COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

(KEC-401))

IV SEMESTER
Electronics & Communication Engineering

UNIT-2
ANGLE MODULATION
As per the syllabus of
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, UTTAR PRADESH

JSS Academy of Technical Education,

NOIDA.

Dr. ARUN KUMAR. G

Mr. RAHUL KUMAR GUPTA
Mr. HARSHAVARDHANA M N
 CONTENTS
UNIT-2: ANGLE MODULATION
2.1 INTRODUCTION 1
2.1.1 Angle Modulation - Basic Concepts 1
2.1.2 Frequency Modulation (FM) 2
2.1.3 Single tone frequency modulation 3
2.1.4 Phase Modulation (PM) 5
2.1.5 Relation between FM and PM 7
2.1.6 Block Diagrams Schemes for Generating FM & PM 7
2.2 TYPES OF FM 8
2.2.1 Narrow Band Frequency Modulation (NBFM) 9
2.2.2 Wide-Band Frequency Modulation 12
2.2.3 Difference between NBFM and WBFM 15
2.2.4 Bandwidth of angle modulated wave 15
2.3 GENERATION OF FM WAVES 16
2.3.1 Indirect Method of Generating FM (ARMSTRONG method of
17
generating FM)
2.3.2 Direct Method of Generating FM 18
2.4 FM DEMODULATION 20
2.4.1 Balanced Slope Detector 21
2.4.2 Zero Crossing Detector 23
2.4.3 Compare FM with AM 24
2.4.4 Compare FM with PM 24
FM & PM FORMULAE & NUMERICAL (Solved Exam Problems) 26

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

UNIT
Angle Modulation
SYLLABUS
Angle modulation, representation of FM and PM signals, spectral characteristics of angle
modulated signals.

2.1 INTRODUCTION:
Angle modulation is the process in which the angle of the carrier wave is varied in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal, keeping constant
amplitude of the carrier wave.
There are two types of angle modulation:
1 Frequency modulation
2 Phase modulation

2.1.1 ANGLE MODULATION - BASIC CONCEPTS:

Let the modulated wave be expressed in the general form as follows:
𝑺(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡[𝜽(𝒕)]
Where,
𝑨𝒄 → Carrier amplitude (which is maintained constant)
is the angular argument which is varied in proportion with
𝜽(𝒕) → { }
the message signal 𝑚(𝑡).

The variation of 𝜃(𝑡) due to 𝑚(𝑡) can be expressed mathematically if we know the type
of angle modulation. If 𝜃(𝑡) changes by 2𝜋 radians then we say that a complete oscillation
has occurred.
If 𝜃(𝑡) is increased monotonically with time as shown in figure, then the average
frequency in Hz over the interval ' 𝑡 ' to ' (𝑡 + Δ𝑡) ' is given by:

1 𝜃(𝑡 + Δ𝑡) − 𝜃(𝑡)

𝑓Δ𝑡 (𝑡) =
2𝜋 Δ𝑡

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

The Instantaneous frequency of the angle modulated wave 𝑆(𝑡) is given by,
𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) ⁡= lim 𝑓Δ𝑡 (𝑡)
Δ𝑡→0
𝜃(𝑡 + Δ𝑡) − 𝜃(𝑡)
⁡= lim [ ]
Δ𝑡→0 2𝜋 ⋅ Δ𝑡
𝟏 𝒅𝜽(𝒕)
𝒇𝒊 (𝒕) ⁡=
𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝒕

This is basic definition of derivative of a function.

For an un-modulated carrier, the angle 𝜃(𝑡) is given by:
𝜽(𝒕) = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝝓𝒄 (𝒕)
The angular frequency of the carrier is 𝜔𝑐 , where 𝜔𝑐 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 , and 𝜙𝑐 is the value of 𝜃(𝑡) at
𝑡 = 0.

2.1.2. FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)

Fig. 1. Frequency modulated wave

In Frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier wave is varied in accordance

with the modulating signal while amplitude of the carrier wave remains constant.

The FM wave in time domain can be written as,

𝑺(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨 𝐬[𝜽(𝒕)] → (𝟏)

Frequency modulation is the form of angle modulation in which the instantaneous

frequency 𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) is varied linearly with the message signal 𝑚(𝑡) as given below:

𝒇𝒊 (𝒕) = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝑲𝒇 𝒎(𝒕) → (𝟐)

Where,
𝑓𝑐 = Frequency of the un-modulated carrier
Kf⁡= Frequency sensitivity of the modulator expressed in Hertz per Volt.

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

We know that,
𝑑
𝜔𝑖 (𝑡) ⁡= 𝜃(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝒅
𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒊 (𝒕) ⁡= 𝜽(𝒕) → (𝟑)
𝒅𝒕
Integrating on both sides of Eq. 3 with respect to ' 𝑡 ',
𝑡
𝜃(𝑡) = ∫0 2𝜋𝒇𝒊 (𝑡) ⋅ 𝑑𝑡⁡ → (𝟒)
Substituting Eq. (2) in Eq. (4)
⁡
𝑡
𝜃(𝑡) ⁡= ∫ 2𝜋[𝒇𝒄 + 𝑲𝒇 ⁡𝒎(𝒕)]𝑑𝑡
0
𝑡 𝑡
⁡= ∫ 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 2𝜋𝐾𝑓 𝑚(𝑡) ⋅ 𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑡 𝑡
⁡= 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 ∫ (1)𝑑𝑡 + 2𝜋𝐾𝑓 ∫ 𝑚(𝑡) ⋅ 𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝒕
𝜽(𝒕) ⁡= 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝟐𝝅𝑲𝒇 ∫ 𝒎(𝒕) ⋅ 𝒅𝒕⁡ → (𝟓)
𝟎
Substituting Eq. (5) in Eq. (1), we get,
𝒕
𝑺(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 [𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝟐𝝅𝑲𝒇 ∫ 𝒎(𝒕)𝒅𝒕]
𝟎

2.1.3. SINGLE TONE FREQUENCY MODULATION:

Fig. 1. Frequency modulated wave

In Frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier wave is varied in accordance

with the modulating signal while amplitude of the carrier wave remains constant.

The modulating Signal is defined by

𝑚(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡) → (𝟏)
The carrier Signal is defined by
𝑐(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) → (2)
(𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒⁡⁡𝒇𝒄 ≫ ⁡ 𝒇𝒎 )

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

∴ The frequency-modulated wave 𝑆(𝑡) is given by:

𝑺(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨 𝐬[𝜽(𝒕)] → (𝟑)

The instantaneous frequency of the FM signal is given by:

𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝐾𝑓 𝑚(𝑡)
𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝐾𝑓 𝐴𝑚 cos⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)
𝒇𝒊 (𝒕) = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝚫𝒇𝐜𝐨 𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎𝒕 ) → (𝟒)

Where, 𝚫𝒇 = 𝑲𝒇 𝑨𝒎 and it is called of frequency deviation.

{The quantity Δ𝑓 is called the frequency deviation. The frequency deviation Δ𝑓 is

proportional to the amplitude of the modulating Signal and is Independent of the
modulating frequency}.

We know that, the angular velocity 𝜔𝑖 (𝑡) is the rate of change of 𝜃(𝑡).
𝑑
𝜔𝑖 (𝑡) ⁡= 𝜃(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝒅
𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒊 (𝒕) ⁡= 𝜽(𝒕) → (𝟓)
𝒅𝒕

Integrating Eq. (5) with respect to '𝑑𝑡'

𝑡 𝑡
𝑑
∫ 𝜃(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ⁡= ∫ 2𝜋𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) ⋅ 𝑑𝑡
0 𝑑𝑡 0
𝒕
𝜽(𝒕) ⁡= ∫ 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒊 (𝒕) ⋅ 𝒅𝒕 → (𝟔)
𝟎
Substituting Eq. (4) in Eq. (6)
𝑡
𝜃(𝑡) ⁡= ∫ 2𝜋[𝑓𝑐 + Δ𝑓cos⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)]𝑑𝑡
0
𝑡 𝑡
𝜃(𝑡) ⁡= ∫ 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 2𝜋⁡Δ𝑓⁡cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑡 sin⁡𝑎𝑡
We know that, ∫0 cos 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎
sin⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡
⁡= 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝜋Δ𝑓 ⋅
2𝜋𝑓𝑚
Δ𝑓
𝜃(𝑡) ⁡= 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + sin⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡
𝑓𝑚
𝜽(𝒕) ⁡= 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝜷⁡𝐬𝐢 𝐧(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕) → (𝟕)
𝚫𝒇
Where, ⁡𝒎𝒇 ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑶𝑹⁡⁡⁡⁡𝜷 = 𝒇
𝒎

Substituting Eq. (7) in Eq. (3), we get

∴ ⁡𝑺(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨 𝐬[𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝜷𝐬𝐢 𝐧(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕)] → (𝟖)

The equation (8) is the frequency modulated wave.

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

MODULATION INDEX (𝛽 or 𝑚𝑓 ) :
Modulation index is defined of the ratio of frequency deviation ' Δ𝑓 ' to the modulating
frequency ' 𝑓𝑚 '.
Frequency deviation
𝜷 ⁡=
Modulating frequency
𝚫𝒇
𝜷 or 𝒎𝒇 ⁡=
𝒇𝒎
Note:
1 In FM, the modulation Index can be greater than 1.
2 The modulation index is very important in FM because it decides the bandwidth
of the FM wave.
3 The modulation Index ale decides the number of side-bands having significant
amplitude.

FREQUENCY DEVIATION (Δ𝑓) :

The instantaneous frequency of the FM signal varies with respect to time. The maximum
change in the instantaneous frequency from the average value carrier frequency ' 𝑓𝑐 ' is
known as frequency deviation.
𝚫𝒇 = |𝑲𝒇 𝒎(𝒕)|
𝐦𝐚𝐱
BANDWIDTH:
The FM wave consists infinite number of side-bands. Thus, bandwidth of a FM signal is
infinite.
By Carson's rule:
𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐[𝚫𝒇 + 𝒇𝒎 ]

2.1.4 PHASE MODULATION (PM)

Fig. 1. Phase modulated wave

In Phase Modulation, the phase of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the
amplitude of the modulating signal while the carrier signal amplitude remains
constant.

The modulating Signal is defined by

𝑚(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡) → (𝟏)

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

The carrier Signal is defined by

𝑐(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) → (2)

(𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒⁡⁡𝒇𝒄 ≫ ⁡ 𝒇𝒎 )

∴ The phase-modulated wave 𝑆(𝑡) is given by:

𝑺(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨 𝐬[𝜽(𝒕)] → (𝟑)

The instantaneous frequency of the phase modulated wave is given by

𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = ⁡𝒇𝒄 − 𝚫𝒇 ⁡𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕)
In Phase modulation
𝜽(𝒕) = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝑲𝒑 ⁡𝒎(𝒕) → (𝟒)
Where,
𝝎𝒄 𝒕 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 Represents the angular argument of the modulated carrier.
𝑲𝒑 = Constant, represents the phase sensitivity of the modulator (Radian/Volt)

Substituting Eq. (1) in Eq. (4)

𝜃(𝑡) = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐾𝑝 ⁡𝑨𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕) → (5)

Substituting Eq. (5) in Eq. (3)

𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 co s[𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝑲𝒑 ⁡𝑨𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕)] → (𝟔)

Where, ⁡𝒎𝒑 ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑶𝑹⁡⁡⁡⁡𝜷 = 𝑲𝒑 ⁡𝑨𝒎 and is called modulation index of PM wave

𝑺(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨 𝐬[𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝜷 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕)] → (𝟕)

The equation (7) is the phase modulated wave.

