HEAT AND MASS

TRANSFER
Solved Problems
By
Mr. Irfan khan
Asst. Professor, AE
 Heat and mass Transfer
Unit I
November 2008
1. Calculate the rate of heat loss through the vertical walls of a boiler furnace of size 4
m by 3 m by 3 m high. The walls are constructed from an inner fire brick wall 25 cm
thick of thermal conductivity 0.4 W/mK, a layer of ceramic blanket insulation of
thermal conductivity 0.2 W/mK and 8 cm thick, and a steel protective layer of
thermal conductivity 55 W/mK and 2 mm thick. The inside temperature of the fire
brick layer was measured at 600o C and the temperature of the outside of the
insulation 600 C. Also find the interface temperature of layers.
Given:
Composite Wall
l= 4m b= 3m h= 3m
Area of rectangular wall lb = 4x3 = 12m2
L1 = 25 cm Fire brick
kı = 0.4 W/mK
L2 =0.002m Steel
k2 = 54 W/mK
L3 = 0.08 m insulation
kı = 0.2 W/mK
T1 = 6000 C
T2 = 600 C
Find
(i) Q (ii) (T3 –T4)
Solution
We know that,
(Δ𝑇)𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑄=
Z𝑅𝑡ℎ
Here
(ΔT) overall = T1 – T4
And ΣR th = Rth1 + Rth2 + Rth3
𝐿1 0.25
Rth1 = = =0.0521K/W
𝑘1𝐴 0.4𝑥12
𝐿2 0.08
Rth2 = = =0.0333K/W
𝑘2𝐴 0.2𝑥12
𝐿3
Rth3 = = 0.002 =0.0000031K/W
𝑘3𝐴 54𝑥12
 𝑇1 –𝑇4
𝑄=
𝑅𝑡ℎ1+𝑅𝑡ℎ2+𝑅𝑡ℎ3

600 − 60
=
0.0521 + 0.0000031 + 0.0333
Q = 6320.96 W
(i) To find temperature drop across the steel layer (T2 - T3)
𝑇2 – 𝑇3
𝑄=
𝑅𝑡ℎ3
T3 - T 4 = Q Rth2
= 6320.96 0.0000031
T3 - T 4 = 0.0196 K .

2. A spherical container of negligible thickness holding a hot fluid at 1400 and having
an outer diameter of 0.4 m is insulated with three layers of each 50 mm thick
insulation of k1 = 0.02: k2 = 0.06 and k3 = 0.16 W/mK. (Starting from inside). The
outside surface temperature is 300C. Determine (i) the heat loss, and (ii) Interface
temperatures of insulating layers.
Given:
OD = 0.4 m
r1 = 0.2 m
r2 = r1 + thickness of 1st insulation
= 0.2+0.05
r2 = 0.25m
r3 = r2 + thickness of 2nd insulation
= 0.25+0.05
r3 = 0.3m
r4 = r3 + thickness of 3rd insulation
= 0.3+0.05
r4 = 0.35m
Thf = 140o C, Tcf = 30o C,
k1 = 0.02 W/mK
k2 = 0.06 W/mK
k3 = 0.16 W/mK.
Find (i) Q (ii) T2, T 3

3
Solution
(Δ𝑇)𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑄=
Z𝑅𝑡ℎ
ΔT = Thf – Tcf
ΣR th = Rth1 + Rth2 + Rth3
𝑟2−𝑟1 (0.25−0.20)
Rth1 = = =3.978o C/W
4𝜋𝑘1 𝑟2𝑟1 4𝜋 𝑥0.02𝑥0.25𝑥0.2

𝑟3−𝑟2 (0.30−0.25)
Rth2 = = =0.8842o C/W
4𝜋𝑘2 𝑟3𝑟2 4𝜋 𝑥0.06𝑥0.3𝑥0.25

𝑟4−𝑟3 (0.35−0.30)
Rth1 = = =0.23684o C/W
4𝜋𝑘3 𝑟4𝑟3 4𝜋 𝑥0.16𝑥0.35𝑥0.30
140 − 30
𝑄=
0.0796 + 0.8842 + 0.23684
Q = 21.57 W
To find interface temperature (T2 , T3 )
𝑇2 –𝑇3
𝑄=
𝑅𝑡ℎ1

T2 = T1 – [Q x 𝑅𝑡ℎ1]
= 140 – [91.620.0796]
T2 = 54.170C
𝑇2 –𝑇3
𝑄=
𝑅𝑡ℎ1

T3 = T2 – [Q  𝑅𝑡ℎ2]
= 132.71- [91.620.8842]
T3 = 35.09o C
3. May 2008
A steel tube with 5 cm ID, 7.6 cm OD and k=15W/m o C is covered with an insulative
covering of thickness 2 cm and k 0.2 W/m oC. A hot gas at 330o C with h = 400 W/m2oC
flows inside the tube. The outer surface of the insulation is exposed to cooler air at 30 oC
with h = 60 W/m2oC. Calculate the heat loss from the tube to the air for 10 m of the tube
and the temperature drops resulting from the thermal resistances of the hot gas flow,
the steel tube, the insulation layer and the outside air.
Given:
Inner diameter of steel, d1 = 5 cm =0.05 m
Inner radius,r1 = 0.025m
Outer diameter of steel, d2 = 7.6 cm = 0.076m
Outer radius,r2 = 0.025m
Radius, r3 = r2 + thickness of insulation
= 0.038+0.02 m

4
 r3 = 0.058 m
Thermal conductivity of steel, k1=15W/m o C
Thermal conductivity of insulation, k2 = 0.2 W/m oC.
Hot gas temperature, Thf = 330o C + 273 = 603 K
Heat transfer co-efficient at innear side, hhf = 400 W/m2oC
Ambient air temperature, Tcf = 30oC +273 = 303 K
Heat transfer co-efficient at outer side hcf = 60 W/m2oC.
Length, L = 10 m
To find:
(i) Heat loss (Q)
(ii) Temperature drops (Thf –T1), (T1 –T2), (T2 –T3), (T3 –Tcf),
Solution:
∆𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒r𝑎𝑙𝑙
Heat flow 𝑄 =
∑ 𝑅𝑡ℎ

Where
ΔToverall = Thf –Tcf
1 𝑟4 1
𝑅= 1 ] 1 + 1 𝑟2 1 𝑟3 ]
2𝜋𝐿 ℎ 𝑟 ln [ 𝑟 ] + ln [ ] + ln [ ] +
ℎf 1 𝑘1 1 𝑘2 𝑟2 𝑘3 𝑟3 ℎ 𝑐f 𝑟4

𝑇ℎf −𝑇𝑐f
𝑄= 1 1 1 r 1 r 1
] + ln[ 2]+ ln[ 3]+ ]
2𝜋𝐿 ℎℎfr1 𝑘1 r1 𝑘2 r2 ℎ𝑐fr3

𝑄= 603 − 303
1 1 0.038 1 10.058 1
] + ln [ ]+ ln [ ]+ ]
2𝜋 × 10 400 × 0.025 15 0.025 0.2 0.038 60 × 0.058
Q = 7451.72 W
We know that,
𝑇ℎf −𝑇1
𝑄= 𝑅𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.

𝑇ℎf −𝑇1
= 1
×
1
2𝜋𝐿 ℎℎfr1

𝑇ℎf − 𝑇1
7451.72 = 1 1
×
2 × 𝜋 × 10 400 × 0.025
𝑇ℎf − 𝑇1 = 11.859𝐾

T1 − T2
Q=
Rth1
𝑇1 −𝑇2
= 1 ×[ 1 ln[ r2 ]]
2𝜋𝐿 𝑘1 r1

5
 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
7451.72 = 1 1 0.038
× ln [ ]
2 × 𝜋 × 10 15 0.025
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 3.310 𝐾
T2 − T3
Q=
Rth2
𝑇2 −𝑇3
= 1 ×[ 1 ln[ r3 ]]
2𝜋𝐿 𝑘2 r2

𝑇2 − 𝑇3
7451.72 = × ln [ 0.058 ]
2 × 𝜋1× 10 1 0.2
0.038
𝑇2 − 𝑇3 = 250.75 𝐾
𝑇3 −𝑇𝑐f
𝑄= 𝑅𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.

𝑇3 −𝑇𝑐f
= 1
×
1
2𝜋𝐿 ℎ𝑐fr3

𝑇3 − 𝑇𝑐f
7451.72 =
1 ×[ 1 ]
2 × 𝜋 × 10 60 × 0.058
𝑇3 − 𝑇𝑐f = 34.07𝐾

Nov 2009
4. A long pipe of 0.6 m outside diameter is buried in earth with axis at a depth of 1.8 m.
the surface temperature of pipe and earth are 950 C and 250 C respectively. Calculate
the heat loss from the pipe per unit length. The conductivity of earth is 0.51W/mK.
Given
r= 0.6 = 0.3 m
2

L=1m
Tp = 95o C
Te = 25o C
D = 1.8 m
k = 0.51W/mK

Find
Heat loss from the pipe (Q/L)
Solution
We know that
Q
𝐿
= 𝑘. 𝑆(𝑇𝑝 − 𝑇𝑒)

6
 Where S = Conduction shape factor =
2𝜋𝐿
2𝐷
ln ( )
𝑟
2𝜋𝑥 1
= 2𝑥 1.8
ln ( 0.3 )

S = 2.528m
𝑄
= 0.51𝑥2.528(95 − 25)
𝐿
𝑄
= 90.25W/𝑚
𝐿
Nov.2010
5. A steam pipe of 10 cm ID and 11 cm OD is covered with an insulating substance k = 1
W/mK. The steam temperature is 2000 C and ambient temperature is 200 C. If the
convective heat transfer coefficient between insulating surface and air is 8 W/m2K, find
the critical radius of insulation for this value of rc. Calculate the heat loss per m of pipe
and the outer surface temperature. Neglect the resistance of the pipe material.
Given:
𝐼𝐷 10
𝑟i= = = 5 𝑐𝑚 = 0.05𝑚
2 2
𝑂𝐷 11
𝑟0= = = 5.5 𝑐𝑚 = 0.055𝑚
2 2
k =1 W/mK
Ti = 200oC T∞ =20o C
h0 =8 W/m2K
Find
(i) rc
(ii) If rc =ro then Q/L
(iii) To
Solution
To find critical radius of insulation (rc)
𝑘 1
𝑟0= = = 0.125𝑚
ℎ0 8
When rc =ro
Kpipe, hhf not given
𝑄 2𝜋(𝑇0 − 𝑇∞)
= 𝑟
𝐿 ln (𝑟𝑐 ) 1
𝑜
+
𝑘 ℎ 𝑜𝑟𝑜

7
 2𝜋(200 − 20)
=
0.125
ln ( 0.050 ) 1
+
1 8 𝑥 0.125
𝑄
= 621 W/𝑚
𝐿
To Find To

𝑄 𝑇0 − 𝑇∞
=
𝐿 𝑅𝑡ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
Q
𝑇 =𝑇 + (𝑅 )
0 ∞ 𝐿 𝑡ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
1
= 20 + 621 × ( )
8 × 2𝜋×0.125

T0 = 118.720C
November 2011.
6. The temperature at the inner and outer surfaces of a boiler wall made of 20 mm
thick steel and covered with an insulating material of 5 mm thickness are 3000 C and 500
C respectively. If the thermal conductivities of steel and insulating material are
58W/m0C and 0.116 W/m0C respectively, determine the rate of flow through the boiler
wall.
L1 = 20 x 10-3 m
kı = 58 W/m0C
L2 = 5 x 10-3 m
k2 = 0.116 W/m0C
T1 = 3000 C
T2 = 500 C
Find
(i) Q
Solution
(Δ𝑇)𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑇1−𝑇3
𝑄= =
Z𝑅𝑡ℎ Rth1− Rth2
𝐿1 0.20 X 10−3 10-4 0
R = = =3.45 X C /W
th1 𝑘1𝐴 58×1
𝐿2 −3
R = = 5X 10 =0.043 0 C /W
th2 𝑘2𝐴 0.116 ×1

300− 50
𝑄= = 5767.8 W
3.45 X 10−4+ 0.043

Q = 5767.8 W

8
7. A spherical shaped vessel of 1.2 m diameter is 100 mm thick. Find the rate of heat
leakage, if the temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces is 200 o C.
Thermal conductivity of material is 0.3 kJ /mhoC.
Given
d1 =1.2 m
r1 = 0.6 m
r2 = r1 + thick
= 0.6 + 0.1
r2 = 0.7 m
∆ 𝑇 =2000C
K = 0.3 kJ /mhr oC = 0.0833 W/mo C
Find
Q

Solution:
∆𝑇 𝑇1 – 𝑇2
𝑄= =
𝑅𝑡ℎ 𝑅𝑡ℎ

𝑅𝑡ℎ=
𝑟2 − 𝑟1
=
(0.7−0.6) = 0.2275 𝐾/W
4𝜋𝑟2 𝑟1 4𝜋×0.0833×0.6×0.7

∆𝑇 200
𝑄= = = 879.132W
𝑅𝑡ℎ 0.2275
November 2011 (old regulation)
8. A steel pipe (K = 45.0 W/m.K) having a 0.05m O.D is covered with a 0.042 m thick
layer of magnesia (K = 0.07W/m.K) which in turn covered with a 0.024 m layer of
fiberglass insulation (K = 0.048 W/m.K). The pipe wall outside temperature is 370 K
and the outer surface temperature of the fiberglass is 305K. What is the interfacial
temperature between the magnesia and fiberglass? Also calculate the steady state heat
transfer.
Given:
OD = 0.05 m
d1= 0.05 m
r1 = 0.025 m
k1 = 45 W/mK
r2 = r1 + thick of insulation 1
r2 = 0.025+0.042
r2 = 0.067 m
k2 = 0.07 W/mK

9
 k3 = 0.048 W/mK
r3 = r2 + thick of insulation 2
= 0.067+0.024
r3 = 0.091 m
T1 = 370 K
T3 = 305 K
To find
(i) T2
(ii) Q

Solution

Here thickness of pipe is not given; neglect the thermal resistance of pipe.

