SRM Institute of Science and

Technology,
Chennai

21CSS101J –Programming for Problem

Solving
Unit-IV
SRM Institute of Science and
Technology,
Chennai
 Unit-IV

Python: Introduction to Python - Introduction to Google Colab - Basic Data

Types: Integers, Floating Points, Boolean types - Working with String
functions - Working with Input, Output functions - Python-Single and Multi
line Comments/ Error Handling - Conditional & Looping Statements : If, for,
while statements - Working with List structures - Working with Tuples data
structures - Working with Sets - Working with Dictionaries - Introduction to
Python Libraries - Introduction to Numpy - High Dimensional Arrays
Introduction to Python

⮚ Python is a general-purpose programming language.

⮚ It is high level and object-oriented programming
language.
⮚ Python is a very simple programming language so even if
you are new to programming, you can learn python
without facing any issues.
⮚ Python is used in all domains
⮚ Web Development
⮚ Software Development
⮚ Game Development
⮚ AI & is
Python MLdeveloped by- Guido van
⮚ Data AnalyticsRossum
Features of Python
Programming
✔ Python is free and open-source programming language.
✔ It is high level programming language.
✔ It is simple and easy to learn.
✔ It is portable. That means python programs can be
executed on various platforms without altering them.
✔ It is object-oriented programming language.
✔ It can be embedded in or C++ programs.
✔ Python programs are interpreted. (No need to compile).
✔ It has huge set of library.
✔ Python has a powerful set of built-in data types and easy
to use control statements.
Installation Procedure

Python can be downloaded from the following URL

http://www.python.org/downloads
Interactive Mode and Script
Mode
Python has two basic modes. They are
1. Interactive Mode
2. Script Mode
Interactive Mode
Interactive mode is a command line shell. The user can
execute commands and get the output immediately. The
commands are executed via the python shell, which
comes with python installation.
To access the python shell, open the terminal of your
operating system and then type “python”. Press the enter
key and the Python shell appear.
Interactive Mode
Interactive Mode

The >>> indicates that the python shell is ready to execute

and send your commands to the python interpreter. The result
is immediately displayed on the python shell.
To run your python statements, just type them and hit the
enter key. You will get the results immediately.
For Example, to print the text “Hello World”

>>> print(“Hello World”)

Hello World
>>>
Interactive Mode

Here are other examples

>>> 10
10
>>> print(5*20)
100
>>>print(“hi”*5)
hihihihihi
>>> name=“Sharma”
>>> age=21
>>> course=“BT and Civil”
Interactive Mode

>>> print(“My name is ”+name+”, aged ”+age+” , taking

“+course)
Error
TypeError: Cannot concatenate ‘str’ and ‘int’ objects.
When we do not know that the variable type will be always a
string, we need to explicitly convert it to a string.
>>> print(“My name is ”+name+”, aged ”+str(age)+” , taking
“+course)
Interactive Mode

The below example demonstrates how we can execute

multiple python statements in interactive mode.
>>> if 5 > 10:
... print("5 is greater than 10")
... else:
... print("5 is less than 10")
...
5 is less than 10
>>>
Pros and Cons of Interactive
Mode
The following are the advantages of running your code in
interactive mode:
1.Helpful when your script is extremely short and you want
immediate results.
2.Faster as you only have to type a command and then press
the enter key to get the results.
3.Good for beginners who need to understand Python basics.
Script Mode

If we need to write a long piece of python program, script

mode is the right option. In script mode, we have to write a
code in a text file then save it with a .py extension which
stands for python. Note that we can use any text editor for
this, including Sublime, Atom, notepad++, etc.
First.py // save the file Outp
a=10
name ut
b=20
if a>b:
print("a is
greater")
else:
print("b is
greater")
Pros and Cons of Script
Mode
The following are the advantages of running your code in
script mode:
1.It is easy to run large pieces of code.
2.Editing your script is easier in script mode.
3.Good for both beginners and experts.
The following are the disadvantages of using the script
mode:
1.Can be tedious when you need to run only a single or a few
lines of cod.
2.You must create and save a file before executing your code.
Getting help
You can get the details of command in interactive mode. Just
type the help() command on the shell and then hit enter key.
>>> help()
Introduction to Google colab

Why Colab?
As a beginner to the Python development, you must have
faced the daunting task of installing and configuring Python
before your run your first “Hello World” code.
The configuration increases if you want to perform
specialized tasks such as machine learning, computation
analysis, data exploration. Again, the question arises of
whether your system has a supported GPU to train machine
learning models. Your model training might be too slow, if
your training device doesnot have a GPU.
Introduction to Google colab

Why Colab?
The steps for writing your Python code includes:
• Meet a proper hardware requirements.
• Download Python executable file.
• You might want to create the virtual environment to run different
version of the python. (Optional)
• Choosing the IDE to run your program. From Visual Studio,
Pycharm, Atom, Esclipse and many more
• Download conda if you want to develop for Data science.
• Then, install the libraries and framework required for your
project. For instance, NumPy, Panda, Matplotlib, etc.
• Furthermore, you might also want to install the jupyter notebook.
Introduction to Google colab

Why Colab?
Wouldn‟t it be better if you could skip all the above steps and
start writing a program? Moreover, what about if you get free
GPU and TPU for your computation heavy task. Does it
sound too good to be true? That‟s what a Google Colab is.
Google Colab is a Jupyter notebook environment that runs
completely on a cloud. It handles all the setup and
configuration required for your program. So that you can start
writing your first program.
Colaboratory, or “Colab” for short, is a product from Google
Research. Colaballows anybody to write and execute
arbitrary python code through the browser, and is especially
Introduction to Google colab
Introduction to Google colab
How to run a code in Google Colab?
Running code in Google Colab is as easy as opening any
website. It requires just 2 steps. Yes, you heard me correct.
1. Sign into Google colab.
2. Create a new notebook.
Introduction to Google colab
How to run a code in Google Colab?

