MATLAB SIMULTION
11/28/2024
ELECTRICAL
GROUP IX
Members
1. Feith Maina Wambui J26-2500-2023
2. Nicknashon Ochieng J26-3782-2023
3. Finidy Youngreeen J26-3793-2023
4. Griffin Bukhebi J26-3758-2023
5. Erick Ngua Chugu J26-3739-2023
© 1999 CRC Press LLC
QUESTION ONE
For node V1,
V1 −V2 + V1 −V3 − 5 = 0
10 20
015. V1 − 01. V2 − 005.V3 = 5
At node V2,
V2 −V1 + V2 + V2 −V3 = 0
10 50 40
−01. V1 + 0145.V2 − 0025.V3 = 0
At node V3,
V3 −V1 + V3 −V2 − 2 = 0
20 40
−005.V1 − 0025.V2 + 0075.V3 = 2
Matrix form we have;
MATLAB Script
Y = [ 0.15 -0.1 -0.05;
-0.1 0.145 -0.025;
-0.05 -0.025 0.075];
I = [5;
0;
2];
voltages V1, V2 and V3 are \n') v = inv(Y)*I
diary
MATLAB RESULT:
Nodal voltages V1, V2 and V3,
V=
404.2857
350.0000
412.8571
QUESTION TWO
At node V1
V1 + V1 −V2 + V1 −V4 − 5 = 0
20 5 2
After simplification,
075.V1 − 02. V2 − 05. V4 = 5
At node V2,
V2 −V3 = 10I X
)
I X = (V1 −2V4
Hence:
V2 −V3 = 5(V1 −V4 )
-5V1 +V2 −V3 +5V4 = 0 (4.12)
From super nodes 2 and 3,
V3 + V2 −V1 + V2 + V3 −V4 = 0
10 5 4 15
−02. V1 + 045.V2 + 01667.V3 − 006667.V4 = 0
At nodeV 4,
V4 =10
MATRIX:
MATLAB Script
Y = [0.75 -0.2 0 -0.5;
-5 1 -1 5;
-0.2 0.45 0.166666667 -0.0666666667;
0 0 0 1];
I = [5 0 0 10]';
fprintf('Nodal voltages V1,V2,V3,V4 are \n')
V = inv(Y)*I diary
The Result is
Nodal voltages V1,V2,V3,V4 are
V=
18.1107
17.9153
-22.6384
10.0000
QUESTION THREE
I = I3 − I2 and power supply from the source is P =10I1
For Loop 1,
10(I1 − I2) + 30(I1 − I3) −10 = 0
After simplification,
40I1 −10I2 − 30I3 = 10
For Loop 2,
10(I2 − I1) +15I2 +5(I2 − I3) = 0
After simplification,
−10I1 + 30I2 −5I3 = 0
For Loop 3,
30(I3 − I1) +5(I3 − I2) + 30I3 = 0
− 30I1 −5I2 + 65I3 = 0
Matrix
MATLAB RESULT:
Z = [40 -10 -30;
-10 30 -5;
-30 -5 65];
V = [10 0 0]';
I = inv(Z)*V;
IRB = I(3) - I(2);
fprintf('the current through R is %8.3f Amps \n',IRB)
PS = I(1)*10; fprintf('the power supplied by 10V source is %8.4f
watts \n',PS) diary MATLAB answers are
Current through R = 0.037 A
The power supplied by 10V source = 4.7531W
QUESTION FOUR
MATLAB Script
% maximum power transfer
% vs is the supply voltage
% rs is the supply resistance
% rl is the load resistance
% vl is the voltage across the load
% pl is the power dissipated by the load
vs = 10; rs = 10e3; rl = 0:1e3:50e3; k
= length(rl); % components in vector rl %
Power dissipation calculation for i=1:k
pl(i) = ((vs/(rs+rl(i)))^2)*rl(i); end
% Derivative of power is calculated using backward difference dp
= diff(pl)./diff(rl); rld = rl(2:length(rl)); % length of rld is
1 less than that of rl
% Determination of critical points of derivative of power
prod = dp(1:length(dp) - 1).*dp(2:length(dp)); crit_pt =
rld(find(prod < 0)); max_power = max(pl); %
maximum power is calculated
% print out results
fprintf('Maximum power occurs at %8.2f
Ohms\n',crit_pt) fprintf('Maximum power dissipation is %8.4f
Watts\n', max_power)
% Plot power versus load plot(rl,pl,'+')
title('Power
delivered to load') xlabel('load
resistance in Ohms')
ylabel('power in watts')
The results obtained from MATLAB are
Maximum power occurs at 10000.00 Ohms
Maximum power dissipation is 0.0025 Watts
The plot of the power dissipation obtained from MATLAB is shown in the figure
below
QUESTION FIVE
At node V1,
𝑉 𝑉
+ =3
LCM=4
Hence: 3V1 – 2V3 = 12
At node V2,
𝑉 𝑉
+ =3
LCM=30
6 3
Hence: 11V2 – 6V3 – 5V4 = 90
At node V3;
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
- - =4
LCM = 30
Hence: 15V2 – 6V2 + V3 – 10V4 = 120
At node V4,
𝑉 𝑉
+ =6
QUESTION SIX
(a)
R C Vo(t)
Assume that for figure (a) C = 10 µF, use MATLAB to plot the voltage across
the capacitor if R is equal to (a) 1.0 kΩ, (b) 10 kΩ and (c) 0.1 kΩ.
