CNC Applications

History and Terminology

Background & Definitions (Chapter 1)

• Requirements for a skilled machinist

Ø Serve a 4 year apprenticeship including classes in algebra,

trigonometry, print reading, and drafting along with 8,000 hours
of on-the-job-training.

Ø The machinist must purchase several thousand dollars worth of

precision tools.

Ø Machinists often make a lower hourly wage than other skilled

trades such as electricians and plumbers.

Ø Production operations often require a very skilled person to

perform the same operations over and over which most
machinists find boring.
Background & Definitions (continued)

• During the 1930’s and 1940’s, there was much labor

unrest between machinists and management at large
companies. Work stoppages and strikes angered
management.

• At the same time, World War II increased the complexity

of parts required for common products.

• The most complicated product at the time was the jet

aircraft which required large quantities of complex, high-
precision components.
Background & Definitions (continued)

• The combination of labor problems and more

complicated components precipitated the introduction of
automatic machines that could be programmed to
produce different parts.

• Automatic machines had been available since the US

Civil War (1861-1865), but the machines could only
produce one part and required large amounts of time to
set up to produce a different part.

• An electronically controlled machine that could be easily

changed to produce a different part was required.
Background & Definitions (continued)

• NC – Numerical Control
Ø The first successful electronically programmed automatic
machine was a joint project between Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) and the US Air Force in the mid 1950’s. It was
a three axis milling machine controlled by a room full of vacuum
tube electronics. Even though it was unreliable, it set the stage
for modern machines. The controller was called Numerical
Control, or NC.

Ø The Electronics Industry Association (EIA) defines NC as "a

system in which actions are controlled by the direct insertion of
numerical data at some point.“

Ø NC machines were controlled electronically, without the use of a

computer.
Background & Definitions (continued)
• CNC – Computer Numerical Control
Ø CNC machines use a computer to assist and improve
functionality of number and code control.
Ø In the 1960’s, CNC machines became available with timesharing
on mainframe computers. True NC machines continued to be
built.
Ø By the 1970’s, specialized computers were being manufactured
for CNC controls. By the late 1970’s, no true NC machines were
being made, only CNC.
Ø During the 1980’s, many machine manufactures took advantage
of PC technology to increase the reliability and decrease the cost
of CNC controls.
Ø Today, all machines are CNC although the term NC is still used,
but not in its original definition.
Machine Control Systems
• Stepper Motor Control

ØThe stepper motor takes voltage pulses and converts them to rotary
motion. If the machine resolution (smallest motion) is 0.0001” and you
want to move 3”, the computer sends 30,000 (30,000x0.0001”=3.0”)
pulses to the motor and the machine moves 3”.
ØProblem: stepper motors have limited torque, and if excess pressure is
applied, the motor will slip and the machine loses its position. Then, the
operator must restart the machine.
ØThe machine does not know where it actually is, only where it should
have moved. This method works fine unless the motor slips.
Machine Control Systems (continued)

• Servo Motor Control

ØThe servo motor has a feedback loop to check the machine’s actual
position. If the program tells the computer to move 3”, the servo motor
starts turning and does not stop until the feedback loop tells the computer
that the machine has actually moved 3”
ØAdvantage: servo motors have high torque capabilities to take heavy
cuts at high speeds. It stops and gives an alarm when the motor is over-
torqued.
ØAdvantage: the machine always knows its actual position.
Modern CNC Machine Characteristics
Ø Massive, usually four times heavier than an equivalent
conventional (manual) machine.

Ø Large motors with high speed capabilities to take advantage of

modern cutting tools. Horsepower and spindle speeds are
generally four to ten times faster than conventional machines.

Ø Automatic tool changers that hold from eight to hundreds of

cutting tools that are quickly changed under program control.

Ø High accuracies. The minimum resolution of most machines is

0.0001” or 0.001mm, and some machines are capable of
manufacturing parts to that accuracy, depending on the process.
Ball screws practically eliminate backlash (slop) in the movement
screws.
Modern CNC Machine Accuracy
Ø Accuracy of CNC
machines depends on
their rigid construction,
care in manufacturing,
and the use of ball
screws to almost Photo courtesy Thompson Ball Screw.

eliminate slop in the

screws used to move
portions of the
machine. These
pictures show the
precision balls which
re-circulate in the nut. Graphic courtesy BSA Co.
 CNC Applications
Introduction to Turning Centers

Headstock

+X Direction

Cross Slide
with Turret

Saddle

Chuck
+Z Direction
Cutter

Tailstock Bed
Turning Centers
A Turning Center is simply a CNC lathe
with a multi-station turret and an
enclosure.
Headstock
Notice the turret
+X Direction
attached to the cross
Cross Slide
with Turret slide.
Saddle
Note: the CNC control
and the enclosure are
Chuck

Cutter
+Z Direction not shown.
Tailstock Bed
Characteristics of Turning Centers

• Turret is on the far side to ease part loading and

unloading.
• Heavy for increased rigidity.
• High spindle speeds to effectively use hard
cutters.
• Powerful motors.
• Communication capabilities.
Haas SL-20
A Typical Turning Center
The Haas SL-20
turning center has a 20
HP motor, 45-4000
RPM spindle, ten tools
in the turret, 8" cutting
diameter and 20"
between centers. It
weighs 9000 lbs.
Turning Center Coordinate System

Z is the length of the part.

X is the diameter of the part.
The partially shaded circle
represents the origin.
The programmer chooses the
location of the origin on the part,
usually the back, center or front,
center.
We will always use the back,
center since it simplifies machine
set-up.
Program to move the tool, not
the work.
The Coordinate System Problem
Machine Coordinate System Origin
The machine operates from the
Machine Coordinate System
(MCS). Note that all MCS
movements are in the negative
X and Z directions.
We program from the Work
Programmed Tip
of the Cutter
Coordinate System (WCS).
Work Coordinate System Origin The tip of the cutter is offset
from the MCS and is different for
Top View of the Turning Center each cutter.
The Solution

• We can easily measure the distance from the MCS to

the WCS and enter it into the machine control. This is
called a Fixture Offset.
• We can easily measure the distance from the MCS to
the tip of the each cutter and enter the values in the
machine control. These values are called Tool Offsets.
Separating the
Programmer from the Machine
• The programmer chooses the WCS on the centerline of
the part, generally at the back, and then programs the
cutter movement from there.
• The programmer calls the correct fixture offset and tool
offset numbers in the program (we’ll cover these codes
later).
• So, the programmer does not have to be concerned with
any machine specific measurements.
 Incremental vs.
Absolute Programming
Suppose we want to move from the origin
Incremental Absolute
through points A, B, C, D, and E. We can move:
• incrementally – distance from previous point, Point Z X Z X
or Origin 0 0 0 0
• absolutely – new distance from the origin.
A 1 1 1 1
B 2 0 3 1
E
C 0 1 3 2
C D 2 0 5 2
A D
B E 1 4 6 6
Incremental vs.
Absolute Programming (continued)
• Notice in the previous table that each move in
incremental mode is the distance from the previous
point, while each move in absolute is the distance from
the origin, regardless of the previous point.
• Most programmers initially think incremental
programming is easier.
• However, editing for program changes is much easier in
absolute mode.
• About 95% of all programming is done in absolute mode.
• The remaining 5% is for special cases such as repetitive
features where incremental can be a real time saver.
 CNC Applications
Speed and Feed Calculations

Photo courtesy ISCAR Metals.

Turning Center Cutters

What types of cutters are used on CNC turning

Centers?
Ø Carbide (and other hard materials) insert turning
and boring tools
Ø High Speed Steel (HSS) drills and taps

Where do I find information for calculating RPM

and feed rates?
Ø Cutting tool manufacturer (first choice)
Ø Machining Data Handbook
Ø Machinery’s Handbook (we’ll use this option)
Standard Insert Shapes
V – used for profiling, weakest insert, 2
edges per side.
D – somewhat stronger, used for profiling
when the angle allows it, 2 edges per side.
T – commonly used for turning because it
has 3 edges per side.
C – popular insert because the same holder
can be used for turning and facing. 2 edges
per side.
W – newest shape. Can turn and face like
the C, but 3 edges per side.
S – Very strong, but mostly used for
chamfering because it won’t cut a square See the “Tooling” thumb tab in the
shoulder. 4 edges per side. Machinery’s Handbook.
R – strongest insert but least commonly
used.
Typical Turning,
Threading, and Parting Tools
Tool Holder Hand
For most CNC turning centers,
the cutter is on the back side of Left
the part and is upside down. Hand
Right Hand tool then turns
towards the chuck.
Left Hand tool then turns towards
the tailstock.
If the cutter is symmetrical with
the shank, it is called NEUTRAL
HAND. Right
Hand
See the “Tooling” thumb tab in
the Machinery’s handbook for
more information. Single Point Indexable Insert Holders
Tooling Considerations

• Tooling choices depend on the type of workpiece,

the machine, and the desired surface finish.
• Harder workpieces require harder cutters.
• Modern cutters require the turning center to have
high spindle speeds and powerful motors.
Cutting Speed

• What is cutting speed?

– Not RPM
– Relative speed of the work and cutter
– Units in feet/minute (fpm)
– Usually designated as V, cs, or S
– Tabulated in the book based on material, cutter
type, and type of cut (roughing or finishing)
– Needed to calculate RPM
Calculating Turning RPM
• The formula for calculating RPM is given on
page 1016 as:
12 × V
N = RPM =
π ×D
Where V = cutting speed to be looked up in the handbook
p = 3.14
D = diameter being cut
When punching buttons on your calculator, do this:

12 × V ÷ π ÷ D =
Note the difference between this and the actual formula.
To use this formula, we must first find V in the handbook
See page 1022 for a list of the tables.
Types of Cuts

• Roughing – primary considerations:

Ø Just removing metal, surface finish does not matter.
Ø Requires a strong cutter.
Ø Generally have deep depth of cuts and fast feed
rates.
Ø The cutting speed is generally adjusted slower to
keep heat down.
Types of Cuts (continued)

• Finishing – primary considerations:

Ø Must meet required surface finish and size
specifications.
Ø Requires a hard cutter to hold its shape well.
Ø Generally have small depth of cuts and slow feed
rates.
Ø The cutting speed is generally adjusted upward to
give a better surface finish.
Surface Finish Requirements
Feed
The surface finish depends on the
feed rate and on the cutter nose
radius. h
Nose Radius
Generally, a large nose radius and a
slow feed rate coupled with high Insert
cutting speed gives the best finish.
2
However, too large of a nose radius f h = height of marks
induces chatter ruining the finish h= f = feed rate
and the size. 8× r r = nose radius
Most inserts use a 1/32” nose radius
as a good compromise. and
f2 Actual roughness in
roughness =
32 × r inches, usually report
in microinches.
General Feed and
Depth of Cut Recommendations
• Roughing:
Ø 0.1” to 0.25” depth of cut (radial)
Ø 0.012 inches per revolution (ipr) to 0.018 ipr feed rate
• Finishing:
Ø 0.03” to 0.05” depth of cut (radial)
Ø 0.006 ipr to 0.010 ipr feed rate
Note 1: the depth of cut should not be less than the
tool nose radius unless special finishing inserts are
being used.
Note 2: smaller feed rates can be used if special
finishing inserts are being used.
Calculating RPM for Turning
Operations with Hard Cutters
• Use this procedure for carbide, ceramic, and
cermet inserts.
• We will adjust the cutting speed based on the
desired depth of cut and feed rate.
 Calculating Turning RPM (continued)
Six step process:
1. Select depth of cut - as deep as possible.
2. Select feed - appropriate for roughing or finishing.
3. Find the original cutting speed in the tables. (See the listing
on page 1022 for the appropriate table.)
4. Find the feed and depth of cut factors in Table 5a,
page 1035.
5. Modify the original cutting speed based on step 4.
6. Calculate the RPM.

Note: All data will be found in the “Machining” thumb tab in the
Machinery’s Handbook.
Calculating Turning RPM (continued)
Example:
Take 0.250 depth of cut, 0.012 feed in quenched and
tempered 8620 steel with a Brinell hardness of 300,
hard coated carbide cutter, 2.5” diameter part.

Step 1:
Depth of cut given at 0.25”.

Step 2:
Feed rate given as 0.012 ipr.
Calculating Turning RPM (continued)
Step 3: From Table 1, page 1029, locate cutting parameters
for this material

Material

Hardness

Cutting Parameters
 Calculating Turning RPM (continued)
Step 3 (continued):
From Table 1, page 1029, we find

Vopt = 585 fpm ipr Vavg = 790 fpm Fopt = 0.017

Note that the table lists cutting speed as S rather than V as

used everywhere else. Note that the feed rates are given in
0.001 ipr, so the 17 listed for Fopt is actually 0.017 ipr.
Calculating Turning RPM (continued)

Step 4:
Once we have located the optimum and average
cutting speeds and the optimum feed, we finish our
calculation using the data and process described in
Table 5A, page 1035.
 Calculating Turning RPM (continued)
First, Fifth, find the
calculate Second, calculate the ratio depth of cut
the ratio of Fourth, determine the factor where
of the cutting speeds
the feeds. nearest depth of cut and the step 1row
lead angle column crosses the
step 4 column.