Select
Introduction to Google colab
How to run a code in Google Colab?

Type
your
python
code
Introduction to Google colab
How to run a code in Google Colab?

Run the Program by clicking

the button
Introduction to Google colab
How to run a code in Google Colab?
Basic data types

Integers
In Python, integers are zero, positive or negative whole numbers without a
fractional part and having unlimited precision, e.g. 0, 100, -10. The
followings are valid integer literals in Python.
Example:
#integer variables
x=0
print(x)
x = 100
print(x)
x = -10
print(x)
x = 1234567890
print(x)
x = 5000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
print(x)
Basic data types

Integers
Integers can be binary, octal, and hexadecimal values.
Example:
b = 0b11011000 # binary
print(b)
216
o = 0o12 # octal
print(o)
10
h = 0x12 # hexadecimal
print(h)
18
Basic data types

Float
In Python, floating point numbers (float) are positive and negative real
numbers with a fractional part denoted by the decimal symbol . or the
scientific notation E or e, e.g. 1234.56, 3.142, -1.55, 0.23.
Example:
f = 1.2
print(f) #output: 1.2
print(type(f)) #output: <class 'float'>
f=123_42.222_013 #output: 12342.222013
print(f)
f=2e400
print(f) #output: inf
As you can see, a floating point number can be separated by the underscore
_. The maximum size of a float is depend on your system. The float beyond
its maximum size referred as inf, Inf, INFINITY, or infinity. For example, a
float number 2e400 will be considered as infinity for most systems.
Basic data types

Float
Use the float() function to convert string, int to float.
Example:
f=float('5.5')
print(f) #output: 5.5

f=float('5')
print(f) #output: 5.0
Basic data types

Boolean
The Python Boolean type is one of Python's built-in data types. It's used to
represent the truth value of an expression. For example, the expression 1 <=
2 is True , while the expression 0 == 1 is False . Understanding how Python
Boolean values behave is important to programming well in Python.
Example:
>>> type(False)
<class 'bool'>
>>> type(True)
<class 'bool‟>
a=1
b=2
c=a<b
print (c)
Output
True
Working with String
Functions
String is collection of characters. All string methods return
new values. They do not change the original string. Strings in
python are surrounded by either single quotation marks, or
double quotation marks.
>>> print(“Hello”)
„Hello‟
>>> print(„Hello‟)
„Hello‟
>>> dept=“Engineering”
„Engineering‟
String Methods
Looping through a String
We can loop through the characters in a string, with a for
loop.
Example
for x in “Engineering”:
print(x)
Output
E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
String Methods

String Length
To get the length of the string, use the len() method.
>>> dept=“Engineering”
>>> print(len(dept))
11
Check String ( in keyword )
To check particular pattern or character is present in the
string, we can use in keyword.
>>> student=“I am doing Bio-Technology”
>>> print(“Bio” in student)
True
String Methods

Check String( not in keyword)

To check pattern or character is present in the string, we can
use in keyword.
>>> student=“I am doing Bio-Technology”
>>> print(“Bio” not in student)
False
String Slicing
We can extract range of characters by using the slice. Specify
the start index and end index, separated by a colon, to return
part of the string.
>>> student=“I am doing Bio-Technology”
>>> print(student[0:5])
String Methods

>>> student=“I am doing Bio-Technology”

>>> print(student[2:4])
am
Slice from the Start
>>> print(student[:25])
I am doing Bio-Technology
Slice to the End
>>> print(student[0:])
I am doing Bio-Technology
String Methods

Negative Indexing
>>> print(student[-1:])
y
>>> print(student[-2:])
gy
>>> print(student[-10:])
Technology
String Methods
Modify String
Upper Case
>>> name=“Bana Singh”
>>> print(name.upper())
BANA SINGH
Lower Case
>>>print(name.lower())
bana singh
Remove Whitspace
>>> name=“ Bana Singh “
>>>print(name.strip()) // Removes whitespace from the
beginning or end
String Methods
Modify String
Replace String
>>> name=“Bana Singh”
>>> name
'Bana Singh'
>>> print(name.replace("Bana","Param Vir Chakra"))
Param Vir Chakra Singh
Unit-4
• Python: Introduction to Python - Introduction to
Google Colab - Basic Data Types: Integers, Floating
Points, Boolean types - Working with String
functions - Working with Input, Output functions -
Python-Single and Multi line Comments/Error
Handling - Conditional & Looping Statements : If, for,
while statements - Working with List structures -
Working with Tuples data structures - Working with
Sets - Working with Dictionaries - Introduction to
Python Libraries - Introduction to Numpy - High
Dimensional Arrays
Working with String functions
Python-Single and Multi line
Comments
Unit-4
• Python: Introduction to Python - Introduction to
Google Colab - Basic Data Types: Integers, Floating
Points, Boolean types - Working with String
functions - Working with Input, Output functions -
Python-Single and Multi line Comments/Error
Handling - Conditional & Looping Statements : If, for,
while statements - Working with List structures -
Working with Tuples data structures - Working with
Sets - Working with Dictionaries - Introduction to
Python Libraries - Introduction to Numpy - High
Dimensional Arrays
Error Handling in Python

An exception is a type of error that occurs during the

execution of a program. However, Python throws an
exception while running a program, which must be handled to
prevent your application from crashing.
Python has many built-in exceptions that are raised when your
program encounters an error (something in the program goes
wrong).
When these exceptions occur, the Python interpreter stops the
current process and passes it to the calling process until it is
handled. If not handled, the program will crash.
Error Handling in Python

For example, let us consider a program where we have a

function A that calls function B, which in turn calls function
C. If an exception occurs in function C but is not handled in
C, the exception passes to B and then to A.