(Δ𝑇)𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑄=
Z𝑅𝑡ℎ

Here

(Δ𝑇)𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇3 = 370 − 305 = 65 𝐾

ΣR th = Rth1 + Rth2

ln( r2 ) ln(0.067 )
𝑅𝑡ℎ1= r1
= 0.025 = 2.2414 K/W
2𝜋𝑘2𝐿 2𝜋×0.07×1

r
ln( 3 ) ln(0.091 )
𝑅𝑡ℎ2=
r2
= 0.067 = 1.0152 K/W
2𝜋𝑘3𝐿 2𝜋×0.48×1

65
Q= = 19.959 W/m
2.2414+1.0152

To find T2

𝑇1 – 𝑇2
𝑄=
𝑅𝑡ℎ1
T2 = T1 – [Q x 𝑅𝑡ℎ1]
= 370- [19.959 x 2.2414]
T3 = 325.26K

10
9. A motor body is 360 mm in diameter (outside) and 240 mm long. Its surface
temperature should not exceed 55 oC when dissipating 340W. Longitudinal fins of 15
mm thickness and 40 mm height are proposed. The convection coefficient is 40W/m 2 oC.
determine the number of fins required. Atmospheric temperature is 30oC. thermal
conductivity = 40 W/moC.
Given:
D = 360x10-3 m
L = 240 x10-3 m
Tb = 55oC
Q generating = = 340W
Longitudinal fin
tfin = 15 10-3 m
hfin = 40 10-3 m
h = 40W/m2 oC
k = 40 W/m oC.
T∞ = 30 oC
To find:
No of fins required (N)
Solution:
Here length (or) height of fin is given. It is short fin(assume end insulated)
Q𝑔𝑒𝑛
N=
Q𝑝𝑒r fi𝑛

From HMT Data book,

𝑄 = √ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴 (𝑇𝑏 − 𝑡∞). tan ℎ(𝑚𝐿)

ℎ𝑃
𝑚= √ 𝑚−1
𝑘𝐴

Perimeter (P) = 2L = 2 x 0.24 = 0.48 m

( for longitudinal fin fitted on the cylinder)
Area (A) = Lt = 0.24 x 0.015
A = 0.0036m2

40 × 0.48
𝑚=√ = 11.55 𝑚−1
40 × 0.0036

𝑄fi𝑛 = √40 × 0.48 × 40 × 0.0036 (55 − 30). tan ℎ(11.55 × 0.04)

Q fin = 4.718 W
340
𝑁= = 72.06 = 72 fi𝑛𝑠.
4.718

11
May 2012
10. A mild steel tank of wall thickness 10 mm contains water at 90o C. The thermal
conductivity of mild steel is 50 W/moC , and the heat transfer coefficient for inside and
outside of the tank area are 2800 and 11 W/m2 oC, respectively. If the atmospheric
temperature is 20oC , calculate
(i) The rate of heat loss per m2 of the tank surface area.
(ii) The temperature of the outside surface tank.
Given
L = 10 x 10-3m
Thf = 90 oC
k = 50 W/m oC
hhf = 2800 W/m2 oC
hcf = 11 W/m2 oC
Tcf = 20 o C
To find
(i) Q/m2
(ii) T2
Solution
(Δ𝑇)𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑄=
Z𝑅𝑡ℎ

Here (ΔT)overall = Thf – Tcf = 90 – 20 = 70oC

∑ 𝑅𝑡ℎ = 𝑅𝑡ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 + 𝑅𝑡ℎ1 + 𝑅𝑡ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣

ℎf 𝑐f

1 1
𝑅𝑡ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = = 0.00036 𝐾/W
ℎf ℎℎf .𝐴 2800×1

𝐿 10 × 10−3
𝑅𝑡ℎ = = = 0.0002 𝐾/W
𝑘𝐴 50 × 1
1 1
𝑅𝑡ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = = 0.09091 𝐾/W
𝑐f ℎ𝑐f . 𝐴 11 × 1
70
𝑄= = 765.29 W/𝑚2
0.091469
To find T2
𝑇ℎf − 𝑇2
𝑄=
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣ℎf + 𝑅𝑡ℎ 1

𝑇2= 𝑇ℎf − [𝑄 × 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣ℎf + 𝑅𝑡ℎ 1 ]

= 90 – [765x 0.00056]
T2 = 89.57 0C

12
11. A 15 cm outer diameter steam pipe is covered with 5 cm high temperature
insulation (k = 0.85 W/m oC ) and 4 cm of low temperature (k = 0.72 W/mo C). The
steam is at 500 oC and ambient air is at 40 oC. Neglecting thermal resistance of steam
and air sides and metal wall calculate the heat loss from 100 m length of the pipe. Also
find temperature drop across the insulation.
Given
d1 = 15 cm
r1 = 7.5 x10 -2 m
r2 = r1 + thick of high temperature insulation
r2 = 7.5 + 5 = 12.5 x 10-2 m
r3 = r2 + thick of low temperature insulation
r3 = 12.5 +4 = 16.5 x 10-2 m
k ins1 = 0.85 w/mo C
kins 2 = 0.72 w/mo C
Thf = 500 o C
T cf = 40 o C
To find
(i) Q if L = 1000mm = 1 m
Solution:
(Δ𝑇)𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑄=
Z𝑅𝑡ℎ

Here

ΔT = T1 –T3

ΣR th = Rth1 + Rth2

ln( r2 ) ln(0.125 )
𝑅 𝑡ℎ1= r1 = 0.075 = 0.09564 K/W or o C/W
2𝜋𝑘1𝐿 2𝜋×0.85×1

r
ln( 3 ) ln(0.165 ) o
𝑅𝑡ℎ2= r2
= 0.125 = 0.06137 K/W or C/W
2𝜋𝑘2𝐿 2𝜋×0.72×1

500−40
Q= = 2929.75W/m
0.09564+0.06137

13
12. Determine the heat transfer through the composite wall shown in the figure below.
Take the conductives of A, B, C, D & E as 50, 10, 6.67, 20& 30 W/mK respectively and
assume one dimensional heat transfer. Take of area of A =D= E = 1m 2 and B=C=0.5 m2.
Temperature entering at wall A is 800 o C and leaving at wall E is 100 o C.

A B
D E
C

Given:
Ti = 800o C
To = 100o C
kA = 50 W/mK
kB = 10 W/mK
kc = 6.67 W/mK
kD = 20 W/mK
kE = 30 W/mK
AA = AD= AE= 1m2
AB =AC = 0.5 m2
Find
(i) Q
Solution
(Δ𝑇)𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑄=
Z𝑅𝑡ℎ
𝐿𝐴
𝑅𝑡ℎ1= 𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐴 =
𝑘𝐴 𝐴
1 1 1 𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐵+𝑅𝑡ℎC
Parallel = + =
𝑅𝑡ℎ2 𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐵 𝑅𝑡ℎC 𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐵𝑅𝑡ℎC

𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐵𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐶
𝑅𝑡ℎ2 =
𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐵 + 𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐶
𝐿𝐵
𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐵 =
𝑘𝐵 𝐴𝐵
𝐿𝐶
𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐶 =
𝑘𝐶𝐴𝐶
𝐿𝐸
𝑅𝑡ℎ4 = 𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐸 =
𝑘𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝐿𝐷
𝑅𝑡ℎ3 = 𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐷 =
𝑘𝐷 𝐴𝐷
1
𝑅𝑡ℎ1= 𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐴 = = 0.02 𝐾/W
50 × 1

14
 1
𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐵 = = 0.2 𝐾/W
10 × 0.5
1
𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐶 = = 0.2969 𝐾/W
6.67 × 0.5
𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐵𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐶 0.2 × 0.299 0.0598
𝑅𝑡ℎ2 = = =
𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐵 + 𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐶 0.2 + 0.299 0.499
𝑅𝑡ℎ2 = 0.1198 𝐾/W
𝑅 =𝑅 𝐿𝐷 1 = 0.05 𝐾/W
= =
𝑡ℎ3 𝑡ℎ𝐷
𝐾𝐷𝐴𝐷 20 × 1
𝐿𝐸 1
𝑅𝑡ℎ4 = 𝑅𝑡ℎ𝐸 = = = 0.0333 𝐾/W
𝐾𝐸 𝐴𝐸 30 × 1
𝑇i − 𝑇𝑜 800 − 100
𝑄= = = 3137.61W
∑ 𝑅𝑡ℎ 0.02 + 0.1198 + 0.05 + 0.0333
𝑄 = 3137.61W
13. A long carbon steel rod of length 40 cm and diameter 10 mm (k = 40 w/mK) is
placed in such that one of its end is 400o C and the ambient temperature is 30o C. the
flim co-efficient is 10 w/m2K. Determine
(i) Temperature at the mid length of the fin.
(ii) Fin efficiency
(iii) Heat transfer rate from the fin
(iv) Fin effectiveness
Given:
l = 40x10 -2 m
d = 10 x 10 -3 m
k = 40 W/mK
Tb = 400o C
T∞ = 30 o C
H = 10 w/m2K
To find
(i) T , x = L/2
(ii) η fin
(iii) Q fin
Solution
It is a short fin end is insulated
From H.M.T Data book

𝑄 = √ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴 (𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞). tan ℎ(𝑚𝐿)

15
 ℎ𝑃
𝑚=√ 𝑚−1
𝑘𝐴

Perimeter = πd = π x 10 x 10 -3 = 0.0314 m
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑑2 = (10 × 10−3)2 = 0.0000785 𝑚2
4 4

10 × 0.0314 = 10 𝑚−1
𝑚= √
40 × 0.0000785

𝑄 = √10 × 0.0314 × 40 × 0.0000785 (400 − 30). tan ℎ(10 × 40 × 10−2)

Q = 0.115 W
From H.M.T Data book
𝑇 − 𝑇∞ cos ℎ𝑚 (𝐿 − 𝑥)
=
𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ cos ℎ (𝑚𝐿)
𝑇 − 30 cos ℎ 10 (0.4 − 0.2)
=
400 − 30 cos ℎ (10 × 0.4)
𝑇 − 30 3.762
=
400 − 30 27.308
𝑇 − 30
= 0.13776
370
T = 50.97 + 30
T = 80.97 oC
14. A wall furnace is made up of inside layer of silica brick 120 mm thick covered with a
layer of magnesite brick 240 mm thick. The temperatures at the inside surface of silica
brick wall and outside the surface of magnesite brick wall are 725oC and 110oC
respectively. The contact thermal resistance between the two walls at the interface is
0.0035oC/w per unit wall area. If thermal conductivities of silica and magnesite bricks
are 1.7 W/moC and 5.8 W/moC, calculate the rate of heat loss per unit area of walls.
Given:
L1 = 120 x 10-3 m
kı = 1.7 W/m0C
L2 = 240 x 10-3 m
k2 = 5.8 W/m0C
T1 = 725 0 C
T4 = 1100 C
(𝑅𝑡ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.0035 𝑜𝐶/W
Area = 1 m2

16
Find
(i) Q
Solution
(Δ𝑇)𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑇1 −𝑇4
𝑄= =
Z𝑅𝑡ℎ Rth1+ (𝑅𝑡ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡+Rth2

Here T1 – T4 = 725 – 110 = 615o C

𝐿1 −3
R = = 120 X 10 =0.07060 C /W
th1 𝑘1𝐴 1.7×1
𝐿2 −3
R = = 240X 10 =0.0414 0 C /W
th2 𝑘2𝐴 5.8 ×1
615
𝑄= = 5324.67 W/m2
0.0706+0.0035+0.0414

