Blockchain Based Voting System
Appikonda Shyam Sai Venkata Agastya, Bandi Rishikesh Kumar, Dandu Sasi Sathvik Varma
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Amrita School of Computing, Bengaluru
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
Abstract— The Blockchain-based Voting System is ensuring the transparency and decentralization of the
a proposed and conceptual work with the potential elections.
to deliver secure, transparent, and incorruptible
voting system using the power of blockchain.. This The concept that is presented in this project refers to
system solves problems of the so called traditional the creation of Blockchain-based Voting System – the
voting namely, manipulation, multiple voting, and system that would benefit from the advantages that
low transparency as for the use of private block the use of such technological platform would offer.
chain for vote storage. Based on the proposed The system contains bio metric that help in
software solution, the project uses biometrics to identifying a voter, this helps in minimizing the
identify a voter, thereby increasing the level of chances of vote rigging since only the voters who
security of the voting process. After users pass the have been identified will be allowed to vote. After
authentication, they may vote through a secure validation the voters are provided with a secure web
web service and every vote inputs are stored on interface where each vote is encrypted and logged in
the blockchain. The data of the votes is encrypted a private blockchain. Due to smart contracts, vote
to maintain the privacy of the voters, and the validation and, consequently, vote counting are
email confirmations send by the system enhances accurate, and no one can influence the final results of
the transparency. The smart contracts make it the voting.
automatic in the sense that once the rules
pertaining to the voting are set then there is no Since the block chain is decentralized it does not have
need of a third party to enforce them, the use of a controlling figure or entity, and thus there is no way
the block chain makes the system more reliable that data can be manipulated or changed. Second, the
because it does not depend on any given center. secure email notifications that are included in any
This project is going to provide one of the strong transactions generate a receipt to the voters and
solutions to the challenges of modern electronic enhance transparency and confidence to the voters.
voting to minimize the aspects of manipulation They prepared this project in an attempt to prove that
and to maximize voters’ trust. this kind of electronic voting is efficient, resilient and
can be used for all types of elections, including small
Keywords— Blockchain, Voting System, Biometric
organisation votes, right through to national votes.
Authentication, Smart Contracts, Secure Voting,
Decentralized Ledger, Vote Encryption, Election
The subsequent sections of this report shall outline
Integrity, Web Interface, Transparency.
the flow of the proposed Blockchain-based Voting
I. INTRODUCTION System, its deployment, security consideration as
well as its performance assessment.
Voting is the primary procedure in the determining of
people’s choices in a democratic society and people’s II. LITERATURE SURVEY
selection of their representatives. However, paper
based or electronic based centralized voting systems The existing literature review of Blockchain-based
attracted several drawbacks like voter frauds, vote voting system helps in getting an overall view of 30
tampering, vote manipulations, and mainly no different research studies that discusses on the
transparency. These issues have been realized to applicability of blockchain technology in
cause low voters’ confidence and voter turnout. But implementation of e-voting systems along with key
in recent years the phase of the blockchain has developments, issues and possible improvements.
provided the solution for these shortcomings by Remote voting and the enhancement of security as
well as the public acceptance of blockchain-based e-
voting during COVID-19 pandemic were studied by centralized shortfall. Rao and Panda [18] presented an
Kamil et al. [1] The idea of Crypto-voting was first architecture for such a framework and employed state
proposed by Fusco et al. [2], who adapted Shamir’s of the art cryptography for added security. Later, Taş
Secret Sharing for better privacy and public and Tanrıöver [19] presented a manipulation
verifiability leading to increased voter turn out. A prevention model based on double-layer encryption to
review of previous work is provided in Kashyap et al. avoid the unauthorised access. In a work of Abuidris
[3] where authors proposed a rather sophisticated e- et al. [20], a model that involves an incorporation of
voting system called Liquid Democracy-based e- both Proof of Credibility and Proof of Stake for large-
voting system using blockchain where the emphasis scale e-voting was proposed. Two similar systems
was placed on the direct or even delegated voting. have been designed by Alshehri et al. [21] developing
Kumbharkar et al. [4] discussed the application of a privacy-preserving system based on score voting,
blockchain for offering decentralized and tamper- and Yi [22] who based on a peer-to-peer network
proof protocols for voting as and Hjálmarsson et al. model for improving authentication and decentralized
[5] put forward a permissioned blockchain based voting system management. Baudier et al.,[23] noted
solution incorporating smart contracts to employ that blockchain is able to boost voter confidence and
anonymity for voters and to address issues like increase democracy standards. For the better and
coercion in the context of online voting. Al-Maaitah secure voting process, Alvi et al. [24] proposed a
et al. [27] also described state of art of implementing model combining biohashing and smart contracts.
