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Numbers - Definition, Types, Properties, Operations, & Examples

Numbers are fundamental units of mathematics used in various fields such as science, engineering, and finance, encompassing types like natural, whole, integers, rational, irrational, real, complex, and imaginary numbers. The history of numbers traces back to ancient civilizations, with significant developments in numerical systems leading to the modern decimal system. Operations on numbers, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, form the basis of mathematical manipulation.

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Numbers - Definition, Types, Properties, Operations, & Examples

Numbers are fundamental units of mathematics used in various fields such as science, engineering, and finance, encompassing types like natural, whole, integers, rational, irrational, real, complex, and imaginary numbers. The history of numbers traces back to ancient civilizations, with significant developments in numerical systems leading to the modern decimal system. Operations on numbers, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, form the basis of mathematical manipulation.

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What are Numbers?

Numbers are the most fundamental thing invented by mankind to serve its
vast variety of endeavors in science and technology. From sending rockets to
Mars to calculating bills for groceries, numbers are used everywhere.
Nowadays, we can’t think of mathematics without numbers. There are
different types of numbers like natural numbers, integers, rational numbers,
irrational numbers, real numbers, complex numbers, prime numbers,
composite numbers, algebraic numbers, transcendental numbers, even and
odd numbers, and many, many more.

Number Definition
Numbers are a much-needed progression of the tally marks or counting on
fingers, as numbers are the fundamental units of mathematics, without
which we can’t imagine mathematics as it exists today. We use numbers to
represent different quantities or values, such as weight, length, and time.

Numbers are used in a variety of tasks nowadays, including calculating,


making measurements, performing data analysis, solving problems, and
many more. Also, they are an essential part of the many fields of study such
as science, engineering, economics, and finance.

History of Numbers
The early brain of humans was capable of grasping the concept of numbers,
such that they could see how many cattle they owned or how much food
would suffice for the community, but the present-day concept of numbers
and counting is foreign to them. It was believed by scientists that the idea of
numbers and counting originally originated in ancient societies such as
Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India.

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During the evolution of humans, a lot of different numerical systems were
developed by humans in different parts of the world, and as the world
became more connected, these systems travelled with people from one
continent to another. One such numerical system, i.e., the Indian numeral
system, travelled to countries in the Middle East and Europe and laid the
foundation stone for the modern-day decimal system.

After reaching the Middle East, Arabic academics and scholars made
noteworthy contributions to the growth of mathematics during the Middle
Ages, including the usage of algebra and the decimal point. Mathematicians
like John Napier and Simon Stevin introduced the ideas of decimal fractions
and logarithms, respectively, in the 16th century, which helped to simplify
complicated computations.
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With new findings and applications in disciplines like physics, engineering,
and computer science, the area of mathematics has advanced in the modern
age. Today, numbers and mathematical ideas are fundamental to many key
aspects of our everyday lives, from time and distance measurement to
money management and data analysis.

Classification of Numbers
Based on characteristics, numbers can be classified into different types, such
as:

Natural Numbers
Whole Numbers
Integers
Rational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
Real Numbers
Complex Numbers

Natural Numbers

Natural Numbers, which are thought to be the first numbers to exist, are the
most fundamental and obvious types of numbers. Natural numbers are
defined as numbers that are used for counting. The Natural Numbers are
therefore 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . and go on forever. The general representation of
Natural numbers is N, and it is widely used in textbooks for the same. The
image added below shows natural or counting numbers.

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Whole Numbers

After the discovery of 0 Whole Numbers became the natural continuation of


Natural Numbers. As Whole Numbers are defined as the collection of
Natural Numbers including 0 i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . and goes on forever. Whole
Numbers are represented by the letter W. The image added below shows
Whole Numbers.

Integers

When the use of negative numbers was popularized, they were very useful
for many real-life use cases, such as debt-oriented calculations. Integers
came into existence, as these are collections of whole numbers as well as
the negative of each natural number, i.e., . . . -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . .,
and these go forever on both sides. Integers are represented by Z.