Q = 5324.67 W/m
15. A furnace walls made up of three layers , one of fire brick, one of insulating brick
and one of red brick. The inner and outer surfaces are at 870o C and 40o C respectively.
The respective co- efficient of thermal conduciveness of the layer are 1.0, 0.12 and 0.75
W/mK and thicknesses are 22 cm, 7.5, and 11 cm. assuming close bonding of the layer at
their interfaces, find the rate of heat loss per sq.meter per hour and the interface
temperatures.
Given
Composite wall (without convection)
L1 = 22 x10-2 m
kı = 1 W/mK
L2 = 7.5 x10-2 m
k2 = 0.12 W/mK
L3 = 11x10-2 m
k3 = 0.75 W/mK
T1 = 870o C
T4 = 40o C
Find
(i) Q / hr (ii) T2, T3
Solution
We know that,
(Δ𝑇)𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑄=
Z𝑅𝑡ℎ
Here
(ΔT) overall = T1 – T4
= 870 – 40

17
= 830 o C
And ΣR th = Rth1 + Rth2 + Rth3
(assume A = 1 m2 )
𝐿1 22 X10−2
Rth1 = = = 22 x10-2 K/W
𝑘1𝐴 1 ×1
𝐿2 7.5 X10−2
Rth2 = = =0.625 K/W
𝑘2𝐴 0.12×1
𝐿3 11X10−2
Rth3 = = =0.1467 K/W
𝑘3𝐴 0.75 ×1

𝑇1 –𝑇4
𝑄=
𝑅𝑡ℎ1+𝑅𝑡ℎ2+ 𝑅𝑡ℎ3

870 − 40
=
0.9917
Q = 836.95 W/m2
Q = 3.01X 105 J/h

18
Nov 2010
16. A 12 cm diameter long bar initially at a uniform temperature of 40oC is placed in a
medium at 650oC with a convective co efficient of 22 W/m2K calculate the time required
for the bar to reach2550C. Take k = 20W/mK, ρ = 580 kg/m3 and c = 1050 J/kg K.
Given : Unsteady state
D = 12 cm = 0.12 m
R = 0.06 m
To = 40 + 273 = 313 K
T∞ = 650 + 273 = 923 K
T = 255 + 273 =528 K
h = 22 W/m2K
k = 20 W/mK
ρ = 580 Kg/m3
c = 1050 J/kg K
Find:
Time required to reach 255oC (τ)
Solution
R
Characteristic length for cylinder = 𝐿𝑐 = 2
0.06
Lc = = 0.03 m
2

We know that
ℎ𝐿𝑐 22 ×0.03
𝐵i = 𝑘
=
20

Bi = 0.033 < 0.1

Biot number is less than 0.1. Hence this is lumped heat analysis type problem.
For lumped heat parameter, from HMT data book.
ℎA
𝑇−𝑇∞ [− ×𝜏]
𝑇𝑜−𝑇∞
=𝑒 𝑐7 p

We know that
𝑉
𝐿𝑐 = 𝐴
−ℎ
𝑇−𝑇∞ [ ×𝜏]
𝑇𝑜−𝑇∞
=𝑒 𝑐 𝐿𝑐p

528 − 923 – 22
= 𝑒 [ 1050×0.03 ×580×𝜏]
313 − 923
528−923 22
ln [ ]= ×τ
313−923 1050 ×0.03×580

τ = 360.8 sec

19
17. A aluminium sphere mass of 5.5 kg and initially at a temperature of 290oCis
suddenly immersed in a fluid at 15 oC with heat transfer co efficient 58 W/m2 K.
Estimate the time required to cool the aluminium to 95o C for aluminium take ρ = 2700
kg/m3 , c = 900 J /kg K, k = 205 W/mK.
Given:
M = 5.5 kg
To = 290 + 273 = 563 K
T∞ = 15 + 273 = 288 K
T = 95 + 273 =368 K
h = 58 W/m2K
k = 205 W/mK
ρ = 2700 kg/m3
c = 900 j/kg K
To find:
Time required to cool at 95o C (τ)

Solution
mass m
Density = ρ = =
volume v
𝑚 5.5
𝑉= =
𝑝 2700

V = 2.037 X 10 – 33
For sphere,
𝑅
Characteristic length 𝐿𝑐 = 3
4
Volume of sphere 𝑉 = 𝜋 𝑅3
3

3 3𝑉
𝑅 = √ 4𝜋

3 3×2.03×10−3
= √
4𝜋

R = 0.0786 m
0.0786
𝐿𝑐 = = 0.0262 𝑚
3
ℎ𝐿𝑐
Biot number 𝐵i = 𝑘

58 ×0.0262
=
205

Bi = 7.41 X 10 – 3 < 0.1

Bi < 0.1 this is lumped heat analysis type problem.

20
 −ℎ
𝑇 − 𝑇∞ [ ×𝜏]
= 𝑒 𝑐 𝐿𝑐p
𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇∞
58
368 − 288 [ ×𝜏]

= 𝑒 900×0.0262×2700
536 − 288
τ = 1355.4 sec

Unit II

May 2012
1. Air at 25 oC flows past a flat plate at 2.5 m/s. the plate measures 600 mm X 300 mm
and is maintained at a uniform temperature at 95 oC. Calculate the heat loss from the
plate, if the air flows parallel to the 600 mm side. How would this heat loss be affected if
the flow of air is made parallel to the 300 mm side.
Given:
Forced convection (air)
Flat plate
T∞ =25o C
U = 25 m/s
Tw = 95 oC
L = 600 mm = 600 X 10 -3 m
W = 300 mm = 300 X 10 -3 m
Find
(i) Q if air flows parallel to 600 mm side
(ii) Q if air flows parallel to 300 mm side and % of heat loss.
Solution:
𝑇w−𝑇∞ 95−25 120
𝑇f = = = = 60𝑜 𝐶
2 2 2

Take properties of air at Tf = 60o C from H.M.T data book (page no 34)
Pr = 0.696
𝛾 = 1897 x 10 -6 m2/s
k = 0.02896
𝑈𝐿 2.5 ×0.6
𝑅𝑒 = =
𝛾 18.97× 10−6

𝑅𝑒 = 7.91 × 104 < 5 × 105

This flow is laminar.
From H.M.T data book
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.332𝑅𝑒𝑥0.5 𝑝𝑟0.333
(or) 𝑁𝑢 𝐿 = 0.332𝑅𝑒𝐿0.5 𝑝𝑟0.333

21
 = 0.332 X (7.91 X 10 4)0.5 (0.696)0.333
NuL = 82.76
̅𝑁̅𝑢= 2𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 2 × 82.76
̅𝑁
̅𝑢̅ = 165.52
ℎ̅𝐿
̅𝑁
̅=
𝑢
𝑘
̅𝑁
̅𝑘
𝑢 165.52 × 0.02896
ℎ (𝑜𝑟)ℎ̅= =
𝐿 0.6
ℎ (𝑜𝑟)ℎ̅= 7.989 W/𝑚2 𝐾
𝑄 = ℎ̅𝐴(∆𝑇)(𝑜𝑟)ℎ(𝑤. 𝐿)(𝑇w − 𝑇∞ )
𝑄1 = 7.989 (0.6 × 0.3)(95 − 25)
Q1 = 100.66 W
(iii) If L = 0.3 m and W = 0.6 m (parallel to 300 mm side)
𝑈𝐿 2.5 × 0.3 = 3.95 × 104
𝑅 = =
𝑒
𝛾 18.97 × 10−6
𝑅𝑒 = 3.95 × 104 < 5 × 105
𝑡ℎ𝑒 f𝑙𝑜𝑤 i𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑚i𝑛𝑎𝑟
From H.M.T Data book
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.332𝑥0.5𝑃𝑟0.333
(𝑜𝑟)𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 0.332𝑅𝑒𝐿0.5𝑃𝑟0.333
𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 0.332(3.95 × 104)0.5(0.696)0.333
NuL = 58.48
̅𝑢̅= 2𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 2 × 58.48 = 116.96
ℎ̅𝐿
̅𝑁
̅=
𝑢
𝑘
̅𝑢𝑁
𝑘 116.96 × 0.02896
ℎ̅= =
𝐿 0.3
ℎ (𝑜𝑟)ℎ̅= 11.29 W/𝑚2 𝐾
𝑄2 = ℎ𝐴(∆𝑇)(𝑜𝑟)ℎ(𝑤. 𝐿)(𝑇w − 𝑇∞)
𝑄2 = 11.29 (0.6 × 0.3)(95 − 25)
Q2 = 142.25W
Q2−Q1
% heat loss = × 100
Q1
142.25−100.66
= × 100
100.66

% heat loss = 41.32%

22
2. When 0.6 kg of water per minute is passed through a tube of 2 cm diameter, it is
found to be heated from 20oC to 60oC. the heating is achieved by condensing steam on
the surface of the tube and subsequently the surface temperature of the tube is
maintained at 90o C. Determine the length of the tube required for fully developed flow.
Given:
Mass, m = 0.6kg/min = 0.6/60 kg/s
= 0.01 kg/s
Diameter, D = 2 cm = 0.02m
Inlet temperature, Tmi = 20o C
Outlet temperature, Tmo = 60oC
Tube surface temperature , Tw= 90oC
To find
length of the tube,(L).
Solution:
𝑇𝑚i+𝑇𝑚𝑜 20+60
Bulk mean temperature = 𝑇𝑚 = = = 40𝑜𝐶
2 2

Properties of water at 40oC:

(From H.M.T Data book, page no 22, sixth edition)
Ρ = 995 kg/m3
V = 0.657x10-6 m2/s
Pr = 4.340
K = 0.628W/mK
Cp = 4178J/kgK
Mass flow rate, 𝑚 = 𝜌𝐴𝑈
ṁ
U =
ρA
0.01
U= π
995 × (0.02)2
4
velocity, U = 0.031m/s
Let us first determine the type of flow
𝑈𝐷 0.031 × 0.02
𝑅𝑒 = =
𝑣 0.657x10−6
𝑅𝑒 = 943.6
Since Re < 2300, the flow is laminar.
For laminar flow,
Nusselt Number, Nu = 3.66

23
 We know that
ℎ𝐷
𝑁𝑢 =
𝑘

ℎ × 0.02
3.66 =
0.628
ℎ = 114.9 W/𝑚2𝐾

Heat transfer, 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝∆𝑇

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝(𝑇𝑚𝑜 − 𝑇𝑚i)
= 0.01 × 4178 × (60 − 20)
Q = 1671.2 W
We know that 𝑄 = ℎ𝐴∆𝑇
𝑄 = ℎ × 𝜋 × 𝐷 × 𝐿 × (𝑇w − 𝑇𝑚)
1671.2 = 114.9 × 𝜋 × 0.02 × 𝐿 × (90 − 40)
Length of tube , L = 4.62m

November 2012
3. Water is to be boiled at atmospheric pressure in a polished copper pan by means of
an electric heater. The diameter of the pan is 0.38 m and is kept at 115 o C. calculate the
following
1. Surface heat flux
2. Power required to boil the water
3. Rate of evaporation
4. Critical heat flux
Given:
Diameter, d = 0.38 m
Surface temperature, Tw = 115oC
To find
1. Q/A
2. P
3. 𝑚
4. (Q/A)max
Solution:
We know that, Saturation temperature of water is 100o C
i.e. Tsat = 100oC

24
 Properties of water at 100oC:
(From H.M.T Data book, page no 22, sixth edition)
Density, 𝜌𝑙 = 961 kg/m3
Kinematic viscosity, v = 0.293x10-6 m2/s
Prandtl Number, Pr = 1.740
Specific heat, Cpl = 4216 J/kgK
Dynamic viscosity, 𝜇𝑙 = 𝜌𝑙 × 𝑣 = 961 × 0.293 × 10−6
= 281.57 X 10 -6 Ns/m2
From Steam table [R.S khurmi steam table]
At 100o C
Enthalpy of evaporation, hfg = 2256.9 kJ/kg.
hfg = 2256.9 x 103 J/kg
Specific volume of vapour, vg = 1.673 m3/kg
1
Density of vapour, 𝜌𝑣 =
𝑣𝑔

1
𝜌𝑣 =
1.673
𝜌𝑣 = 0.597 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
∆𝑇 = 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑇w − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 115𝑜 − 100𝑜 = 15𝑜𝐶
∆𝑇 = 15𝑜𝐶 < 50𝑜𝐶. 𝑆𝑜 𝑡ℎi𝑠 i𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑏𝑜i𝑙i𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠.
Power required to boil the water,
For 𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑏𝑜i𝑙i𝑛𝑔
0.5 3
𝐶𝑝𝑙×∆𝑇
Heat flux, Q = 𝜇𝑙 × ℎfg [g ×(𝜌𝑙−𝜌𝑣 ) ] × [𝐶 𝑛 ] ….(1)
𝐴 𝜎 𝑠f ×ℎf𝑔 𝑃r

