The world of Internet Technology

Internet
- a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of
interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.
- The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other electronic devices. With the
Internet, it's possible to access almost any information, communicate with anyone else in the world,
and do much more. You can do all of this by connecting a computer to the Internet, which is also
called going online.

Capabilities of internet or services provided by internet

Internet service provides a way for data to be transferred from Internet servers to your computer. An
Internet service provider is a company that provides access to the Internet. Most ISPs require you to
subscribe to use their services, but there are ways to connect to the Internet for free.
Communication services in internet is used for the message passing and the flow of information from one end
to another end.

We use this kind of service for transfer of information from one end to other end where we have the
connectivity.
Email
Electronic mail is the method to communicate using a network. This is the basic internet feature we have.
All the users have associated with unique ID in the network. When user sends mail to the other, it is done with the
help of email server.

Social Networking
Recent technologies have made technical life social. The computer savvy peoples, can find other known peoples
or friends, can connect with them, and can share thoughts, pictures, and videos.

Internet Chat
Internet chat provides instant text transfer services between two hosts. Two or more people can communicate with
each other using text-based Internet Relay Chat services. These days, voice chat and video chat are very
common.

Discussion Boards
Discussion boards provide a mechanism to connect multiple peoples with same interests. It enables the users to
put queries, questions, suggestions etc. which can be seen by all other users. Other may respond as well.

Remote Access
This service is used to access data from any location we want. This is known as Remote desktop feature.
This can be done with some remote device like mobile phone or home computer.

Information Retrieval Services

Automated information retrieval systems are used to reduce what has been called information overload. An
IR system is a software system that provides access to books, journals and other documents; stores and
manages those documents. Web search engines are the most visible IR applications.

Most information is found on the Internet by utilizing search engines. A search engine is a web
service that uses web robots to query millions of pages on the Internet and creates an index of those
web pages. Internet users can then use these services to find information on the Internet.
Web Services

• a service offered by an electronic device to another electronic device, communicating with each
other via the World Wide Web, or
• a server running on a computer device, listening for requests at a particular port over a network,
serving web documents (HTML, JSON, XML, images).
In a Web service a Web technology such as HTTP is used for transferring machine-readable file formats such
as XML and JSON.
In practice, a web service commonly provides an object-oriented Web-based interface to a database server,
utilized for example by another Web server, or by a mobile app, that provides a user interface to the end-user.
Many organizations that provide data in formatted HTML pages will also provide that data on their server as XML
or JSON, often through a Web service to allow syndication, for example, Wikipedia's Export. Another application
offered to the end-user may be a mashup, where a Web server consumes several Web services at different
machines and compiles the content into one user interface.

A Web service is a method of communication between two electronic devices over a network. It is a
software function provided at a network address over the Web with the service always-on as in the concept
of utility computing. Many organizations use multiple software systems for management.

an API is an interface that allows you to build on the data and functionality of another application, while a
web service is a network-based resource that fulfils a specific task. Yes, there's overlap between the two: all
web services are APIs, but not all APIs are web services.

World Wide Web

World Wide Web, which is also known as a Web, is a collection of websites or web pages stored in web
servers and connected to local computers through the internet. Users can access the content of these
sites from any part of the world over the internet using their devices such as computers, laptops, cell phones,
etc.
An information system on the internet which allows documents to be connected to other documents by
hypertext links, enabling the user to search for information by moving from one document to another.

It is combination of all resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP). A broader definition comes from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): "The World Wide Web is
the universe of network-accessible information, an embodiment of human knowledge."
The Web gives users access to a vast array of documents that are connected to each other by means
of hypertext or hypermedia links—i.e., hyperlinks, electronic connections that link related pieces of
information to allow a user easy access to them.
The Web or WWW (World Wide Web) is an information system that access information over the
internet. It is used as a service to retrieve information from a user by using a client-server architecture. Some
important points of the Web - It is an information system that is accessed by using a web browser and a web
server

Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist, invented the World Wide Web (WWW) in 1989, while working at CERN.
The Web was originally conceived and developed to meet the demand for automated information-sharing
between scientists in universities and institutes around the world.