Rational Numbers

There was a problem in ancient Egypt with how to represent half or one-
third of something in the records, so they came up with the solution known
as fractions, and these fractions further evolved into Rational Numbers as
we
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The image added below shows the rational and irrational number

Irrational Numbers

Irrational Numbers came into existence due to geometry, as Pythagoras


discovered a very elegant solution for a right-angled triangle known as the
Pythagoras Theorem. If there is a right-angled triangle with its base and
height both being 1 unit, then using Pythagoras’ theorem, its hypotenuse
comes to be √2, which back then wasn’t known as anything.

Also there was a dark story about it that goes like one of the
Pythagoras’s disciple named Hippasus of Metapontum proved the
existence of irrational numbers representing √2 as fraction and
proofing that it is a contradiction but Pythagoras believed in the
absoluteness of numbers and couldn’t accept the existence of irrational
number but he also didn’t able to disproof logically that irrational
numbers doesn’t exist. So, he sentenced Hippasus’ death by drowning
to impede the spread of such things which were against the
philosophies of Pythagoras.

Irrational numbers are defined as such numbers that can’t be represented as


the ratio of two integers and are represented by P. Irrational Numbers are
non-terminating and non-repeating in nature i.e. they don’t have decimal
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expansion is not periodic. Some examples of Irrational Numbers include √2,
√3, √11, 2√2, π(pi), etc. (As we can’t list all rational numbers as a list of
natural numbers or integers).

Real Numbers

The collection of rational and irrational numbers is known as Real Numbers


but the name comes from the fact that they can be represented on the real
number line. All the examples of rational and irrational numbers are
examples of Real Numbers as well. All the numbers except imaginary
numbers are included under Real Numbers. Real Numbers are represented
by R.

Imaginary Numbers

For a long period of time, people thought that the number system was
incomplete and needed some new sort of numbers to complete it, as there
was no solution to the equation x2+a=0(where a>0) in real numbers, but we
now know by the fundamental theorem of algebra that every polynomial of
degree n needs to have n roots. So there must be a new sort of number
needed to find the solution to the above equation.

The solution of the equation x2 + a = 0 is simply x = ±√-a, which in ancient


times was not accepted as the solution because they didn’t know any such
number whose square was a negative number, but eventually, some
mathematicians started using such a number and saw that this made sense
for a lot of other calculations as well. Some things that mathematicians saw
as impossible before the use of the square root of negative numbers now
seem graspable. One of the first mathematicians to use this notion was
Rafael Bombelli, an Italian mathematician. Eventually, this concept of using
the square root of negative numbers is becoming a useful tool for many
fields of mathematics as well as physics.

A new symbol, “i(iota)” was used by Euler first for -1 so he could easily
represent an imaginary number without writing √-1 repetitively, and it
spread across the world and became second nature to use “i” for √-1.
Numbers that give a negative value when squared are generally called
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Imaginary Numbers. Some examples of these numbers are √-21(which can
be written as √-1×√21 or i√21), i, 2i, etc.

Complex Numbers

Complex numbers are the result of the endeavor of hundreds of


mathematicians to complete the number system and are defined in the form
of a+ib, where a and b are real numbers and “i” is the iota, which represents
√-1. Complex numbers are represented by C and are the most useful in the
different fields of modern physics, such as quantum mechanics and
electromagnetic waves. Some examples of Complex Numbers are 1+i, √2-3i,
2-i√5, etc. The image added below represents the general structure of
complex numbers.

The set of numbers is discussed in the image added below which explains
that all the numbers known to humans are the subset of complex numbers.

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Numbers in Words
Representation of numerical values in the form of words is referred to as
Numbers in Word. In this representation each digit of a number is replaced
by a word, for example, the number 231 is represented as “two hundred
thirty-one”.

In each number system, we have different rules for writing numbers in


words. For example, in the Indian system, we separate numerals after every
two digits of a number, and the names of successive higher numbers are as
follows: one, ten, hundred, thousand, ten thousand, lac, ten lac, crore, ten
crores, etc.

But in the international system, digits are separated according to their place
value, and the names of successive higher numbers are as follows: one, ten,
hundred, thousand, ten thousand, hundred thousand, million, ten million,
hundred million, billion, etc.