(From H.M.T Data book)

Where 𝜎 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟f𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠i𝑜𝑛 f𝑜𝑟 𝑙i𝑞𝑢i𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 i𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟f𝑎𝑐𝑒
At 100oC
𝜎 = 0.0588 𝑁/𝑚 (From H.M.T Data book)
For water – copper → Csf = surface fluid constant = 0.013
N = 1 for water (From H.M.T Data book)
Substitute
𝜇𝑙 , ℎfg , 𝜌𝑙 , 𝜌𝑣 , 𝜎, 𝐶𝑝𝑙, ∆𝑇, 𝐶𝑠f , 𝑛, ℎfg , 𝑝𝑟 values in eqn (1)
𝑄 9.81 × (961 − 0.597) 0.5
= 281.57 × 10−6 × 2256.9 × 103× [ ]
𝐴 0.0588
4216 × 15 3
×[ ]
0.013 × 2256.9 × 103 × (1.74)1

25
 Q
Surface 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 f𝑙𝑢𝑥 , = 4.83 × 105W/𝑚2
𝐴

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠f𝑒𝑟, , 𝑄 = 4.83 × 105 × 𝐴

𝜋
= 4.83 × 105 × 𝑑 2
4
𝜋
= 4.83 × 10 × (0.38)2
5

4
Q = 54.7 x103 W
Q = 54.7 x103 =P
Power = 54.7 x103 W
2. Rate of evaporation, (𝑚 )
We know that,
Heat transferred, 𝑄 = 𝑚 × hfg
Q 54.7 × 103
𝑚= =
hfg 2256.9 × 103
𝑚 = 0.024 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
3. Critical heat flux, (Q/A)
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑏𝑜i𝑙i𝑛𝑔, 𝑐𝑟i𝑡i𝑐𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 f𝑙𝑢𝑥,
𝑄 𝜎 × 𝑔 × (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣) 0.25
= 0.18ℎfg × 𝜌𝑣 [ ]
𝐴 𝜌𝑣 2
(From H.M.T Data book)
0.0588 × 9.81 × (961 − 0.597) 0.25
= 0.18 × 2256.9 × 103
× 0.597 × [ ]
(0.597)2
𝑄
𝐶𝑟i𝑡i𝑐𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 f𝑙𝑢𝑥 , 𝑞 = = 1.52 × 106W/𝑚2
𝐴
May 2013
4. A thin 80 cm long and 8 cm wide horizontal plate is maintained at a temperature of
130oC in large tank full of water at 700C. Estimate the rate of heat input into the plate
necessary to maintain the temperature of 130oC.
Given:
Horizontal plate length, L = 80 cm = 0.08m
Wide, W = 8 cm = 0.08 m,
Plate temperature, Tw = 130oC
Fluid temperature, T∞ = 70oC
To find:
Rate of heat input into the plate,Q.
Solution:

26
 Flim temperature, 𝑇 = 𝑇w−𝑇∞
=
130+70
= 100𝑜 𝐶
f 2 2

Properties of water at 100oC:

(From H.M.T Data book, page no 22, sixth edition)
𝜌= 961 kg/m3
v = 0.293x10-6 m2/s
Pr = 1.740
k = 0.6804W/mK
𝛽w𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.76 × 10−3𝐾−1
(From H.M.T Data book, page no 30, sixth edition)
We know that,
g×𝛽×𝐿𝑐3×∆𝑇
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑜f 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, 𝐺𝑟 =
𝑉2

For horizontal plate:

𝖶
Lc = Characteristic length =
2
0.08
Lc =
2
Lc = 0.04 𝑚
9.81 × 0.76 × 10−3 × (0.04)3 × (130 − 70)
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑜f 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, 𝐺𝑟 =
(0.293 × 10−6)2
𝐺𝑟 = 0.333 × 109
𝐺𝑟𝑃𝑟 = 0.333 × 109 × 1.740
𝐺𝑟𝑃𝑟 = 0.580 × 109
GrPr value is in between 8x106 and 1011
i.e., 8x106 < GrPr<1011 So, for horizontal plate, upper surface heated,
Nusselt number, Nu = 0.15(GrPr)0.333
(From H.M.T Data book, page no 136, sixth edition)
Nu = 0.15(0580 x 109)0.333
Nu = 124.25
huLc
Nusselt number, Nu =
k
hu × 0.04
124.25 =
0.6804
hu = 2113.49 W/m2K
Heat transfer coefficient for upper surface heated hu = 2113.49 W/m2K
For horizontal plate, Lower surface heated:
Nusselt number, Nul = 0.27(GrPr)0.25

27
 (From H.M.T Data book, page no 137, sixth edition)
= 0.27[0.580x109]0.25
Nul =42.06
We know that,
hlLc
Nusselt number, Nul =
k
hl × 0.04
42.06 =
0.6804
hl = 715.44 W/m2K
Heat transfer coefficient for lower surface heated hl = 715.44 W/m2K
Total heat transfer, Q = (hu + h l )A ΔT
= (hu + h l ) × W × L × [Tw − T∞]
= (2113.49 + 715.44 ) × (0.08 × 0.8) × [130 − 70]
Q = 10.86 × 103W
5. A vertical pipe 80 mm diameter and 2 m height is maintained at a constant
temperature of 120 o C. the pipe is surrounded by still atmospheric air at 30o . Find heat
loss by natural convection.
Given:
Vertical pipe diameter D = 80 mm = 0.080m
Height (or) length L = 2 m
Surface temperature TS = 120 o C
Air temperature T∞ = 30 o C
To find
heat loss (Q)
Solution:
We know that
Flim temperature , 𝑇 = 𝑇w+𝑇∞
=
120+30
= 75𝑜 𝐶
f 2 2

Properties of water at 75 oC:

𝜌= 1.0145 kg/m3
v = 20.55 x10-6 m2/s
Pr = 0.693
k = 30.06 x 10 – 3 W/mK
We know
1
𝛽=
𝑇f i𝑛 𝐾

28
 1
𝛽= = 2.87 × 10−3𝐾−1
75 + 273
We know
𝑔 × 𝛽 × 𝐿3 × ∆𝑇
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑜f 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, 𝐺𝑟 =
𝑉2
9.81 × 2.87 × 10−3 × (0.08)3 × (120 − 30)
=
(20.55 × 10−6)2
𝐺𝑟 = 4.80 × 1010
𝐺𝑟𝑃𝑟 = 4.80 × 1010 × 0.693
𝐺𝑟𝑃𝑟 = 3.32 × 1010
Since GrPr>109, flow is turbulent.
For turbulent flow, from HMT data book
𝑁𝑢 = 0.10(𝐺𝑟𝑃𝑟)0.333
𝑁𝑢 = 0.10(3.32 × 1010)0.333
Nu = 318.8
We know that,
ℎ𝐿
𝑁𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, 𝑁𝑢 =
𝑘

ℎ×2
318.8 =
30.06 × 10−3
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠f𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜ffi𝑐i𝑒𝑛𝑡, ℎ = 4.79 W/𝑚2𝐾
Heat loss, 𝑄 = ℎ × 𝐴 × ∆𝑇
= ℎ × 𝜋 × 𝐷 × 𝐿 × (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞)
= 4.79 × 𝜋 × 0.080 × 2 × (120 − 30)
Q = 216.7 W
Heat loss Q = 216.7.
November 2012
6. Derive an equation for free convection by use of dimensional analysis.
𝑁𝑢 = 𝐶(𝑃𝑟𝑛. 𝐺𝑟𝑚)
Assume, h = f {ρ, μ, Cp, k, Σ,(β, ΔT)}
The heat transfer co efficient in case of natural or free convection, depends upon the
variables, V, ρ, k,μ, Cp and L, or D. Since the fluid circulation in free convection is owing to
difference in density between the various fluids layers due to temperature gradient and not by
external agency.
Thus heat transfer coefficient ‘h’ may be expressed as follows:

29
ℎ = f(ρ, L, μ, cp, k, β g ΔT)........................................ (i)
f1 (ρ, L, μ, k, h, cp, β g ΔT).......................................... (ii)
[This parameter (β g ΔT) represents the buoyant force and has the dimensions of LT -2.]
Total number of variables, n = 7
Fundamental dimensions in the problem are M,L,T, θ and hense m = 4
Number of dimensionless π- terms = (n –m) = 7-4= 3
The equation (ii) may be written as
f1 (𝜋1, 𝜋2, 𝜋3) = 3
We close ρ, L, μ and k as the core group (repeating variables) with unknown exponents. The
groups to be formed are now represented as the following π groups.
𝜋1 = 𝜌𝑎1 . 𝐿𝑏1 . 𝜇𝑐1 . 𝑘𝑑1 . ℎ
𝜋2 = 𝜌𝑎2 . 𝐿𝑏2 . 𝜇𝑐2 . 𝑘𝑑2 . 𝑐𝑝
𝜋3 = 𝜌𝑎3 . 𝐿𝑏3 . 𝜇𝑐3 . 𝑘𝑑3 . 𝛽 𝑔 ∆𝑡
𝜋1- term:
𝑀0𝐿0𝑇0𝜃0 = (𝑀𝐿−3)𝑎1 . (𝐿)𝑏1. (𝑀𝐿−1𝑇−1)𝑐1 . (𝑀𝐿𝑇−3𝜃−1)𝑑1 . (𝑀𝐿−3𝜃−1)
Equating the exponents of M,L,T and θ respectively, we get
For M: 0 = a1 + c1 + d1 + 1
For L: 0 = −3a1 + b1 − c1 + d1
For T: 0 = −c1 + 3d1 − 3
For T: θ = −d1 − 1
Solving the above equations, we get
a1 = 0, b1 = 1, c1 = 0, d1 = −1
ℎ𝐿
𝜋1 = 𝐿𝑘−1ℎ (𝑜𝑟) 𝜋1=
𝑘
𝜋2- Term:
𝑀0𝐿0𝑇0𝜃0 = (𝑀𝐿−3)𝑎2. (𝐿)𝑏2 . (𝑀𝐿−1𝑇−1)𝑐2 . (𝑀𝐿𝑇−3𝜃−1)𝑑2 . (𝐿2𝑇−2𝜃−1)
Equating the exponents of M, L, T and θ respectively, we get
For M: 0 = a2 + c2 + d2
For L: 0 = −3a2 + b2 − c2 + d2 + 2
For T: 0 = −c2 − 3d2 − 2
For T: θ = −d2 − 1
Solving the above equations, we get
a2 = 0, b2 = 0, c2 = 1, d2 = −1
𝜇𝑐𝑝
𝜋2 = 𝜇. 𝑘−1. 𝑐𝑝 (𝑜𝑟)𝜋2 =
𝑘

30
𝜋3- Term:
𝑀0𝐿0𝑇0𝜃0 = (𝑀𝐿−3)𝑎3 . (𝐿)𝑏3 . (𝑀𝐿−1𝑇−1)𝑐3 . (𝑀𝐿𝑇−3𝜃−1)𝑑3 . (𝐿𝑇−2)
Equating the exponents of M, L, T and θ respectively, we get
For M: 0 = a3 + c3 + d32
For L: 0 = −3a3 + b3 − c3 + d3 + 1
For T: 0 = −c3 − 3d3 − 2
For T: θ = −d3
Solving the above equations, we get
a3 = 2, b3 = 3, c3 = −2, d3 = 0
𝜋3 = 𝜌2. 𝐿3𝜇−2. (𝛽𝑔∆𝑡)
(𝛽𝑔∆𝑡)𝜌2. 𝐿3 (𝛽𝑔∆𝑡)𝐿3
𝑜𝑟 𝜋3 = =
𝜇2 𝑣2
𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑢 = ∅(𝑃𝑟)(𝐺𝑟)
𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑢 = 𝐶(𝑃𝑟)𝑛(𝐺𝑟)𝑚(𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐺𝑟 = 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑜ff 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶, 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 exp𝑒𝑟i𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦.