Third, find the feed factor where Sixth, calculate the final
the step 1 row and step 2 cutting speed.
column cross.
Calculating Turning RPM (continued)
Step 4:
For this example following the steps in 5a:
F 0.012
Calculate the following ratios: = = 0.7
Fopt 0.017

Vavg 790
And = = 1.35
Vopt 585

From Table 5a, page 1035, find Ff = 1.22 and Fd = 0.87

Calculating Turning RPM (continued)
Step 5:
As shown at the bottom of Table 5a,

V = Vopt Ff Fd
Where V = cutting speed to be used (fpm)
Vopt = optimum cutting speed from the table
based on material hardness and type of
cutter
Ff = feed factor from Table 5a
Fd = depth of cut factor from Table 5a

For this example, V = (585)(1.22)(0.87) = 621 fpm

Calculating Turning RPM (continued)
Step 6:
Finally, calculate the RPM with

12 × V
N = RPM =
π ×D
For this example:

RPM = 12 x 621 ÷ p ÷ 2.5 = 949 RPM

 CNC Applications
Programming Turning Centers
Planning and Programming
To program a CNC machine tool to create a
part, you must follow a series of steps to be
successful:
1.Examine the part drawing thoroughly and get a rough
idea of how you want to proceed.
2.Figure out how to hold the raw material so you can
perform as much machining as possible in one setup.
3.Decide what cutters are necessary to perform the
various operations.
4.Write down the exact sequence of operations
necessary to machine the part, one cutter at a time.
5.Convert your sequence of operations into a program
and simulate the program if possible.
What is a block?
• The machine reads the program one line at a time.
• Each line is called a block.
• Blocks do not extend past one line.
• The order of information on a block does not matter:
G0 X3.0 Z1.75 is the same as Z1.75 G0 X3.0

• However, most programmers use the following order:

NGXYZIJKUVWABCPQRFSTMH

• We’ll go over the meaning of each letter as the course

progresses.
G and M Codes

The machine operation is divided into two basic

types:
Ø G codes also called preparatory codes
q tell the machine what type of movement or
function should be performed. For example, rapid
moves, linear feed moves, arc feed moves, thread
cutting, etc.
Ø M codes also called miscellaneous functions
q turn the spindle on and off, coolant on and off,
etc.
Common Codes
Preparatory G Action Miscellaneous Action
Code M Function
G0 Linear rapid M3 Spindle forward
traverse
positioning
move
G1 Linear feed M4 Spindle reverse
move
G2 CW arc M5 Spindle off

G3 CCW arc M8/M9 Coolant on/off

G28 Go home M30 End of program

Other Codes
Preparatory G Action Other Action
Code Functions
G20 Inches O Program
number
G40 Cancel nose X, Z Absolute
radius position
compensation
G99 IPR feed mode U, W Incremental
position
G54 First fixture T Tool number
offset
S Spindle Speed
Modal

• Most codes are modal

Preferred Works, but poor style
– they stay in effect
until something G0 Z3.0 G0 Z3.0
changes them. X2.0 G0 X2.0 Z3.0
G1 Z1.5 F0.012 G1 X2.0 Z1.5 F0.012
• We only program what X2.5 G1 X2.5 Z1.5 F0.012
changes, nothing
extra. For example: Easy to read Difficult to follow, and
and change! changes require
considerable effort.
Notes on
Turning Center G & M Codes
• Most machines only allow one M code per block.
• The capital “Oh” for the program number is the only “Oh”
in the program. All others are zeros (0). Be sure you do
not mistype.
• The tool code (T) is four digits – the first two for the tool
number, the second two for the offset number. They are
usually the same.
• All alpha characters must be in uppercase.
Notes on Number Formats

All numbers except zero require a decimal point,

otherwise the machine defaults to its resolution. For
example:

X3.0 works fine

X3. works fine
X3 the machines interprets as X0.0003
Z0 works fine
Z0. works fine
Special Notes for
Sending a Turning Center Home
• The G28 code is used to send the machine home.
• G28 requires a move through an intermediate point.
• We generally position the tool clear of the part before
sending it home, so the intermediate point is not used.
• To give it a point, we incrementally program a 0
movement like this:
– G28 U0 which means go home in X incrementally
through a point 0 distance from the current location
– G28 W0 means the same for the Z direction
Program Functions
Fall into just Four (4) Categories
1. Program Start
2. Tool Change
3. Program End
4. Machining Functions
The first 3 are generally the same for all programs for
a given machine.

Note that they will be different for different machines.

You must know your machine by reading the
machine manual!
Program Functions for
the Haas SL-20 Turning Center
• The CNC language is not 100% standard across all
machine and control manufacturers.
• Haas machines use fairly generic programming that is
similar to most Fanuc compatible machines. Fanuc is
probably the most common machine controller.
• Again, you must know your machine by reading the
machine manual!
Haas SL-20 Program Start
Program Explanation
% Starting character for file transfer
O999 Program number set to 999, note the capital “Oh”
G20 G40 G99 Initial conditions
G28 U0 Go home in the X direction
G28 W0 Go home in the Z direction
T0202 Load tool 2 with offset 2
G54 Load the first fixture offset
S4000 M3 Set the spindle to 4000 RPM in the forward direction
G0 Zzzz Rapid to the first Z location, zzz is the numerical value
Xxxx M8 Rapid to the first X location (G0 is modal), turn the
. coolant on, xxx is the numerical value
.
. Machining moves follow
Haas SL-20 Tool Change
Program Explanation
M9 Turn the coolant off
G28 U0 Go home in the X direction
G28 W0 Go home in the Z direction
T0303 Load the next tool and offset
G54 Load the fixture offset
S3500 M3 Set the spindle speed and direction
G0 Zzzz Rapid to the first Z location, zzz is the numerical value
Xxxx M8 Rapid to the first X location (G0 is modal), turn the
. coolant on, xxx is the numerical value
.
. Machining moves follow
Haas SL-20 Program End

Program Explanation
M9 Turn the coolant off
M5 Turn the spindle off
G28 U0 Go home in the X direction
G28 W0 Go home in the Z direction
M30 End of program M code
% End of file character for file transfer
A Simple Turning Center Program
0.125

1.250

2.250

Material: 1117 CD Steel 175HB

Problem Statement:
Face up to 1/8” (0.125”) off the end of a 1.250” diameter 1117 CD
steel bar that is 175 Hb using a hard, coated carbide C shaped insert
at 0.004 ipr feed.
Follow Planning and
Programming Steps (1-3)
1. Examine drawing
2. How will we hold the raw material – in a collet.
3. Decide what cutters to use – given hard, coated
carbide C shaped insert.
Since f<f avg, use Vavg=1410 fpm giving

12 × V 12 ×1410
N = RPM = = = 4480
π × D π ×1.25
Since the machine only goes 4500RPM, we’ll use 4000RPM
to stay a little under the maximum.
Follow Planning and
Programming Steps (4)
4. Write down the exact sequence of operations:
A. Rapid position the cutter in Z
B. Rapid position the cutter 0.1” away from the part
in X
C. Face to X0. at F0.004
D. Move away 0.050” in Z
E. Rapid position 0.1” away from the part in X
F. Program end.
Follow Planning and
Programming Steps (5)
5. Convert the sequence of operations to a program:

Program Start
Facing
Program End
The Actual Program
Program Codes Action
% Program Start
O999
G20 G40 G99
G28 U0
G28 W0
T0202
G54
S4000 M3
G0 Z2.25 A. Rapid to position in Z
X1.350 M8 B. Rapid 0.1 away from part (0.2 on diameter)
G1 X0 F.006 C. Feed to X is 0 (center of the part)
Z2.3 D. Feed 0.050” away from the face
G0 X1.350 E. Rapid back to 0.1” away from part in X
M9
M5
G28 U0 F. Rapid home in X
G28 W0 G. Rapid home in Z
M30
% Program End
What the Machine Does
Cutter at
Home Position
(Program Start) A

Cutter in Position
B
to Cut

Small Clearance Facing

Move C Cut
D

Rapid Move Rapid Home First in X

F
Clear of Part Then in Z

E
 An Animation of the
Machine’s Movement
Select this link to
start the animation.

Notes on the animation:

1. The isometric view orientation is the same as the earlier views of the complete machine with the
tailstock to the right.
2. The animation shows the motion of the cutter, but it does not differentiate between rapid and feed
moves.
3. The cutter is upside-down because the spindle is going forward (CCW is this view) and the cutter is on
the back side of the part.
4. Sorry, I can’t make the part rotate or chips fly!
Running a
Program for the First Time
1.Install all cutters in the proper holders.
2. Install the fixture or chuck on the machine and
establish the WCS.
3. Set the cutter offsets.
4. Simulate the program on the machine.
5. Slow rapid traverse down as low as possible.
6. Initiate the single step cycle with your hand on the
E-stop button at all times.
7. Carefully watch the operations, press the feed hold
button to take notes for any corrections.
8. Install a part and go to step 5.
 CNC Applications
Introduction to Machining Centers
Machining Centers
A machining center is simply a CNC milling
machine with an automatic tool changer and
an enclosure.

There are a number of different types of

machining centers differentiated by the
number of programmable axes.
 Three Axis Machining Center
Spindle Motor
Head
A three axis machining center
Z has programmable X and Y
axes in the plane of the table
Column
and a Z axis in the spindle’s
Cutting Tool direction.
Y X This is the most basic type of
machining center, and they start
at about $30,000.
Saddle
Typically, three axis machines
are in the vertical configuration
Table shown here.

With three axes, we can machine one Note: tool changer, control, and
surface of a cube with the end of the cutter enclosure not shown.
and four additional surfaces with the side
of the cutter.
Horizontal Three Axis Machine
Column
The illustration depicts a three
axis horizontal machining center.
Head
Note the different orientation of
Spindle the X, Y, and Z axes.
This type of machine starts at
Table
Cutter
about $90,000.
Again, the tool changer, control,
Saddle
and enclosure are not shown.
We can still only machine one
surface of a cube with the end of
the cutter and four additional
surfaces with the side of the
cutter.
 Four Axis Machining Center
Four axis machining centers are
generally horizontal, and the table
rotates to create the forth axis. True
four axis machines start around
$100,000
We can also do this by adding a CNC
controlled rotary table to a three axis
vertical machine, and this is
commonly done for small parts.
Frequently, a fixture called a
tombstone (see sketch later) is
mounted on the table and many small
We can machine four surfaces of a parts machined at once on a large
cube with the end of the cutter and machine.
two additional surfaces with the side
of the cutter.
Five Axis Machining Center
Be prepared to spend about $250,000 for
a true five axis machine. Notice that it is
very similar to the four axis machine
except the spindle rotates from horizontal
to vertical.
These machines are used to machine
complex parts and molds in the
aerospace and automotive industries.
We can machine five sides of a cube with
the end of the cutter and six sides with
the side of the cutter.
Besides complex geometry, we can often
machine a part in one setup on a five axis
machine that would require two or more
setups in a simpler machine. This results
in a more accurate part.
Machining Center
with Pallet Changer
Most machining centers can be
Second pallet waiting fitted with a pallet changer to
to be swapped
into position. increase productivity.
On a plain machine, it sits idle
while the operator removes the
completed parts and loads the
fixture with new ones.
With a pallet changer, the
First Pallet
with tombstone
operator unloads and reloads one
in place pallet while the machine works on
for machining.
the other. This way, the machine
continuously cuts parts.
Machining Center
Coordinate System

Machine Coordinate System (MCS)

at the center, end of the spindle
when head is in its uppermost position,
saddle is all the way towards the operator,
and the table is all the way left.

Work Coordinate System

(WCS)
The Haas VF-1

We will be using a Haas

VF-1 three axis machining
center with the following
specifications: 20hp, 7500
RPM, 710ipm rapid,
300ipm feed, 20 CAT40
tools, 20”x16”x20” travel,
7100lbs!
Milling Machine
Coordinate System Concerns
• Regardless of the machine design, you always
program as if you are moving the tool.
• On most machining centers, the head moves the cutter
up and down, so a move in the +Z direction moves the
cutter and head up.
• However, most machines move the table in the XY
directions. So, a +X move actually moves the table to the
left, but the cutter moves in the +X direction relative to
the part. Don’t be concerned with this as it is an
operation issue, not a programming issue. Remember,
always program as if you are moving the tool.
Milling Machine Coordinate
System Concerns (continued)
• Read the Turning Centers Introduction if you have not
already done so.
• As with the lathe, a fixture offset is entered into the
machine controller which includes the distance the
machine moves from the MCS 0,0,0 to the WCS 0,0,0
position on the part.
• As with the lathe, the programmer picks the WCS on the
part. This is more complicated because of the extra Y
axis.
• The length of each tool is also entered into the machine
control, so the machine compensates for the WCS and
the length of the cutter.
Separating the
Programmer from the Machine
• As with the lathe, the programmer chooses the WCS on
the part, and then programs the cutter movement from
there.
• The programmer calls the correct fixture offset and tool
length offset numbers in the program (we’ll cover these
codes later).
• So, once again, the programmer does not have to be too
concerned with any machine specific measurements.
Incremental and Absolute
Programming on Machining Centers
Just as with turning Machining
centers, machining Turning Centers
centers can be Centers
programmed with Absolute Incremental Absolute Incremental
absolute or 0,0 start 0,0 start 0,0,0 start 0,0,0 start

incremental G0 X3. G0 U3. G90 G0 X3. G91 G0 X3.

coordinates, but Z2. W2. Y2.0 Y2.
machining centers X3.5 U0.5 X3.5 X0.5
use a different
format: Notice the use of X,Z for Notice that G90 signifies
absolute and U,W for absolute coordinates and
incremental. G91 signifies incremental,
and both use X,Y,Z.
Incremental vs.
Absolute Programming
• As with turning centers, most machining center
programming will be done in absolute mode.
• Editing for program changes is much easier in absolute
mode, and absolute programs are much easier to
follow.
• Certain repetitive operations such as drilling multiple
holes lend themselves to incremental programming,
and we will cover this later in the course.
 CNC Applications
Tooling for Machining Centers
Cutting Tools

Most machining
centers use some
form of HSS or
carbide insert endmill
as the basic cutting
tool.
Insert endmills cut
many times faster
than HSS, but the
HSS endmills leave a
better finish when
side cutting.
Photo courtesy ISCAR.
 Cutting Tools (continued)

Facemills flatten large

surfaces quickly and with
an excellent finish. Notice
the engine block being
finished in one pass with a
large cutter.
Photo courtesy ISCAR.
 Cutting Tools (continued)
Ball endmills (both HSS and insert)
are used for a variety of profiling
operations such as the mold shown
in the picture.