blockchain in e-voting scheme in term of security, Sallal et al [25] proposed e-voting system that ensures
privacy and cost saving. Later, Hardwick et al. [7] put the privacy and proved verifiability through the
forward a new decentralized e-voting protocol which, permission-based on the blockchain and
inter alia, allows voters to make changes in the cryptographic algorithm. Pramulia and Anggorojati
already cast votes, which increases the flexibility of [26] assessed a blockchain system with ethereum and
the given protocol as well as the level of its metamask address the voter’s trust problem based on
transparency. A survey of different forms of e-voting immutability and transparency. Carroll [28] argued
systems carried out by Sharp et al. [8] recommended that utilization of blockchain was limited to the use
for the application of enhanced tallying cases that participants could execute efficiently in the
methodologies in attempts to increase the reliability selected chain configuration. A survey of related work
of the process. In separate work, Rathee et al. [9] given by Chinchamalatpure et al. [28] focused on an
developed an e-voting application that incorporates IoT-based solution for secure voting and inclusion of
blockchain to support the IoT and improve voters’ all voters, as well as on the enhancement of the
trust in smart cities. Danwar et al. [10] proposed a voting process by advanced cryptographic algorithms
similar blockchain frame for mitigating scrutinizable described by Pereira et al. [29]. discussed advanced
disagreement within Pakistan’s electoral system and cryptographic methods to ensure privacy, integrity,
integrated with the linked voters’ database for and verifiability. Berenjestanaki et al. [30] payed
verification. Yu et al. [11] proposed another secure special attention to the coverage of the benefits and
and scalable convex-platform independent voting challenges of blockchain e-voting systems, as well as
system based on the cryptographic frameworks. Khan possible improvements. The studies presented in this
et al. [12] put forward a system with fingerprint paper are evidence that blockchain technology may
authentication; however, they dealt with the voter’s greatly enhance e-voting systems by eliminating such
privacy and receipt-freeness issue. In the study by problems as voter fraud, tampering, and lack of
Pathak et al., [13] smart contracts of Ethereum were transparency or centralized weaknesses. The
used in a decentralized e-voting system with concerns application of smart contracts for secure voting and
for verifiability and anonymity of the voter. Choi et al use of cryptographic technologies to increase
[14] used homomorphic encryption for secure vote transparency and decentralised structures increase
processing. , Lahane et al. [15] also aspects of how public trust, is demonstrated making blockchain a
blockchain could help in dealing with transparency suitable solution for modern elections.
problems of traditional voting. Malik et al. [16] spoke
Despite that, the present research reveals several
about how smart contracts on the Ethereum network
limitations, including scalability, thus making it
can help reduce fraud and increase public confidence.
difficult to support large population voters. voter’s
To this end, Indapwar et al. [17] leveled precise stress
anonymity, and the level of compatibility of
for decentralized storage approach to avoid
blockchain technology with existing electoral employs RESTful APIs for handling the voting
systems. This research is unique in that it aims to transactions and interacting with the smart contract
bridge the research gap by developing a solution reside on the private blockchain.
incorporating biometric voter authentication,
• Blockchain Layer: The heart of the concept is the
decentralised, private blockchain-based storage of the
private blockchain which is used to store all vote
votes, and usability featuring concomitant increased
transactions in a completely resistant way. Smart
vote transparency and automatic, smart contract-
contracts are employed to acknowledge and much
driven tallying along with email notifications. This
like monitor votes to ensure that they adhere to the set
work seeks to address these gaps by developing a
election rules. Blockchain nodes contain distributed
secure, scalable and user friendly e-voting system that
register, and there is no need for a single direction as
can support small and large elections.
it was in traditional system.