List of first forty numbers as words as follows:

1 One 21 Twenty-One

2 Two 22 Twenty-Two

3 Three 23 Twenty-Three

4 Four 24 Twenty-Four

5 Five 25 Twenty-Five

6 Six 26 Twenty-Six

7 Seven 27 Twenty-Seven

8 Eight 28 Twenty-Eight

9 Nine 29 Twenty-Nine

10 Ten 30 Thirty
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11 Eleven 31 Thirty-One

12 Twelve 32 Thirty-Two

13 Thirteen 33 Thirty-Three

14 Fourteen 34 Thirty-Four

15 Fifteen 35 Thirty-Five

16 Sixteen 36 Thirty-Six

17 Seventeen 37 Thirty-Seven

18 Eighteen 38 Thirty-Eight

19 Nineteen 39 Thirty-Nine

20 Twenty 40 Forty

The image added below tells us how we write a number in words

Operations on Numbers
Operations on Numbers are the most fundaments building block of
mathematics and are used to manipulate numerical values. These operations
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Division

In Division, we can divide a number into equal parts. For example, 12 ÷ 3 = 4


means 12 can be shared into 3 equal parts, each part is 4. The image added
below shows the division between 21 ÷ 7 =3.

Multiplication

Multiplication is used when we need to add a number a certain number of


times, so instead of repeatedly adding it, we just multiply it by the number of
times it needs to be added. For example, 3 x 4 = 12 means 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 =
12. The image added below shows the multiplication between 21 × 3 = 63.

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Addition
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The addition is the most basic operation which combines two or more
numbers to get a sum. For example, 2 + 3 = 5, 3+1/2=7/2, 2.14 + 3.73 =
5.87, etc. The image added below shows the addition between 21 + 3 = 24.

Subtraction

Subtraction is used for finding the difference between two numbers. For
example, 6 – 4 = 2, 3-1.5 = 1.5, 3/2-1/3 = 7/3, etc. The image added below
shows the addition between 21 – 3 = 18.

Types of Numbers
Apart from the above types, there are some types of numbers that are based
on the properties of the numbers. Some of these numbers are,
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Even and Odd Numbers
Prime and Composite Numbers
Co Prime Numbers
Perfect Numbers
Algebraic and Transcendental Numbers

Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers

Cardinal Numbers are the same as natural numbers as they were defined as
sequentially going numbers that start from 1 and go on forever i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4,
. . . and so on.

An ordinal Number is a number that shows the exact position or the order of
the object in the sequence. For example first, second, third, and so on. The
Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers from 1 to 10 are discussed in the image
below,

Even and Odd Numbers

For all the integers, it is true that either they are divisible by 2 or they are not
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numbers, and those that are not divisible by 2 are called odd numbers. The
image added below shows the Even Numbers.

The image added below shows the Odd Numbers.

Examples of Even Numbers are 0, 2, 4, 6, . . . and so on, as well as negative


numbers, i.e., -2, -4, -6, . . ., and so on. Examples of Odd Numbers are 1, 3, 5,
7, . . ., and so on, as well as negative numbers, i.e., -1, -3, -5, -7, . . . and so
on.
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Natural Numbers that are divisible by either 1 or themselves are known as
Prime Numbers and if there are any other divisors of a number other than 1
and itself, then it is called a composite number. The smallest prime number
is 2, and some other examples of Prime Numbers are 3, 5, 7, 11, etc. Also,
some examples of composite numbers are 4, 6, 8, 9, and many, many more.

Note: 1 is neither Prime nor Composite Number.

The following image shows the prime numbers.

Coprime Numbers

In mathematics, two numbers a and b (which do not need to be prime) are


called Coprime Numbers, relatively prime or mutually prime, if and only if
they only have 1 as their common factor. For example,4=22 and 9=32 both
only have 1 as their common factor, or we can also say that the HCF of 4
and 9 is 1. So, 4 and 9 are Coprime Numbers.

Some more examples of coprime pairs are 12 and 25, 8 and 15, 24 and 35,
etc. The following image shows how 21 and 22 are co-prime numbers.