If never handled, an error message is displayed and our

program comes to a sudden unexpected halt.
Error Handling in Python

Why should we use exceptions?

1. Exception handling mechanism allows you to separate
error-handling code from normal code.
2. It clarifies the code and enhanced readability.
3. It is a convenient method for handling error messages.
4. In python, we can raise an exception in the program by
using the raise exception method.
Error Handling in Python
Important Python Errors

Error Type Description

ArithmeticEr ArithmeticError act as a base class for all
ror arithmetic exceptions. It is raised for errors in
arithmetic operations.
ImportError ImportError is raised when you are trying to
import a module which does not present. This
kind of exception occurs if you have made typing
mistake in the module name or the module which
is not present in the standard path.
IndexError An IndexError is raised when you try to refer a
sequence which is out of range.
KeyError When a specific key is not found in a dictionary, a
KeyError exception is raised.
NameError A NameError is raised when a name is referred to
in code which never exists in the local or global
namespace.
Error Handling in Python
Important Python Errors
Error Type Description
ValueError Value error is raised when a function or built-in
operation receives an argument which may be
of correct type but does not have suitable
value.
EOFerror This kind of error raises when one of the built-
in functions (input() or raw_input()) reaches an
EOF condition without reading any data.
ZeroDivison This type of error raised when division or
Error module by zero takes place for all numeric
types.
IOError- This kind of error raised when an input/output
operation fails.
syntaxError SyntaxErrors raised when there is an error in
Python syntax.
IndentationEr This error raised when indentation is not
ror properly defined
Error Handling in Python

try:
lets you test a
block of code for
errors

except:

lets you handle

the error
Error Handling in Python

finally:
Execute the code
regardless of the
result of the try-
and except
blocks
Error Handling in Python

Example:
if age>=18:
print("Eligible to Vote")
Error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:/Users/Jose/Desktop/demo2.py", line 1, in
<module>
if age>=18:
NameError: name 'age' is not defined
Error Handling in Python

Example:
try:
if age>=18:
print("Eligible to Vote")
except:
print("Variable age is not initialized")
Output:
Variable age is not initialized
Error Handling in Python

Example:
An error generated inside
age=24
the try block will be handled
try:
by except block.
if age>=18:
print("Eligible to Vote")
If there is no try block, the
except:
program execution will be
print("Variable age is not
stopped suddenly, and error
initialized")
message displayed.
Output:
Eligible to Vote
Error Handling in Python
Example: (Division by Zero Error)
import sys
a=20
try:
a/0
except ArithmeticError as e:
print (e)
#print (sys.exc_type)
print ('This is an example of catching ArithmeticError’)
Output:
division by zero
This is an example of catching ArithmeticError
Error Handling in Python

Example:
try:
if age>=18:
print("Eligible to Vote")
except:
print("Variable age is not initialized")
Output:
Variable age is not initialized
Error Handling in Python

Example:
try:
if age>=18:
print("Eligible to Vote")
except:
print("Variable age is not initialized")
Output:
Variable age is not initialized
Error Handling in Python

Example:
try:
if age>=18:
print("Eligible to Vote")
except:
print("Variable age is not initialized")
Output:
Variable age is not initialized
Error Handling in Python

Example: (ImportError)
import sys
try:
from exception import myexception
except Exception as e:
print (e)
Output:
No module named 'exception'
Error Handling in Python

Many Exceptions
We can create as many exception blocks as we like, for
example, if we want to run a special piece of code in
response to a specific error:
try:
print(x)
except NameError:
print("Variable x is not defined")
except:
print("Something else went wrong")
Output:
Variable x is not defined
Error Handling in Python

Else
You can use the else keyword to define a block of code to be
executed if no errors were raised:
try:
print("Hello")
except:
print("Something went wrong")
else:
print("Nothing went wrong")
Output:
Hello
Nothing went wrong
Error Handling in Python
finally
The finally block, if specified, will be executed regardless if
the try block raises an error or not.
try:
print(x)
except:
print("Something went wrong")
finally:
print("The 'try except' is finished")
Output:
Something went wrong
The 'try except' is finished
Error Handling in Python

Raise an exception
The developer can throw an exception in python if some
condition is satisfied.
x = -1
if x < 0:
raise Exception("Sorry, no numbers below zero")

Output:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:/Users/Jose/Desktop/demo1.py", line 3, in
<module>
raise Exception("Sorry, no numbers below zero")
Python Conditional and Looping Statements
• Equals: a == b
• Not Equals: a != b
• Less than: a < b
• Less than or equal to: a <= b
• Greater than: a > b
• Greater than or equal to: a >= b
Python if statement syntax
if test_expression:
statements(s)
Here, the program evaluates the test expression and will
execute statement(s) only if the test expression is True.
If the test expression is False, the statement(s) is not
executed.
Python Conditional and Looping Statements
Example:
Num=3
If Num>0:
print(“Number positive”)