31
 UNIT - III
1. Two large plates are maintained at a temperature of 900 K and 500 K respectively.
Each plate has area of 62. Compare the net heat exchange between the plates for the
following cases.
(i) Both plates are black
(ii) Plates have an emissivity of 0.5
Given:
T1 =900 K
T2 = 500 K
A = 6 m2
To find:
(i) (Q12) net Both plates are black Є = 1
(ii) (Q12) net Plates have an emissivity of Є= 0.5
Solution
Case (i) Є1 = Є2 = 1
𝐴𝜎(𝑇14 − 𝑇24)
(𝑄12)𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
1 1
∈1 + ∈2 − 1
𝑇1 4 𝑇2 4
𝐴 × 5.67 [( ) −( )]
(𝑄 ) = 100 100
12 𝑛𝑒𝑡 1 1
+ −1
∈1 ∈2
900 4 500 4
6 × 5.67 [(100) − (100) ]
(𝑄12)𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
1 1
1+1−1
(𝑄12)𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 201.9 × 103W
Case (ii) Є1 = Є2 = 0.5
𝐴𝜎(𝑇14 − 𝑇24)
(𝑄12)𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
1 1
+ −1
∈1 ∈2
900 4 500 4
6 × 5.67 [(100) − (100) ]
(𝑄12)𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 1 1
+ −1
0.5 0.5
(𝑄12)𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 67300 W

32
2. The sun emits maximum radiation at λ = 0.52 μ. Assuming the sun to be a black
body, calculate the surface temperature of the sun. Also calculate the
monochromatic emissive power of the sun’s surface.
Given:
λ max = 0.52 μ = 0.52 x 10 -6 m
To find:
(i) Surface temperature, T.
(ii) Monochromatic emissive power, Ebλ
(iii) Total emissive power, E
(iv) Maximum emissive power, Emax
Solution:
1. From Wien’s law,
λ max T = 2.9 x 10 -3 mK
[From HMT Data book, page no 82, sixth editions]
2.9 x 10 − 3
𝑇=
0.52 x 10 − 6
𝑇 = 5576 𝐾
2. Monochromatic emissive power, ( Ebλ)
From Planck’s law,
c1λ−5
Ebℎ = c2
)
[e(ℎT − 1]

[From HMT Data book, page no 82, sixth editions]

Where
𝑐1 = 0.374 × 10−15 W𝑚2
𝑐2 = 14.4 × 10−3 𝑚𝐾
λ = 0.52 x 10 −6 m
T = 5576 K
0.374 × 10−15[0.52 x 10 −6]−5
Ebℎ = ( 14.4×10−3 )
0.52 X 10 −6 ×5576
[e − 1]

Ebℎ = 6.9 × 1013 W⁄m2

3. Total emissive power

E = σT 4 = 5.67 10−6 (5576)4 W/m2

4. Maximum emissive power
Emax = 1.28510-5 T5 = 1.285 10-5(5576)5 W/m2

33
3. A 70 mm thick metal plate with a circular hole of 35 mm diameter along the thickness
o
is maintained at a uniform temperature 250 C. Find the loss of energy to the
surroundings at 27 o, assuming the two ends of the hole to be as parallel discs and the
metallic surfaces and surroundings have black body characteristics.
Given:
35
𝑟2 = (𝑟3) = = 17.5 𝑚𝑚 = 0.0175 𝑚
2

L = 70 mm =0.07 m
T1 = 250 +273 = 523 K
Tsurr = 27 +273 = 300 K

Let suffix 1 designate the cavity and the suffices 2 and 3 denote the two ends of 35
mm dia. Hole which are behaving as discs. Thus,
𝐿 0.07
= =4
𝑟2 0.0175
𝑟3 0.0175
= = 0.25
𝐿 0.07

The configuration factor, F 2-3 is 0.065

Now, F 2-1 + F 2-2 + F 2-3 = 1 …….By summation rule
But, F 2-2 = 0
F 2-1 = 1 - F 2-3 = 1 – 0.065 = 0.935
Also,
A1 F1-2 = A2 F2 – 1 …..By reciprocating theorem

𝐴2𝐹2−1 𝜋 × (0.0175)2 × 0.935

𝐹1−2 = = = 0.1168
𝐴1 𝜋 × 0.035 × 0.07
𝐹1−3 = 𝐹1−2 = 0.1168 ..................................................... By symmetry

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠

= A1 F1−2 σ (T14 − Tsurr4) + A1 F1−3 σ (T14 − Tsurr4)
therefore ( F1−2 = F1−3 )
= 2 A1 F1−2 σ (T14 − Tsurr4)
523 4 300 4
= 2 (π × 0.035 × 0.07) × 0.1168 × 5.6 [( ) −( ) ] = 6.8 W
100 100

34
November 2011
4. The filament of a 75 W light bulb may be considered as a black body radiating into a
black enclosure at 700 C. the filament diameter is 0.10 mm and length is 5 cm.
considering the radiation, determine the filament temperature .
Given:
Q = 75W = 75 J/s
T2 = 70 +273 = 343 K
d = 0.1 mm
l = 5 cm
Area = π dl
Solution:
Є = 1 for black body
𝑄 = 𝜎c𝐴 (𝑇14 − 𝑇24)
75 = 5.67 × 10−8 × 1 × 𝜋 × 0.1 × 10−3 × 5 × 10−2(𝑇14 − (343)4)
4 75 + (343)4
𝑇 =
1 8.906 × 10−13
𝑇1 = 3029 𝐾
𝑇1 = 3029 − 273 = 27560𝐶

November 2011 (old regulation)

5. Two parallel plates of size 1.0 m by 1.0 m spaced 0.5 m apart are located in a very
large room, the walls of which are maintained at a temperature of 270 C. one p[late
is maintained at a temperature of 9000 C and other at 4000C. their emissivities are
0.2 and 0.5 respectively. If the plates exchange heat between themselves and the
surroundings, find the net heat transfer to each plate and to the room. Consider only
the plate surface facing each other.
Given:
Three surfaces (2 plates and wall)
𝑇1 = 9000𝐶 = 1173 𝐾
𝑇2 = 4000𝐶 = 673 𝐾
𝑇3 = 270𝐶 = 300 𝐾
𝐴1 = 𝐴2 = 1.0 𝑚2
∈1= 0.2
∈2= 0.2
Room size is much larger than the plate size

35
 1 − ∈3
𝑆𝑢𝑟f𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐸𝑏3 = 𝐽3
𝑟𝑒𝑠i𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∈3 𝐴3

1. To find the shape factor F1-2.

Ratio of smaller side to distance between plane.
1
= =2
0.5
Corresponding to 2 and curve 2 in HMT Data book
F1-2 = 0.4
By summation rule
F1-2 + F1-3 = 1
F1-3 = 1 - F1-2
F1-3 = 1 – 0.4 = 0.6
F1-3 = 0.6
F2-1 + F2-3 = 1
F2-3 = 1 - F2-1
F2-3 = 1 – 0.4
F2-3 = 0.6
The resistances are
1 −∈1 1 − 0.2
𝑅1 = = = 4.0
∈1 𝐴1 0.2 × 1
1 −∈2 1 − 0.5
𝑅2 = = = 1.0
∈2 𝐴2 0.5 × 1
1 1
𝑅1−2 = = = 1.0
𝐴1 𝐹1−2 1 × 0.4
1 1
𝑅1−3 = = = 1.67
𝐴1 𝐹1−3 1 × 0.6
1 1
𝑅2−3 = = = 1.67
𝐴2 𝐹2−3 1 × 0.6
To find radiosities J1J2 and J3, find total emissive power (Eb)

36
 1173 4
𝐸 = 𝜎𝑇 4 = 5.67 ( ) = 107.4 𝑘W/𝑚2
𝑏1 1 100
673 4
𝐸 = 𝜎𝑇 4 = 5.67 ( ) = 11.7 𝑘W/𝑚2
𝑏2 2 100

300 4
𝐸𝑏3 3 = 5.67 ( ) = 0.46 𝑘W/𝑚2
4 100
Node J1 : =𝜎𝑇
𝐸𝑏1 −𝐽1 𝐽2−𝐽1 𝐸𝑏3−𝐽1 107.4 −𝐽1 𝐽2−𝐽1 0.46−𝐽1
1−∈1 + 1 + 1−ച1 = + +
4.0 2.5 1.67
∈1 A1 A1𝐹1−2 A1𝐹1−3

J1 in terms of J2
Node J2
𝐽1 − 𝐽2 𝐸𝑏3 − 𝐽2 𝐸𝑏2 − 𝐽2
+ +
𝑅1−2 𝑅2−3 𝑅2
Here J1 in terms of J2
J2 = 11.6kW/m2
And J1 = 25.0kW/m2
The total heat loss by plate (1) is
𝐸𝑏1 − 𝐽1 107.4 − 25
𝑄1 = = = 20.6 𝑘W
1 −∈1 4.00
∈1 𝐴1
The total heat loss by plate (2) is
𝐸𝑏2 − 𝐽2 11.7 − 11.6
𝑄1 = 1 −∈ = = 0.1 𝑘W
2 1.00
∈2 𝐴2
The total heat received by the room is
𝑄3 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2
𝑄3 = 20.6 + 0.1
𝑄3 = 20.7 𝑘W
Net energy lost by the plates = Absorbed by the room.
6. Two large parallel planes with emissivities of 0.3 and 0.5 are maintained at
temperatures of 5270 C and 1270C respectively. A radiation shield having
emissivities of 0.05 on both sides is placed between them. Calculate
(i) Heat transfer rate between them without shield.
(ii) Heat transfer rate between them with shield.
Given:
Є 1 = 0.3
Є2 = 0.5
Є = 0.05
T1 = 527 +273 = 800 K

37
 T2 = 127+ 273 = 400 K
Find:
Q w/o shield and Q with shield

Solution:
𝜎(𝑇14 − 𝑇24)
(𝑄12)𝑛𝑒𝑡 wi𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎi𝑒𝑙𝑑 =
1 1
∈1 ∈2 − 1
+
800 4 400 4
5.67 ((100) − (100) )
=
1 1
+ −1
0.3 0.5
(𝑄12)𝑛𝑒𝑡 wi𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎi𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 5024.5 W/𝑚2
𝜎(𝑇14 − 𝑇24)
(𝑄12) wi𝑡ℎ 𝑠ℎi𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 1 1
1 1
(∈ + ∈ − 1) + (∈ + ∈ − 1)
1 3 3 2
5.67(8 − 4 )
4 4
=
1 1 1 1
( + − 1) + ( + − 1)
0.3 0.05 0.05 0.5
(𝑄12) wi𝑡ℎ 𝑠ℎi𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 859.45 W/𝑚2
November 2012
7. Emissivities of two large parallel plates maintained at 800o C and 3000 C are 0.3 and
0.5 respectively. Find the net radiant heat exchange per square meter of the plates. If a
polished aluminium shield (Є = 0.05) is placed between them. Find the percentage of
reduction in heat transfer.
Given:
T1 = 800o C +273 = 1073 K
T2 = 300o C +273 = 573 K
ε1 = 0.3
ε2 = 0.3
Radiation shield emissivity ε3= 0.05

38
To find:
Q12
(i) Net radiant heat exchange per square meter [ ]
𝐴

(ii) Percentage of reduction in heat transfer due to radiation shield.

Solution:
Case I: Heat transfer without radiation shield:
Heat exchange between two large parallel plates without radiation shield is given by
𝑄12 = s⃗𝜎 𝐴[𝑇14 − 𝑇24]
Where
1
s⃗ =
1 1
+
− 1
s1s2
1
=
1 1
+ −1
0.3 0.5
s⃗ = 0.230
𝑄12 = 0.230 × 5.67 × 10−8 × 𝐴 × [(1073)4 − (573)4]
O12
Heat transfer without radiation shield[ ] = 15.8 X103W/m2
𝐴

Case II: Heat transfer with radiation shield:

Heat exchange between plate I and radiation shield 3 is given by
𝑄13 = s⃗𝜎 𝐴[𝑇14 − 𝑇34]
Where
1
s⃗ =
1 1
s1 + s 3 − 1
𝜎 𝐴[𝑇14 − 𝑇34]
𝑄13 = … … … … . . (1)
1 1
s + s − 1
1 3

Heat exchange between radiation shield 3 and plate 2 is given by

39
 𝑄32 = s⃗𝜎 𝐴[𝑇34 − 𝑇24]
Where
1
s⃗ =
1 1
+ − 1
s3 s2
𝜎 𝐴[𝑇34 − 𝑇24]
𝑄32 = … … … … . . (2)
1 1
s + s − 1
3 2

We know that,
𝑄13 = 𝑄32
4 4
𝜎 𝐴[𝑇14 − 𝑇34] = 𝜎 𝐴[𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ]
1 1 1 1
+
s1 s3 − 1 s3 s2 − 1
+

(1073)4 − 𝑇34 𝑇34 − (573)4

= =
1 1 1 1
0.3 + 0.05 − 1 0.05 0.5 − 1
+
(1073)4 − 𝑇34 𝑇34 − (573)4
= =
22.3 21
= 2.78 × 1013 − 21 𝑇34 = 22.3 𝑇34 − 2.4 × 1012
= 3.02 × 1013 = 43.3 𝑇34
Shield temperature 𝑇3 = 913.8 𝐾
Heat transfer with radiation shield Q 13 =
𝜎 𝐴[𝑇14 − 𝑇34]
𝑄13 =
1 1
s + s − 1
1 3
5.67 × 10−8 × 𝐴 × [(1073)4 − (913.8)4]
𝑄13 = 1 1
0.3 0.05 − 1
+

Q13
= 1594.6 W⁄𝑚2 ..................... (3)
𝐴
𝑄wi𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎi𝑒𝑙𝑑 − 𝑄 𝑤i𝑡ℎ 𝑠ℎi𝑒𝑙𝑑
% 𝑜f 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡i𝑜𝑛 i𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠f𝑒𝑟 =
𝑄wi𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎi𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑑i𝑎𝑡i𝑜𝑛 𝑠ℎi𝑒𝑙𝑑

𝑄12 − 𝑄13
=
𝑄12
15.8 × 103 − 1594.6
=
15.8 × 103
= 0.899 = 89.9 %

40
8. Two rectangular surfaces are perpendicular to each other with a common edge of 2
m. the horizontal plane is 2 m long and vertical plane is 3 m long. Vertical plane is at
1200 K and has an emissivity of 0.4. the horizontal plane is 180 C and has a
emissivity of 0.3. Determine the net heat exchange between the planes.