CERN is not an isolated laboratory, but rather the focal point for an extensive community that includes more
than 17 000 scientists from over 100 countries. Although they typically spend some time on the CERN site,
the scientists usually work at universities and national laboratories in their home countries. Reliable
communication tools are therefore essential.
The basic idea of the WWW was to merge the evolving technologies of computers, data networks and
hypertext into a powerful and easy to use global information system.

Web Site

A Web site is a related collection of World Wide Web (WWW) files that includes a beginning file called a
home page. A company or an individual tells you how to get to their Web site by giving you the address of
their home page. From the home page, you can get to all the other pages on their site.

A collection of web pages which are grouped together and usually connected in various ways. Often called
a "web site" or a "site." ... A computer that hosts a website on the Internet.

web page
A document which can be displayed in a web browser such as Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera,
Microsoft Internet Explorer or Edge, or Apple's Safari. These are also often called just "pages."

website
A collection of web pages which are grouped together and usually connected together in various
ways. Often called a "web site" or a "site."

web server
A computer that hosts a website on the Internet.
search engine
A web service that helps you find other web pages, such as Google, Bing, Yahoo, or DuckDuckGo.
Search engines are normally accessed through a web browser (e.g. you can perform search engine
searches directly in the address bar of Firefox, Chrome, etc.) or through a web page
(e.g. bing.com or duckduckgo.com).

Let's look at a simple analogy — a public library. This is what you would generally do when visiting a library:

1. Find a search index and look for the title of the book you want.
2. Make a note of the catalog number of the book.
3. Go to the particular section containing the book, find the right catalog number, and get the book.
Let's compare the library with a web server:

• The library is like a web server. It has several sections, which is similar to a web server hosting multiple
websites.
• The different sections (science, math, history, etc.) in the library are like websites. Each section is like
a unique website (two sections do not contain the same books).
• The books in each section are like webpages. One website may have several webpages, e.g., the
Science section (the website) will have books on heat, sound, thermodynamics, statics, etc. (the
webpages). Webpages can each be found at a unique location (URL).
• The search index is like the search engine. Each book has its own unique location in the library (two
books cannot be kept at the same place) which is specified by the catalog number.

Web page

A web page is a simple document displayable by a browser. Such documents are written in
the HTML language (which we look into in more detail in other articles). A web page can embed a variety of
different types of resources such as:

• style information — controlling a page's look-and-feel

• scripts — which add interactivity to the page
• media — images, sounds, and videos.
Note: Browsers can also display other documents such as PDF files or images, but the term web
page specifically refers to HTML documents. Otherwise, we only use the term document.
All web pages available on the web are reachable through a unique address. To access a page, just type its
address in your browser address bar:
Web site

A website is a collection of linked web pages (plus their associated resources) that share a unique
domain name. Each web page of a given website provides explicit links—most of the time in the
form of clickable portion of text—that allow the user to move from one page of the website to
another.

To access a website, type its domain name in your browser address bar, and the browser will
display the website's main web page, or homepage (casually referred as "the home"):

The ideas of a web page and a website are especially easy to confuse for a website that contains
only one web page. Such a website is sometimes called a single-page website.

Web server

A web server is a computer hosting one or more websites. "Hosting" means that all the web
pages and their supporting files are available on that computer. The web server will send any web
page from the website it is hosting to any user's browser, per user request.

Don't confuse websites and web servers. For example, if you hear someone say, "My website is
not responding", it actually means that the web server is not responding and therefore
the website is not available. More importantly, since a web server can host multiple websites, the
term web server is never used to designate a website, as it could cause great confusion. In our
previous example, if we said, "My web server is not responding", it means that multiple websites on
that web server are not available.

Search engine

Search engines are a common source of confusion on the web. A search engine is a special kind of
website that helps users find web pages from other websites.

There are plenty out there: Google, Bing, Yandex, DuckDuckGo, and many more. Some are
generic, some are specialized about certain topics. Use whichever you prefer.
Many beginners on the web confuse search engines and browsers. Let's make it clear: A browser is
a piece of software that retrieves and displays web pages; a search engine is a website that helps
people find web pages from other websites. The confusion arises because, the first time someone
launches a browser, the browser displays a search engine's homepage. This makes sense, because,
obviously, the first thing you want to do with a browser is to find a web page to display. Don't confuse
the infrastructure (e.g., the browser) with the service (e.g., the search engine). The distinction will
help you quite a bit, but even some professionals speak loosely, so don't feel anxious about it.