Python if statement syntax

if test_expression:
Body of if
elif test_expression:
Body of elif
else:
Body of else
Python Conditional and Looping Statements

The elif is short for else if. It allows us to check for multiple
expressions. If the condition for if is False, it checks the
condition of the next elif block and so on. If all the conditions
are False, the body of else is executed. Only one block
among the several if...elif...else blocks is executed according
to the condition.
Example:
num = 3.4
if num > 0:
print("Positive number")
elif num == 0:
print("Zero")
else:
print("Negative number")
Python Conditional and Looping Statements

Python nested if statement syntax

if boolean_expression:
if boolean_expression:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
Any number of these statements can be nested inside one
another. Indentation is the only way to figure out the level of
nesting. They can get confusing, so they must be avoided
unless necessary.
Python Conditional and Looping Statements

Python nested if statement syntax

Example:
x = 30
y = 10
if x >= y:
print("x is greater than or equals to y")
if x == y:
print("x is equals to y")
else:
print("x is greater than y")
else:
print("x is less than y")

x is greater than or equals to y

x is greater than y
Python Conditional and Looping
Statements
Python Loops
⮚ while loop
⮚ for loop
Loops are used to perform same set of statements again and
again.
While loop in Python
The block of statements in the while loop is executed as long
as the test condition is true.
Syntax of while loop
while test_expression:
Body of while
Python Conditional and Looping Statements

In the while loop, test expression is checked first. The body

of the loop is entered only if the test_expression evaluates to
True. After one iteration, the test expression is checked again.
This process continues until the test_expression evaluates to
False.
Python Conditional and Looping Statements

Example:
n = 10
sum = 0
i=1
while i <= n:
sum = sum + i
i = i+1 # update counter
print("The sum is", sum)
Output:
The sum is 55
Python Conditional and Looping Statements

Example: (Find a list of all even numbers from 1 to 25

and calculate the sum of even numbers)
Output
n = 25 Even numbers
sum = 0 are
print("Even numbers are") 2
i=1 4
6
while i <= n: 8
10
if i%2==0: 12
14
print(i)
16
sum=sum+i 18
i = i+1 # update counter 20
22
24
print("The sum is", sum)
The sum is 156
Python Conditional and Looping Statements

for loop in Python

The python for loop is used to iterate over a sequence (list,
tuple, String). Iterating over a sequence is called traversing.
Syntax of for loop
for val in sequence:
loop body

Here, val is the variable that takes the value of the item inside
the sequence on each iteration. Loop continues until we reach
the last item in the sequence. The body of for loop is
separated from the rest of the code using indentation.
Python Conditional and Looping Statements

Example: (Find a list of all even numbers from 1 to 25

and calculate the sum of even numbers)Output
n = 25 Even numbers
sum = 0 are
2
print("Even numbers are") 4
6
for i in 8
range(n): 10
if i%2==0: 12
print(i) 14
sum=sum+i 16
18
i = i+1 # update counter 20
22
print("The sum is", sum) 24
The sum is 156
Python Conditional and Looping Statements

Example: (Prime no or not)

n=int(input(""))
i=2
flag=0
while i<=n/2:
if n%i==0:
flag=1
break
i=i+1
if flag==0:
print("prime ",n)
Else:
print(“Not a prime ”, n)
Python Conditional and Looping Statements

Example: (Prime no or not)

n=int(input(""))
i=2
flag=0
while i<=n/2:
if n%i==0:
flag=1
break
i=i+1
if flag==0:
print("prime ",n)
Else:
print(“Not a prime ”, n)
Python Conditional and Looping Statements

Example: (Palindrome)
rev=0
n=int(input("Enter any no"))
temp=n
while n>0:
r=n%10
rev=rev*10+r
n=int(n/10)
# print(n)
if rev==temp:
print("Palindrome")
else:
print("No")
Python Conditional and Looping Statements

Example: (Reverse the number)

rev=0
n=int(input("Enter any no"))
temp=n
while n>0:
r=n%10
rev=rev*10+r
n=int(n/10)
# print(n)
print(rev)
Unit-4
• Python: Introduction to Python - Introduction to
Google Colab - Basic Data Types: Integers, Floating
Points, Boolean types - Working with String
functions - Working with Input, Output functions -
Python-Single and Multi line Comments/Error
Handling - Conditional & Looping Statements : If, for,
while statements - Working with List structures -
Working with Tuples data structures - Working with
Sets - Working with Dictionaries - Introduction to
Python Libraries - Introduction to Numpy - High
Dimensional Arrays
Working with List Structures

Lists
List is used to store multiple elements separated by comma
and enclosed within the square brackets[ ]. List elements are
ordered (it means that elements are added at the end of list),
changeable (we can add or remove elements from the list),
and allow duplicate values. List elements are indexed , the
first index is 0.
Working with List Structures