Solution:
Q 12 = ?

𝑄12 = (𝐹𝑔)1−2𝐴1𝜎(𝑇14 − 𝑇24)

𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒
1
(𝐹𝑔)1−2 = 1 −∈ 1 1 −∈ 𝐴
1 + +( 2) 1
∈1 𝐹1−2 ∈2 𝐴2
A1 = Area of horizontal plane = XY = 2x2 = 4 m2
A2 = Area of vertical plane = ZX = 3x2 = 6 m 2
Both surfaces have common edge for which
𝑍 3 𝑌 2
= = 1.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = =1
X 2 X 2
From HMT data book the shape factor F 1-2 = 0.22
1200 4 18 + 273 4
4 × 5.67 (( 100 ) − ( 100 ) )
𝑄12= 1 − 0.4 1 1 − 0.3 4
( )
0.4 + 0.22 + 0.3 6
𝑄12= 61657.7 W
9. Determine the view factor (F14) for the figure shown below.
From Fig. We know that
A5 = A1+A2
A6 = A3+A4
Further,
A5 F5 = A1 F1-6 + A2 F2-6
[ A5 = A1 + A2; F5-6 = F 1 – 6 + F 2 – 6]

41
 = A1 F1-3 + A1 F1-4 + A2 F2 – 6
[ A5 = A1 + A2; F5-6 = F 1 – 6 + F 2 – 6]
A5 F5-6 = A5 F5-3 – A2 F2-3 + A1 F1-4 + A2 F2-6
[ A1 = A5 + A2; F1-3 = F 5 – 3 - F 2 – 3]
 A1 F1-4 = A5 F5-6 – A5 F5-3 + A2 F2-3 - A2 F2-6
A5 A2
F = [F − F ]+ [F −F ] ......(1)
1–4 5−6 5−3 2−3 2−6
A1 A1
[Refer HMT Data book, page No.94 (sixth Edition)

Shape factor for the area A5 and A6

L2 = 2 = 2
Z =
B 1
L1 = 2 = 2
Y =
B 1
Z value is 2, Y value is 2. From that, we can find corresponding shape factor value is
0.14930. (From tables)
F5-6 = 0.14930
Shape factor for the area A5 and A3

42
 L2 = 1 = 1
Z =
B 1
L1 = 2 = 2
Y =
B 1
F5-3 = 0.11643
Shape factor for the area A2 and A3

L2 = 1 = 1
Z =
B 1
L1 = 1 = 1
Y =
B 1
F2 - 3 = 0.20004

Shape factor for the area A2 and A6

L2 = 2 = 1
Z =
B 1
L1 = 1 = 1
Y =
B 1

F2 - 6 = 0.23285
Substitute F5-6, F5-3, F2-3, and F2-6 values in equation (1),
A5 A2
 F1 – 4 = [0.14930 − 0.11643] + [0.20004 − 0.23285]
A1 A1

43
 A5 A2
= [0.03287] − [0.03281]
A1 A1
F1 – 4 = 0.03293
Result :
View factor, F1-4 = 0.03293

10. Calculate the net radiant heat exchange per m2 area for two large parallel plates at
temperatures of 4270 C and 270C. Є (hot plate) = 0.9 and Є (cold plate) = 0.6.If a polished
aluminium shield is placed between them, find the % reduction in the heat transfer
Є (shield) = 0.4

Net radiation heat transfer (Q 12)net = ?

Given:
T1 = 427 +273 = 700 K
T2 = 27+ 273 = 300 K
Є 1 = 0.9
Є2 = 0.6
Є = 0.4
Solution:
𝜎(𝑇14 − 𝑇24)
(𝑄12)𝑛𝑒𝑡 wi𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎi𝑒𝑙𝑑 =
1 1
∈1 + ∈2 − 1
700 4 300 4
5.67 ((100) − (100) )
=
1 1
0.9 0.6 − 1
+

(𝑄12)𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 7399.35 W/𝑚2

Percentage reduction in the heat transfer flow
𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡i𝑜𝑛 i𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 f𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎi𝑒𝑙𝑑
= × 100
𝑁𝑒𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 f𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡i𝑜𝑛 i𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 f𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎi𝑒𝑙𝑑 = (𝑄12)𝑛𝑒𝑡 − (𝑄13)𝑛𝑒𝑡

44
 𝐴𝜎(𝑇14 − 𝑇34)
(𝑄13)𝑛𝑒𝑡 wi𝑡ℎ 𝑠ℎi𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 1 1
∈1 + ∈3 − 1
To find T3 shield temperature (𝑄13)𝑛𝑒𝑡 = (𝑄32)𝑛𝑒𝑡

𝐴𝜎(𝑇14 − 𝑇34) = 𝐴𝜎(𝑇34 − 𝑇24)

1 1 1 1
+
∈1 ∈3 − 1 ∈3 ∈2 − 1
+

Let 𝑇3
=𝑥
100

700 4 𝑇 4 𝑇 4 300) 4 )
(( 100 ) − ( 3 ) ) (( 3 ) − (
100 100 100
1 1 = 1 1
+ −1
0.9+ 0.4− 1 0.4 0.6
2401 − 𝑥4 𝑥4 − 81
=
1.11 + 25 − 1 25 + 1.67 − 1

𝑥4 = 1253.8

𝑇3 1
= (1253.8) /4 = 5.95 (𝑜𝑟)
100

𝑇3 = 595 𝐾

𝜎(𝑇14 − 𝑇34)
(𝑄13)𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
1 1
+ −1
∈1 ∈3

700 4 595 4
5.67 ((100) − (100) )
=
1 1
0.9 0.4 − 1
+

(𝑄13)𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 2492.14 W/𝑚2

𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡i𝑜𝑛 i𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 f𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎi𝑒𝑙𝑑 = (𝑄12)𝑛𝑒𝑡 − (𝑄13)𝑛𝑒𝑡

= 7399.35 -2492.14

= 4907.21 W/𝑚2

Percentage reduction = 4907.21 𝑥 100 = 66.32%

7399.35

45
11. There are two large parallel plane with emissivities 0.3 and 0.8 exchange heat. Find
the percentage reduction when an aluminium shield of emissivity 0.04 is p[laced
between them. Use the method of electrical analogy.
Solution:
Given:
Є 1 = 0.3
Є2 = 0.8
Є = 0.04
Percentage reduction in heat transfer
𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡i𝑜𝑛 i𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠f𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎi𝑒𝑙𝑑
= × 100
𝑁𝑒𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠f𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
(𝑄12)𝑛𝑒𝑡 − (𝑄13)𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡i𝑜𝑛 i𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 f𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎi𝑒𝑙𝑑 =
(𝑄12 )𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝜎(𝑇14 − 𝑇24) 𝜎(𝑇14 − 𝑇24) 4 4
(𝑄12)𝑛𝑒𝑡 w/𝑜 𝑠ℎi𝑒𝑙𝑑 = = = 𝜎(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
1 1 1 1 3.58
+
∈1 ∈2 − 1 + − 1
0.3 0.8
𝜎(𝑇1 − 𝑇3 )
4 4 𝜎(𝑇14 − 𝑇34) = 𝜎(𝑇14 − 𝑇34)
(𝑄13)𝑛𝑒𝑡 wi𝑡ℎ 𝑠ℎi𝑒𝑙𝑑 = =
1 1 1 1 27.33
+ − 1 +
0.3 0.04 − 1
∈1 ∈3
Percentage reduction in heat transfer
(𝑄13)
=1−
(𝑄12 )
Here T3 = in terms of T1 and T2
To find the values of T3
(𝑄13)𝑛𝑒𝑡 = (𝑄32)𝑛𝑒𝑡

𝑇 14 − 𝑇 3 4 = 𝑇 34 − 𝑇 2 4
1 1 1 1
+
∈1 ∈3 − 1 ∈3 ∈2 − 1
+

𝑇14 − 𝑇34 𝑇34 − 𝑇24

=
27.33 25.25
27.33
𝑇 4−𝑇 4 = (𝑇 4 − 𝑇 4)
1 3 25.25 3 2

𝑇34 = 0.48 (𝑇14 + 1.08𝑇24)

Percentage reduction in heat transfer
(𝑄13)
=1−
(𝑄12 )

= 1 − 𝜎(𝑇1 − 𝑇3 )⁄27.33
4 4

𝜎 (𝑇 − 𝑇 4)⁄27.33
4
1 2

46
 4 4
= 1 − 3.58 [ (𝑇14 − 𝑇3 )]
27.33 −𝑇 4
(𝑇 2 )
1
𝑇14 − 0.48 (𝑇14 + 1.08 𝑇24)]
= 1 − 0.131 [ (𝑇 4 − 𝑇 4)
1 2

0.52 (𝑇14 − 𝑇24)]

= 1 − 0.131 [ (𝑇 4 − 𝑇 4)
1 2

= 1 − 0.131(0.52)

= 0.932

= 93.2%

47
 Unit - IV
1. Consider a two dimensional steady state heat conduction in a square region of
side ‘L’ subject to the boundary conditions shown in the figure
Calculate T1, T, T3 and T4 considering ∆x = ∆y = L/3. Calculate the heat transfer
rate through the boundary surface at x= L per 1m length perpendicular to the plane
of figure for L=0.1m, k=20W/mK.

400

2 1

200 3 4 600

800

48
Solution
Rearrange the questions and apply Gauss-seidel Iteration method;
 1000 + T2 + T4 – 4T1 = 0
600 + T3 + T1 – 4T2 = 0
1000 + T2 + T4 – 4T3 = 0
1400 + T1 + T3 – 4T3 = 0

No. of iteration (n) T1 T2 T3 T4

0 (assumed value) 500 300 500 700
1 500 400 525 606.25
2 501.56 406.64 503.22 601.95
3 501.95 401.29 500.81 600.69
4 500.49 400.33 500.26 600.19
5 500.13 400.09 500.07 600.05

The fourth and fifth iteration have approximately equal values

 T1=500.13oC; T2=400.09oC; T3=500.07oC; t4 = 600.05oC

To find heat transfer rate at x=L

dT
Q = kx [Herey = 1]
dy
 (500 − 800)+ (600.05 − 800)
= 20 0.03333
 
 0.03333 
Q = -10,000 W
2. The figure shows the temperature in a part of a solid and the boundary conditions.
Estimate the thermal conductivity of the material and also find the heat flow over
surface 1.

