Mark scheme

1.2 & 1.3 Text, Sound & Images. Data Storage & Compression. Page 1 of 13

Syllabus
1.2 & 1.3 Text, Sound & Images. Data Storage & Compression. Page 2 of 13
1.2 & 1.3 Text, Sound & Images. Data Storage & Compression. Page 3 of 13

How data is stored

1. What is encoding?
Turning data into code (binary)
[1 mark]

2. How are the below types of data stored on the computer?

a. Text Binary
b. Image Binary
c. Sound Binary
d. Movie Binary
[4 marks]
3. What is compression?
Reducing a file size//storing the data with a smaller number of bits
[1 mark]

Text Storage
4. What does ASCII do? (not what it stands for)
Encodes text data into a binary value that is universally set
[1 mark]
5. What type of characters does ASCII store?
English Letters, Numbers, Symbols.
[3 mark]
6. How many characters can ASCII store?
128
[1 mark]
7. How many bits does ASCII use to store a character?
7 bits
[1 mark]
8. How many characters can Extended-ASCII store?
256
[1 mark]
9. How many bits does Extended-ASCII use to store a character?
8 bits
[1 mark]
10. Why was Extended-ASCII created?
To be able to store more characters, such as other languages/letters/symbols.
[1 mark]
11. How many characters can UNICODE store?
Tens of Thousands (16 bit) Billions (32 Bit)
[1 mark]
12. How many bits does UNICODE use to store a character?
16 bit or 32 bit
[1 mark]
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13. Why was UNICODE created?

To be able to store a wider range of characters, like Japanese, Chinese etc.
[1 mark]
14. What type of characters does ASCII store?
Modern/Historic Languages, Symbols, Commands, Emojis.
[2 marks]

Sound Storage
15. Using the binary signal below create a sound wave
1000011001001010011000110110101010111001

[1 mark]

16. Explain the following terms in relation to sound files:

a. Sample Rate: Frequency/the number of recordings take per second [1]
b. Sample Resolution: the number of bits assigned to each recording [1]
c. Length: the duration of the recording [1]
[3 marks]
17. How would increasing the Sample Rate affect the quality of the recording?
More samples would mean a more accurate recording of the analogue sound.
[1 mark]
18. How would increasing the Sample Resolution affect the quality of the recording?
The recording would have a higher max/min sound range for more accuracy.
[1 mark]
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Image Storage - Bitmaps

19. What are bitmap images made of?
Pixels
[1 mark]
20. Give a definition of a pixel
The smallest picture element [1] that can be drawn onscreen [1]
[2 marks]
21. What is the definition of Image Resolution?
The number of pixels in the image, height * width.
[1 mark]
22. What is the difference between a High Resolution image and a Low Resolution Image?
High Resolution – more pixels, so looks better when scaled/zoomed in. [1]
Low Resolution – less pixels, so looks more ‘blocky’ when scaled/zoomed in. [1]
[2 marks]
23. What is the definition of Colour Depth?
The number of colours available for each pixel to be able to represent.
[1 mark]

Image Storage - Vectors

24. Define a vector image

An image that is drawn on-screen using a mathematical algorithm [1] they draw lines and
shapes based on an (drawing) instruction list [1]
[2 marks]
25. What is the key difference to do with image quality between a vector and bitmap?
Vectors do not lose quality when the size is changed//Bitmaps become pixelated if made too
big or small [1]
[1 mark]

26. What is stored about the below image types? (one mark per 2 items)
Circle Rectangle
Coordinates of its centre Position of top left corner
Radius Height
Fill colour Width
Line colour Line colour
Line thickness Line thickness
Fill colour
[max 2 marks] [max 2 marks]
[4 marks]
27. What are the two key differences to do with image quality between a vector and bitmap?
Vector Images – More Scalable, but less Realistic. [1]
Bitmap Images – less Scalable, but more Realists. [1]
[2 marks]
1.2 & 1.3 Text, Sound & Images. Data Storage & Compression. Page 6 of 13