Lists
>>> Games=[“Cricket”,”Hockey”,”Football”]
>>> Games
['Cricket', 'Hockey', 'Football‟]
len() Method
To determine the number of elements in the list
>>> len(Games)
3
type() Method
To find the type of variable used in the program
>>> print(type(Games))
<class 'list'>
Working with List
Structures
Lists
To access elements from the list
>>> Games.append(“Kabadi”)
>>> Games
['Cricket', 'Hockey', 'Football', 'Kabadi‟]
To access the first element
>>> Games[1] or print(Games[1])
Hockey
Negative Indexing
It means that indexing start from the last item. -1 refers to the
last item, -2 refers to the second last item etc.
Working with List
Structures
Lists
>>> Games[-1] or print(Games[-1])
Kabadi
>>> Games[-2] or print(Games[-2])
Football
Range of Elements
To access range of elements from the list, mention the
starting index and ending index. The output will be a new list
with specified number of elements.
>>> print(Games[1:2])
['Hockey']
Working with List
Structures
Lists
>>> Games
['Cricket', 'Hockey', 'Football', 'Kabadi‟]
>>> Games[2:]
['Football', 'Kabadi‟]
Remove List (We can specify the element name or index
while deleting)
>>> Games.remove(“Kabadi”)
>>> Games
['Cricket', 'Hockey', 'Football']
Working with List
Structures
Lists
Iterate or Loop through elements
>>> Games.append("Golf”)
>>> Games.append(“Tennis”)
>>> Games
['Cricket', 'Hockey', 'Football', 'Golf', 'Tennis‟]
>>> for x in Games
… print(x)
…
Cricket
Hockey
Football
Golf
Tennis
Working with List
Structures
Lists
Sorting Elements in the List (Ascending or Descending)
>>> Games
['Cricket', 'Hockey', 'Football', 'Golf', 'Tennis‟]
>>> Games.sort()
>>> Games
['Cricket', 'Football', 'Golf', 'Hockey', 'Tennis‟] // Ascending
>>> Games.sort(reverse=True)
>>> Games
['Tennis', 'Hockey', 'Golf', 'Football', 'Cricket']
Working with List
Structures
Lists
Copy List elements to another rlist
>>> Games
['Cricket', 'Hockey', 'Football', 'Golf', 'Tennis‟]
>>>L1= Games.copy()
>>>L1
['Cricket', 'Hockey', 'Football', 'Golf', 'Tennis‟]
Join two different Lists
>>> Games
['Cricket', 'Hockey', 'Football', 'Golf', 'Tennis‟]
>>> L1
['Cricket', 'Hockey', 'Football', 'Golf', 'Tennis‟]
Working with List Structures
Lists
Join two different Lists // Approach-1 (Use concatenation
operator)
>>> L2=Games+L1
>>> L2
['Tennis', 'Hockey', 'Golf', 'Football', 'Cricket', 'Tennis',
'Hockey', 'Golf', 'Football', 'Cricket‟]
Join two different Lists // Approach-2 (Use append()
method)
>>> list2
[1, 2, 3]
>>> list1
['x', 'y', 'z']
>>> for x in list2:
... list1.append(x)
...
>>> print(list1)
['x', 'y', 'z', 1, 2, 3]
 Method Description
append() Adds an element at the end of the list
clear() Removes all the elements from the list
copy() Returns a copy of the list
count() Returns the number of elements with the
specified value
extend() Add the elements of a list (or any iterable), to
the end of the current list
index() Returns the index of the first element with the
specified value
insert() Adds an element at the specified position
pop() Removes the element at the specified position
remove() Removes the item with the specified value
reverse() Reverses the order of the list
sort() Sorts the list
Working with Tuples Data Structures
Tuple
Tuple is also a collection data type used to store more
elements in a single variable name. It is unchangeable
(Immutable). In tuples, elements are enclosed in round
brackets.
Create a Tuple
>>> t1=(1,2,3) //tuple name is t1
>>> t1
(1, 2, 3)
>>> t2=("a","b","c") // //tuple name is t2
>>> t2
('a', 'b', 'c')
Working with Tuples Data Structures

Tuple
Access Tuple elements // Use index , inside the square
brackets
>>> t2
('a', 'b', 'c')
>>> print( t2[1])
Change Tuple Values
Once tuple is created, we cannot change its values. Because
tuples are immutable. But there is another way, Convert
tuple into a list, change the list, and convert the list back
into a tuple.
Working with Tuples Data Structures

Tuple
>>> t2
('a', 'b', „c‟) // Elements in tuple-t2
>>> t3=list(t2) // tuple is converted into a list
>>> t3
['a', 'b', 'c‟]
>>> t3[1]="Butterfly“ // change the element in list
>>> t3
['a', 'Butterfly', 'c‟]
>>> t2=tuple(t3) // Convert the list into tuple
>>> t2
('a', 'Butterfly', 'c')
Working with Tuples Data
Structures
Tuple
Loop through a Tuple
>>>
cricketers=("Rohit","kholi","Dawan","Ashwin","Jadej
a")
>>> cricketers
('Rohit', 'kholi', 'Dawan', 'Ashwin', 'Jadeja’)
>>> for x in cricketers:
... print(x)
...
Rohit
kholi
Dawan
Ashwin
Working with Tuples Data Structures

Tuple
Join Tuples
>>>
cricketers=("Rohit","kholi","Dawan","Ashwin","Jadej
a")
>>> bowlers=
("Kuldip","Bumrah","Ishanth","Pandya")
>>> cricket= cricketers + bowlers
('Rohit', 'kholi', 'Dawan', 'Ashwin', 'Jadeja', 'Kuldip',
'Bumrah', 'Ishanth', 'Pandya')
Working with Sets

Sets are used to store multiple items in a single variable. A set is a collection
of unordered, unchangeable, and unindexed.
Note: Sets are written with curly brackets.
//Create a set
Fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
print(Fruits)
//Duplicates not allowed
Fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple"}
print(Fruits)
Output:
{'banana', 'cherry', 'apple‟}
//Length of a set
Fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
print(len(Fruits))
Output:
3
Working with Dictionaries

Dictionary
It is used to store data values in key:value pairs. Dictionary
is a collection which is ordered, changeable (mutable) and
do not allow duplicate values. Dictionary uses curly brackets.

