❖ Exp1: Am Modulation:

• Why we do need Modulation?

1. To Reduce the interference.
2. To Multiplexing if we have different freq.
a) Time Division Multiplexing
b) Freq Division Multiplexing
3. The antenna size of transmitter and receiver is
inversely proportional with signal freq.
4. Allows signal to propagate to longer distance.
• Carrier freq is higher from Message.
• Message is speech or music that is converted to electrical signal
that used to modulate the amplitude of the carrier to produce AM
signal that has the same freq and phase of the original message).
• Envelope of the AM signal follows the Message.
• AM = (DC+ message) *carrier.
• The AM signal has three different freqs:
1. At Carrier freq.
2. Side bands which is equal to sum of the Carrier freq and
message freq.
3. One freq which equal to the difference between the Carrier
and Message freq.
• Why we add DC offset?
➢ Since message has zero crossing, if we do not add DC
offset it will cause the demodulation to have phase
reversal when we do envelope detection.
• Rectifier is a Diode and Capacitor and since Diode will allow only
the positive values the output signal from the Rectifier will have
only positive part of AM signal.

• We Pass the output of Rectifier to RC LPF, since the output signal

from rectifier has high freq component to recover the message.

• G on the adder is gain for AC , as for g is gain for DC.

• What feature of the Multiplier module's output suggests that it's
an AM signal?
o Phase and frequency are constant, but the amplitude
of the modulated signal varies with the amplitude of
the message signal.
• The AM signal is a complex waveform consisting of more than one
signal. Is one of the signals a 2 kHz sinewave? Explain your answer.
o No, the AM signal includes a pair of sinewaves one
above and one below the carrier's frequency, 2 KHz
shapes the envelope of the modulated signal but it’s
not a signal.
• In what way is the Adder module's output now different to the
signal out of the MASTER SIGNALS module's 2 kHz SINE output?
o The difference is that the adder module’s output
signal is shifted up by 1V throw DC Offset.
• For the given inputs to the Multiplier module, how many
sinewaves does the AM signal consist of, and what are their
frequencies?
o There are three sinewaves, The first is the carrier
freq(100kHz).
o The Second is the sum of carrier and message
(102kHz)
o The third is the difference between of the carrier and
message with freq of(98khHz).
• What is the relationship between the original message signal and
the recovered message?
o The amplitude of the recovered signal is almost half
that of the original message signal.
• What is the relationship between the amplitude of the two
message signals?
 o A great increase in the amplitude of the original
message leads to a limited increase in the recovered
message's amplitude
• Noise changes by the amplitude of transmitted signal

❖ Exp2: FM modulation:
• FM is less effected by Noise. Which it means it is less effected by
amplitude variations.
• Carrier will change depending on the Message(Logic 1 has freq
different from logic 0)
• The amplitude and phase are constant for FM signal; Only freq
changes.
• VCO is FM modulator by Default Why? Since VCO output freq
changes due to change of VCO Input(Which is the Definition of FM
signal)
• We can do FM demodulation throw several methods on of them is
Phase-Locked loop (PLL)
• PLL contains three blocks:
o Multiplayer: used to make Phase Detection which will
give two components High freq and low
freq(recovered message)
o Low pass filter: Will filter High freq component.
o VCO
o Note the Message will be recovered when VCO is
working on Local Carrier (throw feedback; Pass
recovered message to VCO)
• Sensitivity: How much VCO output freq deviate from the carrier
freq for a given change in input voltage (detla HZ/delta V)
o Free running freq when we don’t have input to VCO
(zero).
o Now we set voltage to 2v and we need find freq→
from sensitivity equation we have the freq is equal to
105kHz(theoretical) .
 o Now practical from scope will calculate freq by
adjusting Gain of VCO.
• To do demodulation we have 4 blocks:
o Multiplayer (phase Detector) which takes FM Signal
and VCO output signal which will give two
components: Sum and difference, sum will filter by
low pass filter (only difference will by seen).
o Low pass filter
o Amplifier
o Note to make sure that difference component will give
demodulated signal must be feedback to VCO (Which
make Running freq of VCO follows FM Input signal)

• Why does the frequency of the carrier change?