The features of phase modulation are:

1 The envelope of PM wave is a constant and equal to the amplitude of the un-
modulated carriers.
2 The zero crossings of a PM wave no longer have a perfect regularity in their
spacing like AM wave. This is because instantaneous frequency of PM wave is
proportional to time derivative of 𝑚(𝑡).

Note:
The instantaneous frequency of the phase modulated wave is given by
𝑑
𝜔𝑖 (𝑡) ⁡= 𝜃(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝒅
𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒊 (𝒕) ⁡= 𝜽(𝒕) → (𝟖)
𝒅𝒕
Substituting Eq. (5) in Eq. (8)
𝑑
2𝜋𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = [𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝑲𝒑 ⁡𝑨𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕)]
𝑑𝑡
2𝜋𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 + 𝑲𝒑 ⁡𝑨𝒎 [−𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕) 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 ]
2𝜋𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝟐𝝅⁡{⁡𝒇𝒄 + 𝑲𝒑 ⁡𝑨𝒎 [−𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕) 𝒇𝒎 ]}

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = ⁡𝒇𝒄 + 𝑲𝒑 ⁡𝑨𝒎 [−𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕) 𝒇𝒎 ]

𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = ⁡𝒇𝒄 − 𝑲𝒑 ⁡𝑨𝒎 𝒇𝒎 ⁡𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕)
Where, ⁡𝒎𝒑 ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑶𝑹⁡⁡⁡⁡𝜷 = 𝑲𝒑 ⁡𝑨𝒎
𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = ⁡𝒇𝒄 − 𝒎𝒑 𝒇𝒎 ⁡𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕)
Where, ⁡𝚫𝒇 = ⁡ 𝒎𝒑 ⁡𝒇𝒎 ⁡⁡
𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = ⁡𝒇𝒄 − 𝚫𝒇 ⁡𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕)

2.1.5. RELATION BETWEEN FM AND PM

In both FM and PM, the instantaneous angle 𝜃(𝑡) changes but in a different manner. The
expressions for the FM and PM waves in the time domain are of follows:
PM wave:
𝑺(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡[𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝒌𝒑 𝒎(𝒕)] → (𝟏)

FM wave:
𝒕
𝑺(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡[𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝟐𝝅𝑲𝒇 ∫𝟎 𝒎(𝒕)𝒅𝒕] → (𝟐)

Comparing Eq. (1) & Eq. (2), we can conclude that an FM wave is actually a PM wave
𝑡
having a modulating signal ∫0 𝑚(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 instead of 𝑚(𝑡).

Note:
𝑡
1 In FM wave, 𝜃(𝑡) is directly proportional to the integral of 𝑚(𝑡) i.e. ∫0 𝑚(𝑡) ⋅ 𝑑𝑡
2 PM can be generated by first differentiating modulating signal 𝑚(𝑡) with respect
𝑑𝑚(𝑡)
to ' 𝑡 ' and then 𝑑𝑡 is modulated by using a sinusoidal carrier.

2.1.6. BLOCK DIAGRAMS SCHEMES FOR GENERATING FM & PM

1 FM wave using 𝑃𝑀
2 PM wave using 𝐹𝑀

i. Generation of FM using PM (Phase modulator):

Fig. 1. Generation of FM from phase modulator

FM can be generated by first integrating 𝑚(𝑡) and then using the result as the input to a
phase modulator as shown in above figure.

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation
𝒕
𝑺(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡[𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝟐𝝅𝑲𝒇 ∫ 𝒎(𝒕) ⋅ 𝒅𝒕]
𝟎
Where, 𝐾𝑝 = 2𝜋𝐾𝑓

ii. Generation of PM using FM (Frequency Modulator):

Fig. 1. Generation of 𝑃𝑀 wave using frequency modulator

The PM signal can be generated by first differentiating 𝑚(𝑡) and then using the result as
the input to a frequency modulator as shown in figure.
𝒕
𝒅
∴ ⁡𝑺(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡[𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝟐𝝅𝑲𝒇 ∫ 𝒎(𝒕) ⋅ 𝒅𝒕]
𝟎 𝒅𝒕
Substituting, 𝟐𝝅𝑲𝒇 = 𝑲𝒑 ,
𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡[2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝟐𝝅𝑲𝒇 𝑚(𝑡)]
𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡[2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑲𝒑 𝑚(𝑡)]

2.2. TYPES OF FM
Depending on the value of the modulation index ' 𝛽 ' FM wave is classified as,
1 Narrow band FM (NBFM)
2 Wide band FM (WBFM)

Narrow band FM: Property 1

A NBFM is the FM wave with a small bandwidth. The modulation Index ' 𝛽 ' of NBFM is
small as compared to one radian.
The NBFM having a Narrow bandwidth which is equal to twice the message bandwidth.

Wide band FM: Property 2

The WBFM has a much larger value of ' 𝛽 ' which is theoretically infinite.
For larger value of modulation index ' 𝛽 ', the 𝐹𝑀 wave ideally contains the carrier and
an infinite number of side-bands located symmetrically around the carrier. Such a FM
wave has infinite bandwidth and hence called as wide-band FM.

Note:
There are three properties of FM:
1 Narrow band FM (NBFM)
2 Wide band FM (WBFM)
3 Constant average power.

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

2.2.1. NARROW BAND FREQUENCY MODULATION (NBFM):

The time-domain expression for an FM wave is,
𝑺(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡[𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝜷𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕)] → (𝟏)

Using the trigonometric identity,

cos⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos⁡𝐴 ⋅ cos⁡𝐵 − sin⁡𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡𝐵

Where 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 and 𝐵 = 𝛽sin⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)

𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 [cos⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) ⋅ cos⁡(𝛽sin⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡) − sin⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) ⋅ sin⁡(𝛽sin⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)] → (𝟐)

In NBFM, 𝛽 is small, hence it possible to approximate,

𝐜𝐨 𝐬(𝜷 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢 𝐧 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕) ≈ 𝟏
{⁡ } → (𝟑)
𝐬𝐢 𝐧(𝜷𝐬𝐢 𝐧 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕) ≈ 𝜷𝐬𝐢 𝐧 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕⁡

Substituting Eq. (3) in Eq. (2), we get

𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡(1) − 𝐴𝑐 sin⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ⋅ (𝛽sin⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)
𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝛽𝐴𝑐 ⋅ sin⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ⋅ sin⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡

We know that,
1 1
sin⁡𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡𝐵 = cos⁡(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵)
2 2
𝛽𝐴𝑐 𝛽𝐴𝑐
𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 ⁡cos⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − [ cos⁡2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡 − cos⁡2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡]
2 2
𝜷𝑨𝒄 𝜷𝑨𝒄
𝑺(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 ⁡𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎 )𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 )𝒕 → (𝟒)
𝟐 𝟐

We know that, the amplitude modulated wave is given by,

𝝁𝑨 𝝁𝑨
𝑺(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝟐 𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎 )𝒕 + 𝟐 𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡𝟐𝝅(𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 )𝒕 → (𝟓)

Comparing Eq. (4) and Eq. (5). The only difference observed between NBFM wave and
AM wave is the sign reversal of the lower side-band.

Thus, NBFM requires the same bandwidth as that of AM.

Narrow -band phase modulator

Fig. 1. Block diagram of a method for generating a narrow-band FM signal

Page | 9
Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

Taking Fourier Transform on both sides of equation, we get

𝑨𝒄 𝜷𝑨𝒄
𝑺(𝒇) = [𝛛(𝒇 − 𝒇𝒄 ) + 𝛛(𝒇 + 𝒇𝒄 )] − {𝛛[𝒇 − (𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎 )] + 𝛛[𝒇 + (𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎 )]}
𝟐 𝟒
𝜷𝑨𝒄
+ {𝛛[𝒇 − (𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 )] + 𝛛[𝒇 + (𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 )]}
𝟒

The transmission bandwidth of a NBFM wave is 2𝑓𝑚 . & The NBFM wave and
Conventional AM wove are Identical but there is no amplitude variation in FM.

Fig. 2. Spectral content of a NBFM wave for single-tone modulation

Page | 10
Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

BASIC CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE TO DERIVE WBFM:

• Complex envelope of FM wave
The FM wave for sinusoidal modulation is given by,
𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡[2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽sin⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡]
By using trigonometric function
cos⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos⁡𝐴 ⋅ cos⁡𝐵 − sin⁡𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡𝐵
Where, 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡, 𝐵 = 𝛽sin⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡
𝑺(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝜷𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕) − 𝑨𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕) ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝜷𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕)
The in-phase and quadrature components of FM wave 𝑠(𝑡) are given by,
𝑺𝑰 (𝒕) ⁡= 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡[𝜷𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕)]
𝑺𝑸 (𝒕) ⁡= 𝑨𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡[𝜷𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕)]

The complex envelope of the FM wave is,

𝑆ˆ(𝑡) = 𝑆𝐼 (𝑡) + 𝑗𝑆𝑄 (𝑡)
𝑺ˆ(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡[𝜷𝐬𝐢 𝐧(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕)] + 𝒋𝑨𝒄 𝐬𝐢 𝐧[𝜷𝒔𝒊 𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕)] ⁡ → (𝟏)

Expressing 𝑆ˆ(𝑡) in terms of 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 .

i.e. 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 = cos⁡𝜃 + 𝑗sin⁡𝜃
From Eq. (1), ⁡𝜃 = 𝛽sin⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)
𝑆ˆ(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗𝛽sin⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑚𝑡)

FORMULAE AND BASIC CONCEPTS

1. Complex number expressed of a trigonometric function and exponential form

𝒆𝒋𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡𝜽 + 𝒋𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡𝜽
Where,
Real part ⁡→ 𝐑𝐞⁡[𝒆𝒋𝜽 ] = 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡𝜽
Imaginary part ⁡→ 𝐈𝐦𝐠⁡[𝒆𝒋𝜽 ] = 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡𝜽
2 Complex Fourier series,
∞

𝑺ˆ(𝒕) = ∑ 𝑪𝒏 𝒆𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒏𝒇𝒎 𝒕
𝒏=−∞
3 Complex Fourier co-efficient,
𝟏/𝟐𝒇𝒎
𝑪𝒏 = 𝒇𝒎 ∫ 𝑺ˆ(𝒕) ⋅ 𝒆−𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒏𝒇𝒎 𝒕 ⋅ 𝒅𝒕
−𝟏/𝟐𝒇𝒎
4 Bessel function,
𝟏 𝝅 𝒋(𝜷𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡𝒙−𝒏𝒙)
𝑱𝒏 (𝜷) = ∫ 𝒆 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
𝟐𝝅 −𝝅