The two main steps are voter Registration and voter
III. METHODOLOGY Authentication.
The proposed system, the Blockchain-based Voting Such measures involve obtaining user’s personal
System, the technical goal of the research is to design information and biometries such as fingerprints or
a secure, transparent, and efficient solution for even a photo. The biometric data is used for physical
electronic voting by incorporating blockchain voters’ identification during the voting period. Once a
technology and biometric voter authentication voter successfully registers, a Voter ID is created for
system. The process includes system design, the voter and voter record is saved and encrypted
component integration, voting casting and tallying all securely.
which utilizes blockchain based decentralized ledger.
In the voting phase, the voter is compelled to identify
The remaining sections of this paper provide more
oneself through the biometric data registered at the
detailed description of the elements and procedures of
voting booth. This makes sure that only a voter with
the system.
the right details is allowed to vote eliminating
System Architecture impersonation or even voting with another person’s
card or number.
Vote Casting and Encryption
On the other hand, once authenticated, the voter gets
to a voting interface where he or she votes for the
preferred candidate. The voters’ vote is further
encrypted for the sake of the voters’ anonymity or for
security reasons using a secure cryptographic
algorithm. The encrypted vote like the voter ID is
then transmitted to the blockchain via a backend API
request.
Figure 1 Architecture
The vote validation will also require a Smart
The system architecture consists of three primary
Contract.
layers:
Smart contract is used to prescribe the voting process
• Frontend Layer: The part that is visible to the
and this will go on the blockchain. The smart contract
voters is the voting platform, which is actually a web
performs the following tasks:
application that enables the voter to register and vote
after the biometric identification. The frontend •Vote Verification: To ensure that the voter is
communicates with the backend API to send voting qualified to vote, the smart contract first verifies the
requests without compromise. voter’s ID number and secondly confirms whether the
voter has not voted yet.
• Backend Layer: The back end manages the user’s
authentication, the encryption of the votes, and its
communication with the blockchain. In more detail, it
•Vote Recording: When the vote has been verified, nodes on the blockchain network is easily
then the vote is permanently entered into the manageable. The web application is run on a web
blockchain database. server and the backend API is available over secured
HTTP for secure communication.
•Result Tallying: The voting period brings into light
the fact that the smart contract is capable of counting IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
the votes, without ambiguity on anyone’s part, or
To assess the feasibility of the proposed Blockchain-
interference from hackers.
based Voting System, this system was developed and
Blockchain Configuration based on Network tested. The findings show that the system solves the
main problems of the Analog Voting system, which is
The system is based on the concept of distributed app,
the security, openness and speed of electronic voting.
data of votes is stored on a private blockchain
It is within this section that the main results
network. The network is therefore configured with
apparently seen during the testing phase are
many nodes in order to be secure and resistant to
presented.
attack and to protect the data being transmitted.
Consensus is attained via the Proof of Authority Voter Authentication
(PoA), which is secure and provides high throughput
It sanctioned the biometric authentication module
and is appropriate for private blockchains.
with actual preselected voter data to confirm the
Accounting of Votes and Tallying. accurate identity of the voter and denial of other
unauthorized persons. They found that the process of
After voting, the voter receives an e-mail confirming
biometric verification served its purpose well to
the transaction and the voter is able to check the
reduce likely hood of voter impersonation and voting
result on the block chain by the use of the unique
by proxy. As it has been established, there are a
transaction ID. This process makes the work more
number of unique features that haveLatLng been
transparent and helps to gain confidence in further
implemented in the system and the authentication
work. Further, the actual votes cast are also stored on
process has proven that the system is strongest in the
the blockchain to preserve the voter anonymity and at
aspects that are most important to the end user –
the same time have provable elections.
convenient and secure.
