1.(a) What do you mean by Java Runtime Environment?
(1 mark)
Answer:
Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is a part of the Java Development Kit (JDK)
that provides the libraries, Java Virtual Machine (JVM), and other components
needed to run applications written in Java.
(b) What are the fundamental features of OOP, and how do these
features help in designing and developing software systems? (2
marks)
Answer:
Fundamental features of OOP:
1. Encapsulation – Bundles data and methods; improves security and
code organization.
2. Abstraction – Hides complex implementation details; provides clear
interfaces.
3. Inheritance – Enables code reuse by allowing a class to inherit from
another.
4. Polymorphism – Allows objects to take multiple forms (method
overloading/overriding).
These features promote modular, scalable, and maintainable code.
(c) Find the output of the following programs: (3 marks)
(i) TrianglePattern Output:
class TrianglePattern {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
System.out.print("*");
System.out.println();
}
Output:
markdown
**
***
****
*****
(ii) OperatorTest Output:
public class OperatorTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 10, b = 5;
int x = ++a - b--; // a=11, x=11-5=6, b becomes 4
int y = b++ + a--; // y=4+11=15, b=5, a=10
System.out.println(x + y); // 6 + 15 = 21
Output: 21
(d) Write a Java program that will find output based on sample
input/output. (4 marks)
Sample Input: 35072 → Output: 17
Logic: Add all digits until a single digit is left (repeated digit sum). But here,
3+5+0+7+2 = 17, and 4098115 → 4+0+9+8+1+1+5 = 28, so it's just
simple digit sum.
Program:
import java.util.Scanner;
public class DigitSum {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter number: ");
int num = sc.nextInt();
int sum = 0;
while (num > 0) {
sum += num % 10;
num /= 10;
System.out.println("Output: " + sum);
2.(a) What do you mean by static variable? (1 mark)
Answer:
A static variable in Java is shared among all instances of a class. It is
allocated memory only once during class loading.
(b) Write major differences between method and constructor. (3
marks)
Feature Constructor Method
Performs operations on
Purpose Initializes objects
objects
Name Same as class name Any valid name
Return No return type (not even void) Must have return type
Feature Constructor Method
type
Called automatically during object Called explicitly using
Call time
creation object
(c) Create class Student, perform tasks: (3 marks)
Instructions:
Create object std1
Initialize: "SFMU-CSE", Semester 2.19
Copy to std2
Code:
class Student {
String department;
double semester;
int age;
// Constructor
Student(String dept, double sem, int age) {
this.department = dept;
this.semester = sem;
this.age = age;
// Copy constructor
Student(Student s) {
this.department = s.department;
this.semester = s.semester;
this.age = s.age;
void display() {
System.out.println("Department: " + department);
System.out.println("Semester: " + semester);
System.out.println("Age: " + age);
public static void main(String[] args) {
Student std1 = new Student("SFMU-CSE", 2.19, 20);
Student std2 = new Student(std1); // Copying
std2.display();
(d): Account and Loan Classes
Task:
Create a class Account and another class Loan that uses Account.
Solution:
class Account {
public String account_name;
public int id_account_id;
public float amount;
class Loan {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Account acc = new Account();
acc.account_name = "John Doe";
acc.id_account_id = 12345;
acc.amount = 10000.50f;
System.out.println("Account Name: " + acc.account_name);
System.out.println("Account ID: " + acc.id_account_id);
System.out.println("Amount: " + acc.amount);
Question 3 (a): String Manipulation
Given:
String str = "Hello CSE-13 Batch, SFMU";
Solution:
public class StringTask {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "Hello CSE-13 Batch, SFMU";
// i) Find 8th character (index 7)
System.out.println("8th Character: " + str.charAt(7));
// ii) Convert string to lowercase
System.out.println("Lowercase String: " +
str.toLowerCase());
// iii) Find total length
System.out.println("Length of String: " + str.length());
Question 3 (b): Use of this keyword
Solution:
class Student {
String name;
int id;
Student(String name, int id) {
this.name = name;
this.id = id;
void display() {
System.out.println("Name: " + this.name);
System.out.println("ID: " + this.id);
public static void main(String[] args) {
Student s = new Student("Alice", 101);
s.display();
}
Question 3 (c): Method Overloading in Mathematics Class
Solution:
class Mathematics {
void add(int a, int b) {
System.out.println("Addition is: " + (a + b));
void add(int a, int b, int c) {
System.out.println("Addition is: " + (a + b + c));
public static void main(String[] args) {
Mathematics obj = new Mathematics();
obj.add(5, 10); // 2 args
obj.add(2, 4, 6); // 3 args
Question 4 (a): What is Interface? Purpose in Java
Answer:
An interface in Java is a reference type, similar to a class, that can contain
only constants, method signatures, default methods, static methods, and
nested types. It is used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance
in Java.