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

2.2.2. WIDE-BAND FREQUENCY MODULATION:

The FM wave for sinusoidal modulation is given by:
𝑺(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡[𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝜷𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕] → (𝟏)

Taking real part of Eq. (1). The Eq. (1) is not having imaginary part. It has only real part.
Where
𝜽 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝜷𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕
⁡
𝑆(𝑡) ⁡= 𝑅𝑒 [𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗𝜽 ]
𝑆(𝑡) ⁡= 𝑅𝑒 [𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡+𝛽sin⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑚𝑡)
⁡= Re⁡[𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐± ⋅ 𝑒 𝑗𝛽sin⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑚𝑡 ]
⁡= 𝑅𝑒 [𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 ⋅ 𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗𝛽sin⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑚𝑡 ]
𝑆(𝑡) ⁡= 𝑅𝑒 [𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 ⋅ 𝑺ˆ(𝒕)] ⁡ → (𝟐)
Where, ⁡𝑺ˆ(𝒕) ⁡= 𝑨𝒄 𝒆𝒋𝜷𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕 ⁡ → (𝟑)

𝑆ˆ(𝑡) is a periodic time function with a fundamental frequency '𝑓𝑚 '. This can be expressed
using complex Fourier series as:
𝑺ˆ(𝒕) = ∑∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑪𝒏 ⁡𝒆
𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒏𝒇𝒎 𝒕
→ (𝟒)

Where, 𝒄𝒏 is a complex Fourier co-efficient given by

𝟏/𝟐𝒇
𝒄𝒏 = 𝒇𝒎 ∫−𝟏/𝟐𝒇𝒎 𝑺ˆ(𝒕) ⋅ 𝒆−𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒏𝒇𝒎 𝒕 ⋅ 𝒅𝒕 → (𝟓)
𝒎

Substituting Eq. (3) in Eq. (5), we get

1/2𝑓𝑚
𝑐𝑛 = 𝑓𝑚 ∫ 𝐴𝑐 ⁡𝑒 𝑗𝛽sin⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑚𝑡) ⋅ 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑛𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−1/2𝑓𝑚
1/2𝑓𝑚
𝑐𝑛 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑚 ∫ 𝑒 𝑗[𝛽sin⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)−2𝜋𝑛𝑓𝑚𝑡] ⋅ 𝑑𝑡
−1/2𝑓𝑚

Let 𝒙 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕

Differentiating above equation with respect to 𝑡

𝑑𝑥
⁡= 2𝜋𝑓𝑚
𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒕 ⁡=
𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎
Giving the limits,
We know that 𝒙 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕
When When
1 1
𝑡=− 𝑡=
2𝑓𝑚 2𝑓𝑚
−1 1
𝑥 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 × 𝑥 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 ×
2𝑓𝑚 2𝑓𝑚
𝒙 = −𝝅 𝒙=𝝅

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation
𝜋 𝑑𝑥
𝐶𝑛 ⁡= 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑚 ∫−𝜋 𝑒 𝑗(𝛽sin⁡𝑥−𝑛𝑥) ⋅
2𝜋𝑓𝑚
𝑓𝑚 𝜋
𝐶𝑛 ⁡= 𝐴𝑐 ∫ 𝑒 𝑗(𝛽sin⁡𝑥−𝑛𝑥) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋𝑓𝑚 −𝜋
𝐴𝑐 𝜋 𝑗(𝛽sin⁡𝑥−𝑛𝑥)
𝐶𝑛 ⁡= ∫ 𝑒 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 −𝜋
𝐶𝑛 ⁡= 𝐴𝑐 ⁡𝑱𝒏 (𝜷) → (𝟔)
1 𝜋 𝑗(𝛽sin⁡𝑥−𝑛𝑥)
𝐽𝑛 (𝛽) ⁡= ∫ 𝑒 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 −𝜋

Where, 𝑱𝒏 (𝜷) is a Bessel function of the first kind, 𝒏th order with an argument 𝜷
Substituting Eq. (6) in Eq. (4), we get
∞

𝑾𝒌𝒕 𝑆ˆ(𝑡) = ∑ 𝑪𝒏 ⁡𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑛𝑓𝑚 𝑡 → (𝟒)

𝑛=−∞
∞ ⁡
𝑆ˆ(𝑡) = ∑ 𝐴𝑐 ⁡𝑱𝒏 (𝜷)⁡𝑒 𝑗2𝑛𝑓𝑚𝑡 → (𝟕)
𝑛=−∞
Substituting Eq. (7) in Eq. (2), we get
∞

𝑆(𝑡) = 𝑅𝑒 [𝑨𝒄 ∑ 𝑱𝒏 (𝜷)𝒆𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒏𝒇𝒎 𝒕 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ]

𝒏=−∞
∞

𝑆(𝑡) = 𝑅𝑒 [𝐴𝑐 ∑ 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽)𝑒 𝑗2𝜋[𝑓𝑐+𝑛𝑓𝑚]𝑡 ]

𝑛=−∞

We know that, 𝒆𝒋𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡𝜽 + 𝒋𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡𝜽

𝑅𝑒 [𝑒 𝑗𝜃 ] = cos⁡𝜃⁡ and ⁡𝜃 = 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑛𝑓𝑚 )𝑡
Similarly,
∞

𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 ∑ 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽) ⋅ cos⁡[2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑛𝑓𝑚 )𝑡]

𝑛=−∞
Giving the values for 𝑛 between −∞ to +∞ i.e. 𝑛 = 0,1, −1,2, −2, ⋯ ⋯ + ∞, −∞

𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 [𝐽0 (𝛽)cos⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐽1 (𝛽)cos⁡2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡 + 𝐽−1 (𝛽)cos⁡2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡

⁡+𝐽2 (𝛽)cos⁡2𝜋[𝑓𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑚 ]𝑡 + 𝐽−2 (𝛽)cos⁡2𝜋[𝑓𝑐 − 2𝑓𝑚 ]𝑡
⁡+𝐽3 (𝛽)cos⁡2𝜋[𝑓𝑐 + 3𝑓𝑚 ]𝑡 + 𝐽−3 (𝛽)cos⁡2𝜋[𝑓𝑐 − 3𝑓𝑚 ]𝑡 + ⋯ …
𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 {𝐽0 (𝛽)cos⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐽1 (𝛽)[cos⁡2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡 − cos⁡2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡]
⁡+𝐽2 (𝛽)[cos⁡2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑚 )𝑡 − cos⁡2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 − 2𝑓𝑚 )𝑡]
+𝐽3 (𝛽)[cos⁡2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 3𝑓𝑚 )𝑡 − cos⁡2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 − 3𝑓𝑚 )𝑡] + ⋯ } ⁡ → (𝟖)

Thus, the modulated signal has a carrier component and an infinite number of side
frequencies 𝑓𝑐 ± 𝑓𝑚 , 𝑓𝑐 ± 2𝑓𝑚 , 𝑓𝑐 ± 3𝑓𝑚 and … , 𝑓𝑐 ± 𝑛𝑓𝑚 .

Taking Fourier transform on both sides of Eq. (1), we get

𝐴𝑐
𝑆(𝑓) = 𝐽0 (𝛽)[∂(𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 ) + ∂(𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 )]
2
𝐴𝑐
⁡+ 𝐽1 (𝛽){∂(𝑓 − [𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 ]) + ∂(𝑓 + [𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 ])}
2

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation
𝐴𝑐
⁡+ 𝐽 (𝛽){∂[𝑓 − (𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 )] + ∂[𝑓 + (𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 )]} + ⋯ ⋯
2 −1
𝐴𝑐
⁡+ 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽){∂[𝑓 − (𝑓𝑐 + 𝑛𝑓𝑚 )] + ∂[𝑓 + (𝑓𝑐 + 𝑛𝑓𝑚 )]
2
𝐴𝑐
⁡+ 𝐽−𝑛 (𝛽){∂[𝑓 − (𝑓𝑐 − 𝑛𝑓𝑚 )] + ∂[𝑓 + (𝑓𝑐 − 𝑛𝑓𝑚 )]} → (𝟗)
2

Now plotting spectrum for Eq. (9),

Fig. 1. Amplitude spectrum of FM signal.

The amplitude of side frequency component depends upon the Bessel function. The
Bessel variations of a function of ' 𝛽 ' fixing the values of ' 𝑛 ' as shown in figure below.

Fig. 2. Plots of Bessel function of the first kind.

Page | 14
Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

2.2.3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NBFM AND WBFM

Sl.
Parameter NBFM WBFM
No.
1. Modulation Index 𝛽<1 𝛽>1
The spectrum of The Spectrum of
2. Spectrum NBFM is same as WBFM differs
that of AM from AM
Maximum
3. deviation Δ𝑓max = 5kHz Δ𝑓max = 75kHz
[Δ𝑓]max
Modulating
4. 30 Hz − 3kHz 30 Hz − 15kHz
frequency range

𝛽 may be slightly 𝛽 may be

Maximum
5. between 5 to
modulation index greater than 1
2500

Small i.e. Large i.e. about

approximately 15 times higher
6. Bandwidth
same of that of than BW of
AM NBFM

Pre-emphasis and
7. Needed Needed
Re-emphasis
Used for high
Used in speech
quality music
transmission Ex:
8. Applications transmission. Ex:
FM mobile
Entertainment
communication
broadcasting

2.2.4. BANDWIDTH OF ANGLE MODULATED WAVE:

Case i: Sinusoidal modulation:
Theoretically FM has infinite number of side-bands. So, the bandwidth required for
transmission is also infinite.
is Carson generalized the bandwidth formula for an FM wave. According to him, the
approximate formula for computing the bandwidth of an FM Signal generated by a Single
tone modulation signal frequency ' 𝑓𝑚 ' is
𝑩𝑻 ≃ 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝜷)𝒇𝒎 → (𝟏)
The above formula holds good for all values of 𝛽. & The transmission bandwidth ' 𝐵𝑇 ' can
also be expressed in-terms of frequency deviation ' Δ𝑓 ′
We know that,
Δ𝑓
⁡𝛽 =
𝑓𝑚

𝚫𝒇 = 𝜷𝒇𝒎 → (𝟐)

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

From Eq. (1)

𝐵𝑇 ⁡= 2(1 + 𝛽)𝑓𝑚 → (𝟏)
⁡= 2𝑓𝑚 + 2𝛽𝑓𝑚
⁡= 2𝑓𝑚 + 𝟐𝚫𝒇
𝑓𝑚 1 𝑓𝑚
⁡= 2Δ𝑓 [1 + ] ⁡ ∵ =
Δ𝑓 𝛽 Δ𝑓
𝟏
𝑩𝑻 ⁡= 𝟐𝚫𝒇 [𝟏 + ]
𝜷

Case ii: Non-sinusoidal or arbitrary modulation:

For an angle modulated signal with an arbitrary modulating signal 𝑚(𝑡), band limited to
' 𝑊 ' Hz, we define the deviation ratio as,
𝚫𝒇
𝑫=
𝑾
The deviation ratio '𝐷' plays the same role for non-sinusoidal modulation that the
modulation index ' 𝛽 ' plays for the case of sinusoidal modulation. Then, replacing ' 𝛽 ' by
'𝐷' and replacing '𝑓𝑚 ' with ' 𝑊 ' we may use Carson's rule.

