Here’s a **concise yet complete summary of Java** that’s useful for interviews and
quick revision:
---
## 🟢 **1. Introduction to Java**
* **Definition:** Java is a **high-level, object-oriented, platform-independent
programming language** developed by Sun Microsystems (1995), now owned by Oracle.
* **Key Features:**
* **Platform-independent** (Write Once, Run Anywhere using JVM)
* **Object-Oriented** (Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction)
* **Robust and Secure**
* **Multi-threaded and Distributed**
* **Automatic memory management** (Garbage Collector)
---
## 🟢 **2. Java Architecture**
* **JDK (Java Development Kit):** Includes tools (compiler `javac`, debugger) +
JRE.
* **JRE (Java Runtime Environment):** Contains JVM + libraries for running Java
applications.
* **JVM (Java Virtual Machine):** Executes compiled Java bytecode on any platform.
---
## 🟢 **3. Core Concepts**
### a) **Data Types & Variables**
* Primitive (int, byte, char, boolean, double, etc.)
* Non-Primitive (String, Arrays, Classes)
### b) **OOP Principles**
* **Encapsulation:** Data hiding using private fields + getters/setters.
* **Inheritance:** IS-A relationship using `extends` / `implements`.
* **Polymorphism:**
* Compile-time (method overloading)
* Runtime (method overriding)
* **Abstraction:** Achieved via abstract classes and interfaces.
### c) **Access Modifiers**
* `private`, `default`, `protected`, `public` → control visibility.
---
## 🟢 **4. Java Basics**
* **Control Statements:** if-else, switch, loops (for, while, do-while)
* **Methods:** Return types, arguments, method overloading.
* **Constructors:** Special methods to initialize objects.
* **Static vs Instance:** Static belongs to class, instance belongs to object.
* **Packages:** Organize classes and interfaces.
* **Exception Handling:** `try`, `catch`, `finally`, `throw`, `throws`
---
## 🟢 **5. Advanced Concepts**
* **Collections Framework:** `List`, `Set`, `Map`, `Queue`, `Iterator`.
* **Generics:** Enable type safety in collections.
* **Multithreading:** `Thread` class, `Runnable`, synchronization.
* **File I/O:** Reading/writing files using `java.io` and `java.nio`.
* **Java 8 Features:** Lambda expressions, Streams API, Functional Interfaces,
`Optional`, Date-Time API.
---
## 🟢 **6. Java Memory Management**
* **Heap and Stack** memory.
* **Garbage Collection:** Automatic removal of unused objects.
* **Reference Types:** Strong, Weak, Soft, Phantom.
---
## 🟢 **7. Java EE (for Full Stack)**
* **JDBC:** Database connectivity.
* **Servlets & JSP:** For building dynamic web applications.
* **Spring Framework:** Dependency Injection, MVC, Boot for REST APIs.
* **Hibernate:** ORM for database operations.
---
## 🟢 **8. Key Benefits**
* Platform-independent
* Huge standard library
* Strong security
* Community support
---
### ✅ **Example Code**
```java
class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, Java!");
}
}
```
---
