EXP NO:03 DATE:
BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING (BPSK) MODULATOR
AIM:
To construct a binary phase shift keying circuit and to study the operations.
DEVICES, COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
SL.NO NAME TYPE/RANGE QUANTITY
1 Integrated circuits XR2206 1
2 Diode OA79 1
3 Resistors Potentiometers
4 Capacitors
5 Regulated Power supply (0-30)V 1
6 Function Generator (0-1M)Hz 1
7 Cathode ray oscilloscope (0-30M)Hz 1
THEORY:
In phase shift keying, the phase of the carrier is changed according to modulating
waveform which is a digital signal. In binary phase shift keying, BPSK carrier gets 0 degrees
to 180 degrees phase shift keying corresponding to two different voltage levels of binary
modulating signal. Quadrative Phase Shift Keying is another phase modulation technique
where four different symbols give four different phase shifts to the carrier. This idea is
extended to n-PSK where n different symbols are obtained by grouping binary data effect ‘n’
different phase shift to the carrier. The coherent BPSK, the pair of signals s (t) and s (t) are
to represent binary symbol ‘1’ and ‘0’ respectively.
s (t)= 2p cos cos (2π f t) (8.1)
s (t)= 2p cos cos (2π f t + π)=- 2p cos cos (2π f t) (8.2)
Where ‘ p’ is power dissipation. ‘f ’is frequency of the carrier.
Generation of BPSK signal
The BPSK signal can be generated as applying carrier signal to the balanced modulator, the
base band signal b(t) is applied as a modulating signal to balance modulator. The NRZ
encoder will convert the binary data sequence into bipolar NRZ signal.
Here the XR-2206 is used to produce a carrier with a derived frequency and its phase is
changed by the digital signal applied at an input pin number1 by proper input voltage. Hence
BPSK modulated output is obtained.
Reception of BPSK signal
The transmitted BPSK signal is
s (t)= 2p cos cos (2π f t) (8.3)
This signal undergoes the phase change depending upon the delay from transmitter to
receiver. This phase change is normally fixed phase in transmitted signal. Let the phase shift
be ‘0’. Now from this received signal, carrier is passed to a square law device followed by a
band pass filter and frequency divider. The synchronous demodulator multiplies the input
signal and received carrier.
s (t)=b(t) p/2 [1+cos cos (2(2π f t + φ))] (8.4)
The above signal is applied to the bit synchronizer and integrator. The integrator integrates
the signal over the period. The bit synchronizer takes care about the starting and ending time
of a bit.
The minimum bandwidth of BPSK is equal to highest frequency contained in baseband
signal. The main drawback is the recovered carrier is unchanged even if output signal has
changed sign. Therefore, it is not possible to determine whether received signal carrier b(t) or
b(-t). This results in ambiguity in output signal. This problem is removed when we use
differential phase shift keying. Differential phase shift keying is differential coherent
modulation method, BPSK does not exceed a synchronous carrier at demodulator .The input
sequence of binary is modified such that the next bit depends on the previous bits.
BPSK MODULATION USING XR2206
In figure, The BPSK modulator circuit is constructed using XR-2206 which ais a monolithic
function generator, capability of producing quality sine, square, triangle and ramp accuracy.
The
frequency of operation is determined by external timing capacitor connected across pin 5 and
pin 6 and by timing resistor to pin 7. V produces an output frequency proportional to
current switches, which is fed to the analog multiplier and sine wave shaper. When the
message signal is negative, gain is negative and output of multiplier also is out of phased and
hence BPSK is obtained.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Figure 8.1 BPSK Modulator circuit
TABLE:
Sl. No. Signal Amplitude ( Volts ) Frequency ( Hz )
1. Data Signal
2. Carrier Signal
3. Modulated Signal
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
PROCEDURE:
1. The BPSK modulator circuit is constructed as per the circuit diagram shown in Figure .1
2. The data signal is applied to the BPSK modulator.
3. The phase of the carrier signal is varied according to modulating wave form.
4. The data signal, carrier signal and BPSK modulated output waveforms are observed and
their values are tabulated.
RESULT:
Thus, the Binary Phase Shift Keying Modulator has been constructed, studied and
Output Waveforms have been obtained.
