CS LAB CODES
DELTA MODULATION
clc;
clear all;
am = 1; % AMPLITUDE OF MESSAGE SIGNAL
fm = 2; % FREQUENCY OF MESSAGE SIGNAL
fs = 50 * fm; % SAMPLING FREQUENCY
t = 1;
n = 0:1/fs:t;
m = am * sin(2 * pi * fm * n); % MESSAGE SIGNAL
% Plotting the Message Signal
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(n, m);
ylim([-1.5 1.5]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('m(t)');
title('MESSAGE SIGNAL');
d = 0.15; % Step size
% Initializing for the first sample
e(1) = m(1);
eq(1) = d * sign(e(1));
mp(1) = eq(1);
% Loop for generating delta modulated signal
for i = 2:length(m)
e(i) = m(i) - mp(i-1); % Error signal
eq(i) = d * sign(e(i)); % Quantized error
mp(i) = mp(i-1) + eq(i); % Modulated signal
end
% Plotting the Delta Modulated (Staircase) Signal
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(n, m);
hold on;
stairs(n, mp, 'red'); % Delta modulated signal
legend('MESSAGE SIGNAL', 'STAIRCASE SIGNAL');
ylim([-1.5 1.5]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('mp(t)');
title('STAIRCASE SIGNAL');
% Generating Transmitting Signal
et = zeros(1, length(eq));
for j = 1:length(eq)
if eq(j) == d
et(j) = 1;
end
end
% Plotting the Transmitted Signal
subplot(3,1,3)
stairs(n, et);
ylim([-0.5 1.5]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('et(t)');
title('TRANSMITTED SIGNAL');
% Decoding the Received Signal
ed = zeros(1, length(et));
for j = 2:length(et)
if et(j) == 0
ed(j) = -d;
else
ed(j) = d;
end
end
mqd = zeros(1, length(ed));
mqd(1) = 0;
for i = 2:length(ed)
mqd(i) = ed(i) + mqd(i-1);
end
% Smoothing the Received Signal
mn = smooth(mqd, 9, 'moving'); % Using moving average of 9 samples as parameter
% Plotting the Received Signal
figure;
plot(n, mn, n, m);
hold on;
stairs(n, mqd);
legend('RECEIVED SIGNAL', 'MESSAGE SIGNAL', 'RECEIVED STAIRCASE SIGNAL');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('o(t)');
title('ALL SIGNALS');
PCM MODULATION/DEMODULATION
clc;
clear all;
close all;
% Parameters
Ac = 50; % Amplitude of carrier signal
fc = 5; % Frequency of carrier signal
A = 1; % Amplitude of message signal
fm = 2; % Frequency of message signal
fs = 20; % Sampling frequency (samples per second)
n = 3; % Number of bits for quantization
Wc = 2 * pi * fc; % Angular frequency of carrier signal
% Time vector
t = 0:0.0001:1; % Time for continuous signal
ts = 0:1/fs:1; % Time vector for discrete sampling (1 second duration)
% Original carrier signal
c = Ac * cos(Wc * t);
% Message signal (sampled version of the sine wave)
xs = A * cos(2 * pi * fm * ts);
% ---Quantization---
x1 = xs + A; % Normalization (shift signal to be positive)
x1 = x1 / (2 * A); % Scale to the range [0, 1]
L = 2^n - 1; % Number of quantization levels (e.g., for 3 bits, L = 7)
x1 = L * x1; % Scale to quantization levels
xq = round(x1); % Round to nearest integral level
r = xq / L; % Normalize back to range [0, 1]
r = 2 * A * r; % Scale back to the original amplitude
r = r - A; % Shift back to original range
% ---Encoding---
y = []; % Store binary PCM code
for i = 1:length(xq)
d = dec2bin(xq(i), n); % Convert each quantized value to binary
y = [y, double(d) - 48]; % Convert binary string to number and append to y
end
% Bitrate calculation
Bitrate = n * fs;
% ---Demodulation---
% Convert binary signal back to quantized levels
xq_demod = zeros(1, length(ts)); % Initialize demodulated quantized levels
index = 1; % Initialize binary index
for i = 1:length(xq)
bin_str = y(index:index+n-1); % Extract n-bit binary string
xq_demod(i) = bin2dec(num2str(bin_str)); % Convert binary string to decimal
index = index + n; % Move to the next n bits
end
% Decode quantized levels back to the original signal range
x_demod = (xq_demod / L) * (2 * A) - A;
% Interpolation to reconstruct the signal
t_interp = 0:0.0001:1; % Fine time grid for interpolation
x_reconstructed = interp1(ts, x_demod, t_interp, 'previous'); % Zero-order hold interpolation
% Plot the original and sampled signals
figure;
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t, A * cos(2 * pi * fm * t), 'linewidth', 2);
title('Sampling');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time t (in sec)');
hold on;
stem(ts, xs, 'r', 'linewidth', 2);
hold off;
legend('Original Signal', 'Sampled Signal');
% Plot the quantized signal
subplot(4,1,2);
stem(ts, x1, 'linewidth', 2);