Data Storage – Units

28. Complete the table below with the equivalent values of storage units.

Smallest (b) 1 bit

1 Nibble = 4b
1 Byte (B) = 8b
1 KibiByte (KiB) = 1024B
1 MebiByte (MiB) = 1024KiB
1 GibiByte (GiB) = 1024MiB
1 TebiByte (TiB) = 1024GiB
1 PebiByte (PiB) = 1024TiB
1 ExiByte (EiB) = 1024PiB
[8 marks]
29. Can you divide by 1000 (and use KB) instead of 1024 (KiB)?
No.
[1 mark]
30. Which of the following are bigger (Tick 1 box)?
1 Mib 500 Kib
a
[ X] [ ]
70B 700B
b
[ ] [ X]
1 EiB 1024 GiB
c
[ X] [ ]
1025 Gib 1 Tib
d
[ X] [ ]
500b 50B
e
[ X] [ ]
[5 marks]
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Image File Sizes - Bitmaps

31. How do we calculate the size of a bitmap image?
width [1] x height [1] x colour depth [1]
[3 marks]
32. Fill in the gaps of the image formula triangle:

[3 marks]

33. How many Bytes Colour Depth do we use for True Colour?
3 bytes [1]
[1 mark]
34. Calculate in KiB’s how big an image that is 800 by 400 with a colour depth of 16-bits.
800x400 = 320,000
320000 *2 = 640,000
640,000/1024 = 625kB
Answer: 625kB [1 mark for working + 1 mark for correct answer]
[2 marks]

35. If an image is 5625KiB with a height of 2400 and width of 800 what is the colour depth?
2400 x 800 = 1,920,000
1,920,000/1024 = 1,875
5625/1,875 = 3
Answer: 3 bytes [1 mark for working + 1 mark for correct answer]
[2 marks]
1.2 & 1.3 Text, Sound & Images. Data Storage & Compression. Page 8 of 13

36. Calculate the size in KiB’s of an image that is 400 by 320

400x320 = 128,000
128,000*3 = 384,000
384,000/1024 = 375
Answer: 375kB [1 mark for working + 1 mark for correct answer]
[2 marks]

37. Calculate the size in KiB’s of an image that is 1200 by 1600 with a colour depth of 8-bits
1200x1600 = 1,920,000
1,920,000/1024 = 1,875
Answer: 1,875kB [1 mark for working + 1 mark for correct answer]
[2 marks]

Sound File Sizes

38. How do we calculate the number of samples in a recording?
Length [1] x Frequency/sample rate [1]
[2 marks]
39. How do we calculate the size of a sound?
Sample Resolution [1] x length [1] x Sample Rate/Frequency [1]
Or
Number of Samples [1] x Sample Size [1]

[3 marks]
40. in the gaps of the sound formula triangle

[3 marks]
41. If a sound file has a sample size of 8 bits, a rate of 20Hz and is 10 seconds long. How many
Bytes would it be?
20 x 10 = 200
Answer: 200 B
[2 marks]
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42. If a sound file has a sample size of 8 bits, a rate of 16kHz and is 24 seconds long. How many
kilobytes would it be?
16000*24 = 384,000
384000/1024 = 375
Answer: 375kB
[2 marks]
43. If a sound file is 32 seconds, 24kHz and 12 bit sample size how many kilobytes would it be?
24000x32 = 768,000
768,000*12 = 9216000
9,216,000/8 = 1,152,000
1,152,000/1024 = 1,125
Answer: 1,125kB
[2 marks]

Data compression
44. What is data compression?
The process of making a file smaller
[1 mark]
45. Give 4 reasons why we compress data
1: To make it smaller to transfer/send [1]
2: To reduce the storage size of a file [1]
3: To reduce required bandwidth to transfer
4: To take less time to transmit between devices [1]
[4 marks]
46. How does lossy compression reduce the file size?
Removing redundant data
[1 mark]
47. Can the original file be recreated once lossy compression has been applied?
No
[1 mark]
48. Is Lossy compression a good choice for text? Explain your answer
When compressing text it is important to maintain data integrity [1] Cannot remove any of the
text as the file would become meaningless if some of the text was missing [1] Text does not
have redundant data [1] lossy would cause the loss of bytes/data [1] (any 2 from)
[2 marks]
49. What is redundant data?
Unnecessary data
1.2 & 1.3 Text, Sound & Images. Data Storage & Compression. Page 10 of 13