Purposes:
Achieve abstraction
Provide contract for what a class can do
Support multiple inheritance
Promote loose coupling
Question 4 (b): Relationship between Interface and Class
Answer:
A class implements an interface to provide the implementation of
abstract methods.
A class can implement multiple interfaces.
Example:
interface Animal {
void sound();
class Dog implements Animal {
public void sound() {
System.out.println("Bark");
Question 4 (c): Explain final keyword in code snippet
final class FinalExam {
int question = 6;
public final void showQuestion() {
System.out.println("Number of Question is= " + (+
+question));
}
class OOPExam extends FinalExam {
public final void showQuestion() {
System.out.println("Number of Question in OOP is= " +
question);
Explanation:
This code will throw a compile-time error because:
The FinalExam class is declared final, which means it cannot be
extended.
The showQuestion() method is also final, so it cannot be overridden
in the subclass.
Corrected Version (without final):
To compile and run it, you must remove final from the class and method.
Effect of final:
final class: cannot be inherited.
final method: cannot be overridden.
final variable: cannot be reassigned.
6 (a) Convert the given modules into Java classes
Modules:
setName(), getName(), getRadius() → in Circle
getCenterX(), getCenterY() → in Point
getArea() → in ColoredCircle (which extends Circle)
Java Classes:
class Point {
private double x, y;
public Point(double x, double y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
public double getCenterX() {
return x;
public double getCenterY() {
return y;
class Circle {
private String name;
private double radius;
public Circle(String name, double radius) {
this.name = name;
this.radius = radius;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public double getRadius() {
return radius;
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
class ColoredCircle extends Circle {
private Point center;
public ColoredCircle(String name, double radius, Point
center) {
super(name, radius);
this.center = center;
public double getCenterX() {
return center.getCenterX();
public double getCenterY() {
return center.getCenterY();
public double getArea() {
return Math.PI * getRadius() * getRadius();
6 (a) What do you mean by built-in package? Mention some common
built-in packages used in Java. (3 marks)
Answer:
A built-in package is a collection of predefined classes and interfaces
provided by Java to perform common programming tasks.
Examples:
java.util – collections, date/time
java.io – input/output
java.lang – core classes (automatically imported)
java.math – mathematical operations
java.net – networking
6 (b) Code analysis: Is getAmount() accessible from Child class? (3
marks)
class Parents {
private amount = 5;
void getAmount() {
System.out.println("Getting Amount from Parents");
class Child {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Parents obj = new Parents();
obj.getAmount(); // Is this accessible?
Answer:
Yes, getAmount() is accessible from Child because it is default (package-
private) and the Child class is in the same package. If it were private, it
wouldn’t be accessible.
6 (c) Differences between Run-Time and Compile-Time Polymorphism
(with examples) (4 marks)
Compile-Time
Feature Run-Time Polymorphism
Polymorphism
Also Known As Method Overloading Method Overriding
Binding Time Compile Time Run Time
Method
Done at compile time Done at runtime
Resolution
Inheritance
No Yes
Required
add(int a, int b) and Subclass overrides a
Example
add(double a, double b) superclass method
Example:
// Compile-Time
class Calculator {
int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }
double add(double a, double b) { return a + b; }
// Run-Time
class Animal {
void sound() { System.out.println("Animal sound"); }
class Dog extends Animal {
void sound() { System.out.println("Bark"); }
7 (a) Reasons for Exception Handling in Java (2 marks)
Answer:
To maintain normal program flow after an error.
To detect and fix runtime errors.
To provide user-friendly error messages.
To separate error-handling logic from regular logic.
7 (b) Write a Java program to handle ArithmeticException using try-
catch (4 marks)
public class ExceptionExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 56;
int b = 0;
try {
int result = a / b;
System.out.println("Result: " + result);
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero!");
}
7 (c) Write a program using finally block (4 marks)
public class FinallyExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int a = 5, b = 0;
int result = a / b;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Error: Division by zero");
} finally {
System.out.println("This block always executes.");
7 (d) Mention some common components used in Java Swing
container (2 marks)
Answer:
JButton – Button
JLabel – Text label
JTextField – Single-line text input
JTextArea – Multi-line text input
JComboBox – Dropdown list
JCheckBox – Checkbox
JRadioButton – Radio button
JPanel – Container panel