title('Quantization');
ylabel('Levels L');
hold on;
stem(ts, xq, 'r', 'linewidth', 2);
plot(ts, xq, '--r');
plot(t, (A * cos(2 * pi * fm * t) + A) * L / (2 * A), '--b');
grid;
hold off;
legend('Sampled Signal', 'Quantized Signal');
% Plot the encoded binary signal
subplot(4,1,3);
stairs([y, y(end)], 'linewidth', 2); % PCM encoded binary signal
title('Encoding');
ylabel('Binary Signal');
xlabel('Bits');
axis([0 length(y) -1 2]);
grid;
% Plot the reconstructed signal
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t_interp, x_reconstructed, 'b', 'linewidth', 2);
title('Reconstructed Signal (Demodulated)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlabel('Time t (in sec)');
hold on;
plot(t, A * cos(2 * pi * fm * t), '--r'); % Correct: compare with cosine
hold off;
legend('Reconstructed Signal', 'Original Signal');
grid on;
PHASE MODULATION/DEMODULATION
clear all;
close all;
clc;
% Parameters
fc = 5; % Carrier frequency (Hz)
kp = 2 * pi; % Phase deviation constant (radians per unit amplitude of m)
fm = 1; % Message signal frequency (Hz)
Am = 1; % Amplitude of message signal
Ac = 1; % Amplitude of carrier signal
fs = 100; % Sampling frequency (samples per second)
t = 0:1/fs:1; % Time vector (1 second duration)
% Message signal (sine wave)
m = Am * sin(2 * pi * fm * t); % Original message signal
% Phase Modulated Signal
s_pm = Ac * cos(2 * pi * fc * t + kp * m); % Phase modulated signal
% Phase Demodulation using Hilbert Transform
analytic_signal = hilbert(s_pm); % Compute the analytic signal
phase = angle(analytic_signal); % Extract the phase
demodulated_message = unwrap(phase - 2 * pi * fc * t); % Unwrap the phase and remove carrier
phase
% Normalize the demodulated message to match the amplitude of the original message
demodulated_message = demodulated_message / max(abs(demodulated_message)) * Am;
% Plotting the results
figure;
% Plot original message signal
subplot(4, 1, 1);
plot(t, m);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Original Message Signal (Sine Wave)');
grid on;
% Plot PM signal
subplot(4, 1, 2);
plot(t, s_pm);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Phase Modulated Signal (PM)');
grid on;
% Plot demodulated message signal
subplot(4, 1, 3);
plot(t, demodulated_message);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Demodulated Message Signal Using Hilbert Transform');
grid on;
% Compute and plot the FFT for the demodulated message signal
M_demod = fft(demodulated_message);
N_demod = length(demodulated_message); % Number of samples
f_demod = (-N_demod/2:N_demod/2-1)*(fs/N_demod); % Frequency vector
subplot(4, 1, 4);
plot(f_demod, abs(fftshift(M_demod))/N_demod);
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
title('Spectrum of Demodulated Message Signal');
grid on;
DSB-SC MODULATION
% Parameters
fs = 100; % Sampling frequency (Hz)
t = 0:1/fs:1-1/fs; % Time vector
fc = 10; % Carrier frequency (Hz)
f_m = 10; % Message signal frequency (Hz)
% Message signal
m_t = cos(2*pi*f_m*t);
% DSB-SC modulation (Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier)
dsbsc = m_t .* cos(2*pi*fc*t);
% Fourier Transform of the DSB-SC signal
N = length(dsbsc);
f = (-N/2:N/2-1)*(fs/N); % Frequency vector
DSBSC_spectrum = fftshift(fft(dsbsc));
% Filter to obtain the Upper Sideband (USB)
usb_filt = double(f > fc); % Pass frequencies above carrier frequency
USB_spectrum = usb_filt .* DSBSC_spectrum;
% Inverse Fourier Transform to get the time-domain USB signal
usb = ifft(ifftshift(USB_spectrum));
% Filter to obtain the Lower Sideband (LSB)
lsb_filt = double(f < -fc); % Pass frequencies below negative carrier frequency
LSB_spectrum = lsb_filt .* DSBSC_spectrum;
% Inverse Fourier Transform to get the time-domain LSB signal
lsb = ifft(ifftshift(LSB_spectrum));
% Plot the Message Signal, LSB, and USB
figure;
% Time-domain plots
subplot(3,2,1);
plot(t, m_t);
title('Message Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(3,2,3);
plot(t, lsb);
title('Lower Sideband (LSB) Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(3,2,5);
plot(t, usb);
title('Upper Sideband (USB) Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Frequency-domain plots
subplot(3,2,2);
plot(f, abs(fftshift(fft(m_t))));
title('Message Signal Spectrum');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