We know that,
⁡𝑩𝑻 = 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝜷)𝒇𝒎 → (𝟏)

Replacing 𝑓𝑚 = 𝑊 and 𝛽 = 𝐷 in Eq. (1),

𝐵𝑇 = 2(1 + 𝑫)𝑾
The above relation is also known as Carson's formula.

Universal curve for evaluating FM bandwidth:

Suppose, 𝑛max is the largest value of integer ' 𝑛 ' such that |𝐽𝑛 (𝛽)| > 0.01. Then, we define
the transmission bandwidth as,
𝑩𝑻 = 𝟐⁡𝒏𝐦𝐚𝐱 ⁡𝒇𝒎

2.3. GENERATION OF FM WAVES:

There are two basic methods of generating FM waves:
1 Indirect method or Armstrong method
2 Direct method or Direct FM

Indirect method or Armstrong method or Stereo FM:

In this method, a Narrow-band FM (NBFM) wave is generated. Frequency multipliers are
then used to increase the frequency deviation which results in wide band - FM (WBFM).

Direct FM Or Direct method:

In direct FM, the carrier frequency ' 𝑓𝑐 ' is directly varied in accordance with the amplitude
of the modulating signal.
⋆ Direct FM is not feasible, practically of it involves maintaining high
{ }
frequency Stability of the carrier with adequate frequency deviation.

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

2.3.1. INDIRECT METHOD OF GENERATING FM (ARMSTRONG method of generating

FM)

Narrow -band phase modulator

Fig. 1. Narrow band phase modulator

Fig. 2. Block diagram of the indirect method of generating a wide-band FM signal.

Figure shows the block diagram of an indirect FM system. In Indirect method, the
message signal 𝑚(𝑡) is first passed through an integrator before applying it to the phase
modulator as shown in Fig. 1.
The carrier Signal is generated by using crystal oscillator because it provides very high
frequency stability. The operation of indirect method is divided into two parts as follows:

i. Generate a NBFM wave using a phase modulator.

ii. Using the frequency multipliers and mixer to obtain the required values of
frequency deviation and modulation index. (i.e. WBFM)

In order to minimize the distortion in the phase modulator, the maximum phase deviation
or modulation index ' 𝛽 ' is kept small there by resulting in a NBFM signal.

Let 𝑆1 (𝑡) be the NBFM wave, then we have

𝒕
𝑺𝟏 (𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨 𝐬 [𝟐𝝅𝒇𝟏 𝒕 + 𝟐𝝅𝑲𝒇 ∫ 𝒎(𝒕) ⋅ 𝒅𝒕] → (𝟏)
𝟎

Where, 𝑓𝑐 is the frequency of the crystal oscillator and 𝐾𝑓 is the frequency sensitivity
constant in Hz/ volt.
For a single tone modulation signal defined by,
𝑚(𝑡) ⁡= 𝐴𝑚 cos⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡⁡
Then, Eq. (1) becomes⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑆1 (𝑡) ⁡= 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡[2𝜋𝑓1 𝑡 + 𝛽1 sin⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡]

Where, 𝛽1 is the modulation index for single-tone modulation and is kept below 0.3
radians to minimize the distortion.

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

The instantaneous frequency of Eq. (1) is,

𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑓1 + 𝐾𝑓 𝑚(𝑡)

ii. Generation of WBFM:

is The output of narrow band phase modulator is then multiplied by a frequency
multiplier producing the desired WBFM wave as shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. Frequency Multiplier

A frequency multiplier consists of a memory less non-linear device followed by a BPF as
shown in Fig. 3. The input-output relation of such a non-linear device may be expressed
in the general form.
𝑽(𝒕) = 𝒂𝟏 𝑺𝟏 (𝒕) + 𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝟐𝟏 (𝒕) + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒏 𝑺𝒏𝟏 (𝒕)

Where 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛 are co-efficients and 𝑛 is the highest order of nonlinearity.

Substituting Eq. (3.37) in Eq. (3.39) and simplifying, we find the frequency modulated
wave having carrier frequencies 𝑓1 , 2𝑓1 , ⋯ , 𝑛𝑓1 with frequency deviation
Δ𝑓1 , 2Δ𝑓1 , ⋯ , 𝑛Δ𝑓1 .
The BPF has two functions to perform:
1. To pass the 𝐹𝑀 wave centered at carrier frequency 𝑛𝑓1 and having the frequency
deviation 𝑛Δ𝑓1 .
2. To suppress all other spectrum.

The output of the frequency multiplier produces the defined WBFM wave having the
following time-domain description.
𝒕
𝑺(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡[𝟐𝝅𝒏𝒇𝟏 𝒕 + 𝟐𝝅𝒏𝑲𝒇 ∫ 𝒎(𝒕) ⋅ 𝒅𝒕]
𝟎
Whose instantaneous frequency is,
𝒇′𝟏 (𝒕) = 𝒏𝒇𝟏 + 𝒏𝑲𝒇 𝒎(𝒕)

2.3.2. DIRECT METHOD OF GENERATING FM

In direct FM system, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier wave is varied directly in
accordance with the message signal by means of a device called a Voltage Controlled
Oscillator (VCO).

Fig. 1. Hartley oscillator

Page | 18
Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

Fig. 1. show a Hartley oscillator in which the capacitive component of the frequency
determining network in the oscillator consists of a fixed capacitor shunted by a voltage-
variable capacitor.

The frequency of oscillation of the Hartley oscillator is given by:

𝟏
𝒇𝒊 (𝒕) = ⁡ → (𝟏)
𝟐𝝅√(𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 )⁡𝑪(𝒕)
Where,
𝑪(𝒕) ⁡= 𝑪𝟎 + 𝑪[𝒗(𝒕)]
are the two inductance's in the frequency determining
𝐿1 and 𝐿2 ⁡= { }
the oscillator.
Assume that sinusoidal modulating wave of frequency '𝑓𝑚 ', the capacitance 𝑐(𝑡) is
expressed as:
𝑪(𝒕) = 𝑪𝟎 + 𝚫𝑪⁡𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕) → (𝟐)
Where,
is the total capacitance in the absence of modulation
𝐶0 = { }
i.e. 𝑓𝑚 = 0, and
ΔC = The maximum change in capacitance .

Substituting Eq. (2) in Eq. (1), we get

1
𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) =
2𝜋√(𝐿1 + 𝐿2 )⁡⁡𝑪𝟎 + 𝚫𝑪⁡𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕)
1
𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) =
Δ𝐶
2𝜋√(𝐿1 + 𝐿2 )⁡𝐶0 [1 + 𝐶 ⁡cos⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)]
0
𝟏
𝒇𝒊 (𝒕) = 𝒇𝟎
𝚫𝑪
√𝟏 + (
𝑪 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕)
𝟎
Where,
1
𝑓0 = ⁡
2𝜋√(𝐿1 + 𝐿2 )𝐶0

𝒇𝟎 ⁡𝒊𝒔⁡𝒖𝒏𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅⁡𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚⁡𝒐𝒇⁡𝒐𝒔𝒄𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.⁡
𝑓0
𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = 1/2
Δ𝐶
[1 + 𝐶 cos⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)]
0
−1/2
Δ𝐶
𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑓0 [1 + cos⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)]
𝐶0

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

Recall the binomial theorem,

𝑥
[1 + 𝑥]−1/2 ⁡≈ 1 −
2
If |𝑥| ⁡≪ 1
Δ𝑐
𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) ⁡= 𝑓0 [1 − cos⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)]
2𝐶0
−Δ𝐶 Δ𝑓
Let ⁡ ⁡=
2𝐶0 𝑓0
Δ𝑓
𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) ⁡= 𝑓0 [1 + cos⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)]
𝑓0
𝑓0 Δ𝑓
𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) ⁡= 𝑓0 + cos⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)
𝑓0
𝒇𝒊 (𝒕) ⁡= 𝒇𝟎 + 𝚫𝒇𝐜𝐨 𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕) ⁡ → (𝟑)

Equation 3 is the Instantaneous frequency of an FM wave, assuming sinusoidal

modulation.

Fig. 2. A feedback scheme for the frequency stabilization of a frequency modulator

In order to generate a WBFM with the required frequency deviation, Fig. 4 is used. It
Consists of VCO, frequency multiplier and mixers.
This configuration provides good oscillator stability, constant proportionality between
output frequency change to input voltage change, and the necessary frequency deviation
to achieve WBFM.

2.4. FM DEMODULATION
Frequency demodulation is the process of recovering the original modulating wave from
the frequency modulated wave.

The FM de-modulators are classified into:

1 Direct method
i. Frequency discriminator
ii. Zero Crossing Detector

2 Indirect method
i. Phase-locked Loop

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

2.4.1. BALANCED SLOPE DETECTOR:

(Balanced frequency discriminator or Round - Travis detector)

Fig. 1. Block diagram

Fig. 2. Circuit diagram

Fig. 3. Frequency response

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

The balanced slope detector consists of two slope detector circuits. The input transformer
has a center tapped secondary. Hence the input voltages to the two slope detectors are
180∘ out of phase.

There are 3 tuned circuits.

i. The primary is tuned to IF i.e. 𝒇𝒄 .
ii. The upper tuned circuit of the secondary (𝑇1 ) is tuned above 𝑓𝑐 by Δ𝑓 i.e. its
resonant frequency is 𝒇𝒄 + 𝚫𝒇.
iii. The lower tuned circuit of the secondary (𝑇2 ) is tuned below 𝑓𝑐 by Δ𝑓 i.e. its
resonant frequency is 𝒇𝒄 − 𝚫𝒇.
The 𝑹𝟏 𝑪𝟏 and 𝑹𝟐 𝑪𝟐 are the filter circuits. 𝑉01 and 𝑉02 are the ouput voltages of the two
Slope detectors. The final output voltage 𝑉0 is obtained by taking the difference of the
Individual output voltagess 𝑉01 and 𝑉02.
i.e. ⁡𝑽𝟎 = 𝑽𝟎𝟏 − 𝑽𝟎𝟐
Operation:
We can understand the operation by dividing the if frequency into three ranges as
follows:

i) 𝒇𝒊𝒏 = 𝒇𝒄 :
When input frequency is equal to carrier ' 𝑓𝑐 ', the induced voltage in the 𝑇1 winding of
secondary is exactly equal to that induced in the winding 𝑇2 . Thus, the input voltages to
both the diodes 𝐷1 and 𝐷2 will be same. Therefore, the dc output voltages 𝑉01 and 𝑉02 will
also be identical but they have opposite polarities hence 𝑉0 = 0.

ii) 𝒇in > 𝒇𝒄 : Where, 𝒇in = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝚫𝒇

When input frequency is greater than ' 𝑓𝑐 ', the induced voltage in 𝑇1 winding is higher
than that induced in 𝑇2 . Therefore, the input to 𝐷1 is higher than 𝐷2 . So positive output
𝑉01 (of 𝐷1 ) is higher than the negative output 𝑉02 (of 𝐷2 ). Thus, output voltage 𝑉0 is
positive. (The positive output voltage increases as the input frequency increases towards
𝑓𝑐 + Δ𝑓.) i.e. 𝒇𝒊𝒏 ≃ 𝒇𝒄 − 𝚫𝒇

iii) 𝒇in < 𝒇𝒄 : i.e. 𝒇in ≃ 𝒇𝒄 − 𝚫𝒇

When input frequency is less than ' 𝑓𝑐 ', the induced voltage in 𝑇2 winding is higher than
in 𝑇1 , so input voltage to diode 𝐷2 is higher than that of 𝐷1 . Hence the negative output 𝑉02
is greater than 𝑉01. Therefore, the output voltage of the balanced slope detector is
negative in this frequency range.
{The negative output voltage increases as 𝑓in goes closer to 𝒇𝒄 − 𝚫𝒇}

Advantages:
1 This circuit is more efficient than simple slope detector.
2 It has better linearity than the simple slope detector.

