Business Mathematics
Lecture 3: Nonlinear Equations
Zubaer Ibna Mannan
Kyungdong University
Global Campus
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
Quadratic Equations
The name Quadratic comes from "quad" meaning square, because the variable gets squared
(like x2). It is also called an "Equation of Degree 2" (because of the "2" on the x).
The Standard Form of a Quadratic Equation looks like this: 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, where a, b and c
are known values and a can't be 0.
We can find the solution of the 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 equation by the following formulae
−𝒃 ± 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒙=
𝟐𝒂
Example 1: Solve the equation, 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗 = 𝟎.
Solution:
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟗
𝒙=± 𝟗
𝒙 = ±𝟑
Example of Quadratic Equations
Example 2: Solve the equation, 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝟒 = 𝟎.
Solution:
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝟒 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 = −𝟔𝟒
𝒙 = ± −𝟔𝟒
This equation does not have a solution because you cannot square root a negative real
number.
Example 3: Solve the equation, 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝟐 = 𝟖𝟏.
Solution:
𝒙 + 𝟒 𝟐 = 𝟖𝟏
𝒙 + 𝟒 = ± 𝟖𝟏 = ±𝟗
𝒙 = ±𝟗 − 𝟒
𝒙 = 𝟓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 = −𝟏𝟑
Example of Quadratic Equations
Example 4: Solve the quadratic equations, 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟓 = 𝟎.
Solution: Here, a = 2, b = 9, and c = 5.
𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
−𝒃 ±
𝒙=
𝟐𝒂
−𝟗 ± 𝟗𝟐 − 𝟒 × 𝟐 × 𝟓
𝒙=
𝟐×𝟐
−𝟗 ± 𝟖𝟏 − 𝟒𝟎
𝒙=
𝟒
−𝟗 ± 𝟒𝟏
𝒙=
𝟒
−𝟗 + 𝟒𝟏 −𝟗 − 𝟒𝟏
𝒙= = −𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟗 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 = = −𝟑. 𝟖𝟓𝟏
𝟒 𝟒
Sketch of Quadratic Equations
Example 5: Give a sketch of the graph of the following quadratic equation: 𝐲 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐.
Solution:
Step-1: Put y = 0 so that we can achieve the quadratic equation form −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎. Here,
a = -1, b = 8, and c = -12.
Step-2: The constant term is c = −12, therefore, the graph crosses vertical axis at y = −12 point.
Step-3: Find the value of x for y = 0.
−𝒃 ± 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 −𝟖 ± 𝟖𝟐 − 𝟒 × −𝟏 × −𝟏𝟐 −𝟖 ± 𝟔𝟒 − 𝟒𝟖 −𝟖 ± 𝟏𝟔
𝒙= = = =
𝟐𝒂 𝟐 × −𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟐
−𝟖 ± 𝟏𝟔 −𝟖 ± 𝟒
𝒙= =
−𝟐 −𝟐
−𝟖 + 𝟒 −𝟖 − 𝟒
𝒙= = 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 = =𝟔
−𝟐 −𝟐
Sketch of Quadratic Equations
(4, 4)
We find the points (0, -12), (2, 0), and (6, 0). (3, 3)
(5, 3)
𝟐 (2, 0)
Step-5: Let’s find the value of y from 𝐲 = −𝒙 + 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐
equation for x = 3, x = 4, and x = 5.
3 5 (6, 0)
𝐲(𝒙 = 𝟑) = −𝟑𝟐 + 𝟖 × 𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐 = −𝟗 + 𝟐𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑
𝐲 𝒙 = 𝟒 = −𝟒𝟐 + 𝟖 × 𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐 = −𝟏𝟔 + 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟒
𝐲(𝒙 = 𝟓) = −𝟓𝟐 + 𝟖 × 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟐 = −𝟐𝟓 + 𝟒𝟎 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑
Step-5: Let’s sketch the points (0, -12), (2, 0), (6, 0), (3, 3),
(4, 4), and (5, 3). (0, -12)
INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
Indices Notation
Exponential Form: Exponential means to become more and more rapid in growth. Example:
M = bn
We say that bn is the exponential form of M to base b. The number n is then referred to as the index,
power or exponent.
Negative powers in the index are evaluated by taking the reciprocal of the corresponding positive power.