Slitting and side cutters are used

when deep, narrow slots must be
cut.
Photos courtesy ISCAR.
Milling Feed Direction

Remember, all CNC machines are equipped

with ball screws to minimize slop when
changing feed directions. The other
advantage to ball screws is they allow climb
milling instead of conventional milling as
done on most manual machines.
Climb milling has many advantages including
better surface finish, longer tool life, and the
cutter deflects away from the work rather
than into it.
Always climb mill on a CNC machining
center!
Drills, Taps, and Reamers

Common HSS tools such as drills,

taps, and reamers are commonly
used on CNC machining centers.
Note that a spot drill is used instead
of a centerdrill. Also, spiral point or
gun taps are used for through holes
and spiral flute for blind holes. Rarely
are hand taps used on a machining
center.
Drawings courtesy Precision Twist Drill.
 Tool Holders
All cutting tools must be held in a holder that fits in the spindle.
These include end mill holders (shown), collet holders, face mill
adapters, etc.
Most machines in the USA use a CAT taper which is a modified
NST 30, 40, or 50 taper that uses a pull stud and a groove in
the flange. The machine pulls on the pull stud to hold the holder
in the spindle, and the groove in the flange gives the automatic
tool changer something to hold onto.
HSK tool holders were designed a number of years ago as an
improvement to CAT tapers, but they are gaining acceptance
slowly.
Photo courtesy Fitz-Rite

The gage length shown in the

drawing is entered in the machine
control as the tool length. The
machine then compensates for the
length.
 Fixtures
Fixtures include anything that holds the work
on the machining center table.
Holding parts on a machining center tends to
be much more difficult than on a turning
center.
The simplest fixture is just a vise as shown in
the top photo.
The next photo shows a double vise with
machinable jaws to hold odd shaped pieces.
The tombstone shown in the lower photo has
a double vise on each face for use on a four
or five axis machining center.
Photos courtesy Kurt Manufacturing.
More Fixtures
When parts can’t be held in a vise, a custom
fixture must be used. Fixtures for high
production parts are often custom designed
and manufactured at great expense.
For small runs of odd-shaped parts, many
manufacturers have turned to modular
fixturing. As shown in the upper drawing,
modular fixturing consists of many precision
ground pieces that fit together to hold all sorts
of parts as shown in the lower photo.
Drawing and photo courtesy Bluco.
 CNC Applications
Speed and Feed Calculations for Milling
Calculating RPM for Milling
Operations with HSS Cutters
We use the same basic formula as for turning, except D
is now the cutter diameter:
12 × V
N = RPM =
π ×D
Tables 10 through 16 list milling data. Table 6 must be
used for copper alloys.
Example Milling RPM Calculation

• Mill 4140 steel with a Brinell hardness of 200 with a ½”

HSS endmill.

• From Table 11, page 1047, we find V = 75 fpm, so:

RPM = 12 × 75 ÷ π ÷ 0.5 = 573

Feed Rates for Milling
• Feed for milling cutters is usually tabulated as inches per
tooth (ipt), but feed rates on milling machines are
programmed in inches per minute (ipm). The equation on
page 1041 in the Handbook is given as
f m = f t nt N
• Where
– f m is the feed rate in ipm we want to set the mill at.
– f t is the feed rate in inches per tooth, ipt.
– nt is the number of teeth on the cutter we are going to
use.
– N is the RPM we already calculated.
• See Table 15a, pages 1054-1055, for values of f t with
HSS cutters.
Example Milling
Feed Rate Calculation
Mill 4140 steel with a Brinell hardness of 200 with a ½” 4
flute HSS endmill and a ¼” depth of cut.

We already calculated the RPM at 573,

From Table 15a, ft = 0.001“

f m = 0.001 x 4 x 573 = 2.3 IPM

Feed Rate Concerns

• Feed rates for facemill and slotting cutters vary widely.

• Slow feed rates give a better finish, but sometimes this
actually dulls the cutter faster than a more rapid feed
rate.
• Data for carbide insert milling cutters should be obtained
from the insert manufacturer. Unlike lathe cutters which
are fairly standard, milling cutters vary widely between
manufacturers, so use your manufacturer’s data.
Calculating RPM for Drilling
Operations with HSS Cutters
• The RPM formula for drilling is the same as for turning
and milling, except D is now the drill diameter.

• Tables 17-23 lists data for drilling, reaming, and threading.

• Note: deeper holes require slower cutting speeds because

the coolant cannot reach the cutting edge effectively.

• Feed rates for drilling are given in a paragraph on page

1060. Note that the values are given in inches/revolution
(ipr). If you need ipm, multiply ipr by RPM.
Drilling RPM and
Feed Calculation Example
• Drill cold drawn free cutting brass, C36000, with a 1”
drill. From Table 23, page 1072, we find V = 175 fpm, so:

RPM = 12 × 175 ÷ π ÷ 1 = 668

• From page 1060, the feed would be between 0.007 and

0.015 ipr.
• To find ipm, use ipm = Feed x RPM = 0.015 x 668 = 10
ipm
 CNC Applications
Programming Machining Centers
Planning and Programming
Just as with the turning center, you must follow a series
of steps to create a successful program:
1. Examine the part drawing thoroughly and get a rough idea of
how you want to proceed.
2. Figure out how to hold the raw material so you can perform as
much machining as possible in one setup.
3. Decide what cutters are necessary to perform the various
operations. This is more critical on machining centers because
the holder and fixture can interfere with the work.
4. Write down the exact sequence of operations necessary to
machine the part, one cutter at a time.
5. Convert your sequence of operations into a program and
simulate the program if possible.
G and M Codes
Just as with turning centers, machining centers
have two basic types of codes:
Ø G codes also called preparatory codes
q tell the machine what type of movement or function should
be performed. For example, rapid moves, linear feed moves,
arc feed moves, thread cutting, etc.
Ø M codes also called miscellaneous functions
q turn the spindle on and off, coolant on and off, etc.
We already noted the G90/G91 for absolute and
incremental programming. Another code unique to
machining centers is M6 – tool change.
Common Codes
Preparatory G Action Miscellaneous M Action
Code Function

G0 Linear rapid M3/M4 Spindle

traverse forward/Spindle
positioning move reverse
G1 Linear feed move M5 Spindle off

G2 CW arc M0 Program stop

G3 CCW arc M8/M9 Coolant on/off

G28 Go home M30 End of program

G90/G91 Abs./Incr. M6 Tool Change

Programming
Other Codes
Preparatory G Action Other Functions Action
Code

G20 Inches O Program

number

G40 Cancel nose X, Y, Z Absolute

radius position
compensation
G99 IPR feed mode I, J Arc Vectors

G54 First fixture T, H Tool Number,

offset Length Offset

G80 Cancel hole S Spindle Speed

cycle
Modal

• Most codes are still Preferred Works, but poor style

modal – they stay in
effect until something G1 Z-.8 F20.0 G1 Z-.8 F20.0
changes them. Y2.4 G1 Y2.4 Z-0.8
G0 Z0.1 G0 Y2.4 Z0.1
• We only program what
Y-0.4 G0 Z0.1 Y-0.4
changes, nothing
extra. For example:
Easy to read Difficult to follow, and
and change! changes require
considerable effort.
Notes on
Machining Center G & M Codes
• Most machines only allow one M code per block.
• The capital “Oh” for the program number is the only “Oh”
in the program. All others are zeros (0). Be sure you do
not mistype.
• Unlike the lathe, the tool code (T) is two digits, we’ll
cover how to handle the length offset shortly.
• All alpha characters must be in uppercase.
• Don’t forget to put decimal points on all numbers except
0’s! Remember, the machine thinks X3 really is X0.0003.
Special Notes for Sending a
Machining Center Home
• Just as with the lathe, the G28 code is used to send the
machine home.
• G28 still requires a move through an intermediate point.
• We generally position the tool clear of the part before
sending it home, so the intermediate point is not used.
• To give it a point, we incrementally program a 0
movement like this:
– G91 G28 Z0 which means go home in Z incrementally through a
point 0 distance from the current location
– G91 G28 X0 means the same for the X direction
– G91 G28 Y0 means the same for the Y direction
• Often, with a machining center, we only send it home in
Z or in Z and Y.
Handling Tools on a
Machining Center
Code Function Changing tools is very machine
specific, so be sure you know your
machine!
Ttt Call up tool number tt
Generally, the five codes shown in the
table load the tool and the length
M6 Do the tool change offset as we’ll demonstrate on the next
few slides.

G43 Load the length offset

Htt Offset number tt

G49 Cancel length offset

 Cutter Length Offset on a
Machining Center (1)
Recall that in the Z direction, the
MCS is at the end of the spindle,
and the fixture offset measures the
distance from the MCS to the WCS End of Spindle
with Drive Key
so the machine can compensate for
the location of the part.
MCS 0
Without length
Z compensation, a move to
Z0 on the part would bury
WCS 0 the drive keys into the part
causing a crash.
X
Workpiece
Cutter Length Offset on a
Machining Center (2)

Length compensation subtracts the

tool length from the distance Tool Length
between the MCS and WCS in the
Z direction, so now the programmer
is programming the center, end of
the cutter. With Length Compensation,
You are Programming this Point.

Z Now, a move to Z0 on
the part brings the end
WCS 0 of the cutter to the
part.
X
Workpiece
Cutter Length Offset on a
Machining Center (3)

Tool 3 in the Spindle

With proper length compensation

as shown, the programmer can
safely program in the WCS with
little regard to the cutter except to G0 G90 G43 H3 Z0
Brings the cutter down to the
insure that the flutes are long top of the part.
Z
enough and the toolholder does not
WCS 0
interfere with the workpiece or with
X
the fixture.
Workpiece
Program Functions
fall into just four (4) Categories
1. Program Start
2. Toolchange
3. Program End
4. Machining Functions

The first 3 are generally the same for all programs for
a given machine.

Note that they will be different for different machines.

You must know your machine by reading the
machine manual!
Program Functions for the
Haas VF-1 Machining Center
• Remember, the CNC language is not 100% standard
across all machine and control manufacturers.
• Haas machines use fairly generic programming that is
similar to most Fanuc compatible machines. Be
especially careful of tool changes and sending the
machine home!
• Again, you must know your machine by reading the
machine manual!
Haas VF-1 Program Start
Program Explanation
% Starting character for file transfer
O999 Program number set to 999, note the capital “Oh”
G20 G40 G49 G80 G99 Initial conditions
G91 G28 Z0 Incrementally go home in the Z direction
G90 Absolute positioning
T1M6 Call Tool 1 and do the toolchange
S3000 M3 Set the spindle to 3000 RPM, forward direction
G0 G90 G54 X-0.4 Y-0.4 Go to first X,Y position in the WCS
G43 H1 Z0.1 M8 Load the length offset, move to Z0.1, coolant on

.
. Machining moves follow
.
Haas VF-1 Program Toolchange
Program Explanation
M9 Turn the coolant off
M5 Turn the spindle off
G49 Cancel tool length compensation
G91 G28 Z0 Incrementally go home in the Z direction
G90 Absolute positioning
T2M6 Call Tool 2 and do the toolchange
S4500 M3 Set the spindle to 4500 RPM, forward direction
G0 G90 G54 X0.75 Y1.0 Go to first X,Y position in the WCS
G43 H2 Z0.1 M8 Load the length offset, move to Z0.1, coolant on

.
. Machining moves follow
.
Haas VF-1 Program End
Program Explanation
M9 Turn the coolant off
M5 Turn the spindle off
G49 Cancel tool length compensation
G91 G28 Z0 Incrementally go home in the Z direction
G28 Y0 Home in the Y direction to make unloading the part easier
G90 Absolute positioning
M30 End of program M code
% End of file character for file transfer
 CNC Applications
Machining Center Example #1
Problem Statement
Machine the length and thickness of the part shown
below. The part is made from ¾”x2” 6061 CD aluminum
which is saw cut to approximately 3 1/8” length. Perform
all machining with a 2 flute, ¾” diameter, HSS endmill
which is tool 1 on the machine.

2.000

0.700

3.000
Planning and Programming (1)
1. Examine the part drawing
thoroughly and get a rough
idea of how you want to
proceed.

A. Pick the WCS in the lower left

corner of the part on the
finished upper surface:
B. Machine one end with the part
against a stop.
C. Program stop, flip the part,
and machine the 3” length.
D. Machine 0.050” off the top of
the part leaving the final
0.700” thickness.
Planning and Programming (2-3)

2. How will we hold the part? In a 6” vise up on

1/8” wide parallels that hold the part only 3/8”
into the vise jaws. A stop on the right positions
the part.
3. Decide what cutters to use – given a ¾”
diameter 2 flute HSS endmill. From the
Machinery’s Handbook, we note that this
endmill has 1 5/16” of useable flute length.
Planning and Programming (3 cont.)

3. For the endmill, we find from Table 10 that

V=600fpm and from Table 15a ft=0.004ipt:

12 × V 12 × 600
N = RPM = = = 3056
π × D π × 0.75

fm = ft nt N = 0.004 x 2 x 3056 = 24 ipm

Planning and Programming (4)

4. Write down the exact sequence of operations:

A. Rapid position cutter 1/16” to the left and clear in Y

B. Feed to depth, face left end of the part, rapid up
C. Move home in Y,Z and then flip the part
D. Repeat A and B except for final X position
E. Face the extra 0.050” off the top of the part
F. Program end.
Planning and Programming (5)

5. Convert the sequence of operations to a

program:
Program Start
Machine Left End
Flip Part
Machine to Length
Machine Thickness
Program End
 An Overview of the Process
Notes:
1. Both ends of the part are saw cut. Excess Material from Saw Cut
Z
We will make one cut leaving 1/16” Y

excess stock and then flip the part 2.000

and remove the excess length.