Here is an instance of Firefox showing a Google search box as its default startup page:

Electronic Mail
Electronic mail (e-mail) is a computer-based application for the exchange of messages between users.
A worldwide e-mail network allows people to exchange e-mail messages very quickly. E-mail is the electronic
equivalent of a letter, but with advantages in timeliness and flexibility.

Some examples of popular, free email websites include the following:

• Gmail.
 • Microsoft Outlook.
• Yahoo Mail.
• AOL.
• Zoho.
• ProtonMail.
• com.

Email is used for many different purposes, including contacting friends, communicating with professors
and supervisors, requesting information, and applying for jobs, internships, and scholarships.
Depending on your purposes, the messages you send will differ in their formality, intended audience, and
desired outcomes.

Here are the five most common types of emails:

• Newsletter emails.
• Lead nurturing emails.
• Promotional emails.
• Milestone emails.
• Survey emails.

3 Important Types of Email Marketing

• Email Newsletters. The email newsletter is a one-off communication that can be used to
send promotional messages, important account information, product updates, and more. ...
• Transactional Emails. ...
• Behavioural Emails.

9 Types of Email Marketing Campaigns You Should Already Be Using

• The Welcome Email Series.
• The Standard Promotional Campaign.
• The Seasonal Campaign.
• The Triggered Email Series.
• The Post-Purchase Drip.
• The Connect-Via-Social Campaign.
• The Newsletter.
• The Cart Abandonment Campaign.
• The Re-Engagement Campaign

1) The Welcome Email Series

Congrats, you gained a new subscriber. Imagine for a second you made a new friend or perhaps a new
colleague, it’s only polite to introduce yourself. This is exactly what the welcome email series are for. It’s not
the most common email campaign, but it’s one of the most effective.

By sending a series—three, four or five—you have the chance to build some familiarity with a new subscriber.
You can also educate them on your brand promise when they’re most open to hearing from you.
Here are some examples of things you should have in your welcome series:

1.
1. Fulfillment and Introduction
2. Invite them to your social media
3. Get to know them

– Ask them for their birthday- Ask them about their preferences for email- Ask them how they found you

Taking too long to contact a new email subscriber can lead to higher spam scores simply because your
subscribers forgot they actually signed up for your list. On top of that, welcome emails receive higher than
average open rates, click-throughs, and generate more revenue.

If you put no other kind of email marketing campaign into action — use this one.

4 important facts to keep in mind when crafting your welcome email

• Wow your customers

• Showcase your brand
• Say thanks
• Give them a little gift

2) The Standard Promotional Campaign

This is the most common of the email marketing campaigns and probably the one most familiar to you.

Chances are you have a promotional email from a brand in your inbox right now…or a few dozen. In my
experience as a consumer, these are often less strategic or systematic than we’d like to see.

They are kind of like machine-gun fire, showing up in inboxes over and over again with a kind of rat-a-tat-tat
repetition that never changes. That’s not what we encourage — think these campaigns through.

Rather than sending 10 different one-off emails promoting your products, what about putting some thought
into a campaign that is progressive or unified in some way so one email builds on the previous and leads to
the next?

Here are some things that can add spice to your traditional email promotion:

• Provoke emotion
• Add humor
• Leave them curious
• Give a free product
• Use slogans from popular music
• Use color, images and font that grabs attention
• Give a free product

3) The Seasonal Campaign

Branching off the promotional email campaign is the seasonal campaign.

On any major holiday, you can most likely launch an email marketing. From Valentine’s Day to less popular
campaigns, but still highly effective, on Father’s Day. These types of email marketing campaigns can have a
buildup before the event and a follow-up after—meaning you have several opportunities to send an email.

This period’s especially important for retail. According to the National Retail Federation, holiday sales account
for 20% of all retail sales. In the US alone, those sales were worth more than $84 billion.

Here are some things to consider when planning your season campaign:
 • Know the holidays in the country you are promoting. This is a great way to segment your list.
• Start early. People are bombarded over the holidays so make sure you’re the first one to reach their
inbox.
• Make sure the colors as well as the language matches the theme of the holiday.
• Give them an exclusive discount for the holiday. This is a critical reason why holiday marketing is
effective.
• Use urgency. One of the main reasons email marketing works well is that they are for a limited amount
of time.