Solution
MATLAB Script
% Charging of an RC circuit
%
c = 10e-6; r1
= 1e3; tau1
= c*r1; t =
0:0.002:0.05
; v1 =
10*(1-
exp(t/tau1));
r2 = 10e3;
tau2
= c*r2; v2 =
10*(1-
exp(t/tau2));
r3 = .1e3;
tau3
= c*r3; v3 =
10*(1-exp(t/tau3));
plot(t,v1,'+',t,v2,'o', t,v3,'*')
axis([0 0.06 0 12])
title('Charging of a capacitor with three time
constants') xlabel('Time, s') ylabel('Voltage across
capacitor') text(0.03, 5.0, '+ for R = 1 Kilohms')
text(0.03, 6.0, 'o for R = 10 Kilohms')
text(0.03, 7.0, '* for R = 0.1 Kilohms')
The charging curves.
(B), The input voltage is a rectangular pulse with an amplitude of 5V and a width
of 0.5s. If C = 10 µF, plot the output voltage, v t0 ( ) , for resistance R equal to
(a) 1000 Ω, and (b) 10,000 Ω. The plots should start from zero seconds and
end at 1.5 seconds.
Solution
MATLAB Script
% The problem will be solved using a function program rceval
function [v, t] = rceval(r, c)
% rceval is a function program for calculating
% the output voltage given the values of %
resistance and capacitance.
% usage [v, t] = rceval(r, c)
% r is the resistance value(ohms)
% c is the capacitance value(Farads)
% v is the output voltage
% t is the time corresponding to voltage v
tau = r*c; for i=1:50 t(i) = i/100; v(i) =
5*(1-exp(-t(i)/tau)); end vmax = v(50);
for i = 51:100 t(i) = i/100;
v(i) = vmax*exp(-t(i-50)/tau); end
end
% The problem will be solved using function program
% rceval
% The output is obtained for the various
resistances c = 10.0e-6; r1 = 2500;
[v1,t1] = rceval(r1,c); r2
= 10000; [v2,t2] =
rceval(r2,c);
% plot the voltages
plot(t1,v1,'*w', t2,v2,'+w') axis([0
1 0 6])
title('Response of an RC circuit to pulse
input') xlabel('Time, s') ylabel('Voltage, V') text(0.55,5.5,'*
is for 2500 Ohms')
text(0.55,5.0, '+ is for 10000 Ohms')
Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor with Different
Time Constants
QUESTION SEVEN
Solution
MATLAB Script
diary ex6_1.dat
% This program computes the average power, rms value and
% power factor using quad function. The analytical and %
numerical results are compared.
% numerical calculations
T = 2*pi/(120*pi); % period of the sin wave
a = 0; % lower limit of integration b = T; %
upper limit of integration x = 0:0.02:1; t =
x.*b;
v_int = quad('voltage1', a, b); v_rms =
sqrt(v_int/b); % rms of voltage i_int =
quad('current1',a,b); i_rms =
sqrt(i_int/b); % rms of current
p_int = quad('inst_pr', a, b); p_ave =
p_int/b; % average power
pf = p_ave/(i_rms*v_rms); % power factor
%
% analytical solution
% p_ave_an = (60/2)*cos(30*pi/180); % average power
v_rms_an
= 10.0/sqrt(2); pf_an =
cos(30*pi/180);
% results are printed fprintf('Average power, analytical %f \n Average
power, numerical: %f \n', p_ave_an,p_ave)
fprintf('rms voltage, analytical: %f \n rms voltage, numerical: %f \n',
v_rms_an, v_rms)
fprintf('power factor, analytical: %f \n power factor, numerical: %f \n',
pf_an, pf)
diary
The following functions are used in the above m-file:
function vsq = voltage1(t) % voltage1
This function is used to % define
the voltage function vsq =
(10*cos(120*pi*t + 60*pi/180)).^2; end
function isq = current1(t)
% current1 This function is to define the current
%
isq = (6*cos(120*pi*t + 30.0*pi/180)).^2; end
function pt = inst_pr(t)
% inst_pr This function is used to define
% instantaneous power obtained by multiplying
% sinusoidal voltage and current
it = 6*cos(120*pi*t + 30.0*pi/180); vt
= 10*cos(120*pi*t + 60*pi/180); pt =
it.*vt; end
The results obtained are
Average power, analytical 25.980762
Average power, numerical:
25.980762 rms voltage, analytical:
7.071068 rms voltage, numerical:
7.071076 power factor, analytical:
0.866025 power factor, numerical:
0.866023
From the results, it can be seen that the two techniques give almost the same
answers.