Solution:
To find heat flow from surface 1 (mode of heat transfer is convection)

49
 Q = hA(∆T)
or Q = hA(T ), Hear

A = ∆x.∆y
( Vertical heat flow i.e heat flow from bottom face  unit thickness ∆y = 1)
 
Q = hx (T − T ) + (T − T )+ (500 − 300)
1
 C  D 
2 

Q = 193W
 We know that, heat transfer is same for the material
Q = kA(∆T)
Q = kx(TA − TD ) + (TB − TC ) + (TE − TF )
193 = kx0.1[(435-356)+(454-337)+(500-500)]
193
k =
0.1196
k = 9.847 W/mK
3. A small cubical furnace 50 x 50 x 50 cm on the inside ISV constructed of fire clay
brick (k = 10W/mK) with a wall thickness of 10 cm. The inside furnace is maintained at
500° C. Calculate the heat loss through the wall.
Given
Size of cubical furnace 50 x 50 x 50Cm.
kb = 1.04 W/mK
L = 10cm = 10x10-2m
Ti = 500oC
To = 50oC
Find Q=?
Solution
We know that Q = kS (Ti - To)
Cubic furnace, having 6 wall sections, 8 corners and 12 edges.
A 0.5 0.5
Conduction shape factor for (s) wall = = =2.5 m
L 0.1
Conduction shape factor for corner = 0.15L = 0.l5.X 0.1 = 0.015m
Conduction shape factor for edges = 0.54 D= 0.54 x 0.5 = 0.27 m
Total conduction shape factor (s) = (62.5)+(8x0.015)+(12x0.27)
S = 18.36 m
 Q = kS∆T
= 1.04x18.36(500-50)

50
 Q = 8.592 W
4. What is meant relaxation method? Explain in detail.
❖ It may also be solved by “Gauss-seidel Iteration” method (For large node)
❖ In this method, a combined volume of the system is divided into number of sub-
volumes.
❖ Each sub volume has a temperature distribution at its centre.
❖ Each sub volume has heat conducting rod. The center of each sub- volume having
temperature distribution is called “nodes”.
Various Steps involved in Relaxation Process
1. Subdivide the system into a number of small sub volumes and assign a reference
number to each.
2. Assume values of temperatures at various nodes.
3. Using the assumed temperatures, calculate the residuals at each node.
4. Relax the largest residual to zero by changing the corresponding nodal temperature by
an appropriate amount.
5. Change the residuals of the surrounding nodes to correspond with the temperature
change in step (4).
6. Continue to relax residuals until all are equal to zero

Fig. 4.5 C onducting Rod Mesh

Q1-0 + Q2-0 + Q3-0 + Q4-0 = 0

k.y(T1 − T0 ) k.x(T2 − T0 ) k.y(T3 − T0 ) k.y(T4 − T0 )

+ + + =0
x y x y
y x
(T + T − 2T )+ (T + T − 2T ) = 0 If X  Y
x 1 3 0
y 2 4 0

Here ∆x=∆y
T1+T3+T2+T4-4T0 = 0
To find the temperature at an interior node T0 (or) Tmn is

T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 - 4T0 = 0
 Tm +1, n + Tm , n +1 + Tm −1, n + Tm, n −1
Tmn =
4

5. A square plate of side L is fully insulated along the surfaces. The temperature
maintained at the edges are given as:
T (x, 0) = 0
T (0, y) = 0
T (x, L) = 100oC
and T(L,y) = 100oC
Find the expression for steady state temperature distribution.
Solution:

y 100oC
0 100oC

0 

From HMT Data book

T = T
1
 +T +T +T 
m,n m+1,n m,n+1 m−1,n m,n−1
4
Here
Tm+1,n = 100oC

Tm,n+1 = 100oC

Tm−1,n = 0oC

Tm,n−1 = 0 oC

Tm,n =
1
100+100+ 0 + 0
4
Tm,n = 50oC
6. The temperature distribution and boundary condition in part of a solid is shown
below; Determine the temperature at nodes marked A, B and C. Also determine the
heat convected over surface exposed to convection. (k =1.5W/mK).

Solution
1. Node A is an interior node
,To find the temperature at node A
Tm +1, n +Tm −1,n +Tm , n+1 +Tm, n−1
TA =
4
132.8 +172.9 + 137 + 200
=
4
TA = 160.68oC
2. To find temperature at node B (it is at the insulated boundary)
Tm , n +1+Tm, n −1 + 2Tm −1, n
 TB =
4
(Refer HMT data book)
129.4 + 45.8 + 2(103.5)
=
4
TB = 95.55oC
3. To find temperature at node C (It is at convection boundary)
1
hx + (2T +T +T )
T m −1, n m, n+1 m, n−1
 TC = k 2
hx
+2
k
(Refer HMT data book)
hx 500  0.1
Bi = = =33.33
k 1.5
1
33.33 30 + (2 103.5 + 45.8 + 67)
 TC = 2
33.33 + 2

TC =37.35o C

4.18 Heat and Mass Transfer

4. Let the heat convected over surface exposed to convection.
Q Conu = hAT

= hx  y (T − T )
 1 
= hy (T −T ) +(T −T ) +(T −T ) + (T −T )

    

C
2
(Unit thickness  x =1)
 1 
= 5001 0.1 (45.8 −30) +(37.35−30) +(67 − 30) + (200 − 30)
 
2
Q = 7257 .5W

53
 UNIT-V
1. Water flows at the rate of 65 kg/min through a double pipe counter flow heat
exchanger. Water is heated from 50o C to75oC by an oil flowing through the tube.
The specific heat of the oil is 1.780 kj/kg.K. The oil enters at 115oC and leaves at
70oC.the overall heat transfer co-efficient is 340 W/m2K.calcualte the following
1. Heat exchanger area
2. Rate of heat transfer
Given:
Hot fluid – oil, Cold fluid – water
(T1 , T2) (t1 , t2)

Mass flow rate of water (cold fluid), mc = 65 kg/min

= 65/60 kg/s
mc = 1.08 kg/s
Entry temperature of water, t1 =50o C
Exit temperature of water, t2 =75o C
Specific heat of oil (Hot fluid), Cph = 1.780 KJ/kg K
= 1.780 x 103 J/kg K
Entry temperature of oil, T1 =115o C
Exit temperature of water, T2 =70o C
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 340 w/m2 K
To find:
1. Heat exchanger area, (A)
2. Rate of heat transfer, (Q)
Solution:
We know that,
Heat transfer, Q = mc cpc (t2 – t1) (or) mh cph (T1 - T2)
Q = mc Cpc (t2 – t1)
Q = 1.08 x 4186 x (75 – 50)
[Specific heat of water, cpc = 4186 J/kg K]
Q = 113 x 103 W
We know that,
Heat transfer, Q = U x A (ΔT)m .....................(1)
[From HMT data book page no:152(sixth edition)]

54
 Where
ΔTm – Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference. (LMTD)
For counter flow,

[(𝑇1 − 𝑡2) − (𝑇2 − 𝑡1)

ΔTlm = 𝑇 − 𝑡2
𝑙𝑛 [ 1 ]
𝑇2 − 𝑡1
ΔTlm = 28. 8oC

Substitute (ΔT)lm , Q and U values in Equn (1)

(1) Q = UA (ΔT)lm
113 x 103 = 340 x A x 28.8
A = 11.54 m2
2. A parallel flow heat exchanger is used to cool 4.2 kg/min of hot liquid of specific
heat 3.5 kJ/kg K at 130o C. A cooling water of specific heat 4.18 kJ/kg K is used
for cooling purpose of a temperature of 15o C. The mass flow rate of cooling
water is 17 kg/min. calculate the following.
1. Outlet temperature of liquid
2. Outlet temperature of water
3. Effectiveness of heat exchanger
Take
Overall heat transfer co-efficient is 1100 W/m2 K.
Heat exchanger area is 0.30m2
Given:
Mass flow rate of hot liquid, mh = 4.2 kg/min
mh = 0.07 kg/s
Specific heat of hot liquid, cph = 3.5 kJ/kg K
cph = 3.5 x 103 J/kg K

Inlet temperature of hot liquid, T1 = 1300 C

Specific heat of hot water, Cpc = 4.18 kJ/kg K

Cpc = 4.18 x 103 J/kg K

55
 Inlet temperature of hot water, t1 = 150 C

Mass flow rate of cooling water, mc = 17 kg/min

mc = 0.28 kg/s
Overall heat transfer co – efficient, U = 1100 w/m2 K
Area, A = 0.03 m2
To find :
1. Outlet temperature of liquid, (T2)
2. Outlet temperature of water, (t2)
3. Effectiveness of heat exchanger, (ε)
Solution :
Capacity rate of hot liquid, Ch = mh x Cph
= 0.07 x 3.5 x 103
Ch = 245 W/K……… (1)
Capacity rate of water, Cc = mc x Cpc
= 0.28 x 4.18 x 103
Cc = 1170.4 W/K ……… (2)
From (1) and (2),
Cmin = 245 W/K
Cmax = 1170.4 W/K
Cmin 245
=> = = 0.209
Cmax 1170.4
Cmin
= 0.209 ................. (3)
Cmax

Number of transfer units, NTU = UA

Cmin

[From HMT data book page no. 152]

1100 X 0.30
=> NTU =
245

NTU = 1.34..................... (4)

To find effectiveness ε, refer HMT data book page no 163
(Parallel flow heat exchanger)
From graph,
Xaxis NTU = 1.34

Curve Cmin = 0.209

Cmax

Corresponding Yaxis value is 64 %

i.e., ε = 0.64
from HMT data Book
mhcph (T1 − T2 )
=
Cmin (T1 − t1 )
130 − T2
0.64 =
130 − 15
T2 = 56.4 oC
To find t2
mh cph(T1-T2) = mcCpc (t2-t1)
0.07 3.5103 (130-56.4) = 0.284186 (t2-15)
t2 = 30.4oC

Maximum possible heat transfer

Qmax = Cmin (T1 – t1)
= 245 (130 - 15)
Qmax = 28.175 W
Actual heat transfer rate
Q = ε x Qmax
= 0.64 x 28.175
Q = 18.032 W
We know that,
Heat transfer, Q = mc Cpc(t2 – t1)
=> 18.032 = 0.28 x 4.18 x 103 (t2 – 15)
=> 18.032 = 1170.4 t2 - 17556
=> t2 = 30.40oC
Outlet temperature of cold water, t2 = 30.40oC
We know that,
Heat transfer, Q = mh Cph(T1 – T2)
=> 18.032 = 0.07 x 3.5 x 103 (130 – T2)
=> 18.032 = 31850 - 245 T2
=> T2 = 56.4oC
Outlet temperature of hot liguid, T2 = 56.4oC

57
3. Hot chemical products (Cph = 2.5 kJ/kg K) at 600o C and at a flow rate of 30 kg/s are
used to heat cold chemical products (Cp = 4.2 kJ/kg K) at 200o C and at a flow rate 20
kg/s in a parallel flow heat exchanger. The total heat transfer is 50 m2 and the overall
heat transfer coefficient may be taken as 1500 W/m2 K. calculate the outlet
temperatures of the hot and cold chemical products.
Given: Parallel flow heat exchanger
Th1 = 600o C ; mh = 30 kg/s
Cph = 2.5 kJ/kg K
Tc1 = 100oC ; mc 28 kg/s
Cpc = 4.2kJ/kg K
A = 50m2
U = 1500 W/m2K
Find:
(i) Th2 (ii) Tc2 ?
Solution
The heat capacities of the two fluids

Ch = mhcph = 30 x 2.5 =75 kW/K

Cc = mccpc = 28 x 4.2 = 117.6 kW/K

75
The ratio 𝐶𝑚i𝑛 = = 0.64
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 117.6

𝑈𝐴 1500 𝑥 50
NTU = = = 1.0
𝐶𝑚i𝑛 75 𝑥 103

For a parallel flow heat exchanger, the effectiveness from Fig. 13.15 corresponding to 𝐶𝑚i𝑛
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥

and NTU

∈ = 0.48

We know that

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠f𝑒𝑟

∈=
𝑀𝑎𝑥.𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠i𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠f𝑒𝑟

𝑚ℎ𝐶𝑝ℎ (𝑇
ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2 )
=
𝐶𝑚i𝑛 (𝑇
ℎ1− 𝑇𝑐1 )

(𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2)
∈=
(𝑇ℎ1− 𝑇𝑐1)

600− 𝑇ℎ2
0.48 =
600−100

58
 Th2 = 360oC

We know that

Heat lost by the hot product = Heat gained by the cold product
mhcph (𝑇ℎ1− 𝑇ℎ2) = mccph (𝑇𝑐2− 𝑇𝑐1)
75(600 – 360) = 117.6 (𝑇𝑐2 − 100)
𝑇𝑐2 = 253. 06𝑜 𝐶
4. Estimate the diffusion rate of water from the bottom of a tube of 10mm diameter and
15cm long into dry air 25oC. Take the diffusion coefficient of water through air as 0.235
x 10-4m2/s
Given:
D = 0.255 x 10-4m2/s
஠
Area (A) = ஠ 𝑑2 = (0.01)2 = 7.85 𝑥 10−5 m2
4 4

Ro = 8314 J/kg – mole K

T = 25 + 273 = 298 K
Mw = molecular weight of water = 18
P = Total pressure = 1.01325 x 105 N/m2
X2 – X1 = 0.15m
Pw1 = partial pressure at 25o C = 0.03166 x 105 N/m2
Pw2 = 0
Find:
Diffusion rate of water (or) Mass transfer rate of water.
Solution
We know that
Molar rate of water (Ma)