Example:
1
b−n = n
b
Indices
2-4 2-3 2-2 2-1 20 21 22 23 24
1 1 1 1 1
21 22 23 24
24 23 22 21 20
1 1 1 1
1 2 4 8 16
16 8 4 2
Indices Fractional Power
Indices fractional power expression:
M = b1/𝑛 = 𝑛th root of b
Indices fractional power example:
2
91/2 = 9 = 3 (𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 32 = 9)
3
81/3 = 8 = 2 (𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 23 = 8)
4
6251/4 = 625 = 5 (𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 54 = 625)
𝑝
Indices fractional power expression for fraction 𝑞:
𝑝
M= b 𝑝/𝑞 = b 𝑝 1/𝑞 = b 1/𝑞
𝑝
Indices fractional power expression for fraction 𝑞 example:
−3 1 1
25−3/2 = 251/2 = 5−3 = 53 = 125
1 1/2 1 1/2 1
25−3/2 = 25−3 1/2 = = = 125
253 15625
Rules of Indices
Multiplication Rule: When same base multiply by different index power then we can add the index
powers of the same base. Example:
𝑏𝑚 × 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑚+𝑛
Division Rule: When same base divide each other with different index power then we can subtract the
index powers of the same base. Example:
𝑏𝑚 ÷ 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑚−𝑛
Power Rule: When a base with index powered by the other index then we can multiply the index powers
of the base. Example:
𝑏𝑚 𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑚𝑛
Power Rule with Different Base: When 2 different bases are powered by a index then we can separately
power the different bases with same index and then multiply them. Example:
𝑎𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 𝑛
Example of Rules of Indices
Example of Multiplication Rule: Find the value of 22 × 25 .
22 × 25 = 2 2+5 = 27
Example of Division Rule: Find the value of 22 ÷ 25 .
1 1
22 ÷ 25 =2 2−5 = 2−3 = 3=
2 8
Example of Power Rule: Find the value of 22 5 .
22 5 = 22×5 = 210 = 1024
Example of Power Rule with Different Base: Find the value of 2 × 3 5 .
2×3 5 = 25 × 35 = 32 × 243 = 7776
Example of Rules of Indices
Simplify the following expressions.
1/4 3/4 𝑥2𝑦3 3
(a) 𝑥 ×𝑥 (b) (c) 𝑥 2 𝑦 −1/3
𝑥4𝑦
Solution:
1 3 1+3
+
(a) 𝑥 1/4 × 𝑥 3/4 =𝑥 4 4 =𝑥 4 = 𝑥 4/4 = 𝑥
𝑥2𝑦3 2−4 3−1 −2 1 2 𝑦 2
(b) =𝑥 𝑦 =𝑥 𝑦2 = 𝑦 =
𝑥4𝑦 𝑥2 𝑥
−1
3 3 𝑥6
(c) 𝑥 2 𝑦 −1/3 = 𝑥2 3 𝑦 −1/3 = 𝑥 2×3 𝑦 3 ×3 = 𝑥 6 𝑦 −1 =
𝑦
Logarithms (1)
M = bn log 𝑏 M = n
n is called the logarithm of M to base b
Example: Evaluate (a) log 3 9 (b) log 4 2 (c) log 7 (1/7)
Solution: (a) log 3 9
Assume, log 3 9 = n where b = 3 and M = 9. log 𝑏 M = n is equivalent to M = bn .
Therefore, 9 = 3n
32 = 3n
So, n = 2.
Hence, log 3 9 = 2
Logarithms (2)
M = bn log 𝑏 M = n
n is called the logarithm of M to base b
Example: Evaluate (a) log 3 9 (b) log 4 2 (c) log 7 (1/7)
Solution: (b) log 4 2
Assume, log 4 2 = n where b = 4 and M = 2. log 𝑏 M = n is equivalent to M = bn .
Therefore, 2 = 4n
21 = 22 𝑛 = 22𝑛
1 = 2𝑛.
So, 𝑛 = 1 2 .
Hence, log 4 2 = 1/2
Logarithms (3)
M = bn log 𝑏 M = n
n is called the logarithm of M to base b
Example: Evaluate (a) log 3 9 (b) log 4 2 (c) log 7 (1/7)
Solution: (c) log 7 (1/7)
Assume, log 7 (1/7) = n where b = 7 and M = 1/7. log 𝑏 M = n is equivalent to M = bn .
Therefore, 1/7 = 7n
7−1 = 7𝑛
So, −1 = 𝑛.
1
Hence, log 7 = −1
7
Rule of Logarithms
Logarithm Multiplication Rule:
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 × 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒚
Logarithm Division Rule:
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 ÷ 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒚
Logarithm Indices Rule:
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙𝒎 = 𝒎𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙
Logarithm Rule:
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒃 = 𝟏
Example of Logarithms
Use the rules of logarithms to express each of the following as a single logarithm:
(a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑧 (b) 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 − 3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 (c) 4𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦
Solution:
𝑥𝑦
(a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏
𝑧
𝑥2
(b) 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 − 3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦3 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 3
𝑦
(c) 4𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 4 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 4 𝑦 2
Change of Logarithm Base
We can change the base of any logarithm by using the following rule:
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑎
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 =
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑏
where x defines the base value of the changed base.