>>>

shop={"name":"Easybuy","type":"Textiles","year":2006,

"year":2006}

>>> print(shop)

{'name': 'Easybuy', 'type': 'Textiles', 'year': 2006}

Working with Dictionaries

Dictionary
Accessing Elements
>>> print(shop)
{'name': 'Easybuy', 'type': 'Textiles', 'year': 2006}
>>> shop[“year”]
2006
Change Dictionary Elements // Approach-1
>>> shop[“year”]=2012
>>> shop
{'name': 'Easybuy', 'type': 'Textiles', 'year': 2012}
Working with
Dictionaries
Dictionary
Change Dictionary Elements //Approach-2
>>> shop.update({“year”:2018})
>>> shop
{'name': 'Easybuy', 'type': 'Textiles', 'year': 2018}
Add elements into Dictionary
>>> shop[“rate”:”Good”]
>>> shop
{'name': 'Easybuy', 'type': 'Textiles', 'year': 2018, 'rate':
'Good'}
Working with
Dictionaries
Dictionary
Remove elements from Dictionary
>>> shop.pop(“rate”)
'Good'
>>> shop
{'name': 'Easybuy', 'type': 'Textiles', 'year': 2018}
Loop through Dictionary
>>> for x in shop:
... print(x+ "="+str(shop[x]))
...
name=Easybuy
type=Textiles
year=2018
Working with
Dictionaries
Dictionary
Copy a Dictionary // Use copy method
>>> shop
{'name': 'Easybuy', 'type': 'Textiles', 'year': 2018}
>>> shop1=shop.copy()
>>> shop1
{'name': 'Easybuy', 'type': 'Textiles', 'year': 2018}
Working with Dictionaries
Dictionary Methods

Method Description
clear() Removes all the elements from the dictionary
copy() Returns a copy of the dictionary
fromkeys() Returns a dictionary with the specified keys and value
get() Returns the value of the specified key
items() Returns a list containing a tuple for each key value pair
keys() Returns a list containing the dictionary's keys
pop() Removes the element with the specified key
popitem() Removes the last inserted key-value pair
setdefault() Returns the value of the specified key. If the key does
not exist: insert the key, with the specified value
update() Updates the dictionary with the specified key-value
pairs
values() Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary
Unit-4
• Python: Introduction to Python - Introduction to
Google Colab - Basic Data Types: Integers, Floating
Points, Boolean types - Working with String
functions - Working with Input, Output functions -
Python-Single and Multi line Comments/Error
Handling - Conditional & Looping Statements : If, for,
while statements - Working with List structures -
Working with Tuples data structures - Working with
Sets - Working with Dictionaries - Introduction to
Python Libraries - Introduction to Numpy - High
Dimensional Arrays
Introduction to Python Libraries
In the programming world, a library is a collection of precompiled codes that can
be used later on in a program for some specific well-defined operations.
A Python library is a collection of related modules. It contains bundles of code
that can be used repeatedly in different programs. It makes Python Programming
simpler and convenient for the programmer.
A library is a collection of utility methods, classes, and modules that your
application code can use to perform specific tasks without writing the
functionalities from scratch.

List of Libraries in Python

1. Pandas
❖ Pandas is a BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) licensed open-source library.
❖ This popular library is widely used in the field of data science. They are
primarily used for data analysis, manipulation, cleaning, etc.
❖ Pandas allow for simple data modeling and data analysis operations without the
need to switch to another language such as R.
Introduction to Python Libraries

Pandas can do a wide range of tasks, including:

⮚ The data frame can be sliced using Pandas.
⮚ Data frame joining and merging can be done using Pandas.
⮚ Columns from two data frames can be concatenated using Pandas.
⮚ In a data frame, index values can be changed using Pandas.
⮚ In a column, the headers can be changed using Pandas.
⮚ Data conversion into various forms can also be done using Pandas and
many more.
Introduction to Python Libraries

2.NumPy
⮚ The name “NumPy” stands for “Numerical Python”.
⮚ It is the commonly used library.
⮚ It is a popular machine learning library that supports large matrices and
multi-dimensional data.
⮚ It can be used in linear algebra, as a multi-dimensional container for
generic data, and as a random number generator, among other things.
⮚ Some of the important functions in NumPy are arcsin(), arccos(), tan(),
radians(), etc. NumPy Array is a Python object which defines an N-
dimensional array with rows and columns.
Features
1. Numpy is a very interactive and user-friendly library.
2. NumPy simplifies the implementation of difficult mathematical
equations.
3. It makes coding and understanding topics a breeze.
4. The NumPy interface can be used to represent images, sound waves,
and other binary raw streams as an N-dimensional array of real values
for visualization.
Introduction to Python Libraries

3. Keras
⮚ Keras is an open-source neural network library written in Python that
allows us to quickly experiment with deep neural networks.
⮚ It is an API designed for humans rather than machines.
⮚ It is the very important library used in deep learning.
⮚ In comparison to TensorFlow or Theano, Keras has a better acceptance
rate in the scientific and industrial communities.
Features
1. It runs without a hitch on both the CPU (Central Processing Unit) and
GPU (Graphics Processing Unit).
2. Keras supports nearly all neural network models, including fully
connected, convolutional, pooling, recurrent, embedding, and so forth.
These models can also be merged to create more sophisticated models.
3. Keras’ modular design makes it very expressive, adaptable and suited
well to cutting-edge research.
4. Keras is a Python-based framework, that makes it simple to debug and
explore different models and projects.
Introduction to Python Libraries

