189 \times N_2 = 27 \times 2079
\implies N_2 = (27 \times 2079)/189 = 297.
12.​Solution: Milk = 7/8 \times 40 = 35 L. Water = 5 L. Let x L water be added. (35)/(5+x) =
3/1 \implies 35 = 15+3x \implies 3x = 20 \implies x = 6.67 L.
13.​Solution: Side = 40/4 = 10 cm. Diagonals of a rhombus bisect at 90°. Half-diagonals and
side form a right triangle. (d_1/2)^2 + (d_2/2)^2 = side^2. (12/2)^2 + (d_2/2)^2 = 10^2
\implies 36 + (d_2/2)^2 = 100 \implies (d_2/2)^2 = 64 \implies d_2/2 = 8 \implies d_2 = 16
cm.
14.​Solution: Divide numerator and denominator by \cos\theta. Expression = (3\tan\theta +
2)/(3\tan\theta - 2) = (3(4/3)+2)/(3(4/3)-2) = (4+2)/(4-2) = 6/2 = 3.
15.​Solution: Upstream speed = 2 km/hr. Downstream speed = 1 / (10/60) = 6 km/hr. Speed
in still water = (2+6)/2 = 4 km/hr.
 16.​Solution: V = (1/3)\pi r^2 h \implies 100\pi = (1/3)\pi r^2 (12) \implies 100 = 4r^2 \implies
r^2=25 \implies r=5. Slant height l = \sqrt{r^2+h^2} = \sqrt{5^2+12^2} = \sqrt{25+144} =
\sqrt{169} = 13 cm.
17.​Solution: At marriage, sum of ages = 25 \times 2 = 50. Today, sum of their ages = 50 + 4
+ 4 = 58. Let child's age be c. Total age of family = 58+c. Average age today = (58+c)/3 =
20 \implies 58+c=60 \implies c=2 years.
18.​Solution: While buying, he gets 1100g for the price of 1000g. While selling, he gives 900g
for the price of 1000g. Effective CP for 1100g is 1000. Effective SP for 900g is 1000. Let's
equate quantity. CP of 1g = 1000/1100. SP of 1g = 1000/900. Profit % = ((10/9 - 10/11) /
(10/11)) \times 100 = ((20/99)/(10/11)) \times 100 = (20/99 \times 11/10) \times 100 = (2/9)
\times 100 = 22.22\%.
19.​Solution: Since PQ |
| BC, \triangle APQ \sim \triangle ABC. Ratio of sides AP/AB = $

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