BSc CSIT CSC367 : Prem Prasad Shrestha
NET Centric Computing
CSC367
Unit 1: Language Preliminaries
C# Language
Data Types
CSC367 Language Preliminaries Slide 2
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BSc CSIT CSC367 : Prem Prasad Shrestha
C# Language
Simple Types
Simple Type
Integer Type Floating Point Type Decimal Boolean Character
Type Type Type
int short byte long float double decimal bool char
CSC367 Language Preliminaries Slide 3
Data Types
Type Description Range Suffix
byte 8-bit unsigned integer 0 to 255
sbyte 8-bit signed integer -128 to 127
short 16-bit signed integer -32,768 to 32,767
ushort 16-bit unsigned integer 0 to 65,535
int 32-bit signed integer -2,147,483,648
to
2,147,483,647
uint 32-bit unsigned integer 0 to 4,294,967,295 u
long 64-bit signed integer -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 l
to
9,223,372,036,854,775,807
ulong 64-bit unsigned integer 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 ul
float 32-bit Single-precision floating point type -3.402823e38 to 3.402823e38 f
double 64-bit double-precision floating point type -1.79769313486232e308 to d
1.79769313486232e308
decimal 128-bit decimal type for financial and monetary (+ or -)1.0 x 10e-28 to 7.9 x 10e28 m
calculations
char 16-bit single Unicode character Any valid character, e.g. a,*, \x0058
(hex), or\u0058 (Unicode)
bool 8-bit logical true/false value True or False
object Base type of all other types.
string A sequence of Unicode characters
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BSc CSIT CSC367 : Prem Prasad Shrestha
Variables
• Variables are special containers that hold some data at
specific memory locations. Variables can either be
numeric, string, date, character, Boolean and so on.
• Int a; or int a=20;
Constant
• A constant is a variable whose value can’t be changed
throughout its lifetime. By prefixing a variable with the
const keyword and later initializing it,
• const int i=10;
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C# Operators
• Arithmetic Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
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BSc CSIT CSC367 : Prem Prasad Shrestha
Arithmetic Operators
Operator Name Description Example
Computes the sum of left and right
+ Addition int x = 5 + 5;
operands.
Subtract the right operand from the
- Subtraction int x = 5 - 1;
left operand
* Multiplication Multiply left and right operand int x = 5 * 1;
Divides the left operand by the right
/ Division int x = 10 / 2;
operand
Computes the remainder after
% Remainder dividing its left operand by its right int x = 5 % 2;
operand
Unary increment ++ operator
++ Unary increment x++
increases its operand by 1
Unary decrement -- operator
-- Unary decrement x--
decreases its operand by 1
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Assignment Operators
Operator Example Same As
= x=5 x=5
+= x += 3 x=x+3
-= x -= 3 x=x-3
*= x *= 3 x=x*3
/= x /= 3 x=x/3
%= x %= 3 x=x%3
&= x &= 3 x=x&3
|= x |= 3 x=x|3
^= x ^= 3 x=x^3
>>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3
<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3
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BSc CSIT CSC367 : Prem Prasad Shrestha
Relational or Comparision Operators
Operator Name Example
== Equal to x == y
!= Not equal x != y
> Greater than x>y
< Less than x<y
>= Greater than or equal to x >= y
<= Less than or equal to x <= y
CSC367 Language Preliminaries Slide 9
Logical Operators
Operator Name Description Example
&& Logical AND Returns True if both statements are true x < 5 && x < 10
|| Logical OR Returns True if one of the statements is true x < 5 || x < 4
Reverse the result, returns False if the result
! Logical NOT !(x < 5 && x < 10)
is true
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BSc CSIT CSC367 : Prem Prasad Shrestha
Bitwise Operators
Example (a = 0,
Operator Name Description
b = 1)
It compares each bit of the first operand with the
corresponding bit of its second operand. If both bits are
& Bitwise AND 1, then the result bit will be 1; otherwise, the result will a & b (0)
be 0.
It compares each bit of the first operand with the
corresponding bit of its second operand. If either of the
| Bitwise OR bit is 1, then the result bit will be 1; otherwise, the result a | b (1)
will be 0.
