In the name
of
Allah
Database Management
Systems
Lecture - 2
Overview of lecture-2
Database definitions
File processing systems
Advantages of database
Today’s Lecture
More advantages
Some costs
Levels of data
Database users
Data & Information
Company: Super Soft Dept: Sales
Emp Name Age Salary
Malik Sharif 23 55
Sh. M. Akmal 24 55
M. A. Butt 20 40
Malik Junaid 19 20
Schema
Database Applications
Database Management System
(DBMS)
Other Advantages
Data consistency
Better data security
Faster development of new
applications
They also provide
Economy of scale
Better concurrency control
Better backup and recovery procedures
BUT
Its not always just the
SUGAR
Disadvantages
Higher costs: cost of sw, hw, processor and staff
Conversion cost
More difficult recovery
Data As Resource
Resource
Any asset that is of value to an
organization and that incurs cost
Is data a resource ?
YES
Student record, Data
item occurrence e.g.
‘s001’, ’Amir’, ‘CS101’
Data Occurrences
record type Metadata
e.g. Student Entity, Attribute
Data item type e.g. A student,
Record type, A class name
Real World Data
Levels of Data
Employee name, age,
qual, sal
Emp
Name text
Age number
Sal number
Malik Sharif 23 55
Sh. M. Akmal 24 55
M. A. Butt 20 40
Malik Junaid 19 20
Levels of Data
Real-world data
Metadata
Data Occurrence
Database Users
Application Programmers
End Users: They have little knowledge about the design
and working of databases.
► Naive: Clerks in any bank is a naive user because they
don't have any DBMS knowledge but they still use the
database and perform their given task.
► Sophisticated: This type of user already has familiarity
with the database, and they can be business analysts,
engineers, or scientists.
Database Users
Database Administrator (DBA)
A person who has central control over data and programs
that access this data
Functions of DBA
Schema definition
Granting data access
Routine Maintenance
▪ Backups
▪ Monitoring disk space
▪ Monitoring jobs running
Typical Components
End users
Software interact
Application Programs Application
Programmers
develop
“What” to get
DBMS Database
maintain Administrators
“How” to get
Data
Database
design Designers
Database
Users
History
In the past, data was stored in journals, libraries, and filing
cabinets, taking up space and making it difficult to find and
back up.
early 1960s marked the beginning of computerised databases.
Charles Bachman designed the first database known as the
Integrated Data Store, followed by the Information
Management System developed by IBM
History
The two main models were: the
hierarchical model developed by IBM
and
the network model introduced at the
Conference on Data Systems Languages
(CODASYL).
History
► IBM released its own relational database,
System R, which was the first to use
Structured Query Language (SQL).
History
► The 1970s saw the release of a paper by E. F.
Codd entitled "A Relational Model of Data for
Large Shared Data Banks.“
► IBM released its own relational database,
System R, which was the first to use Structured
Query Language (SQL).
History
Data Base Task Group (DBTG)
General architecture in 1971
DBTG’s two layered architecture having
▪ System View- Schema
▪ User View- Sub schemas
Summary
Basic Terminology
Pros n Cons of DB Env
Levels of Data
Types of Users
History of DB
Thanks
Database
Management
Systems
Lecture - 2