o Because in the fm modulation, the frequency varies
with the voltage level of the original message signal.
• What is the relationship between the FM signal’s frequency
deviation (that is, the VCO module’s output) and the amplitude of
the message?
o The frequency increases when the voltage is high
(Directly proportional)
• What is the relationship between the FM signal’s frequency
deviation and the frequency of the message? Tip: This
relationship may not be observable with the present set-up.
o When the frequency of the message increases,
the frequency deviation for the fm signal also
increases (they are directly proportional).
• What small modification to the set-up in Figure 8 would complete
the PLL?
o Creating a feedback loop by connecting the output of the
LPF to the input of the VCO.
• What would this modification enable the VCO to do that it’s not
currently doing?
 o The VCO would be able to take the output of
LPF as an input and correct it.
• Why would this allow the original message to be recovered?
o The PLL feed the output back into the loop so it
can be corrected, once it reaches the locked
state any change in frequency produces a DC
voltage, the changing DC voltage on the low-
pass filter’s output generates the original
message
• Once the PLL is successfully recovering the message from the
FM signal, what is the term that can be used to describe the
PLL’s condition?
o The PLL’s condition is in Locked state.
❖ Exp3 ASK, FSK, BPSK
✓ ASK (On off Keying ):
o Digital Data (Message) will control the carrier (on or off
bases on logic 1 or logic 0; 1→ there is a carrier, 0→
there is no carrier).
o Will Generate ASK using Analog SWITCH(which has two
inputs: Digital signal, Carrier which will make Carrier pass
or not Based on Digital Signal as mentioned before)
o Always the carrier freq is much higher from signal freq.
o In demodulation of ASK, after we pass ASK SIGNAL into
rectifier and output of rectifier to Tunnelable LPF IT
recover the message but it will have some
noise(distortion).
o To remove Noise will pass the output of LPF to
Restoration (Comparator)
o What feature of the ASK signal suggests that it's an AM
signal?
▪ The amplitude changes while the phase
and the frequency of the signal stay the
same (the continuous wave when logic 1
 and interrupted continuous wave when
logic 0) .
✓ FSK (frequency Shift Keying)
o Digital data (Message) Will control the carrier freq; when
Digital Signal is 1 the carrier freq will be high also called
mark freq. As when digital signal is zero the carrier freq
will be low also called as space freq.
o We will generate FSK using VSO.
o In demodulation after will pass FSK into tunnelable LPF
that is used to remove high freq and from the scope we
see that FM signal is inverted(it will looks like ASK BUT
inverted).
o How does the comparator turn the slow rising voltages of
the recovered digital signal into sharp transitions?
▪ By comparing two input digital signals,
the distorted demodulated signal and a
reference voltage. If demodulated signal
from LPF is less than the reference
voltage then the output is logic 0, if
greater than reference voltage then the
output is logic 1
o What's the name for the VCO output frequency that
corresponds with logic-1s in the digital data?
▪ mark frequency or high frequency.
o What's the name for the VCO output frequency that
corresponds with logic-0s in the digital data?
▪ space frequency or low frequency.
o Based on your observations of the FSK signal, which of
the two is the higher frequency? Explain your answer.
▪ The mark frequency because it
corresponds to logic 1 and it has a higher
number of waves per second (higher
 than the modulator's nominal carrier
frequency).\
o Which of the FSK signal's two sinewaves is the filter
picking out?
▪ It filters out the high frequencies (mark
frequency) while allowing the low
frequency (space frequency) to pass
through
o What does the filtered FSK signal look like?
▪ It looks like the opposite of the original
signal. When the original signal logic is
high the filtered FSK carrier signal is not
present and vice versa.

✓ BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying)

o Digital data (Message) will control the phase of carrier
(When there is transition from 1 to 0) there will be
phase shift in the carrier (180-degree shift) and also
from 0 to 1 there will be phase shift. This will be made
using multiplayer.
o When we connect Sync (from sequence generator to
trigger) this done to stabilize the view.
o Comparator REF is connected to DC value
o What happens to the BPSK signal on the data stream's
logic transitions?
▪ The change in logic level causes the BPSK
signal’s phase to change by 180 degrees.
Example: where the signal is traveling
towards a negative peak the change in
logic level causes it to reverse direction
and head back toward the positive peak
and vice versa.
 o What feature of the BPSK signal suggests that it's a
DSBSC signal?
▪ alternating halves of the BPSK signal's
envelopes have the same shape as the
message. This indicates that BPSK is
actually double-sideband suppressed
carrier (DSBSC) modulation
o Why does varying the DC voltage on the comparator's
input change the shape of the digital signal?
▪ Because the comparator is comparing the
input DC voltage (reference voltage) with
the voltage level of the distorted
demodulated signal. When the signal
voltage is greater than the reference
voltage the output is 1 and 0 otherwise.
❖ Exp4: Interference
o Each Base station(site) is divided into number of sectors.
o Interference is generated due to Frequency reuse.
o Software name ArcGis
o Any change we do on the experiment we must enable start editing
tool

o To select any sector from table of contents then right click on sectors
then open attribute table then CTRL+A to choose all sectors.
o To show on the figure used freq in each sector will select all sector as
before the Equipment menu then label manger then new label and
we name it and from labeling field on the left we choose carrierlist.
Carrier that will show each cell what it freq it uses.

o The technology that we use is GSM that uses 900MHz band and
1800MHz.
o Band for each channel 50MHz; 250kHz Uplink and 250kHz download
link, so approx. we have 125 carrier and each channel has number
from 1- 125 each number has freq.
o When we choose on site (as before from table of contents) but make
sure to choose all sectors of wanted site.
o From Object inspector, we choose wanted sector for example 3 from
site 2, right click on highlighted icon , if we add a new carrier it will
add a new carrier that has freq that is less interference with other
sectors from other sites .

o To Save all changes we done on the exp we stop the editing

tool
o To find the effect of adding a new carrier from cellular prediction.

o C/I interference: Co-Channel Interference. (Same freq are used in

places that are close to each other)
o C/A interference: Adjuasent interference (not the same freq but close
to it)
o Min field margin is meant by the ratio of power of the carrier ‫على‬
power of the interference (higher ratio value the better)
o If we need to add carrier to a site and we want to if we add this
carrier how much the interference will be, this can be done by
channel Query