Page | 22
Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

Disadvantageous:
1 This circuit is difficult to tune since the three tuned circuit are to be tuned at
different frequencies i.e. 𝑓𝑐 , (𝑓𝑐 + Δ𝑓), (𝑓𝑐 − Δ𝑓).
2 Amplitude limiting is not provided.

2.4.2. ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR:

The zero-crossing detector operates on the principle that the instantaneous frequency of
an FM wave is approximately given by
𝟏
𝒇𝒊 ≃
𝟐𝚫𝒕
Where, Δ𝑡 is the time difference between adjacent zero crossing of the FM wave as shown
𝑛 Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Definitions of 𝑻 and 𝚫𝒕 for an FM wave

The time interval ' 𝑇 ' is chosen in accordance with the following two conditions:
1 The interval ' 𝑇 ' is small compared to the reciprocal of message band width ' 𝑊
'i.e. (1/𝑊)
2 The interval ' 𝑇 ' is large Compared to the reciprocal of the carrier frequency ' 𝑓𝑐 '
of the FM wave i.e. (1/𝑓𝑐 ).
Let ' 𝑛0 ' denote the number of zero crossings inside the interval ' 𝑇 '. Hence Δ𝑡 is the time
between the adjacent zero crossing points given by,
𝑻
𝚫𝒕 =
𝒏𝟎
∴ Instantaneous frequency is given by,
1
𝑓𝑖 ⁡≈
2Δ𝑡
1
𝑓𝑖 ⁡≃
𝑇
2𝑛
0
𝒏𝟎
𝒇𝒊 ⁡≃
𝟐𝑻
By the definition of instantaneous frequency, we know that there is a linear relation
between 𝑓𝑖 and message signal 𝑚(𝑡). Hence, we can recover 𝑚(𝑡) if 𝑛0 is known.
The simplified block diagram of the zero-crossing detector based on this principle is
shown below.

Fig. 2. Block diagram of zero crossing detector

Page | 23
Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

2.4.3. COMPARE FM WITH AM

Sl.
FM AM
No.
The equation for FM wave is: The equation for AM wave is:
1 𝑆(𝑡)𝐹𝑀 = 𝐴𝑐 sin⁡[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽⁡sin⁡𝜔𝑚 𝑡] 𝑆(𝑡)𝐴𝑀 = 𝐴𝑐 [1 + 𝜇 sin 𝜔𝑚 𝑡]⁡sin⁡𝜔𝑐 𝑡
The modulation index can have any The modulation index is always in
2
value i.e. less than 1 or more than 1 between 0 and 1
All the transmitted power is useful. Carrier power and one side-band
3
power are useless.
2
𝐴𝑐 𝜇2
4 𝑃= 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑐 [1 + ]
2𝑅 2
The modulation index determines the In AM only two side-bands are
5 number of side-bands in an FM signal. produced irrespective of the
modulation index.
𝐵𝑊 = 2[Δ𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚 ] 𝐵𝑊 = 2[𝑓𝑚 ]
6 The BW depends on modulation index. The BW does not depend on
modulation index.
For FM,

Actual
frequency For AM,
7 𝐴𝑚
% Modulation = deviation × 100 ⁡% Modulation = × 100
Max allowed 𝐴𝑐
frequency
deviation

The main advantage of FM over AM is The AM system is more susceptible to

8 its noise immunity. noise and more affected by noise than
FM.
The BW required to transmit FM signal The BW required to transmit AM
9 is much larger than the BW of AM (i.e. signal is much less than that of FM (i.e.
≈200kHz) ≈10kHz).
FM transmission and reception AM equipment’s are less complex.
10
equipment’s are more complex.
FM transmission is expensive than AM AM transmission is cheaper than FM
11
transmission. transmission.
Used for short distance Used for long distance
12
communication. communication.

2.4.4. COMPARE FM WITH PM

Sl.
FM PM
No.
The equation for FM wave is: The equation for PM wave is:
1 𝑺(𝒕)𝑭𝑴 = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡[𝝎𝒄 𝒕 + 𝟐𝝅𝑲𝒇 𝒎(𝒕)] 𝑺(𝒕)𝑷𝑴 = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡[𝝎𝒄 𝒕 + 𝒌𝒑 𝒎(𝒕)]
2 Amplitude of FM wave is constant. Amplitude of PM wave is constant
Frequency deviation is proportional to Phase deviation is proportional to
3
modulating voltage. modulating voltage.
The modulation index of an FM signal The modulation index is proportional
4 is the ratio of the frequency deviation to the maximum amplitude of the
to the modulating frequency. modulating signal.
Page | 24
Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

Noise immunity is better than AM and Noise immunity is better than AM but
5
PM. worse than PM.
Signal to Noise ratio is better than that
Signal to Noise ratio is interfere to
6
of PM. that of FM.
7 FM is widely used. PM is used in some mobile systems.
It is possible to receive FM on a PM It is possible to receive PM on FM
8
receiver. receiver.
FM is direct method of producing FM PM is indirect method of producing
9
signal. FM.
Noise is better suppressed in FM Noise immunity is inferior to that of
10
systems as compared to PM system. FM.
To have better quality of transmissionThe amount of frequency shift
and reception of higher audio produced by a phase modulation
11 frequencies, de-emphasis circuits are increases with the modulating
used. frequency. Hence an audio equalizer
is required to compensate this.
FM is mainly used for FM broadcasting PM is used in mobile communication
12
i.e. entertainment purpose. system.

Page | 25
Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

FM FORMULAE
1 Carrier frequency 𝜔𝑐 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐
𝑓𝑐 = 𝜔𝑐 /2𝜋

2 Modulating frequency 𝜔𝑚 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑚

𝑓𝑚 = 𝜔𝑚 /2𝜋
3 Power dissipation 𝑃 = 𝐴2𝑐 /2𝑅
4 Frequency deviation Δ𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 𝐴𝑚
Δ𝑓 = 𝛽𝑓𝑚
5 Frequency sensitivity 𝐾𝑓 = Δ𝑓/𝐴𝑚
6 Deviation ratio 𝐷 = Δ𝑓max /𝑓max
7 Highest frequency reached (𝑓𝑖 )max = 𝑓𝑐 + Δ𝑓
8 Lowest frequency reached (𝑓𝑖 )min = 𝑓𝑐 − Δ𝑓
9 (𝑓𝑖 )max − (𝑓𝑖 )min
Carrier Swing
2Δ𝑓
10 Frequency deviation Δ𝑓 = Carrier swing /2
Δ𝑓 = (𝑓𝑖 )max − 𝑓𝑐
11 Bandwidth (Carson rule) 𝐵𝑊 = 2(Δ𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚 )
𝐵𝑊 = 2Δ𝑓(1 + 1/𝛽)
12 Message signal 𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽sin⁡𝜔𝑚 𝑡]
𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 sin⁡[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽sin⁡𝜔𝑚 𝑡]
𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡[2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡+ 2𝜋𝑘𝑓 ∫ ⁡ 𝑚(𝑡)𝑑𝑡]

𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝜋𝑘𝑓 ∫ ⁡ 𝑚(𝑡)𝑑𝑡]

𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝜋𝑘𝑓 𝑚(𝑡)]

PM FORMULAE

1 Phase deviation Δ𝑝 = 𝑘𝑝 𝐴𝑚 𝑓𝑚
2 Bandwidth 𝐵𝑊 = 2(Δ𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚 )
(Carson rule) 𝐵𝑊 = 2Δ𝑓(1 + 1/𝛽)
3 Message signal 𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡[𝜔𝑐𝑡+ 𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡)]
𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡[2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡)]

Page | 26
Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

NUMERICAL
Problem 1.
The equation for a 𝐹𝑀 wave is,
𝑠(𝑡) = 10cos⁡[5.7 × 108 𝑡 + 5sin⁡(12 × 103 )𝑡]
Calculate,
i) Carrier frequency
ii) Modulating frequency
iii) Modulation index
iv) Frequency deviation
v) Power dissipated in a 100Ω resistor load.

Given:
𝑆(𝑡) = 10 cos[5.7 × 108 𝑡 + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛(12 × 103 )𝑡] → (𝟏)
Compare Eq. (1) with standard equation for FM
𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽sin⁡𝑤𝑚 𝑡]

𝐴𝑐 = 10 V, ⁡𝜔𝑐 = 5.7 × 108 , 𝛽 = 5 and ⁡𝜔𝑐 = 12 × 103

Solution:
i. Carrier frequency
𝑤𝑐
𝑓𝑐 ⁡=
2𝜋
5.7 × 108
⁡=
2𝜋
𝑓𝑐 ⁡= 90.7183MHz

ii. Modulating frequency

𝑤𝑚
𝑓𝑚 ⁡=
2𝜋
12 × 103
⁡=
2𝜋
𝑓𝑚 ⁡= 1.909kHz

iii. Modulation index

𝛽=5

iv. Frequency deviation

Δ𝑓 ⁡= 𝛽𝑓𝑚
⁡= 5 × 1.909kHz
Δ𝑓 ⁡= 9.545kHz

v. Power dissipated in a 100Ω resister load

𝐴2𝑐
𝑃 ⁡=
2𝑅
102
⁡=
2 × 100
𝑃 ⁡= 0.5 W

Page | 27
Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

Problem 2
A FM signal has sinusoidal modulation with 𝑓𝑚 = 15kHz and modulation index 𝛽 = 2.
Using Carson's rule, find the transmission bandwidth and deviation ratio. Assume Δ𝑓 =
75kHz.
Given: 𝑓𝑚 = 15kHz, 𝛽 = 2, Δ𝑓 = 75kHz, 𝐵𝑊 = ? and Deviation ratio D = ?
Solution:

𝐵𝑊 ⁡= 2(Δ𝐹 + 𝑓𝑚 )
⁡= 2(75kHz + 15kHz)
𝐵𝑊 ⁡= 180kHz
Δ𝑓
⁡𝐷 ⁡=
𝑓𝑚
75kHz
⁡=
15kHz
𝑫 ⁡= 𝟓

Problem 3.
A sinusoidal modulating voltage of amplitude 5 V and frequency 1⁡kHz is applied to
frequency modulator. The frequency sensitivity of modulator is 40 Hz/V. The carrier
frequency is 100⁡kHz. Calculate,
i. Frequency deviation
ii. Modulation index

Given: 𝐴𝑚 = 5 V, 𝑓𝑚 = 1⁡kHz, 𝐾𝑓 = 40 Hz/v and 𝑓𝑐 = 100⁡kHz.