3.000
2. We will initially position at Z0.1, but
0.050" Initial Clearance X
realize that we chose the Z=0 plane
0.050" Material to Remove
on the top of the FINISHED part, so
we will only have 0.050” clearance
as the detail view shows.
3. Remember, program as if the cutter
moves in all 3 directions, even 0.700
though the part moves in the X,Y
directions.
4. Remember, we are programming the
center of the cutter. All cuts must be
offset by the cutter radius,
The First Portion of the Program
Program Codes Action
% Program Start
O999
G20 G40 G49 G80 G99
G91 G28 Z0
G90
T1 M6 Load tool 1, ¾” HSS endmill
S3056 M3 Set the spindle RPM and direction
G0 G90 G54 X-0.437 Y-0.4 Go to initial position in the WCS using fixture offset G54
G43 H1 Z0.1 M8 Rapid to clearance with length compensation, coolant on
Start of Machining

G1 Z-0.8 F24. Feed to depth – below part so a large burr is not left
Y2.1 Cut the end of the part until clear in Y
G0 Z0.1 Rapid to clearance plane
M9 Coolant off
M5 Spindle off
G91 G28 Z0 Go home in Z first to avoid hitting anything that sticks up
G28 Y0 Then, go home in Y
G90 Absolute positioning again to cancel the G91
M0 Program stop
What the Machine Does

Select this link to

start the animation.
Continue with Second Length Cut
Program Codes Action
M3 Turn the spindle on, it will use 3056RPM
G0 X-0.375 Y-0.4 Locate for the second cut to length
Z0.1 M8 Rapid down to clearance plane
G1 Z-0.8 Feed below the part
Y2.1 Machine the end, it will use 24IPM
G0 Z0 Rapid to finished height

Select this link to

start the animation.
Face the Top
Program Action
Codes

Y1.75 Position for first pass

G1 X3.4 Repeat passes
G0 Y1.125 .
G1 X-0.4
G0 Y0.5 .
G1 X3.4
G0 Y0 .
G1 X-0.4
M9 Coolant off
M5 Spindle off
G49 Cancel length
G91 G28 Z0 compensation
G28 Y0 Go home in Z first Select this link to
G90 Then go home in Y Start the animation.
M30 Absolute mode
% End of program
End of file
 CNC Applications
Constant Cutting Speed (CSS) for
Turning Centers
Constant Cutting Speed (CSS)

From our previous lessons, we know to calculate RPM with

this formula:
12 × V
N = RPM =
π ×D
Using some simple algebra, we can rearrange that
equation and solve for cutting speed (V):

π ×D× N
V = sfm =
12
Compare
Cutting Speed when Facing
We’ll face a 4” diameter part starting with V=600fpm. We calculate RPM as:
12 × 600
N= = 573 RPM
π ×4
Now, we’ll work backwards and calculate the cutting speed (V) at the maximum
diameter and towards the center at 0.25” diameter given a constant RPM=573.

π × 4 × 573 π × 0.25 × 573

V= = 600 fpm V= = 37.5 fpm
12 12
What does this mean?
• Any particular cutting speed is valid at only one RPM
and diameter.
• As we decrease diameter at a constant RPM, cutting
speed falls until it is zero when the cutter is at the part
centerline.
• This decrease in cutting speed results in poor surface
finish and shorter cutter life since hard cutters generally
perform better at higher cutting speeds.
How do we fix the problem?

• Use a function called

Code Function
Constant Cutting Speed
(CSS). Sets the cutting
speed to the
• CSS causes the machine G96
value specified by
to adjust RPM based on S.
the cutter’s X diameter to Sets the RPM to
hold a particular cutting G97 the value
specified by S.
speed.
• Only uses three new G Limits the RPM to
codes: the value
G50
specified by S.
Used with G96.
A Sample CSS Program
Program Codes Action
% Program Start
O999
G20 G40 G99
G28 U0
G28 W0
T0202
G54
G50 S4000 Limit the RPM to 4000 (slightly less than the machine max).
G96 S600 M3 Change to CSS, 600 fpm, machine sets RPM based on cutter
. position.
. Machining
.
G97 S1800 Set the RPM to 1800 constant (won’t change with cutter
. position).
. More machining
.
G96 Change to CSS, 600 fpm (modal), machine sets RPM.
CSS Comments
• Most machines default to G97, RPM mode, but both G96
and G97 are modal. However, it is a good idea to put the
correct one in your program at each tool change.
• Use CSS for turning, facing, and boring, NOT threading
or drilling.
• When facing or turning small diameters, you will always
reach the RPM limit at some diameter. This is easily
calculated by rearranging our RPM formula like this:

12 × V
D = Diameter =
π ×N
 Example of Cutting Speed –
Diameter Limit

From our previous program, we used 600 fpm. At an RPM

limit of 4000RPM and 600fpm cutting speed, we can calculate
the diameter as:

12 × V 12 × 600
D = Diameter = = = 0.573"
π × N π × 4000

So, any X value less than 0.573” means the cutting speed
will be less than 600fpm with the corresponding poorer
surface finish and shorter cutter life.
CNC Applications
Rectangular Cycles for
Turning Centers
A Common Task

Select this link to

start the animation.

This is a common turning task

– rapid to depth, feed to
length, feed clear of the
diameter, rapid back to the
starting point.
This cut takes four blocks to
program, a rapid, two feeds,
and another rapid.
What is a Cycle?
• Normally, we only perform one positioning or cutting
task in each block.
• However, tasks such as the four block turning
sequence just provided are so common that control
designers have incorporated CYCLES to reduce
programming time.
• A cycle combines multiple moves into a single
programmed block.
 The Rectangular Turning Cycle
Cycle
Start
4 Point

3 1

New Z 2 New X
Position Position
To use the rectangular turning cycle, you must first position the cutter at the Cycle
Start Point. The cutter will also end up at the cycle start point at the end of the cycle.
The program looks like this:
G90 Xnewx Znewz Fnewf
The cutter rapids to the newx diameter, feeds to the newz length, feeds to the
starting X value, and then rapids back to the starting Z value. You get four blocks for
just one programmed!
Additional G90 Notes
• The rectangular turning cycle (G90) is modal which is
handy for repeat cuts.
• You can change newx and newz in succeeding cuts, and
you can add a feed rate on any cut or just use the
previous one.
• G90 only works in the direction shown. There are
additional cycles for facing, boring, and turning towards
the tailstock.
• What does G90 do on a machining center? (Hint: it has
nothing to do with cycles.)
 A G90 Turning Example

Ø4.000 Ø3.000 Ø3.500

0.500
1.500
2.250

We will turn the 3.000” and 3.500” diameter steps on this part at 800fpm using the
80 degree C shaped insert in tool 2.
Follow Planning and
Programming Steps (1-5)
1. Examine drawing
2. How will we hold the raw material – in a 3 jaw chuck.
3. Decide what cutters to use – given hard, coated carbide C shaped
insert, and the cutting speed is also given (800fpm). We’ll use
constant cutting speed (css) and let the machine calculate and
adjust the RPM based on the X position of the cutter.
4. Write down the exact sequence of operations:
A. Rapid position the cutter in Z 0.25” away from the face.
B. Rapid position the cutter 0.125” away from the part in X (radial).
C. Take 0.125” radial cuts (0.25” from diameter) using the G90 turning
cycle. Note: we are not taking finishing cuts in this example.
D. Program end.
5. Convert the sequence of operations to a program:
Program Start
Turn the Steps
Program End
 The Program
Program Codes Action
% Program Start
O999
G20 G40 G99
G28 U0
G28 W0
T0202
G54
G50 S4000 Cap the RPM
G96 S800 M3 Set the cutting speed to 800fpm, forward direction.
G0 Z2.5 Rapid 0.25 away from part in Z.
X4.25 M8 Rapid 0.125” radial distance from the part in X, coolant on.
G90 X3.75 Z0.5 F.012 First rectangular cycle cut removing 0.25” from diameter.
X3.5 Finish the larger step, G90 is still active.
X3.25 Z1.5 First cut on the second step, notice new Z value.
X3.0 Final cut on the second step.
M9
M5
G28 U0 Program End
G28 W0
M30
%
 The Animation

Select this link to

start the animation.

Remember, the animation does not show

the difference between rapid and feed
moves. When actually run on the machine,
the rapid moves are much faster than the
feed moves.
 CNC Applications
Threading on Turning Centers
Conventional vs. CNC Threading
Conventional CNC
Accuracy is dependant on the lead Accuracy is dependant on the Z
screw and gears. axis ballscrew and the electronics.

Manually synchronize multiple cuts Electronically synchronize multiple

with a threading dial cuts.

Cutting speed is limited by the Cutting speed is limited by how

operator’s ability to engage the accurately the machine can
half nuts. synchronize the feed with the
spindle RPM.

Takes about 10 minutes for an Takes less than 1 minute for a

experienced operator to thread a good turning center to thread a ¾-
¾-16 UNF 2A 1” long. 16 UNF 2A 1” long.
Notes on CNC Threading
• Threading on a turning center is much faster than
conventional threading because:
– The machine can synchronize the feed and spindle
RPM much faster than a person can engage the half
nuts.
– Faster synchronization means higher cutting speeds
are used on CNC equipment resulting in faster
production, better thread finishes, and more accurate
threads.
– The high rapid traverse rates re-position the cutter for
subsequent cuts much more quickly than a person
can.
• A CNC machine can cut any thread – English or Metric –
without special equipment.
Threading Tool Offsets
You can set the tool offset for a threading tool at the tip or at the side. The X
value is the same in either case, only the Z value differs. As noted below, setting
at the side helps prevent running into shoulders but may not have enough
threads, while setting at the tip gives the correct thread length with increased
risk of hitting a shoulder. Be aware of the method being used.

Tool offset at the Tool offset at the

side of the cutter. tip of the cutter.
You might have to adjust Z Be careful when threading
to get enough threads. near shoulders.
Insuring Thread Accuracy
While CNC machines are
fast, they are not infallible.
You must have enough
clearance between the
end of the part and the
0.1 Clearance cutter’s start point for the
feed motors to
synchronize with the
spindle. Most machine
manuals have a formula
for this distance which
Enough room to depends on RPM and
synchronize. thread pitch.
If you cut a thread that has
the correct pitch diameter
Be sure you have enough room to move around a but still won’t fit a GO
live center or tailstock if one is being used! gage, increase this
distance.
Right Hand or Left Hand?

Right Hand Thread – spindle is going Left Hand Thread – spindle is going
forward (M3) and the cut is towards reverse (M4) and the cut is towards
the headstock. the headstock.

To complicate things further, we can reverse the spindle rotations, cutter hands,
and cut directions shown above and end up with the same thing. However, the two
pictures shown above are the most common methods of threading, so be sure you
understand them.
G Codes for Threading

G Code Application
Requires four blocks per cut,
G32 mostly obsolete now.

Works similarly to the G90

G92 turning cycle with one block
per cut required.
The whole thread is cut with
G76 one block. This is the most
common form of threading.
 A Threading Example

3/4-16 UNF 2A
We’ll do this program twice –
once with G92 and again with
G76. In both cases, we’ll
assume that the profile is
already turned, and we will do
the threading at 400fpm.

1.000
2.000
 The G92
Rectangular Threading Cycle
Cycle
Start
4 Point

3 1

New Z 2 New X
Position Position
G92 works the same as G90 except for the synchronization between spindle and
cutter to create the threads. Start the cutter at the Cycle Start Point. The cutter will
also end up at the cycle start point at the end of the cycle. Each block looks like this:
G92 Xnewx Znewz Flead
Note that lead is actual pitch calculated as 1/tpi for single start threads. Also, many
turning centers use E instead of F on threading cycles. Know your machine!
Follow Planning and
Programming Steps (1-3)
1. Examine the drawing. We have to find some data from
the Machinery’s Handbook for a ¾-16 UNF 2A thread:
• Major Diameter Range: 0.7391-0.7485”
• Minor Diameter (Maximum): 0.674”
• Lead = Pitch = 1/tpi = 1/16 = 0.0625”
2. How will we hold the raw material – in a collet chuck.
3. Decide what cutters to use – given a tough, coated
carbide threading insert, and the cutting speed is also
given (400fpm). We have to calculate the RPM since
CSS should not be used when threading:

12 × V 12 × 400
N = RPM = = = 2037
π × D π × 0.75
Follow Planning and
Programming Steps (4-5)
4. Write down the exact sequence of operations:
A. Rapid position the cutter in Z 0.25” away from the face.
B. Rapid position the cutter 0.1” away from the part in X (radial).
C. Based on the Machinery’s Handbook data, we’ll assume the blank is
0.745” diameter to start, and we’ll take 6 passes at the following X
values:
0.725 0.705
0.690 0.680
0.677 0.674
D. Program end.
5. Convert the sequence of operations to a program:
Program Start
Make the Threading Passes
Program End
Note: on our machine, the threading tool offset is taken from the
side, not the point, of the cutter, so our threads will be somewhat
short which we can adjust for in the program if we need to.
 The Program with G92
Program Codes Action
% Program Start
O999
G20 G40 G99
G28 U0
G28 W0
T0505 Load the threading tool
G54
G97 S2037 M3 Set the RPM, forward direction.
G0 Z2.25 Rapid 0.25 away from part in Z.
X0.945 M8 Rapid 0.1” radial distance from the part in X, coolant on.
G92 X0.720 Z1.0 F0.0625 First threading cycle cut removing 0.020” from diameter.
X0.705 Second threading cut, G92 is still active.
X0.690
X0.680
X0.677
X0.674 Final threading cut, just a light pass.
M9
M5
G28 U0 Program End
G28 W0
M30
%
 Threading Animation

Select this link to

start the animation.