[1 mark]
50. Draw a picture or explain how lossy data compresses images

Any suitable representation of removing redundant data

[1 mark for showing ‘grouping’ 1 mark for showing that the data is changed]
[2 marks]
51. Draw a picture or explain how lossy data compresses sounds

Any suitable representation of removing redundant data

[1 mark for showing ‘grouping’ 1 mark for showing that the data is changed]
[2 marks]
52. What does lossless compression do? (don’t forget to state the obvious)
Make the file smaller [1]
Group together the same colours or sounds and stores the number or times they appear in
sequence rather than storing each individual occurrence [1]
[2 marks]
53. Tick the correct compression method
Lossy Lossless
The method with the biggest file reduction ✓
The method where the original file cannot be recreated ✓
The method that produces images/sounds of a similar quality ✓
The method where the original file can be recreated ✓
The method that uses Run Length Encoding ✓
The method best used for text ✓
The method that removes redundant data ✓
[7 marks]
54. Name a common type of Lossless compression.
Run Length Encoding
[1 mark]
55. Describe how the type of lossless compression used in Q54 compresses an image file.
Identifies ‘runs’ of the same coloured pixels. [1]
Replaces each individual pixel with the colour and length of the run. [1]
[2 marks]
56. Describe how the type of lossless compression used in Q54 compresses a Text file.
Identifies repeated words. [1]
Removes them from the text and places them in a substitution table. [1]
[2 marks]
57. Describe how the type of lossless compression used in Q54 compresses a Sound file.
Identifies repeating sound patterns. [1]
Removes and stores them separately as with images and text. [1]
[2 marks]
1.2 & 1.3 Text, Sound & Images. Data Storage & Compression. Page 11 of 13

Past Paper Questions

Topic

1. / 2
2. / 3
3. / 3
4. / 4
5. / 6
6. / 5
TOTAL: / 23
1.2 & 1.3 Text, Sound & Images. Data Storage & Compression. Page 12 of 13

1 a) Tick 1
File Size
(√)
20 MiB
10 GiB √
1 b) Tick 1
File Size
(√)
3500 KiB √
3 MiB
2 3
512 * 300 = 153600
153600 / 1024
= 150 KiB

NOTE Colour Depth of 8 bits = 1 byte.

3 3
32 * 16 * 80 = 40960
= 40960 / 1024 = 40 / 8
=5 KiB

4 Four from: 4
• Position of top left corner
• Height
• Width
• Line colour
• Line thickness
• Fill colour

5 a) Four from: 4
• A compression algorithm is used
• Discards any unnecessary sounds….
• ….using perceptual musical shaping
• ….such as removing background noise / sounds humans can’t hear //
other suitable examples
• Reduces sample size / resolution // by example
• Reduces sample rate // by example
• Sound is clipped
• The data is permanently removed

5 b) i) One from: 1
• The file size will be smaller than lossless
• Requires less storage space
• Requires less time to transmit
1.2 & 1.3 Text, Sound & Images. Data Storage & Compression. Page 13 of 13

5 b) ii) One from: 1

• The quality of the sound will be reduced
• The original file cannot be restored
6 Five from: 5
• A (Compression) algorithm is used
• No data is removed in the process // original file can be restored
• Repeated words (are identified) // Patterns in the data (are identified)
• … and are indexed / put in a table // by example
• … and are replaced with their index // by example
• … and their positions are stored (in the table) // by example
• … and the number of times the word/pattern appears is stored (in the
table) // by example
•
NOTE Other valid methods of lossless compression can be awarded marks.