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Perfect Numbers

Perfect numbers are those natural numbers whose sum of divisors excluding
themselves is equal to the number itself, i.e., if we calculate the sum of
divisors of a number excluding itself and it comes out to be the same as the
original number, then that number is called a Perfect Numbers. For example,
consider 6, whose divisors are 1, 2, and 3, and whose sum is 6. Thus, 6 is the
Perfect Number and its image is added below,

Some other examples are 28, 496, 8198, etc.

Algebraic and Transcendental Numbers

All the numbers mentioned above are examples of Algebraic Numbers that
are defined as the solutions of some algebraic equations, i.e., Algebraic
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equations. For example, the solution of x2+1=0 is ±√-1, which is an algebraic
number. Some other examples are all the real numbers as well as complex
numbers.

On the other hand, all such numbers which can’t be found as a solution to
some algebraic equation are called Transcendental Numbers. Some of the
most famous examples of Transcendental Numbers are π(pi) and e(Euler’s
number)

Prime Factorisation
Expressing any composite number as the product of prime numbers is called
prime factorization. The prime factorization of a number “x” can be found
easily by dividing x by the smallest possible prime number and then
repeating the process until the quotient is either a prime number or 1. For
example, prime factorization of 12 = 2×2×3 or 22×3. Some more examples
are 15 = 5×3, 33=3×11, 42=2×3×7, etc. The prime factor of 18 is discussed
in the image below.

HCF
HCF (Highest Common Factor) is the largest possible number that can divide
two or more numbers without leaving any remainder. HCF is also called
Greatest Common DIvisior. For example, 6 is the HCF of 12 and 18, 12 is the
HCF of 12 and 24, 7 is the HCF of 14 and 21, etc. The image discussed
below shows the HCF of 12 and 18.

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LCM
LCM (Lowest Common Multiple) of any two or more numbers is the smallest
possible number when divisible by all the given numbers, yields a remainder
of 0. In other words, the LCM of any two or more numbers is the smallest
common multiple of all numbers. For example, the LCM of 12 and 14 is 84,
LCM(21, 24) = 168, LCM(42, 122) = 2562, etc. The image discussed below
shows the LCM of 4 and 6.

Number System
The Number System is the set of guidelines that gives meaning to
expressions written in that number system. For example, if we want to
express that we have ten dogs, in the decimal number system we would
write “10 dogs,” in the binary system “1010 dogs,” in the octal system “12
dogs,” and in the hexadecimal system “A dogs.” All these statements
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Any Number System needs two things to express all the numbers we want
it to represent. First are the symbols (generally all number systems that
need less than or equal to 10 symbols use modern-day decimal numerals),
and the second is the base (which is the number of required symbols). For
example, in the decimal number system, there are ten symbols, so its base is
10.

Decimal Number System

The Decimal Number System is the most used number system out of all.
There are 10 digits in this number system, which are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
and 9. The decimal numbers are represented as,

Binary Number System

In the Binary Number System, there are only two digits, and using those, we
express all the numbers. The most common numerals for the Binary System
are 0 and 1, but we can use any pair of symbols to represent the same as
long as the symbols are well-defined. For example, 10010001, 11011001,
and 1010 are some examples of binary numbers which in decimals
represent 145, 217, and 10 respectively.

For a Better understanding of the conversion of binary to decimal read this


article. In the binary system, we use two bits 0 and 1 as shown in the image
below,

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Octal Number System

In the Octal Number System, there are only 8 digits or symbols which are
generally represented with modern-day decimal symbols by only up to 7 i.e.,
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Using these 8 symbols we can write and express all the
numbers. For example, 231, 41, and 653 are some examples of octal
numbers which in decimals represent 153, 33, and 427 respectively. The
digits used in the Octal Number system are shown in the image below,

Hexadecimal Number System

In the Hexadecimal Number System, there are 16 numerals: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,


7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F. It is widely used in programming-related tasks as
its base is 16 (which is a multiple of 2), which is the foundation of computing
as every bit can only have two values: on or off. Some examples of the
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Hexadecimal Number System are A1, 2A, and F3, which in the decimal
number system represent 161, 42, and 243, respectively.