Note: the animation does

not show the cutter
moving to the start point
or to home after
machining the thread. It
only shows the G92 cycle
blocks.
Again, this is just an
animation. The machine
would cut the thread
much faster than the
animation shows.
 G76 Threading Cycle

Cutting threads is so common, the CNC designers have created the G76
cycle to cut the entire thread in one pass. The format looks like this:
G76 Xrootx Zendz Itaper Kheight Dpass1 Flead Aangle

Where: rootx = minor diameter of the thread (required)

endz = the ending Z value of the thread (required)
taper = amount of taper when cutting a tapered thread (optional)
height = radial height of the thread (required)
pass1 = depth of the first pass (Note, most machines do not
allow a decimal point on D, so an integer must be
used.) (required)
lead = pitch for a single start thread which is 1/tpi (required)
angle = angle to enter the thread (optional)
General Comments about G76
• If you leave I off, the cycle produces a straight thread
which is most common.
• If you leave A off, the cutter feeds straight in (see the
next two slides for a more detailed description of A).
• The cycle works for both ID and OD threads based on
the cycle start point and the values of X and Z.
• The cycle automatically decides how many passes to
take depending on the value of K and D. Each pass is
smaller than the previous pass.
• Some machines have more control over the number of
passes and the depth of the final pass. Know your
machine!
The K and D Codes
K is the height of the thread and is easily calculated
with the following formula.
Major Diameter − Minor Diameter
K = Thread Height =
2
When looking in the Machinery’s Handbook for thread specifications,
remember that the major diameter for an external thread is given as a range,
so use the high side of the range. For our ¾-16 UNF 2A:

0.748 − 0.674
K = Thread Height = = 0.037
2
D is the depth of the first pass, usually in integer form. If
you want a 0.012” deep first pass, set D to 0120.
Remember the resolution of most machines is 0.0001”, so
0120=0.0120”.
Deciphering the A Code
As shown in the diagram below, a thread has an included angle. The most
common angles are 60o for both metric and inch V threads and 29o for ACME
threads. By changing the value of A, we can change the infeed angle of the
threading cutter. The infeed angle is always ½ the value of A specified in the
G76 cycle.

Thread Included Angle

1/2 of A
Notes:
1. Some machines will not accept a decimal
point on A!
2. Some machines limit A to common thread
angles, others allow any value.
 Threading Feed Angle

A20 – the machine A20 A0 A60

A60 – the machine
actually feeds at actually feeds at
10o. Most cutting 30o, or down the
takes place on the trailing flank. All
leading flank, but cutting takes place
some takes place on on the insert’s
the trailing flank. A leading edge, which
good compromise is easiest on the
since it is fairly easy cutter. The trailing
on the cutter, leaves flank usually has a
a good finish, and poor finish. This is
tends to minimize how most
chatter. conventional
(manual) threading
is done.
A0 – the default. The cutter feeds straight in, and the insert cuts
equally on both flanks. This is hard on the cutter, but both flanks
usually have a good finish.
The Program with G76
Program Codes Action
% Program Start
O999
G20 G40 G99
G28 U0
G28 W0
T0505 Load the threading tool
G54
G97 S2037 M3 Set the RPM, forward direction.
G0 Z2.25 Rapid 0.25 away from part in Z.
X0.945 M8 Rapid 0.1” radial distance from the part.
G76 X0.674 Z1.0 D0120 K0.037 A20 F0.0625 Cuts the entire thread in one block!
M9
M5 Program End
G28 U0
G28 W0
M30
%
 Cutting Multiple Lead Threads
For single start threads (the most common), the lead is equal to the pitch. Or, in
threading terms, the amount of advancement for one turn is equal to the distance
between the threads.
Occasionally, we have to cut multiple start threads where the lead is an even
multiple of the pitch. For example, to cut a ¾-16 double lead thread, we would cut
a ¾-8 thread half-way deep like this:

Then, we move the start point of

the threading cycle over by the
pitch (0.0625”) and cut another
thread in between those we just
cut like this:
 Cutting a
Double Lead Thread with G76
Program Codes Action
% Program Start
O999
G20 G40 G99
G28 U0
G28 W0
T0505 Load the threading tool
G54
G97 S2037 M3 Set the RPM, forward direction.
G0 Z2.25 Rapid 0.25 away from part in Z.
X0.945 M8 Rapid 0.1” radial distance from the part.
G76 X0.674 Z1.0 D0120 K0.037 A20 F0.125 Cuts the first thread, note the lead.
G0 Z2.3125 Re-position the starting point.
G76 X0.674 Z1.0 D0120 K0.037 A20 F0.125 Cut the second thread.
M9
M5
G28 U0 Program End
G28 W0
M30
%
CNC Applications
Programming Arcs
Why Program Arcs?
• Many components have radius features which require
machining.
• Arc programming on turning centers eliminates the need
for form tools and results in a better finish.
• For machining centers, we can easily cut arcs which
would otherwise require a complicated setup on a rotary
table.
• For machining centers, internal radii such as the corner
of pockets always machine better with an arc move
rather than depending on the cutter to leave the radius.
• We have much more flexibility in choosing cutters on
both machining and turning centers.
Arc Overview
G02 Clock Wise Arc
To program an arc, you Arc Start Point
Cutter Path
must know the coordinates
of the following three points: J

1. Arc Start Point Arc End Point

Arc Center Point
2. Arc End Point
3. Arc Center Point
Arc End Point
Notes: Arc Start Point

On machining centers, you I

are programming the center Arc Center Point
of the cutter, so you must
account for the radius of the
Cutter Path
cutter.
The cutter must be tangent G03 Counter Clock Wise Arc
to the arc at the start point
and at the end point.
General Format for
Arc Blocks on Machining Centers
G2 Xendx Yendy Ivectorx Jvectory Fnewf
G3 Xendx Yendy Ivectorx Jvectory Fnewf
Where:
endx,endy are the coordinates of the Arc End Point.
vectorx,vectory are the X and Y distances from the Arc
Start Point to the Arc Center Point.

newf is a new feed rate, if desired. If Fnewf is left off,

the last active feedrate will be used (F is modal).
Refer to the picture on the previous page for definitions.
I and J for Machining Centers
Many people have trouble
understanding I and J when
Programmed Path
they are really quite simple.
I and J are signed X,Y Arc End Point
directions from the Arc Start Arc Start Point
Point to the Arc Center
point.
I Tangent Point
The illustration shows an arc
of <90 degrees which has J
both I and J values. 0, 90, Arc Center Point
180, and 270 degree arcs Tangent Point
always have either I or J as
zero.
Note for this example that I
is a positive number while J
is a negative number.
I and J (continued)

Mathematically, you can calculate I and J as:

I = XArcCenterPoint -XArcStartPoint J= YArcCenterPoint -YArcStartPoint

You can describe I and J as:

I=Distance from the Arc Start Point to the Arc Center point in X

J=Distance from the Arc Start Point to the Arc Center point in Y

Notice the difference between the mathematical definition and the

written description of I and J. You can use either method to find I
and J, but be sure you get the sign correct!
An Example With Numbers
We’ll mill the programmed path
Arc Start Point
with a 1” diameter (0.5” radius) (3.0, 4.5)
cutter. After finding the
Programmed Path
coordinates of the three points as Arc End Point
shown, we calculate I and J as: J
(4.5, 3.0)
-1.5
I = 3.0 – 3.0 = 0
J = 3.0 – 4.5 = -1.5 R1.000
4.000
And the program segment would
Arc Center Point
look like this: (3.0, 3.0)

G0 X-0.75 Y4.5
G1 Z-0.25
X3 4.000
G2 X4.5 Y3.0 J-1.5
G1 Y-0.75
Note that G2 and G3 are modal. A common mistake is to
forget a G1 when a linear move follows an arc as in this
example.
General Format for
Arc Blocks on Turning Centers
G2 Xendx Zendz Ivectorx Kvectorz Fnewf
G3 Xendx Zendz Ivectorx Kvectorz Fnewf
Where:
endx,endz are the coordinates of the Arc End Point.
vectorx,vectorz are the X and z distances from the Arc
Start Point to the Arc Center Point.
newf is a new feed rate, if desired. If Fnewf is left off,
the last active feedrate will be used (F is modal).
Note the only difference from machining centers is Y
and J are replaced with Z and K.
I and K for Turning Centers
Note that the values for I are RADIAL even though we
program X as diameter!

Arc End Point

K
I Arc Start Point

Arc Center Point

For turning centers, calculate I and K like this:

I = (XArcCenterPoint – XArcStartPoint)/2 and K = ZArcCenterPoint – ZArcStartPoint
Special Notes for
Arcs on Turning Centers
• Machining center arc programming must allow for the
radius of the cutter, turning center arc programming
generally does not.
• The insert nose radius for a turning cutter does cause
some inaccuracy in the arc formation which we will
address later in the course.
• For now, ignore the insert nose radius and just
remember it is a problem we will solve shortly.
A Turning Center Example
R0.750

We’ll take a finish pass across

the 1” diameter, the 0.750”
radius, and the 2.5” diameter
Ø2.500
using a 55 degree (shape D)
carbide insert cutter. Ø1.000

1.000

3.000
 How the Machine Moves
Program Codes Action
% Program Start
O999 Arc End Point
G20 G40 G99 X=2.5, Z=1.0
G28 U0
G28 W0 Arc Center Point
D C X=2.5, Z=1.75
T0303
G54 A
B
S2800 M3 I
G0 Z3.25 A. Rapid to position in 0.75
X1.0 M8 Z and X, coolant
G1 Z1.75 F.006 B. Feed to Arc Start
G2 X2.5 Z1.0 I0.75 C. Form arc
Arc Start Point
G1 Z-0.25 D. Feed clear in Z X=1.0, Z=1.75
X2.75 and X
M9
M5
G28 U0 I = (2.5 – 1.0)/2 = 0.75
G28 W0
M30 K = 1.75 – 1.75 = 0
%
 CNC Applications
Machining Center Example #2
 Problem Statement

2.000

0.500 R0.500

0.500
2.000

0.200

0.700

3.000

Machine this part from ¾”x2” 6061 CD aluminum saw cut to 3 1/8” length using a
¾” 2 flute HSS endmill (tool 1). Accuracy requirements on the profile are high, so
a rough cut 0.010” away followed by a finish cut are required on the profile only.
Planning and Programming (1)
1. Examine the part drawing
thoroughly and get a rough idea
of how you want to proceed.
A. Pick the WCS in the lower left
corner of the part on the finished
upper surface before machining
the profile:
B. Machine one end with the part
against a stop.
C. Program stop, flip the part, and
machine the 3” length.
D. Machine 0.050” off the top of the
part leaving the final 0.700”
thickness.
E. Rough and finish the profile.
F. Remove remaining “tails” in the
corners.
Planning and Programming (2-3)

2. How will we hold the part? In a 6” vise up on

1/8” wide parallels that hold the part only 3/8”
into the vise jaws. A stop on the right positions
the part.
3. Decide what cutters to use – given a ¾”
diameter 2 flute HSS endmill. From the
Machinery’s Handbook, we note that this
endmill has 1 5/16” of useable flute length.
Planning and
Programming (3 continued)
3. For the endmill, we find from Table 10 that
V=600fpm and from Table 15a ft=0.004ipt:

12 × V 12 × 600
N = RPM = = = 3056
π × D π × 0.75

f m = f t nt N = 0.004 x 2 x 3056 = 24 ipm

Planning and Programming (4)

4. Write down the exact sequence of operations:

A. Rapid position cutter 1/16” to the left and clear in Y
B. Feed to depth, face left end of the part, rapid up
C. Move home in Y,Z and then flip the part
D. Repeat A and B except for final X position
E. Face the extra 0.050” off the top of the part
F. Rough machine the profile leaving 0.010”.
G. Finish machine the profile.
H. Machine off excess material left in the corners nearest the
radius.
I. Program end.
Planning and Programming (5)

5. Convert the sequence of operations to a program:

Program Start
Machine Left End
Flip Part
Machine to Length
Machine Thickness
Rough Profile
Finish Profile
Machine Corners
Program End
Don’t Redo Work

• Notice that the machine-to-length and machine-to-

thickness operations required for this part are exactly the
same as in Machining Center Example 1.

• We will simply copy the first program and add additional

blocks to create this program.

• This is easily done by doing “Save As” in Notepad or

other editor and then adding to the new file.
The Length and Thickness Program
Program Codes (1) Program Codes (2)
% M3
O999 G0 X-0.375 Y-0.4
G20 G40 G49 G80 G99 Z0.1 M8
G91 G28 Z0 G1 Z-0.8
G90 Y2.1
T1M6 G0 Z0
S3056 M3 Y1.75
G0 G90 G54 X-0.437 Y-0.4 G1 X3.4
G43 H1 Z0.1 M8 G0 Y1.125
G1 Z-0.8 F24. G1 X-0.4
Y2.1 G0 Y0.5
G0 Z0.1 G1 X3.4
M9 G0 Y0
M5 G1 X-0.4
G91 G28 Z0
G28 Y0 Add the profile and corner machining here.
G90
M0
 Overview of the First Profiling Pass
I = 2.0 - 2.0 = 0
J = 1.0 - 1.885 = -0.885
B. Second point. C. Arc Start Point.
X=0.110 X=2.0, Y=1.885
Y=0.5+1.0+0.375+0.010=1.885

Corners not cleared in arc move.

A. First profile pass

Arc Center Point.
start point. X=2.0, Y=1.0
X=0.5-0.375-.010=0.110
Y=-0.4, Z=-0.2
D. Arc End Point
E. First profile pass X=2.0
end point and Y=0.5-0.375-0.010=0.110
start of finish pass.
X=0.5-0.375=0.125
Y is still unchanged at 0.110

We will rapid position to point A and then follow points B-E to perform the first
rough pass. Note the calculations for I and J, and that material is left in the two
rightmost corners that will have to be removed later.
 The Blocks for the First Profile Pass

Program Action
Codes

G0 Y-0.4 .
X0.110 Position at point A.
Z-0.2 .
G1 Y1.885 Feed to point B.
X2.0 Feed to point C.
G2 Y0.110 J-0.885 Machine arc to point D.
G1 X0.125 Feed to point E.