QUESTION EIGHT
Using nodal analysis, we obtain the following equations.
At node 1,
At node 2,
At node 3,
Substituting the element values in the above three equations and simplifying, we
get the matrix equation
[Y] [V] = [I] .
We can compute the vector [v] using the MATLAB command
V = inv (Y) * I
where inv (Y) is the inverse of the matrix [Y]
A MATLAB program for solving V3 is as follows:
MATLAB Script
diary ex6_2.dat
% This program computes the nodal voltage v3 of circuit
% Y is the admittance matrix; % I is the current matrix
% V is the voltage vector
Y = [0.05-0.0225*j 0.025*j -0.0025*j; 0.025*j
0.01-0.0375*j 0.0125*j;
-0.0025*j 0.0125*j 0.02-0.01*j];
c1 = 0.4*exp(pi*15*j/180);
I = [c1
0
0]; % current vector entered as column vector
V = inv(Y)*I; % solve for nodal voltages v3_abs
= abs(V(3)); v3_ang =
angle(V(3))*180/pi;
fprintf('voltage V3, magnitude: %f \n voltage V3, angle in degree:
%f', v3_abs, v3_ang) diary
Results are:
voltage V3, magnitude: 1.850409 voltage
V3, angle in degree: -72.453299
From the MATLAB results, the time domain voltage v t3( ) is
v t3( ) = 185.cos(10t − 72 45.0 ) V
QUESTION NINE
Using loop analysis, we have
− 5∠00 + (4 − j2 5. )I1 + (6 + j5 − j10)(I1 − I2 ) = 0 (6.24)
(10 + j8)I2 + 2∠750 + (6 + j5 − j10)(I2 − I1) = 0 (6.25)
Simplifying, we have
(10 − j7.5)I1 − (6 − j5)I2 = 5∠00
− (6 − j5)I1 + (16 + j3)I2 = −2∠750
In matrix form, we obtain
The above matrix equation can be rewritten as
[Z][I] = [V] .
We obtain the current vector [ ]I using the MATLAB command
I = inv (Z) *V
where inv (Z ) is the inverse of the matrix [Z] .
The voltage VC can be obtained as
VC = −( j10)(I1 − I2 )
A MATLAB program for determining I1 and Va is as follows:
MATLAB Script
diary ex6_3.dat
% This programs calculates the phasor current I1 and %
phasor voltage Va.
% Z is impedance matrix
% V is voltage vector
% I is current vector
Z = [10-7.5*j -6+5*j;
-6+5*j 16+3*j];
b = -2*exp(j*pi*75/180); V = [5
b]; % voltage vector in column form I =
inv(Z)*V; % solve for loop currents i1 =
I(1); i2 = I(2);
Vc = -10*j*(i1 - i2); i1_abs
= abs(I(1)); i1_ang =
angle(I(1))*180/pi; Vc_abs
= abs(Vc);
Vc_ang = angle(Vc)*180/pi;
%results are printed
fprintf('phasor current i1, magnitude: %f \n phasor current i1, angle in
degree: %f \n', i1_abs,i1_ang)
fprintf('phasor voltage Vc, magnitude: %f \n phasor voltage Vc, angle
in degree: %f \n',Vc_abs,Vc_ang) diary
Results are:
phasor current i1, magnitude: 0.387710 phasor
current i1, angle in degree: 15.019255 phasor
voltage Vc, magnitude: 4.218263 phasor
voltage Vc, angle in degree: -40.861691
The current i (t1) is
i (t1) = 0 388.cos(103t + 1502.0 ) A
and the voltage vC (t) is
vC (t)= 4 21.cos(103t − 40 86.0 ) V
QUSTION TEN
PSPICE SIMULATION
QUESTION ONE
QUESTION TWO