It compares each bit of the first operand with the
Bitwise Exclusive corresponding bit of its second operand. If one bit is 0
^ and the other bit is 1, then the result bit will be 1; a ^ b (1)
OR (XOR)
otherwise, the result will be 0.
Bitwise It operates on only one operand, and it will invert each
~ ~(a) (1)
Complement bit of operand. It will change bit 1 to 0 and vice versa.
It shifts the number to the left based on the specified
<< Bitwise Left Shift) number of bits. The zeroes will be added to the least b << 2 (100)
significant bits.
It shifts the number to the right based on the specified
>> Bitwise Right Shift number of bits. The zeroes will be added to the least b >> 2 (001)
significant bits.
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Flow Control of Programming
• If/else construct (If/Else, If/Else If/Else)
• Switch construct
• Loops
• For loop
• Foreach loop
• While loop
• Do/while loop
• Jump Statement
• Break
• Continue
• Goto
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Flow Control of Programming
If/else construct
string str = "Welcome Home";
if (str.Length > 0)
Console.WriteLine("Length of Word is > 0.");
else
Console.WriteLine("Lenght of Word is < 0 ");
int data = 10;
if (data != 5)
{
Console.WriteLine("Value is not equal.");
}
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Flow Control of Programming
If/else construct
bool isFalse;
if (data == 0)
{
isFalse = true;
Console.WriteLine("Data is 0");
}
else
{
isFalse = false;
Console.WriteLine("Data is Not 0");
}
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BSc CSIT CSC367 : Prem Prasad Shrestha
Flow Control of Programming
If/else construct
int x, y, z;
x = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
y = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
z = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
if (x > y && x > z)
{
Console.WriteLine("x is Highest");
}
else if (y > x && y > z)
{
Console.WriteLine("y is Highest");
}
else if (z > x && z > y)
{
Console.WriteLine("z is Highest");
}
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Flow Control of Programming
Switch Case
int day;
Console.WriteLine("Enter the 1 to 7 for Day : ");
day = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
switch (day)
{
case 1:
Console.WriteLine("The Day is Sunday");
break;
case 2:
Console.WriteLine("The Day is Monday");
break;
………….
case 7:
Console.WriteLine("The Day is Saturday");
break;
default:
Console.WriteLine("The Day is Invalid");
break;
}
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BSc CSIT CSC367 : Prem Prasad Shrestha
Flow Control of Programming
Loops
(For Loop)
this construct allow us to iterate upto condition limit from the
value of initialization
for(initialize; condition; incre/decrement)
{
code block to be executed
}
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(i);
}
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Flow Control of Programming
Loops
(Foreach Loop)
this construct allow us to iterate through each item of the
collection, without upper limit.
string[] country = { "Nepal", "USA", "Canada", "India", "United Kingdom" };
foreach(string x in country)
{
Console.WriteLine(x);
}
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BSc CSIT CSC367 : Prem Prasad Shrestha
Flow Control of Programming
Loops
(while Loop)
Used to repeat the statement or block of statement number of
times which is known before execution.
initialization
while(condition)
statement;
increment/decrement
Int x=0;
while(x<10)
{
Console.WriteLine(x);
x++;
}
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Flow Control of Programming
Loops
(dowhile Loop)
Used to repeat the statement or block of statement number of
times which is unknown before execution.
initialization
do
{
statement; this construct can execute the loop
increment/decrement once if the condition is false.
} while(condition)
Int x=0;
do
{
Console.WriteLine(x);
x++;
} while(x<10)
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BSc CSIT CSC367 : Prem Prasad Shrestha
Flow Control of Programming
Jump Statements
break
Used to break the loop and exit from the execution.
for(int i=0; i<10;i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(“No. : “+i);
if(i==5)
break;
}
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Flow Control of Programming
Jump Statements
continue
Used to continue or start the loop without exiting from the
execution.
for(int i=0; i<10;i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(“No. : “+i);
if(i==5)
continue;
}
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BSc CSIT CSC367 : Prem Prasad Shrestha
Flow Control of Programming
Jump Statements
goto
Used to jump to any point of the code while executing.
int i = 0;
labelX: Console.WriteLine("Label Construct" + i++);
if (i < 5)
goto labelX;
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