Select this link to

start the animation.
 Overview of the Finish Profiling Pass
I = 2.0 - 2.0 = 0
J = 1.0 - 1.875 = -0.875
F. Second point. G. Arc Start Point.
X=0.125 X=2.0, Y=1.875
Y=0.5+1.0+0.375=1.875

E. First profile pass

end point and
start of finish pass.
X=0.5-0.375=0.125
Y is still unchanged at 0.110 Arc Center Point.
X=2.0, Y=1.0

H. Arc End Point

X=2.0
Y=0.5-0.375=0.125

We will continue feeding without pause after the roughing pass to points F-H.
Then, we will feed completely off the part to the left in preparation for machining
the excess corner material. Notice that J has changed from the rough pass.
The Blocks for the Finish Profile Pass

Program Action
Codes
Y1.875 Feed to point F.
X 2.0 Feed to point G.
G2 Y0.125 J-0.875 Arc to point H.
G1 X-0.4 Feed off the part.

Select this link to

start the animation.
 Overview of Machining Corners
Must lift to Z0.25
before making this move.

J. Start point for

machining corners.
X = 3.0, Y = 2.4, Z = -0.2
I. End of finish profile pass.
X = -0.4, Y = 0.125, Z = -0.2
K. End point for
machining corners.
X = 3.0, Y = -0.4, Z = -0.2

After finishing the second profile pass, we’ll rapid up to Z0.25 to clear the part and
then move over to point J. We will then go back down to Z-0.2 and feed across the
corners. The program ends by lifting up and then going home in Z and Y.
Machine the Corners
Program Action
Codes

G0 Z0.25 Lift above the part.

X3.0 Y2.4 Rapid to point I.
Z-0.2 Go back down to depth.
G1 Y-0.4 Feed to point J.
G0 Z0.25 Lift above the part.
M9 Program end
M5 .
G49
.
G91 G28 Z0
G28 Y0 .
G90 .
M30 .
%
Select this link to
start the animation.
The Final Program
Program Codes
% M3 G0 Z0.25
O999 G0 X-0.375 Y-0.4 X3.0 Y2.4
G20 G40 G49 G80 G99 Z0.1 M8 Z-0.2
G91 G28 Z0 G1 Z-0.8 G1 Y-0.4
G90 Y2.1 G0 Z0.25
T1M6 G0 Z0 M9
S3056 M3 Y1.75 M5
G0 G90 G54 X-0.437 Y-0.4 G1 X3.4 G49
G43 H1 Z0.1 M8 G0 Y1.125 G91 G28 Z0
G1 Z-0.8 F24. G1 X-0.4 G28 Y0
Y2.1 G0 Y0.5 G90
G0 Z0.1 G1 X3.4 M30
M9 G0 Y0 %
M5 G1 X-0.4
G91 G28 Z0 G0 Y-0.4
G28 Y0 X0.110
G90 Z-0.2
M0 G1 Y1.885
X2.0
G2 Y0.110 J-0.885
G1 X0.125
CNC Applications
Hole Cycles
Why so Many Hole Cycles?

• Creating holes is the most common machining operation

since nearly all machined parts have at least one hole.
• Machining centers have many hole cycles including
drilling, deep hole drilling, peck drilling, tapping, boring,
etc.
• Turning centers usually have fewer hole cycles than
machining centers, but they still have generally drilling,
peck drilling, and tapping.
• Hole cycles for machining and turning centers are
usually very similar.
Codes for Hole Cycles
G Code Application
Simple drilling – feeds to depth
G81 and rapids out of the hole.
Peck drilling – feeds in a
specified distance, rapids out to
G83 clear chips, rapids back in, and
repeats.
Right hand tapping – feeds to
depth at correct pitch,
G84 automatically reverses, and
feeds out.
G80 Cancels any hole cycle.
 A Simple Example
4x Ø0.25 x 0.75
5/16-18 UNC - 2B x0.50
w Ø0.50 X 90°

We will learn the

basics of hole cycles
by programming a 3.000
machining center to
create the holes in 1.000

this part. We will start 1.000

with spot drilling, 3.000

continue with peck

drilling, and finish
with tapping.

1.000

4.000
Planning and Programming (1)
1. Examine the part drawing
thoroughly and get a rough
idea of how you want to
proceed.
A. Pick the WCS in the lower
left corner of the part on the
upper surface:
B. Assume length and
thickness are already
finished.
C. Spot drill all holes deep
enough for the countersink.
D. Drill all the holes with a ¼”
drill.
E. Tap all the holes with a
spiral flute tap since the
holes are blind.
Planning and Programming (2-3)

2. How will we hold the part? In a 6” vise up on 1/8” wide

parallels. These thin parallels will not interfere with the
holes, even if they went through the part. A stop on the
right positions the part.
3. Decide what cutters to use – a 5/8” diameter spot drill
(T12), a jobber’s length ¼” drill (T19), and a 5/16-18
spiral flute drill (T20).

Spot drill RPM = 12x600 / (p x0.625) = 3667 RPM

¼” drill RPM = 12x600 / (p x0.25) = 9167 RPM, use 7000RPM
Tap RPM = choose 1500 RPM, machine will not tap at full RPM
Planning and Programming (4-5)
4. Write down the exact sequence of operations:
A. Rapid cutters 0.1” above the part over the lower, left
hole.
B. Perform the spot drilling, then do the other three
holes.
C. Tool change, repeat A-B for the ¼” drill.
D. Tool change, repeat A-B for the 5/16-18 tap.
E. Program end.
5. Convert the sequence of operations to a program:
Program Start
Spot Drill Holes
Peck Drill Holes
Tap Holes
Program End
Spot Drilling
When drilling holes on a machining center, a
spot drill locates the hole prior to actual
drilling. On conventional machines, centerdrills
are generally used for the same function, but
the spot drill has three advantages over the
centerdrill:
1. The spot drill does not have a small diameter
point to break off and ruin the part.
2. By programming the spot depth carefully, we
can generally eliminate countersinking.
3. Spot drills are commonly available with a 90o
point angle which generates a 45o chamfer,
and other angles are available if desired.
The primary application of a centerdrill is to
provide a location for a live center point when
turning. People generally use them to spot
holes, but spot drills work better.
Spot Drill Givens
• When programming a spot drill, we know the spot
diameter and the spot angle, but we have to program the
spot depth.

Spot
Drill

Spot Angle
Cross Section of the
Part Through the Hole.
Spot Ø

Spot Depth
 Calculating Spot Drill Depth
Calculating spot depth 1. Spot
with a 90o spot drill is quite
easy as shown in these
three steps. As you can 2. Split into 2 equal
see, spot depth is simply 45-45-90 triangles.
½ of spot diameter.
3. Look at one
Actually, your spot will be triangle:
somewhat larger than
calculated since spot drills Spot Depth
1/2 Spot Diameter
are not ground to a sharp
point. If your countersink
has tight tolerances, you
will have to adjust for it in
the program.
Remember, Spot Depth = ½ Spot Diameter
The G81 Drilling Cycle
To use the drilling cycle, follow these programming steps:
1. Load the tool.
2. Position over the first hole.
3. Move to a Z distance above the part while turning on
tool length offset.
4. Call the cycle with:
G81 Xnewx Ynewy Zdepth Ffeed
Where newx and newy are the hole position,
depth is the Z location at the bottom of the hole,
and feed is the desired feed rate.
The G81 Drilling Cycle (continued)

5. Move to each succeeding hole and drill it.

Note: All hole cycles are modal, so only the X,Y

location of the next hole is needed and the machine
will move there and repeat the cycle.

G80 or G0 may be used to cancel the cycle.

The Spot Drilling
Portion of the Program
Program Codes Action
% Program Start
O999
G20 G40 G49 G80 G99
G91 G28 Z0
G90
T12M6 Load tool 12, 5/8” HSS spot drill.
S3667 M3 Set the spindle RPM and direction.
G0 G90 G54 X1.0 Y1.0 Locate over the first hole in the WCS, set fixture offset.
G43 H12 Z0.1 M8 Rapid to clearance with length compensation, coolant on.
G81 Z-0.25 F15. Drill the hole. The cycle will retract to the initial Z0.1
Y3.0 Move to the next hole and drill it, G81 is modal.
X3.0 Move to the next hole and drill it.
Y1.0 Move to the next hole and drill it.
G80 Cancel the drilling cycle.
. .
. The remainder of the program follows.
. .
Spot Drilling Animation

Select this link to

start the animation.

Note: The animation shows the

spot drill in its initial position
over the first hole and at the
initial Z0.1 height. The
animation ends at the G80.
Drilling Concerns
• Prints generally give hole Programmed Depth Print Depth

depth to the full diameter

and do not account for
the drill point:
• We must program the
depth to the point of the Additional Depth
(180-Point Angle)/2

drill. We can calculate the

additional depth as Drill Radius

follows:
 180 − PointAngle 
Additional Depth = TAN   x Drill Radius
 2 
For our example with a 0.25” drill and a 118o point angle, the
additional depth comes out to 0.075”
The G83 Peck Drilling Cycle
This cycle works much the same as the G81 except
for Q, the peck depth:
G83 Xnewx Ynewy Zdepth Qpeckdepth Ffeed

Where newx and newy are the hole position,

depth is the Z location at the bottom of the hole,
peckdepth is the amount the drill feeds before
backing out of the hole to clear chips, and feed is
the desired feed rate.

For our example, we will use Q0.25, so it will make four pecks.
Look at G83 – Peck 1

First Pass 0.25 deep

from the initial Z0.1,
stops at Z-0.15, then
rapids back out to
Z0.1.
Look at G83 – Peck 2

Second Pass.
Rapids just short of
previous depth,
feeds another 0.25
deep to Z-0.4, then
rapids back out to
Z0.1.
Look at G83 – Peck 3

Third Pass. Rapids

just short of previous
depth, feeds another
0.25 deep to Z-0.65,
then rapids back out
to Z0.1.
Look at G83 – Peck 4

Final Pass. Rapids

just short of previous
depth, feeds to final
depth of
Z-0.825, then rapids
back out to Z0.1.
The Peck Drilling
Portion of the Program
Program Codes Action
M9 Tool Change.
M5
G91 G28 Z0
G90
T19M6 Load tool 19, 1/4” HSS drill.
S7000 M3 Set the spindle RPM and direction.
G0 G90 G54 X1.0 Y1.0 Locate over the first hole in the WCS, set fixture offset.
G43 H19 Z0.1 M8 Rapid to clearance with length compensation, coolant on.
G83 Z-0.75 Q0.25 F15. Drill the hole. The cycle will retract to the initial Z0.1
Y3.0 Move to the next hole and drill it, G83 is modal.
X3.0 Move to the next hole and drill it.
Y1.0 Move to the next hole and drill it.
G80 Cancel the drilling cycle.
. .
. The remainder of the program follows.
. .
Peck Drilling Animation

Select this link to

start the animation.

Note: The animation only

shows drilling the first hole to
save time. The program will
then move the drill to the
following holes and it will
repeat the drilling cycle. The
drill will stop over the last hole
at the initial Z0.1 height.
The G84 Right Hand Tapping Cycle

This cycle works much the same as the G81 except the
feed must be calculated properly or the threads will
strip:
G84 Xnewx Ynewy Zdepth Ffeed

For tapping, the feed rate is calculated with:

 RPM 
Feed =  
 Threads per Inch 
For our example, Feed = 1500/18 = 83.333
Note: be sure to carry three decimal places on Feed when tapping.
 Tapping Concerns
Plug taps are the most common
taps used on CNC equipment and
they always have 3-4 threads
chamfered. If the tap length is set
for the end of the tap, this extra
distance must be programmed. It is
easy to calculate as:
Extra distance = 3/tpi
For our example, this comes to 3-4 Threads Chamfered
0.167 which we will round to 0.17”.
Watch pointed taps!
Be careful of pointed taps! If the tap
length is set from the point, then
the program must account for this
extra depth as well.
Always be sure the tap will not hit
the hole bottom!
Tapping Portion of the Program
Program Codes Action
M9 Tool Change.
M5
G91 G28 Z0
G90
T20M6 Load tool 20, 5/16-18 tap.
S1500 M3 Set the spindle RPM and direction.
G0 G90 G54 X1.0 Y1.0 Locate over the first hole in the WCS, set fixture offset.
G43 H19 Z0.1 M8 Rapid to clearance with length compensation, coolant on.
G84 Z-0.67 F83.333 Tap the hole. The cycle will retract to the initial Z0.1
Y3.0 Move to the next hole and tap it, G84 is modal.
X3.0 Move to the next hole and tap it.
Y1.0 Move to the next hole and tap it.
G80 Cancel the cycle.
M9 .
M5 Program End.
G49 .
G91 G28 Z0
G28 Y0
G90
M30
%
Tapping Animation

Select this link to

start the animation.

Click here to start the

animation.
Note: The animation shows the
tap in its initial position over
the first hole and at the initial
Z0.1 height. The animation
ends at the G80.
Note that the G84 cycle
automatically reverses the
spindle and feeds the tap out.
CNC Applications
Hole with a Retract Plane
 A Common Problem
When drilling 4x Ø0.25 x 0.75
5/16-18 UNC - 2B x0.50
these holes, we w Ø0.3 X 90°

have to stay clear

of the boss, but
we don’t want the 4.000
3.250
drill to start
feeding above the
part.
0.750 1.000
3.000
There is an easy 4.000
solution to this
1.500 1.000
problem – use an
R plane.
2.000
1.000
 The Initial or I Plane

0.1” Clearance

The I Plane is the Z location we first bring the tool down to before
initiating a hole cycle. We generally use 0.1” above the part. W e normally
use a G0 to position the cutter in this position. For our examples, it is
these blocks:
G0 G90 G57 X1.0 Y0.75
G43 H12 Z0.1 M8
 The Rapid or R Plane

0.1” Clearance

The R Plane is the Z location we rapid the tool down to in the hole cycle
before feeding starts. We generally use 0.1” above the surface the hole is
at, Z-0.9 for this example.
Programming the R Plane
To add an R plane to any hole cycle, we just add R with the Z value to the cycle.
For this example:
G81 Z-1.15 R-0.9 F15.
This works for all cycles as follows:
G83 Z-1.75 Q0.25 R-0.9 F15.
G84 Z-1.67 R-0.9 F83.333
The only problem is that holes on the same side of an obstruction cause wasted
time because the cutter rapids up and down from the R plane. To solve this
problem, we use G98 and G99.