Solution:
Frequency deviation:
Δ𝑓 ⁡= 𝐾𝑓 𝐴𝑚
⁡= 40 × 5
𝚫𝒇 ⁡= 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐇𝐳
Modulation index:
Δ𝑓
𝛽 ⁡=
𝑓𝑚
200
⁡=
1000
𝜷 ⁡= 𝟎. 𝟐

Problem 4.
A sinusoidal modulating waveform of amplitude 10 V and a frequency of 1⁡kHz is applied
to FM generator that has a frequency sensitivity constant of is 40 Hz/V. Determine:
i. Frequency deviation and
ii. Modulation index

Given: 𝐴𝑚 = 10 V, 𝑓𝑚 = 1⁡kHz, 𝐾𝑓 = 40 Hz/V

Solution:

Frequency deviator:
Δ𝑓 ⁡= 𝐾𝑓 𝐴𝑚
⁡= 40 × 10
⁡= 400 Hz

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

Modulation index:
Δ𝑓
𝛽 ⁡=
𝑓𝑚
400 Hz
⁡=
1⁡kHz
𝜷 ⁡= 𝟎. 𝟒

Problem 5.
A carrier wave of 100MHz is frequency modulated by a 100kHz sine wave of amplitude
20 V, the sensitivity of the modulator is 25kHz/V
i. Determine the frequency deviation and bandwidth of the modulated signal using
Carson's rule.
ii. Repeat your calculation for PM wave, assume 𝐾𝑝 = 𝐾𝑓

Given: 𝑓𝑐 = 100⁡MHz, 𝑓𝑚 = 100⁡kHz, 𝐴𝑚 = 20 V, 𝐾𝑓 = 25⁡kHz/V.

Solution:

𝐵𝑊 ⁡= 2[Δ𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚 ] 𝐵𝑊 = 2𝑓𝑚 (1 + 𝛽)
Δ𝑓 ⁡= 𝐾𝑓 𝐴𝑚 500⁡kHz
𝛽=
⁡= 25⁡kHz × 20 ⁡OR⁡ 100⁡kHz
⁡= 500⁡kHz 𝛽=5
𝐵𝑊 ⁡= 2[500⁡kHz + 100⁡kHz] 𝐵𝑊 = 2 × 100⁡kHz(1 + 5)
{𝑩𝑾 ⁡= 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎⁡𝐤𝐇𝐳 } { 𝑩𝑾 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎⁡𝐤𝐇𝐳 }

Assuming that 𝐾𝑝 = 𝐾𝑓 for PM wave,

Δ𝑓 ⁡= 𝐾𝑝 𝐴𝑚 𝑓𝑚
⁡= 25⁡kHz × 20 × 100⁡kHz
𝚫𝒇 ⁡= 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎⁡𝐤𝐇𝐳

Problem 6.
A single tone 𝐹𝑀 signal is given by:
𝑆(𝑡) = 10sin⁡[16𝜋 × 106 𝑡 + 20sin⁡2𝜋 × 103 𝑡]
Calculate,
i) Modulation index
ii) Modulation Frequency
iii) Frequency deviation
iv) Carrier frequency
v) Power of the FM signal.

Given:
𝑆(𝑡) = 10sin⁡[16𝜋 × 106 𝑡 + 20sin⁡2𝜋 × 103 𝑡] → (𝟏)

Comparing Eq. (1) with standard equation for FM

𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 sin⁡[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽sin⁡𝜔𝑚 𝑡]

We get, 𝐴𝑐 = 10 V, 𝜔𝑐 = 16𝜋 × 106 , 𝜔𝑚 = 2𝜋 × 103 , 𝛽 = 20

Page | 29
Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

Solution:

i. Modulation index
𝜷 = 𝟐𝟎
ii. Modulating frequency
𝜔𝑚
𝑓𝑚 ⁡=
2𝜋
2𝜋 × 103
⁡=
2𝜋
𝒇𝒎 ⁡= 𝟏⁡𝐤𝐇𝐳
iii. Frequency deviation
Δ𝑓 ⁡= 𝛽𝑓𝑚
⁡= 20 × 1 × 103
𝚫𝒇 ⁡= 𝟐𝟎⁡𝐤𝐇𝐳
iv. Carrier frequency
𝜔𝑐
𝑓𝑐 ⁡=
2𝜋
16𝜋 × 106
⁡=
2𝜋
𝒇𝒄 ⁡= 𝟖𝐌𝐇𝐳

v. Power
𝐴2𝑐
𝑃 ⁡=
2𝑅
102
⁡=
2𝑅
𝟓𝟎
𝑷 ⁡= 𝐖
𝑹

Problem 7.
An angle modulated signal is defined by
𝑆(𝑡) = 10sin⁡[2𝜋 × 106 𝑡 + 0.2sin⁡(2000𝜋)𝑡] volts
Find the followings.
i. Power in the modulated signal
ii. Frequency deviation
iii. Phase deviation
iv. Approximate transmission bandwidth.

Given:
𝑆(𝑡) = 10cos⁡[2𝜋 × 106 𝑡 + 0.2sin⁡(2000𝜋𝑡)] → (1)
Comparing Eq. (1) with standard equation for FM
𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡[𝑤𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽sin⁡𝑤𝑚 𝑡]
We get, 𝐴𝑐 = 10 V, 𝛽 = 0.2, 𝜔𝑚 = 2000𝜋, 𝜔𝑐 = 2𝜋 × 106

Page | 30
Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

Solution:
𝜔𝑚
𝑓𝑚 ⁡=
2𝜋
2000𝜋
⁡=
2𝜋
𝒇𝒎 ⁡= 𝟏𝐤𝐇𝐳
𝑤𝑐
𝑓𝑐 ⁡=
2𝜋
2𝜋 × 106
⁡=
2𝜋
𝒇𝒄 ⁡= 𝟏⁡𝐌𝐇𝐳

i. Power in the modulated signal

𝐴2𝑐
𝑃 ⁡=
2𝑅
102
⁡=
2⋅𝑅
𝟓𝟎
𝑷 ⁡= 𝐖
𝑹
ii. Frequency deviation

Δ𝑓 = 𝛽𝑓𝑚
= 0.2 × 1000
𝚫𝒇 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐇𝐳

iii. Phase deviation

Δ𝑓
Δ𝜃 ⁡= 𝛽 =
𝑓𝑚
200 Hz
⁡=
1⁡kHz
𝚫𝜽 ⁡= 𝟎. 𝟐
iv. Approximate transmission bandwidth

𝐵𝑊⁡= 2(Δ𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚 )
⁡= 2(200 + 1000)
𝑩𝑾 ⁡= 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐇𝐳

OR
1
𝐵𝑊 ⁡= 2Δ𝑓 (1 + )
𝛽
1
⁡= 2 × 200 (1 + )
0.2
𝑩𝑾 ⁡= 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐇𝐳

Problem 8.
A given angle modulated signal is 𝑆(𝑡) given by the equation:
𝑆(𝑡) = 12⁡cos⁡(12𝜋⁡108 𝑡 + 200 cos 2𝜋 103 𝑡). Find its bandwidth.

Given:
𝑆(𝑡) = 12⁡cos⁡(12𝜋⁡108 𝑡 + 200⁡cos⁡2𝜋⁡103 𝑡) → (1)
Comparing Eq. (1) with standard equation for FM
𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽⁡sin⁡𝜔𝑚 𝑡]
We get, 𝐴𝑐 = 12 V, 𝜔𝑐 = 12𝜋108 , 𝛽 = 200, ⁡𝜔𝑚 = 2𝜋103

Page | 31
Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

Solution:
𝜔𝑚
𝑓𝑚 ⁡=
2𝜋
2𝜋103
⁡=
2𝜋
𝒇𝒎 ⁡= 𝟏⁡𝐤𝐇𝐳
Δ𝑓 ⁡= 𝛽𝑓𝑚
⁡= 200 × 1⁡kHz
𝚫𝒇 ⁡= 𝟐𝟎𝟎⁡𝐤𝐇𝐳
⁡𝐵𝑊 ⁡= 2(Δ𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚 )
⁡= 2(200⁡kHz + 1⁡kHz)
𝑩𝑾 ⁡= 𝟒𝟎𝟐⁡𝐤𝐇𝐳

Problem 9.
A modulated signal 5 cos 2𝜋 15 × 103 𝑡, angle modulates a carrier 𝐴cos⁡𝑤𝑐 𝑡. Find the
modulation index and the bandwidth for the FM system. Determine the change in the
bandwidth and modulation index if 𝑓𝑚 is reduced to 5kHz. What is the conclusion of the
two results? Assume 𝑘𝑝 = 𝐾𝑓 = 15⁡kHz/ Volt.

Given: 𝐴𝑚 = 5 V, 𝑓𝑚 = 15⁡kHz, 𝑘𝑝 = 𝐾𝑓 = 15⁡kHz/V.

Solution:

For FM system:
i. Frequency deviation
Δ𝑓 ⁡= 𝐾𝑓 𝐴𝑚
⁡= 15⁡kHz × 5
Δ𝑓 ⁡= 75⁡kHz

ii. Modulation index

Δ𝑓
𝛽 ⁡=
𝑓𝑚
75⁡kHz
⁡=
15⁡kHz
𝛽 ⁡= 5
iii. BW
𝐵𝑊 ⁡= 2(Δ𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚 )
⁡= 2(75⁡kHz + 15⁡kHz)
𝑩𝑾 ⁡= 𝟏𝟖𝟎⁡𝐤𝐇𝐳

When 𝑓𝑚 is reduced to 5⁡kHz i.e. now 𝑓𝑚 = 5⁡kHz

i. Δ𝑓
Δ𝑓 ⁡= 𝐾𝑓 𝐴𝑚
⁡= 15⁡kHz3 × 5
𝚫𝒇 ⁡= 𝟕𝟓⁡𝐤𝐇𝐳
ii. 𝛽
Δ𝑓
𝛽 ⁡=
𝑓𝑚
75⁡kHz
⁡=
5⁡kHz
𝜷 ⁡= 𝟏𝟓
Page | 32
Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

iii. 𝐵𝑊
𝐵𝑊 ⁡= 2(Δ𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚 )
⁡= 2(75⁡kHz + 5⁡kHz)
𝑩𝑾 ⁡= 𝟏𝟔𝟎⁡𝐤𝐇𝐳

Conclusion:
Bandwidth changes only slightly with modulating frequency 𝑓𝑚 .