DA P Pa2
Ma = . In ( )
Ro T X2 − X1 Pa1

0.255 X 10−4 X 7.85 X 10−5 X 1.01325 X 105 1.01325−0

= x( )
8314 X 298 X0.15 1.01325−0.03166

Here Pa2 = P – Pw2 , Pa1 = P – Pw1

Ma = 1.72 x 10-11 kg-mole/s
Mass transfer rate of water
(or) = Molar rate of water X molecular weight of steam
Diffusion rate of water
Mw = 1.72 x 10-11 x 18
Diffusion rate of water (Mw) = 3.1 x 10-10 kg/s
5. A vessel contains a binary mixture of O2 and N2 with partial pressure in the ratio of
0.21 and 0.79 at 15oC. The total pressure of the mixture is 1.1 bar. Calculate the
following
1. Molar concentration
2. Mass densities
3. Mass fractions
4. Molar fractions.
Given:
T = 15 + 273 = 288 K
P = 1.1bar = 1.1 x 105 N/m2
Po2 = 0.21 bar
PN2 = 0.21 bar
Solution
1. To find Molar concentration (Co2 and Co2 )

Po 2 0.21 X 1.1 X 10 5
CO = =
2 RoT 8314 X 288

CO 2 = 0. 00965 kg mole/m3
PN2 0.79 X 1.1X 10 4
CN = =
2 RoT 8314 X 288

CN2 = 0. 0363 kg mole/m3

2. To find mass densities (𝑝𝑜2 and 𝑝𝑁2 )
P = MC
Where, M: Molecular weight
Po2 = Mo2 x Co2 = 32 x 0.00965
Po2 = 0. 309 kg/m3

PN2 = MN2 x CN2 = 28 x 0.0363

PN2 = 1. 016 kg/m3
3. To find mass fractions (𝑀𝑜2 and 𝑀𝑁2 )
We know that
ρ = 𝜌𝑜2 + 𝜌𝑁2= 0.309 + 1.016
ρ = 1.375 kg/𝑚3
𝜌𝑜2 0.309
𝑀𝑜2= =
𝜌 1.325

𝑀𝑜2 = 0. 233

60
 𝜌𝑁2 1.016
𝑀𝑁2= =
𝜌 1.325

𝑀𝑁2 = 0. 767
4. To find molar fraction (𝑛𝑜2 and 𝑛𝑁2 )
We know that
C = 𝐶𝑜2 + 𝐶𝑁2 = 0.00965 + 0.0363
C = 1.375 kg mole/𝑚3
𝐶𝑜 2 0.00965
𝑛𝑜2= =
𝐶 0.046

𝑛𝑜2 = 0. 21
𝐶 𝑁2 0.0363
𝑛𝑁2 = =
𝐶 0.046

𝑛𝑁2 = 0. 79
6. A counter flow heat exchanger is employed to cool 0.55 kg/s (Cp = 2.45 kj/kgoC) of oil
from 115oC to 40oC by the use of water. The inlet and outlet temperature of cooling
water are 15oC and 75oC respectively. The overall heat transfer coefficient is expected to
be 1450 W/m2oC.
Using NTU method, calculate the following:
(i) The mass flow rate of water.
(ii) The effectiveness of heat exchanger.
(iii) The surface area required.
Given:
Counter flow HE
Mh = 0.55 kg/s
𝐶𝑝ℎ= 2.45kj/kgoC
T1 = 115oC
T2 = 40oC
t 1 = 15oC
t 2 = 75oC
U = 1450 W/m2oC
To find:
1. The mass flow rate of water. (mc)
2. The effectiveness of heat exchanger. (∈)
3.The surface area required.(A)
Solution:
For ∈ −𝑁𝑇𝑈 method from HMT date book
Q = ∈ Cmin (T1 − t1)

61
To find mc
Use energy balance equation.
Heat lost by hot fluid = Heat gained by cold fluid
mhCph(T1−T2) = mcCpc(t2−t1)
0.55 x 2450 (115 - 40) = mc x 4186 (75 - 15)
mc = 0.40kg/s
Heat capacity rate of hot fluid = Ch = mh - Cph
= 0.55 x 2.45
Ch = 1.35 kw/K
Heat capacity rate of cold fluid = Cc = mc - Cpc
= 0.40 x 4.186
Cc = 1.67kw/K
Ch < Cc
Ch = Cmin
𝑚ℎ𝐶𝑝 (𝑇1−𝑇2)
ℎ
∈=
𝐶𝑚i𝑛 (𝑇1−𝑇2)
115−40
=
115−15

∈= 0.75 = 75%
Q = 0.75 x 1350 (115 – 15)
Q = 101.250W
Q = UA (ΔT)lm
A = Q/U(ΔT) lm
(𝑇1−𝑡2)− (𝑇2−𝑡1)
(ΔT)lm = (𝑇 𝑡 )
𝑙𝑛[ 1− 2 ]
(𝑇2−𝑡1)

(115−75)−(40−15)
= 115−75
𝑙𝑛[ ]
40−15

(ΔT)lm = 31.9oC
101.250
A=
1450 𝑥 31.9

A = 2.19 m2
7. A pan of 40 mm deep, is filled with water to a level of 20 mm and is exposed to dry air
at 300 C. Calculate the time required for all the water to evaporate. Take, mass
diffusivity is 0.25X10 -4 m 2/s.
Given:
Deep, (x 2 – x1 ) = 40 – 20 = 20 mm = 0.020 m
Temperature, T = 300 C + 273 = 303 K
Diffusion co- efficient , Dab =0.25X10 -4 m 2/s.

62
To find:
Time required for all the water to evaporate, t.
Solution:
We know that, for isothermal evaporation
𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝑝 𝑝−𝑝w2
Molar flux,𝑚𝑎 = × ln [ ] ................. (1)
𝐴 𝐺𝑇 (𝑥2−𝑥1) 𝑝−𝑝w1

Where,
G – Universal gas constant = 8314 j/kg – mole-K
P – Total pressure = 1 atm = 1.013 bar = 1.013 X 105
N/m2

pw1 - Partial pressure at the bottom of the pan

Corresponding to saturation temperature 30oC
At 30oC
 pw1 = 0.04242 bar (From steal table page no.2)
 pw1 = 0.4242105 N/m2
Pw2 – partial pressure at the top of the pan, which is zero.
 Pw2 = 0
 ma
= 0.25 10 −4 1.013 105  1.013 105 − 0 
8314  303  0.020  1.013 10 − 0.04242 105 
(1) 5
A
 
ma kg − mole
= 2.15 10−6
A s
For unit Area, A = 1m2
kg − mole
Molar rate of water, ma=2.15  10-6
sm2
We know that,
Mass Rate of Molar Rate of Molecular weight
= 
water vapour water vapour of steam

= 2.1510-618.016
Molar rate of water vapour = 3.8710-5 kg/s-m2
The total amount of water to be evaporated per m2 area
= (0.201) 1000
=20 kg/m2 Area
20
Time required, t =
Massrateof water vapour

63
 20
=
3.87 103 s
Result :
Time required for all the water to evaporate, t=516.79103S

8. A heat exchanger is to be designed to condense an organic vapour at a rate of 500

kg/min. Which is available at its saturation temperature of 355 K. Cooling water at 286
K is available at a flow rate of 60 kg/s. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 475
W/m2C Latent heat of condensation of the organic vapour is 600 kJ/kg. Calculate
1. The number of tubes required, if tubes of 25 mm otuer diameter, 2mm thick and 4.87m
long are available, and
2. The number of tube passes, if cooling water velocity (tube side) should not exceed 2m/s.
Given:
do = 25 mm = 0.025
di = 25-(22)= 21 mm = 0.21 m
L = 4.87 m
V = 2 m/s
Tc1 = 286-273 = 13oC
Tsat = Th1 = Th2 = 355-273 = 82oC
U = 475 /m2 K
hfg = 600 kj/kg
500
mh = = 8.33 kg/s
60
mc = 60 kg/s
Find
(i) Number of tubes (N)
(ii) Number of tube passes (P)
Solution

Q = UAm=U(doLN)m
Q = mhhfg = mcCpc (Tc2 – Tc1)
i.e. Heat lost by vapour = heat gained by ater

64
 Q = 8.33 600103
Q = mcc pv (Tc 2 − Tc1 )
8.33600103 = 604.18 (Tc2 – 13)
Tc2 = 32.9oC

θm = θ1 − θ 2
θ 
ln 1 
θ2 
(Th1 − Tc1 ) − (Th 2 − Tc 2 )
θm =  (T − T ) 
ln h1 c1

 h2
(T − T c2 
)

(82 − 13) − (82 − 32.9)

=
 (82 − 13) 
ln (82 − 32.9) 
 
θm = 58.5 oC

Heat transfer rate is given by

Q = mh hfg = UAθm

8.33 600103 = 475 (0.0254.87N58.5)

N= 470 Tubes
To find N. of tube passes (P)
N = PNp
Where
N : No. of tubes
P : No. of tube passes
Np : No. of tubes in each pass
i.e. The cold water flow passing through each pass.
mc = AVp N p
π
60 = di 2V  N
ρ p
4
π
60= (0.021) 2  2 1000  N
p
4
Np=95.5
We know that
N = P  Np

65
 N
No. of passes (P) =
Np
470
= = 4.91
95.5
P=5
∴ Number of passes (P) = 5
9. An Open pan 20 cm in diameter and 8 cm deep contains water at 25oC and is exposed
to dry atmospheric air. If the rate of diffusion of water vapour is 8.54×10-4 kg/h,
estimate the diffusion co-efficient of water in air.
Given
Diameter d = 20 cm = 0.20 m
Length (x2-x1) = 8cm = 0.08 m
Temperature ,T= 25oC+273 = 298 K
Diffusion rate (or)
Mass rate of water vapour = 8.5410-4 kg/h
8.54 10−4 kg
=
3600 s
= 2.3710-7 kg/s
To find
Diffusion co-efficient, Dab
Solution
We know that
Molar rate of water vapour
ma
=
Dab p  p − pw2 
ln
 p− p 
A GT (x2 − x1 )  w1 

Dab
m = p  p − pw 2 
 ln
 
GT (x 2 − x1 )  p − p w1 
a

We know that,
Mass rate of water vapour = Molar rate of water vapour + Molecular weight of steam
p  p − pw2 
2.37 x 10-7 = Dab  ln  18.016 .......... (1)
p− p 
GT (x2 − x1 )  w1 

where,
π 2
Area, A = d
4

66
 π
= (0.20)2
4
A = 0.0314 m2
J
G- Universal gas constant = 8314
kg − mole − K
p- Total pressure = 1 atm = 1.013 bar
= 1.013 x 105 N/m2
pwl = Partial pressure at the bottom of the test tube corresponding to
saturation temperature 25oC
At 25oC
 pwl = 0.03166 bar [From (R.S. Khurami) Steam table, Page no.2]
 pwl = 0.03166 x 105 N/m2
pw2 - Partial pressure at the top of the pan. Here, air is dry and there is no
water vapour. So, pw2 – 0.
 pw2 = 0
(1) 2.37 x 10-7 =
D  0.0314 1.013 105  1.013  105 −0 
  in  18.016
ab
 5 
8314  298 0.08 1.013  10 −0.03166  10 
5

Dab = 2.58 x 10-5 m2/s

Result:
Diffusion co-efficient, Dab = 2.58 x 10-5 m2/s.

10. A counter flow double pipe heat exchanger using super heated steam is used to heat
water at the rate of 10500 kg/hr. The steam enters the heat exchanger at 180oC and
leaves at 130oC. The inlet and exit temperature of water are 30oC and 80oC respectively.
If the overall heat transfer coefficient from steam to water is 814 W/m2 K, calculate the
heat transfer area. What would be the increase in area if the fluid flow were parallel?
Given
Counter flow heat exchanger
10500
mw = mc = = 2.917 kg / s
3600
T1 = 180oC t1=30oC
T2 = 130oC t2 = 80oC
U = 814 W/m2 K

67
Find
(i) Area of heat transfer (A)
(ii) Increase in area

Solution
(i) When the flow is counter:
θ1 − θ2
θm =
ln(θ 1/θ 2)

θ1 = T1 − t2 = 180 − 80 = 100o C
θ 2 = T2 − t1 = 130 − 30 = 100o C
LMTD = 0 oC
If LMTD = 0 oC use AMTD
θ1 + θ 2
So, AMTD = [AMTD: Arithmetic mean temperature difference]
2
100 + 100
AMTD =
2
AMTD = 100oC
m = 100oC
Here Tlm = AMTD
 To find heat transfer rate
Q = U A Tlm

Q = mc c pc (t 2 − t1 )

Q = 2.9174.187 103 (80-90)

2.9174.187 103 50 = 814  A 100
A = 7.5 m2

ii) When the flow is parallel

Tlm = (T1 − t 1 ) − (T2 − t 2 )
ln ((T − t )/(T − t ))
1 1 2 2

(180 − 30)− (130 − 80)

ln(180 − 30)/(130 − 80)
=

68
 150 − 50
= 91 o C
ln 150 / 50
=

Q = U A Tlm
or 2.917 (4.187103) (80-30) = 814 A 91

A = 8.24 m2
8.24 − 7.5
Increase in Area = = 0.0987 or 9.87%
7.5

69