G Code Application
After drilling this hole, return to the
G98 I plane. This is usually the default.
After drilling this hole, return to the
G99 R plane.
The Spot Drilling Portion
of the Program with R Plane
Program Codes Action
% Program Start
O999
G20 G40 G49 G80 G99
G91 G28 Z0
G90
T12M6 Load tool 12, 5/8” HSS spot drill
S3667 M3 Set the spindle RPM and direction
G0 G90 G57 X1.0 Y0.75 Locate over the first hole in the WCS, set fixture offset.
G43 H12 Z0.1 M8 Rapid to the I plane with length compensation, coolant on
G81 Z-1.15 R-0.9 F15. G99 Drill the hole. The cycle will retract to the R plane Z=-0.9
X3.0 G98 Drill the next hole, retract to I plane Z=0.1 to clear part.
Y3.25 G99 Retract to the R plane Z=-0.9
X1.0 G98 Retract to the I plane Z=-0.1
G80 Cancel the drilling cycle.
. .
. The remainder of the program follows.
. .
Spot Drilling
Animation with R Plane

Select this link to

start the animation.

The animation starts with the

spot drill at Z0.1 and ends with
the G80. Notice how the drill
only retracts to Z-0.9 between
holes on the same side of the
obstruction.
The Peck Drilling
Portion of the Program with R Plane
Program Codes Action
M9 Tool Change.
M5
G91 G28 Z0
G90
T19M6 Load tool 19, 1/4” HSS drill
S7000 M3 Set the spindle RPM and direction
G0 G90 G57 X1.0 Y0.75 Locate over the first hole, set fixture offset.
G43 H19 Z0.1 M8 Rapid to the I plane with length compensation
G83 Z-1.75 Q0.25 R-0.9 F15. G99 The cycle will retract to the R plane, Z=-0.9
X3.0 G98 The cycle will retract to the I plane, Z0.1
Y3.25 G99 Retracts to R plane
X1.0 G98 Retracts to I plane
G80 Cancel the drilling cycle.
. .
. The remainder of the program follows.
. .
Tapping Portion of the Program
Program Codes Action
M9 Tool Change.
M5
G91 G28 Z0
G90
T20M6 Load tool 20, 5/16-18 tap.
S1500 M3 Set the spindle RPM and direction.
G0 G90 G57 X1.0 Y0.75 Locate over the first hole in the WCS.
G43 H19 Z0.1 M8 Rapid to clearance with length compensation.
G84 Z-1.67 R-0.9 F83.333 G99 Tap the hole. The cycle will retract to the R plane, Z-0.9
X3.0 G98 Move to the next hole and tap it, retracts to I plane, Z0.1
Y3.25 G99 Retracts to R plane, Z-0.9
X1.0 G98 Retracts to I plane, Z0.1
G80 Cancel the cycle.
M9 .
M5 Program End.
G49 .
G91 G28 Z0
G28 Y0
G90
M30
%
 CNC Applications
Tool Nose Radius Compensation
on Turning Centers
Facing and Straight Turning
• When facing or straight turning, the tool nose radius has
no effect on the part other than leaving a radius on inside
corners.

This tangent point

finishes faces.

Theoretical sharp point This tangent point

is what we program. finishes diameters.
The Problem
When turning tapers or radii, the tool nose radius leaves
excess material as shown here:

Excess Material Here

The Solution
1. Manually program the exact tangent points. This is
time consuming since it requires trig calculations or
accurate CAD drawings to locate the tangent points.
2. Use tool nose radius compensation. The tool nose
radius is entered into the machine controller, and the
program turns on compensation for finish cuts only,
and then turns it off. The machine calculates the
tangent points so we can continue programming as if
the cutter has a sharp point.
Tool Nose Radius G Codes

G Code Application
Cancel tool nose radius
G40 compensation.
Compensate for tool nose
G41 radius to the LEFT of the
programmed path.
Compensate for tool nose
G42 radius to the RIGHT of the
programmed path.
G41 & G42

G41 – the cutter is to the left of the G42 – the cutter is to the right of the
work when looking in the direction of work when looking in the direction of
the cut. the cut.
 Turning Nose
Radius Compensation On
To turn compensation on, the machine must move at least the distance of the
nose radius in X and Z. For easy calculations, back away from the start point 0.1
in Z and 0.2 in X. Remember X is diameter based, so 0.2 in X is actually 0.1
radially.

Turn Nose Radious Compensation

on in This Move. Compensation Point, 0.1 Away
From Start Point in Z, 0.2 in X.

Start Point of Finish Pass

with Compenation On,
0.1 Away in Z.
 Turning Nose
Radius Compensation Off
To turn compensation off, we feed the cutter
completely off the work and then make a move
larger than the nose radius while calling G40.
Note: Do not reverse the Z direction with nose
radius compensation on! The machine may get
confused, and then later cuts may be off by some Feed Moves Clear
multiple of the nose radius. Always call G40 of the Part.

BEFORE reversing the Z direction!

Feed Move to Turn
Nose Radius Compensation Off.
 A G42 Example

We will program ONLY the

finish pass on this part
using G42 right tool nose
radius compensation. We
are given 800fpm cutting
speed and 0.006ipr feed. R0.375
0.25x45°

Ø2.500 Ø1.500 Ø1.750

0.250
0.625
1.000
2.000
The Finish Pass
Program Codes Action
% Program Start
O999
G20 G40 G99
G28 U0
G28 W0
T0303 Load the V insert tool.
G54
G50 S4000 Cap the RPM.
G96 S800 M3 Set the cutting speed to 800fpm, forward direction.
G0 Z2.2 Rapid to the G42 start point in Z.
X1.0 M8 Rapid to the G42 start point in X, coolant on.
G42 G1 X0.8 Z2.1 F0.006 Move to turn nose radius compensation on, beginning of chamfer.
X1.5 Z1.75 Machine the chamfer.
Z1.0 Machine the straight 1.0” diameter.
X1.75 Z0.625 Machine the taper.
G2 X2.5 Z0.25 I0.375 Machine the radius.
Z-0.15 Feed clear in Z leaving room for the 0.125” parting tool.
X2.875 Feed clear in X.
G40 X3.075 Z-0.25 Move to turn off nose radius compensation.
M9 Program End
M5
G28 U0
G28 W0
M30
%
The Final Pass

Select this link to

start the animation.
CNC Applications
Tool Radius Compensation
for Machining Centers
Why Cutter Diameter
Compensation?
• When machining finished surfaces with the side of a
milling cutter (generally called profiling), the accuracy of
the finished surface depends on the cutter accuracy and
how closely the cutter diameter matches the
programmed size.
• Cutters wear causing size changes in profiled surfaces.
• Reground endmills are always smaller than nominal size.

Note: this feature is also frequently called Cutter Radius

Compensation. We use Diameter Compensation to avoid
confusion with turning center operation.
How Does Cutter Diameter
Compensation work?
• The programmer programs for a nominal size cutter
(0.750” for our T1, for example) for rough cuts.
• The programmer calls cutter diameter compensation for
THE FINISH PASS ONLY, and programs as if the cutter
has zero diameter.
• The set-up person enters the nominal size in the
machine controller.
• Parts are measured as they are manufactured, and the
operator enters small deviations to keep the parts on
size (generally called wear offsets). The machine
automatically adjusts for the wear offsets.
Cutter Diameter
Compensation Codes
Code Application
Cancel cutter diameter
G40 compensation.
Compensate for the cutter to the
G41 LEFT of the programmed path.
Compensate for the cutter to the
G42 RIGHT of the programmed path.

tt is the tool number. D tells the

Dtt controller where to find the cutter’s
diameter.
 Determining G41 or G42
G41: the cutter is to the left of
the part when looking in the
direction of the cut.
G42: the cutter is to the right
of the part when looking in the
direction of the cut.
Climb milling features: use
G41.
G41
Conventional milling features:
use G42.
Since we normally climb mill,
we will generally use G41 on
a machining center.

G42
Turning Cutter Diameter
Compensation On
• Prior to compensation, you must take into account the
cutter’s radius and locate the cutter offset by its radius.
• In the move turning compensation on, try to make the
move as perpendicular to the following move as
possible, and try to turn compensation on with the cutter
off the part. Note: the D code should be in the same
block as the G41 or G42.
• The move to turn compensation on should be equal or
greater than the cutter’s radius.
• Once compensation is on, ignore the cutter’s size and
program as if the cutter has 0 diameter. This usually
simplifies programming, especially arc programming.
Turning Cutter Diameter
Compensation Off
• When performing cutter compensation, the machine
looks ahead in your program several blocks so it can
calculate tangent points.
• In the move prior to turning compensation off, the
machine moves the cutter to the center point in the
direction of this move, and then to the cutter’s center
point in the direction of the G40 move.
• If possible, turn compensation off with the cutter off the
part. If that is not possible, try to select the end point in a
clear area of the part such as the center of a pocket.
A Graphical Look at
Cutter Diameter Compensation
Final position of the cutter.
Compensation is off, program
the cutter's center.
Compensated moves. Program the
part dimensions directly ignoring the
cutter's size.

Move to turn compensation off.

Choose the destination point taking into account that
you are now programming the center of
the cutter.

Part In the move prior to the G40,

the machine looks ahead and sees
Initial position of the cutter prior that the next block contains the G40.
to the G41. You must program Hence, it stops the center of the cutter
the center of the cutter at this point. at the coordinate given in this move.

At the end of the G41 move, program as if the cutter

has 0 diameter. So, program the part size directly. The
machine offsets the cutter the correct amount.

Move to turn on compensation.

It should be as perpendicular
to the following move as
possible.
 A Compensation Example
We’ll program this part
with a ¾” endmill, T1.
We’ll assume the 2.000
1.625
length and thickness
are already machined.
So, we will take one 0.375
0.375
roughing pass leaving 2.625

0.010” on the profile, 3.000

and then we will finish

the profile with tool
diameter
compensation.
0.200

0.700
Follow Planning and
Programming Steps (1-5)
1. Examine drawing.
2. How will we hold the raw material – in a vise up on parallels.
3. Decide what cutters to use – given a ¾” HSS endmill. We
previously calculated 3056RPM and 24IPM.
4. Write down the exact sequence of operations:
A. Rapid position the cutter clear in –Y.
B. Rough machine the profile leaving 0.010” material.
C. Position the cutter clear of the part.
D. Turn on compensation, finish machine the profile.
E. Turn off compensation.
F. Program end.
5. Convert the sequence of operations to a program:
Program Start
Rough Machining
Finish Machining with Compensation
Program End
The Program
Program Codes Action
% Program Start
O999
G20 G40 G49 G80 G99
G91 G28 Z0
G90
T1M6 Load tool 1, ¾” HSS endmill.
S3056 M3 Set the spindle RPM and direction.
G0 G90 G54 X-0.01 Y-0.4 Go to initial position in the WCS using fixture offset G54.
G43 H1 Z-0.2 M8 Rapid to depth with length compensation, coolant on.
G1 Y2.01 F24. Feed machining the left step.
X3.01 Machine top step.
Y-0.01 Machine right step.
X-0.4 Machine lower step and feed off the part.
G0 Y-0.4 Position move.
G41 X0.375 D1 Move to turn compensation on. Note the D code.
G1 Y1.625 Left edge.
X2.625 Top edge.
Y0.375 Right edge.
X-0.4 Lower edge. Since G40 is in the next block, center of the cutter ends at X-0.4
G0 G40 Y-0.4 Turn compensation off. Center of cutter now at X-0.4 Y-0.4
Z0.1 Lift above the part.
M9 Program end.
M5
G49
G91 G28 Z0
G28 Y0
G90
M30
%
Program Animation

Select this link to

start the animation.

