Introduction- Robotics is an

interdisciplinary branch of computer ● Sensing & Perception- Robots

science and engineering. Robotics use sensors to gather
involves the design, construction, information. This information
operation, and use of robots. The goal lets the robot know the physical
of robotics is to design machines that space it occupies, where it
can help and assist humans. needs to go, and if any
obstacles black its path.
Etymology-The word robotics was
derived from the word robot, which ● Programming- Programming is
was Introduced to the public by Czech essentially the language an
writer Karel Capek in his play R.U.R. operator uses to communicate
(Rossum's Universal Robots), which with the rabot. Traditionally, any
was published in 1920[3] The word robot action that an autonomous
comes from the Slavic word robota, individual robot was required to
which means work/job. The play begins perform had to be programmed.
in a factory that makes artificial people
called robots, creatures who can be ● Manipulators & Effectors -For
mistaken for humans - very similar to any robot to be worthwhile, it must
the modern ideas of androids. Karel be able to interact with its
Capek himself did not coin the word. environment; that's where
manipulators and effectors
The early history of robotics come into play. These are the
It is science fiction author Isaac parts of the robot that allow it to
Asimov who has been given credit for pick up objects and move them,
being the first person to use the term or manipulate items that are
in the 1940s by Oxford English separate from the system.
Dictionary.
In Asimov's story, he suggested three ● Mobility- In order for a robot to
principles to guide the behavior of complete a task, it needs to be
autonomous robots and smart machines. able to move in its environment.
In robotic automation, this
Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics have movement is called locomotion.
survived to the present: Mobility in robotics is achieved in
1. Robots must never harm human many different ways. For
beings. example, some robots mimic
2. Robots must follow instructions human movement. like those
from humans without violating rule 1. used on assembly lines or those
3. Robots must protect themselves whose design is based on
without violating the other rules. human anatomy.