Properties of Numbers
There are some properties that different types of numbers have with
different defined operations such as addition or multiplication, and those
properties are as follows,

Commutative Property
Associative Property
Distributive Property
Identity Property
Inverse Property
Reflexive Property
Symmetric Property
Transitive Property

Commutative Property

For any two numbers a and b, for any operation ×, if a×b=b×a, then × is
commutative for those sets of numbers. For example, addition and
multiplication of all complex numbers hold the commutative property but
with subtraction and division, they don’t hold commutative property.

Associative Property

For any three numbers a, b, and c, and any operation ×, if a×(b×c)=(a×b)×c,


then × operations hold the associative property for those sets of numbers.
For example, For example, addition and multiplication of all complex
numbers hold the associative property but with subtraction and division,
they don’t hold associative property.

Distributive Property

Distributive Property is defined for a pair of operations, say o and ×. For


some numbers a, b, and c if ao(b×c) = aob×aoc then o distributes over ×, and
if a×(boc) = a×boa×c then × distributes over o. For example, multiplication
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Identity Property

Identity is the uniquely defined number with respect to an operation such


that operating identity to any number results in the number itself i.e., for
operation ×, a × e = a (where e is the identity w.r.t operation ×). For example,
0 is the identity for the addition operation as a + 0 = a and 1 is the identity of
multiplication as a × 1 = a.

Inverse Property

The Inverse is the uniquely defined number for each number with respect to
some operation, such that when operating any number with its inverse, the
output is an identity for that operation. In other words, for some number a
and operation ×, where e is the identity, if a×b=e then b is called the inverse
of a with respect to operation ×. For example, -1 is the inverse of 1 under
addition as 1+(-1) = 0 (0 is the identity of addition), and 1/2 is the inverse of
2 under multiplication as 1/2×2=1(1 is the identity of multiplication).

Solved Examples on Numbers


Example 1: Find the LCM of 12 and 18.

Answer:

Multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, …


Multiples of 18 are 18, 36, 54, 72, …

We can see that 36 is the smallest number that is divisible by both 12


and 18.

Hence, the LCM of 12 and 18 is 36.

Example 2: Find the HCF of 24 and 36.

Answer:

Factors of 24 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24


Factors of 36 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36
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We can see that 12 is the largest number that is common to both 24
and 36.

Hence, the HCF of 24 and 36 is 12.

Example 3: Find the prime factorization of 72.

Answer:

We can start by dividing 72 by its smallest prime factor, which is 2.


72 ÷ 2 = 36

Now, we can divide 36 by its smallest prime factor, which is 2.


36 ÷ 2 = 18

Again, we can divide 18 by its smallest prime factor, which is 2.


18 ÷ 2 = 9

Again, we can divide 9 by its smallest prime factor, which is 3.


9÷ 3 = 3

3 is a prime number, so we can stop here.

Therefore, the prime factorization of 72 is 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3.

Example 4: Write 2341, 3247,981472 in words (in Indian System).

Answer:

2,341: “Two Thousand Three Hundred Forty-One”

3,247: “Three Thousand Two Hundred Forty-Seven”

9,81,472: “Nine Lac Eighty-One Thousand Four Hundred Seventy


Two”

FAQs on Numbers

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Answer:

Numbers are the most fundamental unit of mathematics, and is


defined as

Q2: How many prime numbers are between 1 and 100?

Answer:

There are 25 prime numbers between 1 and 100, and those are 2, 3, 5,
7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79,
83, 89, 97.

Q3: How many odd numbers are there between 32 and 53?

Answer:

As we know, that number is odd if and only it is not divisible by 2 or in


other words every other number is odd number if we take numbers
one after another. As 32 is divisible by 2 next number is not divisible
by 2 i.e. 33.

Thus list of all odd numbers between 32 and 53 are 33, 35, 37, 39, 41,
43, 45, 47, 49, 51.

So, there are 10 odd numbers in between 32 and 53.

Q4: What are natural numbers?

Answer:

The numbers which are used for the countings are called the natural
numbers e.g of natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, …. We represent natural
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number by N.

Q5: Is ‘0’ a natural number?

Answer:

No ‘0’ is not a natural number. It comes under the category of whole


number.

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