Problem 10.
Find the carrier and modulating frequencies along with modulation index and maximum
deviation of the FM wave represented by deviation of the FM wave represented by the
voltage equation: 𝑉 = 12sin⁡(6 × 108 𝑡 + 5⁡sin⁡1250𝑡). What power will the FM wave
dissipated in a 10⁡Ω resistor?

Given:
𝑆(𝑡) = 12 sin(6 × 108 𝑡 + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1250𝑡) → (1)
Comparing Eq. (1) with standard equation for FM
𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 sin⁡(𝑤𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽sin⁡𝑤𝑚 𝑡)
We get, 𝐴𝑐 = 12 V, 𝑤𝑐 = 6 × 108 , 𝛽 = 5, 𝑤𝑚 = 1250

Solution:
i.
𝑤𝑐
𝑓𝑐 ⁡=
2𝜋
6 × 108
⁡=
2𝜋
𝒇𝒄 ⁡= 𝟗𝟓. 𝟓⁡𝐌𝐇𝐳

ii
𝜔𝑚
𝑓𝑚 ⁡=
2𝜋
1250
⁡=
2𝜋
𝒇𝒎 ⁡= 𝟏𝟗𝟗⁡𝐇𝐳

iii.

𝜷=𝟓

iv.

Δ𝑓 ⁡= 𝐵𝑓𝑚
⁡= 5 × 199
𝚫𝒇 ⁡= 𝟗𝟗𝟓 𝐇𝐳

v.

𝐴2𝑐
𝑃 ⁡=
2𝑅
122
⁡=
2 × 100
𝑷 ⁡= 𝟕. 𝟐 𝐖
Page | 33
Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

Problem 11.
An angle modulated signal is described by,
𝑠(𝑡) = 10cos⁡[2𝜋(106 𝑡 + 0.1sin⁡103 𝑡]
Find the message signal 𝑚(𝑡).
i) Considering 𝑆(𝑡) is PM with 𝑘𝑝 = 10
ii) Considering 𝑆(𝑡) is FM with 𝑘𝑓 = 5

Solution:
i. The equation for PM wave is given by:
𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡)]
Comparing this equation with given equation, we have,
𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡) ⁡= 0.1sin⁡(103 )𝜋𝑡
0.1
𝑚(𝑡) ⁡= sin⁡(103 )𝜋𝑡
𝑘𝑝
0.1
𝑚(𝑡) ⁡= sin⁡(103 )𝜋𝑡
10
𝒎(𝒕) ⁡= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟏𝟎𝟑 )𝝅𝒕
ii. The equation for FM wave is given by:
𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡[𝑤𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝜋𝐾𝑓 𝑚(𝑡)]
Comparing this equation with given equation, we have,
2𝜋𝐾𝑓 𝑚(𝑡) ⁡= 0.1sin⁡(103 )𝜋𝑡
0.1
𝑚(𝑡) ⁡= sin⁡(103 )𝜋𝑡
2𝜋𝐾𝑓
0.1
𝑚(𝑡) ⁡= sin⁡(103 )𝜋𝑡
2𝜋 × 5
𝒎(𝒕) ⁡= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟏𝟎𝟑 )𝒕

Problem 12.
An angle modulated signal is described by
𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) = 10cos⁡[2𝜋(106 )𝑡 + 0.1sin⁡(103 )𝜋𝑡]
Considering 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) as a PM signal with 𝑘𝑝 = 10. Find 𝑚(𝑡).
Solution:
The equation For PM wave is given by,
𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐴𝐶 cos⁡[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑃 𝑚(𝑡)]
Comparing this equation with the given equation, we have,
𝑘𝑝 𝑚(𝑡) ⁡= 0.1sin⁡(103 )𝜋𝑡
0.1
𝑚(𝑡) ⁡= sin⁡(103 )𝜋𝑡
𝑘𝑝
0.1
⁡= sin⁡(103 )𝜋𝑡
10
𝒎(𝒕) ⁡= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟏𝟎𝟑 )𝒕

Page | 34
Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

Problem 13.
In the block diagram shown in figure find out the carrier frequency, frequency deviation
and modulation index at the points 𝐴 and 𝐵. Assume that at the output of the mixer, the
additive frequency component is being selected.

Fig. 1. Schematic of Problem 13

Solution:

i. At point (𝐴) :
The carrier 𝑓𝑐 = 3 × 10MHz
𝒇𝒄 = 𝟑𝟎⁡𝐌𝐇𝐳
The frequency deviation 𝛿 = 3 × 10kHz
𝜹 = 𝟑𝟎𝐤𝐇𝐳
Modulation index 𝑚𝑓 = 3 × 5
𝒎𝒇 = 𝟏𝟓
The minimum frequency 𝑓min = 30MHz − 30kHz
𝒇𝐦𝐢𝐧 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟗𝟕𝟎𝐌𝐇𝐳
The maximum frequency 𝑓max = 30MHz + 30kHz
𝒇𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟎𝐌𝐇𝐳

ii. At point (B):

Carrier frequency 𝑓𝑐 ⁡= 30MHz + 10MHz
𝒇𝒄 ⁡= 𝟒𝟎𝐌𝐇𝐳
Maximum frequency 𝑓max ⁡= 30.03MHz + 10MHz
𝒇𝐦𝐚𝐱 ⁡= 𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝐌𝐇𝐳
Minimum frequency 𝑓min ⁡= 29.970 + 10
𝒇𝐦𝐢𝐧 ⁡= 𝟑𝟗. 𝟗𝟕𝟎𝐌𝐇𝐳

As there is no change in deviation due to mixing, the modulation index will remain same
i.e. 𝑚𝑓 = 15.

Problem 14.
Determine the bandwidth of FM signal, if the maximum value of. frequency deviation Δ𝑓
is fixed at 75kHz for commercial FM broadcasting by radio and modulation frequency is
𝑊 = 15kHz.

Given: Δ𝑓 = 75kHz, 𝑊 = 15kHz or 𝑓𝑚 .

Page | 35
Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

Solution:
i. Deviation ratio:
Δ𝑓
𝐷 ⁡=
𝑊
75kHz
⁡=
15kHz
𝑫 ⁡= 𝟓
ii. Using Carson's rule:
𝐵𝑇 ⁡= 2[1 + 𝐷]𝑊
⁡= 2[1 + 5]15 × 103
𝑩𝑻 ⁡= 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝐤𝐇𝐳
is
Δ𝑓
𝛽=𝐷 ⁡=
𝑊
75kHz
⁡=
15kHz
𝜷=𝑫 ⁡= 𝟓
is
𝐵𝑇 ⁡= 2[1 + 𝛽]𝑓𝑚
⁡= 2[1 + 5]15kHz
𝑩𝑻 ⁡= 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝐤𝐇𝐳
OR
&
𝐵𝑇 ⁡= 2Δ𝑓 + 2𝑓𝑚
⁡= 2(75kHz) + 2(15kHz)
𝑩𝑻 ⁡= 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝐤𝐇𝐳

Problem 15.
A carrier wave of 100MHz is frequency modulated by a sine wave of amplitude 20 volts
and frequency 100kHz. The frequency sensitivity of modulator is 25kHz/V. Determine
i) Transmission bandwidth using Carson's rule.
ii) Transmission bandwidth using Universal rule (The universal curve is as shown
below).

Fig. 1. Universal Curve

Given: 𝑓𝑐 = 100MHz, 𝐴𝑚 = 20 V, 𝑓𝑚 = 100kHz, 𝐾𝑓 = 25kHz/V.

Page | 36
Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

Solution:
i. The transmission BW using Carson's rule is
𝐵𝑇 ⁡= 2[Δ𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚 ]
⁡= 2[500kHz + 100kHz]
𝑩𝑻 ⁡= 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝐤𝐇𝐳
ii. Modulation index
Δ𝑓
𝛽 ⁡=
𝑓𝑚
𝐾𝑝 𝐴𝑚
⁡=
𝑓𝑚
25 × 1003 × 20 V
⁡=
100 × 103
𝜷 ⁡= 𝟓
𝐵
From the given Universal graph the value of Δ for 𝛽 = 5 is,
𝑓
𝐵
⁡= 3.5
Δ𝑓
Δ𝑓 ⁡= 𝐾𝑓 𝐴𝑚
⁡= (25 × 103 )(20)
𝚫𝒇 ⁡= 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝐤𝐇𝐳

𝐵
⁡= Δ𝑓 × 3.5
⁡= 500kHz × 3.5
∴ ⁡𝑩 ⁡= 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎𝐤𝐇𝐳

Problem 16.
A carrier wave frequency 100MHz is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal wave of
amplitude 20 V and frequency 100kHz. The frequency sensitivity of the modulator is
25kHz per volt.
i. Determine the approximate bandwidth of the FM signal, using Carson's rule.
ii. Determine the bandwidth by transmitting only those side frequencies whose
amplitude exceed 1 percent of the un-modulated carrier amplitude. Use the
universal curve of Fig (1) for this calculation.
iii. Repeat the calculation, assuming that the amplitude of the modulating signal is
doubled.
iv. Repeat the Calculations, assuming the modulation frequency is doubled.

Page | 37
Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

Fig. 1. Universal curve

Solution:
Given: 𝑓𝑐 = 100MHz, 𝑓𝑚 = 100kHz, 𝑓𝑚 = 20 V, 𝐾𝑓 = 25kHz/V.
i.
𝐵𝑇 ⁡= 2[Δ𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚 ]
Δ𝑓 ⁡= 𝐾𝑓 𝐴𝑚
kHz
⁡= 25 × 20V
𝑉
𝚫𝒇 ⁡= 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝐤𝐇𝐳
𝐵𝑇 ⁡= 2[500kHz + 100kHz]
𝑩𝑻 ⁡= 𝟏. 𝟐𝐌𝐇𝐳
ii.
Δ𝑓
𝛽 ⁡=
𝑓𝑚
500kHz
⁡=
100kHz
𝜷 ⁡= 𝟓
𝑩
From universal curve, for 𝜷 = 𝟓, we have, = 𝟑. 𝟐
𝚫𝒇
𝐵 = Δ𝑓 × 3.2
𝐵 = 500kHz × 3.2
𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝐌𝐇𝐳

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

iii. Modulating voltage is doubled = 2 × 20 V = 40 V.