Security Measures
Vote Encryption and Security
The system implements several security measures to
The vote encryption mechanism was tested with an
ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability
aim of confirming the vote data confidentiality and
of the voting process:
vote data integrity. Every person’s vote was encrypted
•Biometric Authentication: Ensures that vote is not before forwarding the data to the blockchain network
cast by an illicit user and that a certain figure of votes so that the vote would be securely protected during
is not reached. the voting process. The specified encryption helped in
ensuring that only those with the right access
•Data Encryption: Prevents interference with voters’ information and authorization could access the vote
identifiers and the voted data. data, which proved the system’s well-established
principles of voters’ anonymity and secure vote
•Smart Contracts: Cuts down the presence of human
information.
being intervening in the voting process and enforces
votes rules. Smart Contract Functionality
•Decentralized Ledger: Provides data integrity and Visually, the smart contract was developed on a
prevents data change from central control. private blockchain and checked to confirm the stake
holder votes and compliance with the election laws.
System Deployment
In this adoption, the smart contract performed the
The system is hosted on a cloud using services from roles of vote verification, recording and tallying,
cloud providers as AWS and Azure on a cloud to without requiring manual intervention. From the
enable scalability and reliability. This is set up in a findings for this study, it is seen that the use of smart
Docker environment where the setup of the various contract helped in enforcing the regulations that
govern voting while offering a correct and immutable transparent hence minimizing vote fraud. Smart
record of the voting outcomes. contracts effectively facilitate vote validation and
tallying since it reduces human errors and
System Scalability
effectiveness of the election. Furthermore, the
The real user loading test was performed to check the biometric authentication module is also very efficient
increase of the site’s usage by multiple voters at the in proviously disallowing the few unscrupulous
same time. The load test proved the effectiveness of individuals who have over the years have been
the implemented multiple node private blockchain involved in this voters’ malpractice.
network in managing the simulated loads with a little
The conclusion and recommendation suggest that it is
amount of lag or slowness. This lead me to the
possible to prove that the system is safe and
conclusion that the system can be scaled up to
convenient for voting . It also proved very efficient in
accommodate the bigger elections and thus useful for
vote encryption, vote validation, and scalability
the actual elections.
indicating the feasibility of its use in small or big
User Feedback and Usability elections. According to users, the usability and
perceived procedural fairness of the proposed systems
The feedback was obtained from a sample of test were two factors that might enhance the popularity of
users who voted using the voting service. Feedback electronic voting systems.
among most of the users included views that the
product was friendly to use and this was attributed to However, the project also pointed out specific areas
its graphical user interface. Also, the transparent with potential for further improvements, which
voting endorsement of the system contributed include enlarging the blockchain network for
significantly to the development of confidence among potential very high turnout in the elections and
the users in the voting system. improving the methods of biometric verification for
the other categories of people. This way, the work for
Summary of Results the future could be directed on enhancing these
aspects and on exploring the possibility to incorporate
The experiment shows that the goals of the project
additional measures of security to make the system
are achieved thanks to the testing of the Blockchain-
less susceptible to newly arising threats.
based Voting System. It can be therefore argued that
through integration of biometric authentication, Therefore, the Blockchain-based Voting System is not
secure vote encryption and automated smart contract only secure but also offers innovation with regard to
based vote tallying the electronic voting platform was developing the electoral process. This model provides
secure and efficient. It was revealing itself as capable a safe, nonfraudulent, and fast feasible solution and
of handling problems that other Voting systems often can play a role in enhancing the role of electronic
face including voter fraud, vote tampering among voting systems and in the development of the
others because of the lack of transparency that comes democratic process.
with voting. Taking this into consideration, the results
report that the proposed solution has a positive effect VI. REFERRENCES
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