4. TensorFlow
⮚ It is the high performance numerical calculation library that is open
source.
⮚ It is also employed in deep learning algorithms and machine learning
algorithms.
⮚ It was developed by researchers in the Google Brain group of the Google
AI organization and is now widely used by researchers in physics,
mathematics, and machine learning for complex mathematical
computations.
Features
✔ Responsive Construct: We can easily visualize every part of the graph
with TensorFlow, which is not possible with Numpy or SciKit.
✔ It is flexible in its operation related to machine learning models .
✔ It is easy to train machine learning models.
✔ TensorFlow allows you to train many neural networks and GPUs at the
same time.
Introduction to Python Libraries

5. Scikit Learn
⮚ It is a python-based open-source machine learning library.
⮚ This library supports both supervised and unsupervised learning
methods.
⮚ Scikit learns most well-known use is for music suggestions in Spotify.
⮚ The library includes popular algorithms as well as the NumPy,
Matplotlib, and SciPy packages.
Features
✔ Cross-Validation: There are several methods for checking the accuracy
of supervised models on unseen data with Scikit Learn for example
the train_test_split method, cross_val_score, etc.
✔ Unsupervised learning techniques: There is a wide range of unsupervised
learning algorithms available, ranging from clustering, factor analysis,
principal component analysis, and unsupervised neural networks.
✔ Feature extraction: Extracting features from photos and text is a useful
tool (e.g. Bag of words)
Introduction to Python Libraries

5. SciPy
⮚ Scipy is a free, open-source Python library used for scientific computing,
data processing, and high-performance computing.
⮚ The name “SciPy” stands for Scientific Python.
⮚ This library is built over an extension of Numpy. It works with Numpy to
handle complex computations.

Features
✔ SciPy’s key characteristic is that it was written in NumPy, and its array
makes extensive use of NumPy.
✔ SciPy uses its specialised submodules to provide all of the efficient
numerical algorithms such as optimization, numerical integration, and
many others.
✔ All functions in SciPy’s submodules are extensively documented.
SciPy’s primary data structure is NumPy arrays, and it includes modules
for a variety of popular scientific programming applications.
Introduction to Python Libraries
6. PyTorch
⮚ PyTorch is the largest machine learning library that optimizes tensor
computations.
⮚ It has rich APIs to perform tensor computations with strong GPU acceleration.
⮚ It also helps to solve application issues related to neural networks.
Features
✔ Python and its libraries are supported by PyTorch.
✔ Facebook’s Deep Learning requirements necessitated the use of this technology.
✔ It provides an easy to use API that improves usability and comprehension.
✔ Graphs can be set up dynamically and computed dynamically at any point
during code execution in PyTorch.
✔ In PyTorch, coding is simple and processing is quick.
✔ Because CUDA (CUDA is a parallel computing platform and application
programming interface that allows software to use certain types of graphics
processing unit for general purpose processing – an approach called general-
purpose computing on GPUs) is supported, it can be run on GPU machines.
Introduction to Python Libraries

7. Matplotlib
⮚ Matplotlib is a cross-platform, data visualization and graphical plotting
library (histograms, scatter plots, bar charts, etc) for Python and its
numerical extension NumPy.
⮚ This library is responsible for plotting numerical data. And that’s why it
is used in data analysis. It is also an open-source library and plots high-
defined figures like pie charts, histograms, scatterplots, graphs, etc.
Introduction to Python Libraries

8. PyBrain
⮚ The name “PyBrain” stands for Python Based Reinforcement Learning,
Artificial Intelligence, and Neural Networks library. It is an open-source
library built for beginners in the field of Machine Learning. It provides
fast and easy-to-use algorithms for machine learning tasks.
⮚ It is so flexible and easily understandable and that’s why is really helpful
for developers that are new in research fields.
Introduction to Python Libraries

List of other libraries in python are

1. PyGTK- Easily create programs with GUI.
2. Fabric- command-line tool for streamlining the use of SSH for
application deployment or systems administration tasks.
3. SymPy- It is an open-source library for symbolic math.
4. Flask- A web framework, Flask is built with a small core and many
extensions.
5. Nose- Nose delivers an alternate test discovery and running process for
unittest.
6. iPython- iPython Python Library has an architecture that facilitates
parallel and distributed computing.
7. wxPython- It is a wrapper around wxWidgets for Python.
8. Pywin32- This provides useful methods and class for interaction with
Windows.
9. Pillow- Pillow is a friendly fork of PIL (Python Imaging Library), but is
more user-friendly.
10. PyGame- PyGame provides an extremely easy interface to the Simple
Directmedia Library (SDL) platform-independent graphic, audio, and
Introduction to Python Libraries

How to install python

library?
python3 –m pip install
matplotlib
Introduction to NumPy

❖ NumPy is a python package.

❖ It stands for Numerical Python.
❖ It is a library consisting of multidimensional array objects and a
collection of routines for processing of array.
❖ NumPy (Numerical Python) is an open source Python library that’s
used in almost every field of science and engineering.
❖ The NumPy API is used extensively in Pandas, SciPy, Matplotlib, scikit-
learn, scikit-image and most other data science and scientific Python
packages.
❖ The NumPy library contains multidimensional array and matrix data
structures.
❖ NumPy is a Python library used for working with arrays.
Introduction to NumPy

Why use NumPy?

✔ In Python we have lists that serve the purpose of arrays, but they are

slow to process.

