CPA 410 Particle
technology
8. Filtration
BJ du Plessis
The term solid-liquid filtration covers all processes in which a liquid containing suspended
solid is freed of some or the entire solid when the suspension is drawn through a porous
medium
This like a Packed bed
Ergun equation
Darcy Ergun
Area
𝑄 1 (−∆𝑃) 1 dV (−P) 3
= u= =
𝐴 𝑅 𝜇 A dt 150(1 − ) 2 L
Filter medium
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑐 + 𝑅𝑚 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑐 + 𝑙𝑒 le
Thickness of filter cake
with same resistance
as filter medium
Relationship between L and V
Q m3 slurry
w kg solids/m3 filtrate
wV
LA(1-)s
LA(1-)s = wV
dV (− P ) A 2
=
dt w(V + Ve )
w solids loading in slurry (kg solids/m3 filtrate)
V cumulative volume filtrate (m3)
Specific cake resistance (m/kg)
A “useful” APPROXIMATION
Ve Filter medium resistance (m3)
-P pressure drop (Pa)
Filtrate viscosity (kg/ms) 5(1 − ) S o2
A filtration area (m2) =
s 3
dV (− P ) A
2
Constant Pressure =
dt w(V + Ve )
∆𝑡 𝛼𝜇𝑤 𝛼𝜇𝑤
= 2
𝑉+ 2
𝑉𝑒
∆𝑉 (−∆𝑃)𝐴 (−∆𝑃)𝐴
dt/dV
𝑦= 𝑚 𝑥 + 𝑐
Vavg
Plot t/V vs Vavg
Constant Pressure dV (− P ) A 2
=
dt w(V + Ve )
1 2 −∆𝑃 𝐴2
𝑉 + 𝑉𝑉𝑒 = 𝑡 (− P ) A2
2 𝛼𝜇𝑊 (V + Ve ) dV = w dt
𝑡 1 𝛼𝜇𝑤 𝛼𝜇𝑤
= 2
𝑉+ 2
𝑉𝑒
𝑉 2 (−∆𝑃)𝐴 (−∆𝑃)𝐴
t/V
𝑦= 𝑚 𝑥 + 𝑐
Plot t/V vs V
Constant Filtration rate dV (− P ) A
2
=
dt w(V + Ve )
𝛼𝜇𝑤 𝑑𝑉 𝛼𝜇𝑤 𝑑𝑉
−∆𝑃 = 2
𝑉+ 2 𝑉𝑒
𝐴 𝑑𝑡 𝐴 𝑑𝑡
𝑦= 𝑚 𝑥 + 𝑐
P
Plot (-P) vs V
V
Ve is the volume of filtrate which will
deposit a layer of filter cake le
meters thick 2Ve m3
Ve m3
le
A
2A
Plate and frame filter press
Filtration equation V cumulative volume filtrate (m3)
w solids loading in slurry (kg solids/m3 filtrate)
specific cake resistance (m/kg)
dV (− P ) A 2 Ve Filter medium resistance (m3)
= -P
pressure drop (Pa)
dt w(V + Ve )
filtrate viscosity (kg/ms)
A filtration area (m2)
L thickness of filter cake (m)
𝑑 𝑉ൗ𝐴 −∆𝑃
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝑉𝑒ൗ
𝛼𝜇𝑊 ൗ𝐴 + 𝐴
Constant Pressure filtration
dV (− P ) A 2
=
dt w(V + Ve )
2
1 2 −∆𝑃 𝐴
(𝑉1 − 𝑉02 ) + (𝑉1 − 𝑉0 )𝑉𝑒 = (𝑡1 −𝑡0 )
2 𝛼𝜇𝑊
Constant filtration rate filtration
dV (− P ) A2
=
dt w(V + Ve )
𝛼𝜇𝑤 𝑉1 − 𝑉0
−∆𝑃 = 2
(𝑉 + 𝑉𝑒 )
𝐴 𝑡1 − 𝑡0
Plate and frame filters
If a plate is A m2 big,
then filtration area is 2A
Plate and frame filters dV (− P ) A2
=
dt w(V + Ve )
1
𝑊𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
4
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
V
2
1.5
When washing, the area is 1
0.5
only halve that during 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
filtration time
Plate and frame filters
Rotary drum filters
Rotary drum filters
These are vacuum filers constant pressure filtration
1 2 −∆𝑃 𝐴2
𝑉 + 𝑉𝑉𝑒 = t
2 𝛼𝜇𝑊
Rotation speed
Measured in rev per hour
Frequently the inverse value is
quoted i.e. minutes per revolution
NB
All rotary vacuum filter
calculations are base on one
complete revolution of the drum
Submergence
The depth of the drum in the slurry
(angle ), i.e. the fraction of drum under
slurry
Submergence = /360
Submergence commonly given as %
Because whole filter cloth is not submerged, the cake formation time
(filter time) is not the same as the cycle time.
The form time tf is defined as the effective filtration time in a cycle, i.e.
tf = (submergence) tc .
Each element of the filter cloth is submerged for tf seconds per cycle and
in the calculations tf is therefore the filtration time
Consider the whole area for a fraction of the cycle time
(− P ) A2
(V + Ve ) dV = w dt