5 Primary Areas of Robotics What is a robot?

Operator interface A robot is a machine-especially one
● Operator interface (Ol) or programmable by a computer-capable of
human-machine interface (HMI) carrying out a complex series of actions
is a means for the operator to automatically. A robot can be guided by
monitor and control machinery an external control device, or the control
and processes. may be embedded within. Robots may be
constructed to evoke human form, but
most robots are task-performing Robots are tireless workers on the
machines, designed with an emphasis an assembly line. They perform repetitive
stark functionality, rather than expressive tasks like welding, painting, and assembly
aesthetics. with high precision and accuracy, boosting
productivity and ensuring consistent
Types of robots quality control.
● ANDROIDS Resemble humans
and are often moblie VARIOUS FIELD THAT USES ROBOTS
● TELECHIR Complex and
remotely controlled MANUFACTURING- Robots are tireless
● TELEPRESENCE Simulates workers on the assembly line. They
being physically present perform repetitive tasks like welding,
● INDUSTRIAL Adaptable, painting, and assembly with high
reprogrammable, multipurpose precision and accuracy, boosting
manipulator productivity and ensuring
● SWARM "Insect robots working consistent quality control.
in fleets supervised by single
controller EXPLORATION-Robots venture where
● SMART Built- in AI that learns humans can't. They travel to the depths
from environment and of the ocean, explore the harsh
experiences environment of space, and even defuse
bombs. They collect valuable data and
AI(Artificial Intelligence) perform tasks that would be too
Artificial intelligence (Al) is dangerous or even impossible for
intelligence-perceiving, synthesizing, humans.
and inferring information-demonstrated
by machines, as opposed to HEALTHCARE-Robots are transforming
intelligence displayed by humans or by surgery by assisting doctors with
other animals. Example tasks in which minimally invasive procedures. They
this is done include speech recognition, provide greater precision and control,
computer vision, translation between leading to faster recovery times for
(natural) languages, as well as other patients. Robots can also assist with
mappings of inputs. tasks like medication delivery and
rehabilitation.
LESSON 2
ROBOT MATERIALS FOR ROBOTS
● Robots are basically automated Structural Materials
machines, usually programmable, that can ● Metals (e.g., steel, aluminum) -
carry out complex tasks. They can be Strength and durability
controlled remotely or function with some ● Plastics - Lightweight and versatile
level of autonomy. for different parts
● In general, a robot can be defined as an ● Composites - Combining properties
electromechanical device which can react of different materials for specific needs
to its immediate environment in one way Functional Materials
or the other, and autonomously take a ● Conductors (e.g., copper) - Efficiently
decision or perform a tasks carry electrical current
● Insulators (e.g., rubber) - Prevent • They might make humans over reliant on
unwanted electrical flow robotic help
● Sensors (specialized materials that
react to stimuli) - Discussed further in The Robot's Eyes and Ears -
next slides. Sensors
● Sensors are devices that detect
COMPONENTS OF A ROBOT physical or environmental changes and
• The brain of a robot is the convert them into measurable signals or
microcontroller, it executes the program, data that can be processed by a robot's
makes the decision for the robot, makes control system.
computation and engages in ● In robotics, sensors provide crucial
communications. feedback about the robot's
• Robotic motors are devices that could surroundings, enabling it to make
convert electrical energy into informed decisions and adapt its
mechanical energy. Motor drivers behavior accordingly.
function as an intermediary devices
between a microcontroller, a battery, Light sensors
and motors. It supplies the electric at a ● A Light sensor is used to detect light
suitable voltage and helps the and create a voltage difference. The
microcontroller to move the motors to two main light sensors generally used
move properly. in robots are Photoresistor and
Photovoltaic cells. Other kinds of light
Advantages and Disadvantages of sensors like Phototubes, Phototransistors,
Robotic Automation CCD’s etc. are rarely used.
Advantages ● Photoresistor is a type of resistor
• Cost effectiveness whose resistance varies with change in