Δ𝑓 ⁡= 𝐾𝑓 𝐴𝑚
kHz
⁡= 25 × 40V
𝑉
𝚫𝒇 ⁡= 𝟏𝐌𝐇𝐳
⋆ By using Carson's rule,
𝐵𝑇 ⁡= 2[Δ𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚 ]
∴
⁡= 2[1MHz + 100kHz]
𝐵𝑇 ⁡= 2.2MHz
Δ𝑓
𝛽 ⁡=
𝑓𝑚
1MHz
⁡=
100kHz
𝜷 = 𝟏𝟎

𝑩
From universal curve, for 𝜷 = 𝟏𝟎, we have, 𝚫𝒇 = 𝟑
𝐵 ⁡= Δ𝑓 × 3
⁡= 1MHz × 3
𝑩 ⁡= 𝟑𝐌𝐇𝐳

iv. Given: 𝑓𝑚 = 200kHz, 𝐴𝑚 = 20 V

Frequency deviation:
Δ𝑓 ⁡= 𝐾𝑓 𝐴𝑚
kHz
⁡= 25 × 20X
X
𝚫𝒇 ⁡= 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝐤𝐇𝐳
Bandwidth using Carson's rule:
𝐵𝑇 ⁡= 2[Δ𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚 ]
⁡= 2[500kHz + 200kHz]
𝐵𝑇 ⁡= 1.4MHz
Δ𝑓
𝛽 ⁡=
𝑓𝑚
500kHz
⁡=
200kHz
𝜷 ⁡= 𝟐. 𝟓
From universal curve, for 𝜷 = 𝟐. 𝟓,
𝐵
⁡= 4.0
Δ𝑓
We have, 𝐵 ⁡= Δ𝑓 × 4.0
⁡= 500kHz × 4
𝑩 ⁡= 𝟐𝐌𝐇𝐳

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

BESSEL’S FUNCTION TABLE

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

Problem 17.
A Carrier wave of amplitude 5 V and frequency 90MHz is frequency modulated by a
sinusoidal voltage of amplitude 5 V and frequency 15kHz. The frequency deviation
constant is 1kHz/V. Sketch the spectrum of the modulated FM wave.

Given: 𝐴𝑐 = 5 V, 𝑓𝑐 = 90MHz, 𝐴𝑚 = 5 V, 𝑓𝑚 = 15kHz, 𝐾𝑓 = 1kHz/V

Solution:

Frequency deviation Δ𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 𝐴𝑚 = 1kHz/V × 5 V = 𝟓𝐤𝐇𝐳.

Δ𝑓 5kHz
∴𝛽= = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝑓𝑚 15kHz
From the table of Bessel's functions, for 𝜷 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑

Use approximate values for 𝐽0 , 𝐽1 and 𝐽2

i. For carrier: 𝑱𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔
ii. First side frequency: 𝑱𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖
iii. Second side frequency: 𝑱𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
Higher order side frequencies are negligible since 𝛽 is small.
iv. Amplitude spectrum of the carrier:
𝐴𝑐⁡ 𝐽0 (𝛽) ⁡= 5 V × 0.96
𝑨𝒄⁡ 𝑱𝟎 (𝜷) ⁡= 𝟒. 𝟖 𝐕
Carrier frequency:
𝑓𝑐 = 90MHz
ii. Amplitude spectrum of the first side frequency:
𝐴𝑐 ⁡𝐽1 (𝛽) ⁡= 5 × 0.18 V
𝑨𝒄 ⁡𝑱𝟏 (𝜷) ⁡= 𝟎. 𝟗 𝐕
First side frequency:
𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 ⁡= 90MHz + 15kHz
𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 ⁡= 𝟗𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝐌𝐇𝐳
iii. Amplitude spectrum of the second side frequency:
𝐴𝑐 ⁡𝐽2 (𝛽) ⁡= 5 × 0.02 V
𝑨𝒄 ⁡𝑱𝟐 (𝜷) ⁡= 𝟎. 𝟏 𝐕
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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

Second side frequency:

𝑓𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑚 ⁡= 90MHz + 2(15kHz)
⁡= 90.030MHz

𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 = 90MHz − 15kHz ⁡= 89.985MHz

𝑓𝑐 − 2𝑓𝑚 = 90MHz − 2(15kHz) ⁡= 89.970MHz
Note:
1 Carrier signal → 𝐴𝑐 𝐽0 (𝛽)cos⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
2 First pair of side frequencies → 𝐴𝑐 𝐽1 (𝛽)cos⁡2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 ± 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡
3 Second pair of Side frequencies → 𝐴𝑐 𝐽2 (𝛽)cos⁡2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 ± 2𝑓𝑚 )𝑡
𝑛th pair of side frequencies → 𝐴𝑐 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽)cos⁡(𝑓𝑐 ± 𝑛𝑓𝑚 )𝑡

Problem 18.
Carrier wave is frequency modulated using a sinusoidal signal of frequency 𝑓𝑚 and
amplitude 𝐴𝑚 .
i) Determine the value of modulation Index 𝛽 for which the carrier Component of the FM
wave is reduced to zero.
ii) In a certain experiment conducted with 𝑓𝑚 = 1kHz and increasing 𝐴𝑚 from zero, it is
found that the carrier component of FM wave is reduced to zero for the first time when
𝐴𝑚 = 2.0 V. Find the frequency sensitivity of the modulator.
iii) What is the value of AM for which the carrier component becomes zero for the second
time?
Solution:
Given: 𝑓𝑚 = 1kHz, 𝐴𝑚 = 2 V, 𝐾𝑓 =⁡?.

i. From Bessel function table and plot of Bessel's function of the first kind, the carrier
Δ𝑓 𝐾 𝐴𝑚
disappears for the modulation index 𝛽 = 2.408,5.52,8.6,11.8 and so on. ii. 𝛽 = 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓
𝑚 𝑚
𝐽0 (𝛽) ⁡= 0⁡ i.e. First time carrier is 0 at 𝛽 = 2.405
𝛽𝑓𝑚
𝐾𝑓 ⁡=
𝐴𝑚
(2.405) × 1 × 103
⁡=
2V
⁡= 1.2025kHz/V

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

ii. Now 𝐽0 (𝛽) = 0 i.e. Second time carrier is 0 at = 5.52, 𝐴𝑚 = ?

Δ𝑓
𝐵 ⁡=
𝑓𝑚
𝐾𝑘 𝐴𝑚
⁡=
𝑓𝑚
𝛽𝑓𝑚
𝐴𝑚 ⁡=
𝐾𝑓
5.52 × 1 × 103
⁡=
1.2025 × 103
⁡= 4.9 V

Problem 19.
A carrier wave is frequency modulated by 𝑚(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 cos⁡2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡.
i. List the values of index 𝛽 for which the carrier Component of FM wave is reduced
to zero.
ii. In a certain experiment conducted using spectrum analyzer with 𝑓𝑚 = 1kHz and
increasing 𝐴𝑚 starting from zero volts, it is found that carrier component of FM
wave is reduced to zero for the first time with 𝐴𝑚 = 2 V. What is the frequency
sensitivity of the modulator? What is the value of 𝐴𝑚 for which the carrier
Component is reduced to Zero for the Second time?

Given: 𝐴𝑚 = 2 V, 𝑓𝑚 = 1kHz, 𝛽 = 2.44, Since the first time 𝐽0 (𝛽) is zero.

Solution:
i. The amplitude of the carrier in 𝐹𝑀 wave is 𝐴𝐶 𝐽0 (𝐵). This means that if we can make
𝐽0 (𝛽) = 0, the carrier gets suppressed in the FM waveform. The typical valued of 𝛽
for which 𝐽0 (𝛽) = 0 are 2.44,5.52,8.65,11.2 etc.

ii. We know that,

Δ𝑓 𝐾𝑓 𝐴𝑚
𝛽 ⁡= =
𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑚
𝛽𝑓𝑚 (2.44) × 1 × 103
𝐾𝑓 ⁡= = = 1.22 × 103 Hz/V
𝐴𝑚 2
Also, 𝛽 = 5.52, since for the second time 𝐽0 (𝛽) is zero
𝛽𝑓𝑚
𝐴𝑚 ⁡=
𝐾𝑓
(5.52) × 1 × 103
⁡=
1.22 × 103

𝑨𝒎 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟐 𝐕
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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

Problem 20.
A carrier wave of amplitude 10 V and frequency 100MHz is frequency modulated by a
sinusoidal voltage. The modulating voltage has an amplitude of 5 V and frequency
𝑓𝑚 = 20kHz. The frequency deviation constant is 2kHz/V. Draw the frequency spectrum
of FM wave.

Given: 𝐴𝑐 = 10 V, 𝑓𝑐 = 100MHz, 𝐾𝑓 = 2kHz/V, 𝐴𝑚 = 5 V, 𝑓𝑚 = 20kHz.

Solution:
Δ𝑓 ⁡= 𝐾𝑓 𝐴𝑚
⁡= 2kHz/V × 5 V
⁡= 10kHz
Δ𝑓
𝛽 ⁡=
𝑓𝑚
10kHz
⁡=
20kHz
⁡= 0.5

From the table of Bessel functions, for 𝛽 = 0.5 use approximate values of 𝐽-coefficients
are: 𝐽0 = 0.94, 𝐽1 = 0.24, 𝐽2 = 0.03
The amplitude, frequencies of the carrier and side-bands are as follows:

i. Carrier amplitude:
𝐴𝐶⁡ 𝐽0 (𝛽) = 10 V × 0.94
= 9.4 V
Carrier frequency: 100MHz

ii. Frequency of first side-band →

𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 ⁡= 100.2MHz
𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 ⁡= 99.8MHz
𝐴𝑐 𝐽1 (𝛽) ⁡= 10 V × 0.24
⁡
Amplitude of first side-band is 2.4 V

iii. Frequency of second side-band

𝑓𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑚 ⁡= 100.4MHz
𝑓𝑐 − 2𝑓𝑚 ⁡= 99.6MHz
𝐴𝑐 ⁡𝐽2 (𝛽) ⁡= 10 V × 0.03
⁡= 0.3 V

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Communication Engineering Unit-2: Angle Modulation

Problem 21.
The block diagram of an Armstrong AM transmitter is shown in figure below. Compute
the maximum frequency deviation and output frequency of the transmitter. Take 𝑓1 =
200kHz, 𝑓10 = 10.8MHz, Δ𝑓1 = 25 Hz, 𝑛1 = 64 and 𝑛2 = 48.

Solution:
a. The output of the first frequency multiplier.
𝑓2 ⁡= 𝑛1 × 𝑓1
⁡= 64 × 200kHz
𝑓2 ⁡= 12.8MHz
Δ𝑓2 ⁡= 𝑛1 × Δ𝑓1
⁡= 64 × 25 Hz
Δ𝑓2 ⁡= 1600 Hz

b. The output of the product modulator

𝑓3 = 𝑓2 ± 𝑓L0
𝑓3 = 𝑓2 + 𝑓L0
𝑓3 = 23.6MHz
𝑓3 = 𝑓2 − 𝑓L0
𝑓3 = 2MHz

The output of the second frequency multiplier i.e. final output

𝑓𝑐 ⁡= 𝑛2 𝑓3
𝑓𝑐 ⁡= 1.132GHz When 𝑓3 = 23.6MHz
𝑓𝑐 ⁡= 𝑛2 𝑓3
𝑓𝑐 ⁡= 96MHz When 𝑓3 = 2MHz
Δ𝑓 ⁡= 𝑛2 × Δ𝑓2
Δ𝑓 ⁡= 76.8MHz

Δ𝑓 ⁡= 𝐾𝑓 𝐴𝑚
⁡= 2kHz/V × 10 V
Δ𝑓 ⁡= 20kHz
Δ𝑓
𝛽 ⁡=
𝑓𝑚
20kHz
⁡=
250 Hz
𝛽 ⁡= 80

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