SAMPLING METHODS

WHAT IS SAMPLING?
• Is the process of selecting a subset of individuals, items, or data
points from a larger population or data set to make inferences or
generalizations about the entire population.

• SIGNIFICANCE OF SAMPLING
• Efficiency
• Cost-Effective
• Generalization
 SAMPLE VS POPULATION
• The sample refers to the specific
group of individuals from whom data
will be collected.
• The population is the entire group
you aim to make conclusions about.
• Sample should be the representative
of the population- Geographically,
Demographically.
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Probability sampling ensures that every member of the population
has an equal chance of being selected.
• It is primarily used in quantitative research.
• If you aim to produce results that accurately represent the entire
population, probability sampling techniques are the most reliable
option.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
• In a simple random sample, each
member of the population has an
equal likelihood of being chosen.
• The sampling frame should
encompass the entire population.
• To implement this type of
sampling, tools such as random
number generators or other purely
chance-based methods can be To select a simple random sample of 1000 employees
from google, assign a unique number to each
used to ensure unbiased selection. employee in the company database, ranging from 1 to
1000. Then, use a random number generator to
randomly select 100 numbers from this list.
 SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

• Systematic sampling is similar to

simple random sampling, but it's
typically easier to implement.
• In this method, each member of
the population is assigned a
number, and instead of selecting
individuals randomly, participants
are chosen at regular intervals
All employees of the company are listed alphabetically. You
from the list. randomly select a starting point from the first 10 entries, say
number 6. From that point, every 10th person on the list is
selected (e.g., 6, 16, 26, 36, etc.), ultimately resulting in a
sample of 100 individuals.
 STRATIFIED SAMPLING
• Stratified sampling means splitting the
population into smaller groups based on
key differences and then sampling from
each group.
• This helps ensure that every subgroup
is represented, leading to more accurate
conclusions.
• To use this sampling method, you divide
the population into subgroups (called The company has 800 female employees and 200 male
strata) based on the relevant employees. You want to ensure that the sample reflects
characteristic (e.g., gender, age range, the gender balance of the company, so you sort the
population into two strata based on gender. Then you use
income bracket). random sampling on each group, selecting 80 women and
20 men, which gives you a representative sample of 100
people.
 CLUSTER SAMPLING
• A method where the population is divided
into groups, or "clusters," and then a
random sample of these clusters is
selected.
• All individuals or items within the chosen
clusters are then included in the sample.
• This method is often used when the
population is too large or spread out to
sample individually.
• It’s efficient and cost-effective, especially The company has offices in 10 cities across the country (all
for large populations. with roughly the same number of employees in similar
roles). You don’t have the capacity to travel to every office
to collect your data, so you use random sampling to select
3 offices – these are your clusters.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• In a non-probability sample, individuals are selected based on non-
random criteria, and not every individual has a chance of being
included.
• This type of sample is easier and cheaper to access, but it has a higher
risk of sampling bias.
• Non-probability sampling techniques are often used in exploratory
and qualitative research.
• In these types of research, the aim is not to test a hypothesis about a
broad population, but to develop an initial understanding of a small
or under-researched population.
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
• A convenience sample includes
people who are easiest for the
researcher to reach.
• It's a quick and cheap way to
gather data, but it might not
represent the larger population
well, making it hard to generalize
results.
• This method can lead to sampling Surveying only your classmates after each of your classes
and selection biases. is convenient, but it doesn’t capture the opinions of all
students at your university. Since your sample only
includes students at your level and in your classes, it may
not represent the entire student body accurately.
 PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
• Also known as judgmental or selective sampling.
• It involves choosing individuals on specific
characteristics or criteria that are relevant to the
research.
• The researcher deliberately selects participants
who meet certain criteria, rather than randomly
sampling from the entire population.
• This method is useful when you need to focus on a
particular group or subset with specific attributes.
You want to know more about the opinions and experiences of
disabled students at your university, so you purposefully select
a number of students with different support needs in order to
gather a varied range of data on their experiences with student
services.
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
• Snowball sampling is a method
where existing study subjects
recruit future subjects from their
acquaintances.
• This technique is often used for
hard-to-reach or hidden
populations, such as individuals
with rare characteristics or those
who are part of specific social You are researching experiences of homelessness in your city.
networks. Since there is no list of all homeless people in the city,
probability sampling isn’t possible. You meet one person who
agrees to participate in the research, and he puts you in
contact with other homeless people that she knows in the
area.