• Improved quality assurance light intensity; more light leads to less
• Increased productivity resistance and less light leads to more
• Work in hazardous environments resistance. These inexpensive sensors
• More accurate than humans can be easily implemented in most
• Make fewer mistakes light dependent robots.
• Can work 24/7 ● Photovoltaic cells convert solar
• Don’t complain radiation into electrical energy. This is
• They save money especially helpful if you are planning to
• Prevent human accidents build a solar robot. Although photovoltaic
• Have no emotions cell is considered as an energy source, an
Disadvantages intelligent implementation combined
• Potential job losses with transistors and capacitors can
• Initial investment costs convert this into a sensor.
• Need constant power
• Restricted to their programming Sound Sensor
• Perform relatively few tasks ● As the name suggests, this sensor
• Require expertise to set them up (generally a microphone) detects
• Expensive to install and run sound and returns a voltage
• Suffer expensive faults and repairs proportional to the sound level. A
• Cause cybersecurity issues simple robot can be designed to
• Pose potential physical danger from navigate based on the sound it
malfunctions receives. Imagine a robot which turns
right for one clap and turns left for two everyday objects such as elevator
claps. Complex robots can use the same buttons and lamps, which dim or
microphone for speech and voice brighten by touching the base, a tactile
recognition. sensor allows the robot to touch and
● Implementing sound sensors is not feel. These sensors are used to measure
as easy as light sensors because applications and gently interact with
Sound sensors generate a very small the environment. It can be sorted into
voltage difference which should be two principal types: Touch Sensor and
amplified to generate measurable Force Sensor.
voltage change.
Tactile Sensors
Proximity Sensor a) Touch Sensor or Contact Sensor:
● The nearby object can be detected by Touch Sensor is capable of sensing and
a proximity sensor without physical detecting sensor and object touch.
contact. The transmitter transmits Some of the commonly used simple
electromagnetic radiation in the devices are micro-switches, limit
adjacent sensor and receives and switches, etc. These sensors are
analyzes the interruption feedback mostly used for robots to avoid
signal. Thus, the amount of light obstacles. When these sensors hit an
received in the area can be used to obstacle, it triggers a task for the robot,
detect the presence of nearby objects. which can be reversed, turned,
The sensors provide a collision avoidance switched on, stopped, etc.
method for the robot. b) Force Sensor: Force sensor is
● There are various types of proximity included in calculating the forces of
sensors, and only a few of them are several functions, such as machine
usually used in robots. loading & unloading, material handling,
● Infrared (IR) transceiver: An IR LED and so on, performed by a robot. This
transmits an IR light beam that reflects sensor will also be a better assembly
the light captured by an IR recipient process to check problems.
when an obstacle is found.
● Ultrasound Sensor: These sensors Temperature Sensor
generate sound waves at high Temperature sensors are used to detect
frequencies; the received echo the surrounding temperature change. It
indicates an object is interrupted. is based on the principle of voltage
Ultrasound sensors can also be used difference change for a temperature
for distance measurement. change; this voltage change will
● Photoresistor: Photoresistor is a light provide the surrounding temperature
sensor, but it can still be utilized as a equivalent. Temperature sensing
sensor of proximity. If an object applications include air temperature, n
approaches the sensor, the number of of a robotsurface temperature, and
light changes, which changes the immersion temperature.
resistance of the Photoresistor. This is
detectable and processable. Navigation and Positioning Sensors
Positioning sensors are used to
Tactile Sensors approximate the positio. The usual
Tactile Sensor is a device specifying an positioning sensor is a GPS (Global
object’s contact. Often used in Positioning System). Satellites orbiting
our Earth transmit signals, and a robot
receiver acquires and processes these called "Unimate," from
signals. Use the processed information to "universal automation.
determine a robot’s approximate position
and velocity.

