Differences between AI, ML, DL

What is Artificial Intelligence?

AI is a broader term that describes the capability of the machine to learn and solve problems just
like humans. In other words, AI refers to the replication of humans, how it thinks, works and
functions.

• Techniques:

o Rule-based logic, search algorithms, optimization, and ML/DL.

• Example: Self-driving cars (combines perception, decision-making, and control).

What is Machine Learning?

Subset of AI where systems learn patterns from data without explicit programming.
Technique to learn from data through training and then apply learning to make an informed decision.

• Techniques:

o Supervised learning (e.g., regression, decision trees), unsupervised learning (e.g.,

clustering), and reinforcement learning.

• Example: Spam filters (learn to classify emails based on labeled examples).

What is Deep Learning?

Deep learning is an emerging field that has been in steady use since its inception in the field in 2010.
It is based on an artificial neural network which is nothing but a mimic of the working of the human
brain.
• Techniques:

o Neural networks like CNNs (images), RNNs (sequences), and transformers

(language).

• Example: Facial recognition (learns features directly from pixel data).

Quiz
Compare between Artificial Intelligence vs Machine Learning vs Deep Learning
Types of Machine Learning

1. Supervised learning
2. Unsupervised learning
3. Semi supervised learning
4. Reinforcement learning

Supervised learning
• Definition: In supervised learning, sample labeled data are provided to the machine
learning system for training, and the system then predicts the output based on the
training data.
The system uses labeled data to build a model that understands the datasets and learns
about each one. After the training and processing are done, we test the model with
sample data to see if it can accurately predict the output.
Supervised learning can be grouped further in two categories of algorithms:
o Classification : example Spam filter (spam / ham)
o Regression : example predict price (car price) based on set of features (mileage,
brand,….)

Regression Problem Classification Problem (Spam/not spam)

Note that
some regression algorithms can be used for classification as well, and vice
versa. For example, Logistic Regression is commonly used for classification, as it can
output a value that corresponds to the probability of belonging to a given class (e.g.,
20% chance of being spam).

• Applications: Image classification, spam detection, predictive analytics.

The most important supervised learning algorithms:
• Logistic Regression
• Linear Regression
• k-Nearest Neighbors
• Support Vector Machines (SVMs)
• Decision Trees and Random Forests
Unsupervised learning
Unsupervised learning is a learning method in which a machine learns without any
supervision. (The system tries to learn
without a teacher.)
The training is provided to the machine
with the set of data that has not been
labeled, classified, or categorized, and the
algorithm needs to act on that data
without any supervision.
The goal of unsupervised learning is to
restructure the input data into new features or a group of objects with similar patterns.

Unsupervised learning can be grouped further into:

o Clustering
K-Means
DBSCAN
Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA)
o Anomaly detection and novelty
detection
One-class SVM
Isolation Forest
 o Visualization and dimensionality reduction
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
Kernel PCA
• Applications: Market basket analysis, social network analysis, organizing computing
clusters.
Semi supervised
Combines a small amount of labeled data with a large amount of unlabeled data during
training. It falls between supervised and unsupervised learning.

Most semi supervised learning algorithms are combinations of unsupervised and

supervised algorithms. For example, deep belief networks (DBNs)
Reinforcement Learning
The model learns by interacting with an environment, using feedback from its own actions
and experiences.
Reinforcement Learning is a very different beast. The learning system, called an agent
in this context, can observe the environment, select and perform actions, and get
rewards in return (or penalties in the form of negative rewards. It must then learn by itself
what is the best strategy, called a policy, to get the most reward over time. A policy defines
what action the agent should choose when it is in each situation.
 • Applications: Robotics, game playing (like AlphaGo),
real-time decisions, navigation.

Quiz
What are types of Machine Learning?

Algorithm Type Purpose Learning Approach Common Use Cases Advantages Disadvantages
Requires large labeled
Predict outcomes from Learns from labeled Spam detection, stock price High accuracy, easy to
Supervised datasets, time-consuming
labeled data input-output pairs prediction, fraud detection understand and deploy
labeling
Discovers hidden Customer segmentation, Effective with Results can be less
Find patterns in data
Unsupervised structures in anomaly detection, unstructured data, no interpretable, difficult to
without labels
unlabeled data recommendation systems labeling required validate
Less labeled data needed,
Semi- Mix of supervised and Partially labeled Speech recognition, text Potential for biased results
balances learning
Supervised unsupervised learning training data classification, bioinformatics from insufficient labels
complexity
Adapts to dynamic
Optimize decision- Trial and error with Self-driving cars, robotics, game Computationally expensive,
Reinforcement environments, learns
making over time feedback loop AI slow learning process
autonomously

Machine Learning Life cycle

is a cyclic process to build an efficient machine learning project.
1. Gathering Data:
Data Gathering is the first step of the machine
learning life cycle. The goal of this step is to identify
and obtain all data-related problems.
In this step, we need to identify the different data
sources, as data can be collected from various
sources such as files, database, internet,
or mobile devices. It is one of the most important
steps of the life cycle. The quantity and quality of
the collected data will determine the efficiency of
the output. The more will be the data, the more
accurate will be the prediction.
This step includes the following tasks:
o Identify various data sources
o Collect data
o Integrate the data obtained from different sources
2. Data preparation
After collecting the data, we need to prepare it for further steps. Data preparation is a step
where we put our data into a suitable place and prepare it to use in our machine learning
training.
In this step, first, we put all data together and then randomize the ordering of data.
This step can be further divided into two processes:
o Data exploration:
It is used to understand the nature of data that we have to work with. We need to
understand the characteristics, format, and quality of data.
A better understanding of data leads to an effective outcome. In this, we find
Correlations, general trends, and outliers.
o Data pre-processing:
Now the next step is preprocessing of data for its analysis.
3. Data Wrangling
Data wrangling is the process of cleaning and converting raw data into a useable format. It is
the process of cleaning the data, selecting the variable to use, and transforming the data in
a proper format to make it more suitable for analysis in the next step. It is one of the most
important steps of the complete process. Cleaning of data is required to address the quality
issues.
It is not necessary that data we have collected is always of our use as some of the data may
not be useful. In real-world applications, collected data may have various issues, including:
o Missing Values
o Duplicate data
o Invalid data
o Noise
So, we use various filtering techniques to clean the data.
It is mandatory to detect and remove the above issues because it can negatively affect the
quality of the outcome.
4. Data Analysis
Now the cleaned and prepared data is passed on to the analysis step. This step involves:
o Selection of analytical techniques (descriptive, Diagnostic, Predictive, Prescriptive)
o Building models
o Review the result
The aim of this step is to build a machine learning model to analyze the data using various
analytical techniques and review the outcome. It starts with the determination of the type of
problems, where we select the machine learning techniques such
as Classification, Regression, Cluster analysis, Association, etc. then build the model
using prepared data, and evaluate the model.
Hence, in this step, we take the data and use machine learning algorithms to build the
model.
5. Train Model
Now the next step is to train the model, in this step we train our model to improve its
performance for better outcome of the problem.
We use datasets to train the model using various machine learning algorithms. Training a
model is required so that it can understand the various patterns, rules, and features.
6. Test Model
Once our machine learning model has been trained on a given dataset, then we test the
model. In this step, we check for the accuracy of our model by providing a test dataset for it.
Testing the model determines the percentage accuracy of the model as per the requirement
of project or problem.
7. Deployment
The last step of machine learning life cycle is deployment, where we deploy the model in the
real-world system.