Example: Change the base of 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (50).
Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 50
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 50 = ≈ 5.64.
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 50
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 50 = ≈ 5.64.
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 50 𝑙𝑛 50
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 50 = = ≈ 5.64.
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 2 𝑙𝑛 2
EXPONENTIAL AND NATURAL
LOGARITHM
Logarithm Form of Exponentials
An exponential function or equation is a mathematical function or equation in the form f(x) = ax
or y = ax where “x” is a variable and “a” is a constant which is called the base of the function or
equation and it should be greater than 0. The most commonly used exponential base is the
transcendental number e. Some example of exponentials are y = 5x, y = ex, and y = 10x.
1 𝑚
Example: Evaluate the expression 1 + where m = 1, 10, 100 and 1000.
𝑚
1 𝑚
Solution: Substitute m = 1, 10, 100 and 1000 into 1 + equation and find its value:
𝑚
1 1
𝑚=1→ 1+ = 21 = 2
1
1 10
𝑚 = 10 → 1 + = (1.1)10 ≈ 2.593
10
1 100
𝑚 = 100 → 1 + = (1.01)100 ≈ 2.704
100
1 1000
𝑚 = 1000 → 1 + = (1.001)1000 ≈ 2.717
1000
Example of Logarithm Form of Exponential
Find the value of x which satisfies 5𝑥 = 2 3 𝑥 .
Solution: 5𝑥 = 2 3 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 5𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 2 × 3𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 5𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 3𝑥
𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 5 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 2 + 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 3
𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 5 − 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 3 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 2
𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 5 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 3 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 2
𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 5 3 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 2
𝑥=
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 5 3
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 2
𝑥= ≈ 1.36
5
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 3
Example of Logarithm Form of Exponential
Sketch the graph for 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
Solution:
y = ex
Finding the points of y = ex
x -2 0 1 2 3 4 5
148.41
𝒚
0.135 1 2.71 7.39 20.08 54.6 148.41
= 𝒆𝒙
54.6
20.08
7.39
2.71
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
Example of Logarithm Form of Exponential
Sketch the graph for 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 .
Solution:
y = e-x Finding the points of y = e-x
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 2
𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒙 148.41 54.6 20.08 7.39 2.71 1 0.135
148.41
54.6
20.08
7.39
2.71
1
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2
Natural Logarithms
The natural logarithm of a number is its logarithm to the base of the mathematical constant e,
i.e., transcendental number e.
In short natural logarithm means 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 .
Natural logarithm can be expressed with ln where 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ≡ 𝑙𝑛.
𝑥
Example: Use the rules of logs to express 𝑙𝑛 in terms of ln x and ln y.
𝑦
Solution:
𝑥
𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑦
𝑦
1
= 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 2
𝑥
𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 − 1 2 𝑙𝑛 𝑦
𝑦
Rule of Natural Logarithms
Logarithm Multiplication Rule:
𝒍𝒏 𝒙 × 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏𝒚
Logarithm Division Rule:
𝒍𝒏 𝒙 ÷ 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏𝒙 − 𝒍𝒏𝒚
Logarithm Indices Rule:
𝒍𝒏𝒙𝒎 = 𝒎𝒍𝒏𝒙
Logarithm Rule:
𝒍𝒏 (𝟏) = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒍𝒏(𝒆) = 𝟏
Example of Natural Logarithms
Example-1: Use the rules of logarithms to express each of the following as a single logarithm:
(a) 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛𝑦 − 𝑙𝑛𝑧 (b) 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 3𝑙𝑛𝑦 (c) 4𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑛𝑦
Solution:
𝑥𝑦
(a) 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛𝑦 − 𝑙𝑛𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑙𝑛𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛
𝑧
𝑥2
(b) 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 3𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 2 − 𝑙𝑛𝑦 3 = 𝑙𝑛
𝑦3
(c) 4𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 4 + 𝑙𝑛𝑦 2 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 4 𝑦 2
𝑥𝑦 3
Example-2: Use the rules of logs to expand each of the 𝑙𝑛 .
𝑧
1/2
𝑥𝑦 3 𝑥𝑦 3 1 𝑥𝑦 3 1 1
Solution: 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛 = 2 𝑙𝑛 𝑥𝑦 3 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑧 = 2 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 3 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑧
𝑧 𝑧 2 𝑧
𝑥𝑦 3 1
𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 3𝑙𝑛 𝑦 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑧
𝑧 2
Thank you & Keep Smiling
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