● Digital Magnetic Compass provides ● Joseph Engleberger acquired

directional measurements using the Devol's robot patent and was
Earth’s magnetic field that guides able to modify it into an
your robot to reach its destination. industrial robot and form a
Compared to GPS modules, these company called Unimation to
sensors are cheap, but a compass produce and market the robots.
works best when you need both ● Joseph Engleberger is known in
positional feedback and navigation. the industry as "the Father of
Another method called location refers to Robotics.“
the task of automatically determining a ● In 1958 at the Stanford
robot’s location based on external Research Institute, Charles
elements such as natural and Rosen led a research team in
artificially placed landmarks such as developing a robot called
doors, windows, walls, etc. "Shakey."
● Shakey could wheel around the
Acceleration Sensor room, observe the scene with
● An accelerometer is a device for his television"eyes," move
measuring acceleration and tilt. The across unfamiliar surroundings,
two types of forces affect an and to a certain degree, respond
accelerometer: to his environment. He was
a) Static Force — the frictional force given his name because of his
between any two objects. By measuring wobbly and clattering
this gravity, we can determine how movements.
much the robot tilts. This measurement
is useful in balancing robot or Robot in Philippines
determining whether a robot is driving • The first ever in-mall smart customer
on a flat or uphill surface. service robots in the country will make
B) Dynamic Force — The acceleration its debut appearance at the mall's SM
required to move an object. Measuring Megamall branch in the first quarter of
dynamic force using an accelerometer 2019.
tells the speed/speed at which a robot Alpha1 Pro
moves. ● It is designed to be a part
of your family which makes it
LESSON 3 possible for you to teach it to
dance, tell stories to children,
History of Robotics and Robot in play sports and more
Philippines
Jimu Robots
History of Robotics ● These are aimed to a younger
● Created early 1950s by George audience as it functions as
C. Devol. intelligent building blocks. The
● He invented and patented a Jimu robots has 3 aims: For
reprogrammable manipulator
 kids and teens to build, program thermal scanner and the main
and share camera depending on the
position of the patient’s body
Here are the price list for all the and has also a liquid tank and a
robots available in the PH: nozzle spray feature.
● Alpha1 Pro - PHP 39,999 LESSON 4
● Astrobot Jimu Robot Kit -PHP Robotics
14, 995 • Robotics is a branch of engineering
● Buzzbot and Multibot Jimu that involves the conception, design,
Robot Kit - PHP 13,995 manufacture and operation of robots. •
● Tankbot Jimu Robot Kit - PHP A robot may resemble a human, or it
9,995 may be in the form of a robotic
application, which simulates how
Healthcare Robot ‘Rovidoc’ humans engage with software to
perform repetitive, rules-based tasks.
Robonurse
● Deployed inside the mega Isaac Asimov
quarantine facility in Taguig City ● Who has been given credit for
to assist in taking care of being the first person to use the
patients infected with term ’robotics’ in the 1940s.
coronavirus disease as well as ● It was used for the first time in
protect health workers from the his short story called 'liar!‘
virus. ● • Proposed the three "laws of
● Created by the Taguig Robotics robotics" in 1942 which describe
Team, the group of students that the definition and
created robots used for the characteristics of a robot
online graduation of public-
school students in the city. Types of Robots
● Invented by the Institute for
Innovation in Business and Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs)
Emerging Technologies (IIBET) • Is a type of robot that can understand
of Bulacan State University and move through its environment
(BulSU) External Campuses. without being overseen directly or
● It can dispense medication at limited to a fixed, predetermined path.
the right time and monitor the
patients’ condition through the Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs)
attached Rovidoc apps. • Fully autonomous robots that move
● The robot stands on a platform and transport items in production,
with caterpillar wheels for warehouse, and distribution centres
stability and a smooth motion. without manual intervention or
On top of it is a thermal scanner permanent conveying systems.
that will regularly take the body
temperature of the patients, Articulated Robots
while an attached camera will ● Are the most common types of
send images to doctors and industrial robots.
nurses at the control area. ● Their resemblance to a human
● The Rovidoc has servo arms that arm is perhaps one of the
can enable it to adjust the
 reasons they stand out so much ● Is a realistic humanoid robot
in our minds. capable of displaying humanlike
● The arm design combines an expressions and interacting with
extensive range of rotation people
motion and linear reach with the
advantages of precision Ocean One
movement. Articulated arms are ● A bimanual underwater
ideal for welding, material humanoid robot created by the
handling and pick-and-place Stanford Robotics Lab to
operations. explore coral reefs.
● It can reach depths that most
Cobots human beings cannot.
● Designed to function alongside ● In 2016, Ocean One dove 100
or directly with humans. meter below the Mediterranean
● Used to eliminate manual, sea
dangerous, or strenuous tasks
from day-to-day workflows. Atlas
● Operate by responding to and ● Described as “the world’s most
learning from human dynamic humanoid”.
movements. ● It was built to carry out search
● Invented by northwestern and rescue missions.
university professors J. Edward ● It can navigate its way through
Colgate and Michael Peshkin in tough terrain and obstacles in
1996 its path using its range sensing,
stereo vision, and other
Hybrid Robot sensors.
● Are automatic systems that use
a combination of wheels (or Nao
tracks) and legs in different ● Developed by the french robotics
configurations to perform company, aldebaran robotics.
locomotion. ● it completely replaced Sony
● Are model-driven or insect- Aibo
driven robots, or artificially
driven insects. Pepper
● Can be used for both model ● Equipped with numerous
evaluations and biological sensors and three multi-
experiments directional wheels. also uses
the colour changing lights in its
Humanoids eyes.
● A robot resembling the human ● It can remember the faces and
body in shape. preferences of customers and
● These are a relatively new form make an order or choice the
of professional service robot. next time it interacts with the
customer.
Sophia ● is the world's first social
● Developed by roboticist David humanoid robot able to
Hanson and his company recognize faces and basic
Hanson Robotics. human emotions
 back that can detect when it is
Robear touched.
● An experimental nursing-care
robot
● The robot is designed to lift Paro
patients out of beds and into ● Advanced interactive robot
wheelchairs, as well as helping developed by AIST, a leading
those who need assistance to japanese industrial automation
stand up pioneer.
● • RIKEN and Sumitomo Riko ● It allows the documented
Company Limited benefits of animal therapy to be
administered to patients in
ROBOTIC PET environments such as hospitals
● •Are artificially intelligent and extended care facilities
machines that are made to where live animals present
resemble actual pets treatment or logistical
Aibo difficulties.
● It makes vaguely dog-like
sounds, walks around, plays
with toys, responds to
commands, occasionally
misbehaves and uses cameras
and facial recognition
technology to interact differently
with each person it encounters.

Leonardo
● Is one of the most sophisticated
social robots ever built. It is
designed to be expressive and
communicative, and its AI
system allows it to learn from
natural interactions with people.

Yume Neko
● Is just like a real animal,
interacting with you and able to
sense when you are near.
● This pet makes sounds in
response to your behavior and
adores it when you use the
included comb to stroke its fur.
● The yume neko dream cat
premium opens and closes its
mouth, blinks its eyes, and
moves its ears.
● It is fitted with sensors in its
head, cheeks, stomach, and