The animation starts with the cutter in

its initial XY location and Z depth after
the G43 line. The animation ends with
the G0 Z0.1
CNC Applications
Parting on Turning Centers
The Parting Operation
• Parting and grooving are very similar except parting
removes the part from the end of a bar while grooving
adds a groove to the part’s profile.
• Parting of small parts can be done with a G1 to feed in
and a G0 to rapid out.
• Larger parts should use the G75 parting cycle which
pecks the cut so the chips break up.
• Be careful of parting parts completely off unless the
machine has a parts catcher. Flying parts can damage
tooling!
Setting the Parting tool
When programming and setting
up a parting tool, you must
decide where the tool offset will
be taken from – either the
leading or trailing edge. Then,
program accordingly. In our
examples, we set the parting tool
offset on the leading edge of a
0.125” wide insert, so our Z value
is Z-0.125 when cutting the part
off to the origin.
Leading Edge Trailing Edge
 A Simple Parting Example

We will assume all turning

is done on this part, and we
will just part it off with T05
at 600fpm and 0.004ipr.
We’ll stop at X0.050 to
prevent the part from flying
off the bar since our
machine does not have a
parts catcher. The operator R0.250
will then have to wiggle the
part to break it off.
Ø1.000

1.250
Parting
Program Codes Action
% Program Start
O999
G20 G40 G99
G28 U0
G28 W0
T0505 Load the parting tool.
G54
G50 S4000 Cap the RPM.
G96 S600 M3 Set the cutting speed to 600fpm, forward direction.
G0 Z-0.125 Rapid to the starting point for parting in Z
X1.1 and in X.
G1 X0.050 F0.004 Feed in.
G0 X1.1 Rapid out to the initial point.
M9 Program end.
M5
G28 U0
G28 W0
M30
%
 The G75 Parting Cycle
Small parts may be parted off by simply feeding the cutter straight into the part and
then rapiding away, but larger parts require the G75 peck cycle to break the chips
up and prevent them from clogging the cutter. The format is as follows:

G75 Xendx Qpeckdepth Ffeed

Where endx = X diameter at the bottom, generally 0 or slightly more than 0
peckdepth = how much to advance at a time
feed = feed rate for the parting cycle
Like all cycles, you must position the cutter at the cycle start point using G0 blocks.
Then, at the end of the cycle, the cutter will return to its cycle start point.
The next program shows the parting cycle being used to cut off our same example
part.
Parting with G75
Program Codes Action
% Program Start
O999
G20 G40 G99
G28 U0
G28 W0
T0505 Load the parting tool.
G54
G50 S4000 Cap the RPM.
G96 S600 M3 Set the cutting speed to 600fpm, forward direction.
G0 Z-0.125 Rapid to the cycle starting point for parting in Z
X1.1 and in X.
G75 X0.050 Q0.25 F0.004 Parting peck cycle with 0.25” pecks. Returns to X1.1
M9 Program end.
M5
G28 U0
G28 W0
M30
%
 CNC Applications
Roughing and Finishing Cycles for
Turning Centers
The Problem

In turning, we frequently
encounter parts similar to the
examples we have been using
with multiple diameters,
tapers, chamfers, and radii.
These features pose problems
for roughing.
 Roughing with G90
Excess Material
If we use the G90 rectangular
turning cycle to rough the part,
the excess material remains as
shown with varying amounts of
material in different locations.
This presents problems for the
finishing cutter since the non-
uniform depth of cut does not
give predictable results when
finishing.
 What We Really Want
Excess Material
What we really want is a
roughing cycle that leaves a
uniform amount of material so
the finishing cutter will perform
its job properly.
Since this is such a common
occurrence in turning, the
control manufacturers use G71
to rough leaving a specified
amount of excess material and
G70 to finish.
These two cycles greatly
simplify programming complex
parts.
 Program Format with G71 and G70
Load roughing tool and
locate at initial point.
.
G71 P10 Q20 U0.06 W0.005 D1250 F0.012 S600
Program lines between N10 G0 …
N10 and N20 describe
the FINISH pass only.
.
The machine roughs for .
us. N20 G0 G40 …

Tool Change – Load the Finishing Tool, Turn Comp On

.
G70 P10 Q20
.
The Finishing Cycle
refers back to the same Your program loads the roughing tool and locates it at the
program lines that the cycle start point. The feed and speed values in the G71 line
roughing cycle used are used for roughing. Any speed and feed values in the N10-
since those lines N20 program lines are used for finishing. The machine
describe the finish pass.
roughs based on the finish pass data. Then, load the finish
tool and the G70 uses the same N10-N20 lines to cut the
finish pass.
 The G71 Roughing Cycle
You can probably tell the G71 format from the previous slide, but we’ll give more
explanation here:
G71 Pstartn Qendn Ufinishx Wfinishz Ddeltax Froughf Sroughs
Where startn = starting sequence number
endn = ending sequence number
finishx = material to be left on diameters (diameter)
finishz = material to be left on faces
deltax = integer value for radial depth of cut
roughf = feed rate to be used while roughing
roughs = spindle RPM or CSS (depending on G96 or G97) to be used
while roughing
The machine advances by D depth of cut and machines close to the finish size. The
values of U and W determine how close the machine comes to the finish size. When
the G71 has completed, the part looks just like the finished part except it is oversize
by the U and W values (bear in mind we are roughing here, so the surface finish will
probably be rough as well).
 The G70 Finishing Cycle
The format for the G70 finishing cycle is much simpler than for the G71 roughing
cycle:

G70 Pstartn Qendn

Where startn = starting sequence number
endn = ending sequence number

You must load the finishing tool and then position the cutter 0.2” in X and 0.1” in Z
away from the roughing cutter’s initial cycle start point. Then, move to the same
start point turning on tool nose radius compensation. Program the G70. Your
desired finishing speeds and feeds should be programmed in the N10-N20 blocks.
G71 ignores these, only G70 uses them. The last line of the finish pass, the N20
block, should turn off tool nose radius compensation with a G40. Note that this has
no effect on the G71.
 A G71/G70 Example

Note that this is the same

example we did for tool
nose radius compensation.
However, in this program
we will rough the part at
600fpm and 0.012ipr feed R0.375
0.25x45°
with a C insert tool T02.
Then we will finish the
profile at 800fpm and
Ø2.500 Ø1.500 Ø1.750
0.006ipr with a V insert
T03. Finally, we will part
the tool off with an 1/8”
wide parting tool T05 at 0.250
0.625
600 fpm and 0.004ipr. We 1.000
will use G41 nose radius 2.000

compensation for the finish

cut with T03 only.
Follow Planning and
Programming Steps (1-5)
1. Examine drawing.
2. How will we hold the raw material – in a 3 jaw chuck.
3. Decide what cutters to use – given the following (use CSS for all cutters):
• Roughing – C insert at 600fpm and 0.012ipr, T02
• Finishing – V insert at 800fpm and 0.006ipr, T03
• Parting – 1/8” wide parting tool at 600fpm and 0.004ipr, T05
4. Write down the exact sequence of operations:
A. Face the part to length using T02.
B. Rough the profile leaving 0.060” excess on diameters and 0.005” on faces.
C. Finish the profile with cutter compensation.
D. Part to X0.050 with the G75 parting cycle.
E. Program end.
5. Convert the sequence of operations to a program:
Program Start
Face
Rough Turn
Finish Turn
Part
Program End
Facing
Program Codes Action
% Program Start
O999
G20 G40 G99
G28 U0
G28 W0
T0202 Load the C insert tool.
G54
G50 S4000 Cap the RPM.
G96 S600 M3 Set the cutting speed to 600fpm, forward direction.
G0 Z2.005 Rapid to the starting point for facing in Z
X2.875 and in X.
G1 X0 F0.012 Rough Face
G0 Z2.1
X2.875 Position for finish facing
Z2.00
S800 Increase cutting speed for finishing, G96 is still active.
G1 X0 F0.006 Finish facing.
G0 Z2.1 Move to initial position for the roughing cycle in Z
X2.875 and in X.
. .
. Remainder of the program follows.
. .
Roughing & Finishing
Program Codes Action
G71 P10 Q20 U0.060 W0.005 D1250 S600 F0.012 Roughing cycle parameters.
N10 G0 X0.8 Move to the start of the chamfer, 0.1 clear in Z.
S800 Set finishing cutting speed (G71 uses 600).
G1 X1.5 Z1.75 F0.006 Machine the chamfer.
Z1.0 Machine the straight 1.0” diameter.
X1.75 Z0.625 Machine the taper.
G2 X2.5 Z0.25 I0.375 Machine the radius.
Z-0.15 Feed clear in Z leaving room for the parting tool.
X2.875 Feed clear in X.
N20 G40 X3.075 Z-0.25 Move to turn off nose radius compensation.
M9
M5 Tool change.
G28 U0
G28 W0
T0303 Load the V insert tool.
G54
G50 S4000
G96 S800 M3
G0 Z2.2 Move to tool nose compensation point in Z
X3.075 and in X.
G41 X2.875 Z2.1 Turn on tool nose radius compensation.
G70 P10 Q20 Perform the finishing cycle.
.
. Remainder of the program follows.
.
How the G71 Works
3. Rapids to initial Z. Cycle Start Point

1. Rapid to depth,
each cut D deep.

2. Feeds over to the profile,

follows profile to previous cut.
How the G70 Works
Cutter returns to cycle start point.
G41 Start Point

G40 called in Cycle start point

block N20. with G41 on.

Initial rapid move

in cycle, block N10.
 Parting and Program End
Program Codes Action
G28 U0 Tool change.
G28 W0
T0505
G54
G50 S4000
G96 S600 M3
G0 Z-0.125 Locate the parting tool in Z
X2.6 M8 and in X.
G75 X0.05 Q0.25 F0.004 Part off in 0.25” increments.
M9
M5 Program End
G28 U0
G28 W0
M30
%
 CNC Applications

Homework Assignment 1
Name _________________
Find the spindle RPM for the following cases. Show all work including the
table and page number where you found the information. Only neat and
legible work will be graded.
1. Turning 1117 CD steel 200 HB, 1.260" diameter with tough, coated
carbide cutter. 1/4" depth of cut and 0.014 ipr feed.

2. Turning annealed A-10 tool steel 225HB 5" diameter with a hard, coated
carbide cutter. 0.100" depth of cut, 0.009 ipr feed.

3. Turning 1117 CD steel 200 HB, 0.750" diameter with a hard, coated
carbide cutter. 0.060" depth of cut and 0.005 ipr feed.
 Homework Assignment 2
Name _________________
Find the spindle RPM and feed rate in IPM for the following cases. Show all
work including the table and page number where you found the information.
Only neat and legible work will be graded.
1. Milling CD wrought aluminum with a 3/4” diameter 2 flute HSS end mill
with 0.25 depth of cut.

2. Milling C36000 CD free cutting brass 100 HB with a 3" diameter 24 tooth
HSS slotting cutter. Use the fastest feed possible.

3. Milling 8620 steel 200 HB with a 1" diameter HSS endmill with 4 teeth at
1/8” depth of cut.

4. Milling annealed A-2 tool steel 225 HB with a 6" diameter HSS facemill
with 8 teeth. Use the slowest feed possible.
 CNC Applications

Turning Center Assignment 1

Name _________________
Write a program for the CNC turning center to make the following part:

The part is made from 1117 steel at 200 HB with a rough bar size of 1.260".
Make two facing cuts at 1/16" depth each and turn the part with T0202, and
then part of the part with T0505. When parting off, stop at X0.050 so the
part does not fly off.
Turn in the following items:
1. A printout of the program with an explanation of each program line.
2. A drawing with plotted points for each move made in the program.
Reference these points to the program.
3. All speed and feed calculations.
 CNC Applications

Turning Center Assignment 2

Name _________________
Write a program for the turning center to make the following part:

The part is made from 1117 steel at 200 HB with a rough bar size of 1.260".
With T0202, make two facing cuts at 1/16" depth each leaving 0.005 to
finish, and then rough turn the part leaving 0.080 for finish on diameters and
0.005 on faces. Use G90 for roughing. Finish with T0303 and thread with
T0404. When parting off with T0505, stop at X0.050 so the part does not fly
off. Justify your speeds and feeds for each cut.

Turn in the following items:

1. A printout of the program with an explanation of each program line.

2. Speed and feed calculations.

 CNC Applications

Turning Center Assignment 3

Name _________________
Write a program for the turning center to make the following part:

The part is made from 1117 steel at 200 HB with a rough bar size of 1.260".
With T0202, make two facing cuts at 1/16" depth each leaving 0.005 to
finish, and then rough turn the part leaving 0.080 for finish on diameters
and 0.005 on faces. Use G90 for roughing. Finish with T0303 using tool
nose radius compensation, and thread with T0404. Cut the 1"R with tool 1
before threading. When parting off with T0505, stop at X0.050 so the part
does not fly off. Justify your speeds and feeds for each cut.

Turn in the following items:

1. A printout of the program with an explanation of each program line.

2. Speed and feed calculations.

 CNC Applications

Turning Center Assignment 4

Name _________________
Write a program for the turning center to make the following part:

The part is made from 1045 steel at 200 HB with a rough bar size of 1.262".
With T0505, make two facing cuts at 1/16" depth each leaving 0.005 to
finish, and then rough turn the part leaving 0.080 for finish on diameters
and 0.005 on faces using G71. Be sure to use nose radius compensation. Use
G70 for finishing with T0303. Thread with T0404. Use G75 for parting with
T0505, and stop at X0.050 so the part does not fly off.

Turn in a printout of the program with an explanation of each program line.

 CNC Applications

Milling Program Assignment 1

Name _________________
Write a program for the Haas CNC machining center to make the following
part:

The part is made from CD aluminum. Use a 3/4" endmill to rough the profile
0.010" oversize and then finish mill using the same cutter. Turn in the
following items:
1. A printout of the program with an explanation of each program line.
2. All RPM and feed calculations.
3. A sketch of the program showing the center of the cutter at each direction
change.
 CNC Applications

Milling Program Assignment 2

Name _________________
Write a program for the Haas CNC machining center to make the following
part:

The part is made from CD aluminum. Use a 3/4" endmill to rough all features
0.010" oversize and then finish mill using the same cutter. Turn in the
following items:
1. A printout of the program with an explanation of each program line.
2. All RPM and feed calculations.
3. A sketch of the program showing the center of the program at each
direction change.
 CNC Applications

Machining Center Program Assignments 3 & 4

Name _________________
Write two programs for the Haas machining center to make the following part.
Program 3 machines all features except the holes with a ¾” endmill (T1) and a ¼”
endmill (T17). Program 4 centerdrills (T20), drills (T19), and taps (T18) only.

Turn in the following items:

1. All speed and feed calculations.

2. A printout of the programs.
 CNC Applications

Machining Center Program Assignments 5 & 6

Name _________________
Write two programs for the Haas machining center to make the following
parts. Program 5 machines the length and thickness of the female part
with a ¾” endmill (T1) and mills the pocket with a ½” endmill (T2).
Program 6 mills the length, thickness, and boss of the male part with a
¾” endmill (T1). Use G41 cutter diameter compensation for the pocket
and boss. The two parts should fit together snugly when finished.

Turn in the following items:

1. All speed and feed calculations.

2. A printout of the programs.