4) The Triggered Email Series

With automated email marketing, you can have a user’s action trigger a series of targeted and relevant
emails.

It might be that they clicked on a link in one of the emails in your promotional email series, put items in their
cart but then bounced without checking out, downloaded a piece of content, bought something, or responded
to a survey. In some way, their behaviour “triggered” the drip campaign they are now entered in.

According to the DMA’s 2013 National Client Email Report, over 75% of email revenue is generated through
triggered campaigns, rather than one-size-fits-all promo campaigns.

Reading MailChimp’s automation triggers, there are 4 types of triggers that you can add to your email
marketing toolbox:

1. Campaign activity: an email is sent to someone who is part of a campaign list, opened a specific
campaign, didn’t open a campaign, clicks on a specific link, didn’t click on a link.
2. List management: triggers an automated email when someone is manually added to a list, or if they
sign up to a list on their own.
3. Workflow activity: triggers an email that sends after a subscriber receives, opens, doesn’t open or
clicks on a link in the previous automated email in your series.
4. Ecommerce: triggers an email that sends after a customer purchases any product, a specific product,
hasn’t purchased a second product, abandoned a product in a cart or showed interest in a product
from a previous email.

5) The Post-Purchase Drip

I hardly ever see these, and I don’t know why. I think the post-purchase drip is just savvy email marketing!

This is an email series that is sent not to sell necessarily but as a simple follow-up to a purchase.

Let’s say I bought a new gadget for my kitchen. The savvy email marketer could use automated email
marketing to send emails (triggered by purchase) that both reinforces my decision to make the purchase and
builds brand loyalty.

For example, one email might give me tips on how to clean and care for the gadget. The next email could be
a recipe using the gadget…and so on. From an emotional perspective, it builds trust and delight with
customers because you’re delivering value after you’ve already made the sale. Yet each one of these emails
is still a chance to up-sell and cross-sell.

6) The Connect-via-Social Campaign

The social campaign is one that crosses channels from email into social media and potentially back again to
email.

It’s an email marketing campaign that seeks to engage people in their newsfeed. You have plenty of options
with this one, from Facebook to Instagram.
Take the kitchen gadget for example, a social campaign might use email marketing to ask users to pin
pictures of recipes made with the gadget to Pinterest, or post them on Facebook, or tweet with a hashtag.
The possibilities are endless!

(For some fantastic examples of Facebook contest promotions to inspire you, check out Wishpond)

7) The Newsletter

Although not technically a “campaign,” because it can go on indefinitely, a newsletter or digest—something

that’s a regular communication between you and your list—is just smart email.

When you do newsletters right, they are not sales pieces that your audience is likely to grow tired of but rather
emails that can do them a real service — keeping them in the loop on product updates, educating them and
even just entertaining them.

Some of the most popular emails around are newsletters sent out by brands like theSkim. But it’s not all give
on your part. You benefit too by staying top of mind, building brand loyalty, and providing share-worthy content
that potentially grows your audience.

8) The Abandoned Cart Series

Abandoned cart emails can actually be a kind of email marketing campaign.

Like other automated campaigns, these are emails triggered by a user’s actions—in this case, adding an item
to a virtual shopping cart but not buying. These types of emails tend to offer an incentive, like, “Hey, you
didn’t finish checking out. Here’s a 10% discount to encourage you to complete your purchase.”

This type of email series—like welcome emails—tend to have markedly higher open rates and conversions.
However, they are more sophisticated for the beginner to take on, but should be on everyone’s radar for
implementation.

9) The Re-Engagement Campaign

The re-engagement campaign is a series of emails sent to inactive subscribers.

Email list churn rate is about 25-30% per year. This is normal, people change emails, companies change
names – it’s part of the industry. A re-engagement campaign attempts to battle this very fact.

Let’s say a segment of your list hasn’t opened an email in over 6 months. Your re-engagement campaign is
an effort to either to either a) bring these subscribers back into the fold or b) determine if they can even be r-
engaged and if not, cleanse your email list.

Why remove them from your list? Because they are dead weight, and by not opening or engaging with your
emails, they can potentially affect your reputation in the eyes of the ISPs, and therefore your deliverability
rate.
A top-level domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name
System of the Internet after the root domain. The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of
the name space.