✔ NumPy aims to provide an array object that is up to 50x faster than

traditional Python lists.

✔ The array object in NumPy is called ndarray, it provides a lot of

supporting functions that make working with ndarray very easy.

✔ Arrays are very frequently used in data science, where speed and

resources are very important.

Introduction to NumPy

Operations using NumPy

✔ Mathematical and logical operations on arrays.

✔ Fourier transforms and routines for shape manipulation.

✔ Operations related to linear algebra. NumPy has in-built functions for

linear algebra and random number generation.

Introduction to NumPy

Installing NumPy

conda install numpy

or
pip install numpy
Introduction to NumPy

How to import NumPy

import numpy as np
Introduction to NumPy

Why use NumPy?

✔ In Python we have lists that serve the purpose of arrays, but they are

slow to process.

✔ NumPy aims to provide an array object that is up to 50x faster than

traditional Python lists.

✔ The array object in NumPy is called ndarray, it provides a lot of

supporting functions that make working with ndarray very easy.

✔ Arrays are very frequently used in data science, where speed and

resources are very important.

Introduction to NumPy

Examples
import numpy as np
a=np.arange(10)
print(a)
Output:
[0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]
a = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]])print(a)
Output:
[[ 1 2 3 4]
[ 5 6 7 8]
[ 9 10 11 12]]
Introduction to NumPy

Examples
1D array, 2D array, ndarray, vector, matrix
What are the attributes of an array?
An array is usually a fixed-size container of items of the same type and size.
The number of dimensions and items in an array is defined by its shape. The
shape of an array is a tuple of non-negative integers that specify the sizes of
each dimension.
How to create a basic Array
np.array()
import numpy as np
a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
Introduction to NumPy

Examples
1D array, 2D array, ndarray, vector, matrix
np.zeros()
import numpy as np
a=np.zeros(3)
print(a)
Output:
[0. 0. 0.]
Adding, Removing, and Sorting Elements
import numpy as np
a=np.array([1,3,4,2,7,8,12,10])
print("Before Sorting an Elements")
print(a)
print("After Sorting an Elements")
print(np.sort(a))
Introduction to NumPy

Examples
Concatenate
import numpy as np
a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4,5])
b = np.array([5, 6, 7, 8])
res=np.concatenate((a, b))
print(res)
Output:
[1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8]
To know the shape and size of the array
import numpy as np
a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
print(a.ndim)
Output:
2
Introduction to NumPy
Examples
Concatenate
import numpy as np
a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4,5])
b = np.array([5, 6, 7, 8])
res=np.concatenate((a, b))
print(res)
Output:
[1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8]
To know the shape and size of the array
import numpy as np
a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
print(a.ndim) //dimension of the array
Print(a.size)
print.(a.shape)
Output:
2
4
(2,2)
Introduction to NumPy
Examples
Convert a 1D array into a 2D array
import numpy as np
a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
print(a.shape)
a2 = a[np.newaxis, :]
print(a2.shape)
Output:
(6,)
(1, 6)
Indexing & Slicing
Output
import numpy as np
[1 2 3 4 5 6
data = np.array([1, 2, 3,4,5,6,7,8]) 7 8]
print(data[0:]) [1 2]
print(data[0:2]) [6 7 8]
print(data[-3:])
Introduction to NumPy
Examples
Create an array from existing data
import numpy as np
a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])
arr1 = a[3:8]
print(arr1)
Output:
[4 5 6 7 8]
Creating Matrices
import numpy as np
data = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
print(data)
Output
[[1 2]
[3 4]
[5 6]]
High Dimensional Arrays

Multidimensional Array concept can be explained as a technique of defining

and storing the data on a format with more than two dimensions (2D). In
Python, Multidimensional Array can be implemented by fitting in a list
function inside another list function, which is basically a nesting operation
for the list function.
Example:
import numpy as n
phd=[[1,2,3],[2,3,1],[3,2,1]]
print(hd)
Output:
[[1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 1], [3, 2, 1]]
import numpy as np
c=4
r=3
Array = [ [0] * c for i in range(r) ]
print(Array)
[[0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0]]
High Dimensional Arrays

Multidimensional Array concept can be explained as a technique of defining

and storing the data on a format with more than two dimensions (2D). In
Python, Multidimensional Array can be implemented by fitting in a list
function inside another list function, which is basically a nesting operation
for the list function.
Example:
import numpy as n
phd=[[1,2,3],[2,3,1],[3,2,1]]
print(hd)
Output:
[[1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 1], [3, 2, 1]]
High Dimensional Arrays

How to create multi-dimensional arrays using NumPy

import numpy as np
arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]])
print(arr)
Output:
[[ 1 2 3 4]
[ 5 6 7 8]
[ 9 10 11 12]]
How to Access and Modify Multi-dimensional Arrays Using NumPy
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]])
print(arr[1, 2]) Output
arr[0, 3] = 20 7
[[ 1 2 3 20]
print(arr)
[ 5 6 7 8]
[ 9 10 11 12]]
High Dimensional Arrays

How to Perform Operations on Multi-dimensional Arrays

NumPy provides a wide range of mathematical and statistical functions that
you can use to perform operations on multi-dimensional arrays efficiently.
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]])
print("sum- ",np.sum(arr))
print("Mean- ",np.mean(arr, axis=1))
b = np.array([[2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7], [8, 9]])
print("Product of Two matrices", np.dot(arr, b))
Output:
sum- 78
Mean- [ 2.5 6.5 10.5]
Product of Two matrices
[[ 60 70]
[140 166]
[220 262]]