subplot(3,2,4);
plot(f, abs(LSB_spectrum));
title('Lower Sideband (LSB) Spectrum');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
subplot(3,2,6);
plot(f, abs(USB_spectrum));
title('Upper Sideband (USB) Spectrum');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
AM SIGNAL UNDER, CRITICAL , OVER MODULATION
T = 1e-3; % Total time duration for the signal
t = 0:T:10; % Time vector from 0 to 10 with step T
N = length(t); % Number of samples
Am = 5; % Amplitude of message signal
ka = 1/10; % Modulation index (under modulation)
fm = 1; % Frequency of message signal
fc = 10; % Frequency of carrier signal
Ac = 1; % Amplitude of carrier signal
ct = Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t); % Carrier signal
mt = Am*cos(2*pi*fm*t); % Message signal
df = 1/(N*T); % Frequency resolution
f = 0:df:(N-1)*df; % Frequency vector
mf = (1e-3)*abs(fft(mt)); % Fourier transform of message signal
cf = (1e-3)*abs(fft(ct)); % Fourier transform of carrier signal
% Plotting message signal in time domain
subplot(5,2,1);
plot(t, mt);
grid on;
xlabel('t');
ylabel('m(t)');
title('Message Signal');
% Plotting message signal in frequency domain
subplot(5,2,2);
plot(f, mf);
xlim([0,10]);
ylim([0,60]);
grid on;
xlabel('f');
ylabel('M(f)');
title('Message Signal (Frequency Domain)');
% Plotting carrier signal in time domain
subplot(5,2,3);
plot(t, ct);
grid on;
xlabel('t');
ylabel('c(t)');
title('Carrier Signal');
% Plotting carrier signal in frequency domain
subplot(5,2,4);
plot(f, cf);
xlim([0,20]);
ylim([0,60]);
grid on;
xlabel('f');
ylabel('C(f)');
title('Carrier Signal (Frequency Domain)');
% Under Modulation
mod = (1 + ka*mt).*ct;
mod_f = (1e-3)*abs(fft(mod));
subplot(5,2,5);
plot(t, mod);
title('AM Signal for ka = 1/10 (Under Modulation)');
ylabel('s(t)');
xlabel('t');
grid on;
subplot(5,2,6);
plot(f, mod_f);
xlim([0,2*fc]);
xticks(0:1:2*fc);
ylim([0,60]);
ylabel('S(f)');
xlabel('f');
title('AM Spectrum for ka = 1/10 (Under Modulation)');
grid on;
% Perfect Modulation
ka1 = 1/5;
mod1 = (1 + ka1*mt).*ct;
mod_f1 = (1e-3)*abs(fft(mod1));
subplot(5,2,7);
plot(t, mod1);
title('AM Signal for ka = 1/5 (Perfect Modulation)');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('s(t)');
grid on;
subplot(5,2,8);
plot(f, mod_f1);
xlim([0,2*fc]);
xticks(0:1:2*fc);
ylim([0,60]);
ylabel('S(f)');
xlabel('f');
title('AM Spectrum for ka = 1/5 (Perfect Modulation)');
grid on;
% Over Modulation
ka2 = 1;
mod2 = (1 + ka2*mt).*ct;
mod_f2 = (1e-3)*abs(fft(mod2));
subplot(5,2,9);
plot(t, mod2);
title('AM Signal for ka = 1 (Over Modulation)');
xlabel('t');
ylabel('s(t)');
grid on;
subplot(5,2,10);
plot(f, mod_f2);
xlim([0,2*fc]);
xticks(0:1:2*fc);
ylim([0,60]);
ylabel('S(f)');
xlabel('f');
title('AM Spectrum for ka = 1 (Over Modulation)');
grid on;
AWGN AM SIGNAL MOD/DEMOD
% MATLAB code to demodulate an AM signal with AWGN
% Parameters
Fs = 1e5; % Sampling frequency (Hz)
Fc = 10e3; % Carrier frequency (Hz)
Fm = 1e3; % Message signal frequency (Hz)
Am = 1; % Amplitude of message signal
Ac = 2; % Amplitude of carrier signal
SNR = 10; % Signal-to-Noise Ratio (dB)
% Time vector (1 second duration)
t = 0:1/Fs:1-1/Fs;
% Message signal (sine wave instead of cosine)
message_signal = Am * sin(2*pi*Fm*t); % Sine wave message signal
% Carrier signal (high-frequency signal)
carrier_signal = Ac * cos(2*pi*Fc*t);
% AM signal (modulated signal)
AM_signal = (Ac + message_signal) .* cos(2*pi*Fc*t);
% Add AWGN noise manually
signal_power = var(AM_signal); % Power of the AM signal
noise_power = signal_power / (10^(SNR/10)); % Power of noise
noise = sqrt(noise_power) * randn(size(t)); % Gaussian noise
% Noisy AM signal
noisy_signal = AM_signal + noise;
% Create a figure with multiple subplots
figure;
% Zooming into a smaller time window (e.g., 0 to 0.02 seconds)
zoom_time_window = [0, 0.02]; % Zoom into the first 0.02 seconds
% Plot the original AM signal (subplot 1)
subplot(4, 1, 1);
plot(t, AM_signal, 'LineWidth', 0.5); % Thinest line possible (default or 0.5)
title('Original AM Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlim(zoom_time_window); % Zoom into the first 0.02 seconds
ylim([-Ac-0.5, Ac+0.5]); % Adjust amplitude to see the full signal
grid on; % Add grid for better visibility
% Plot the noisy AM signal (subplot 2)
subplot(4, 1, 2);
plot(t, noisy_signal, 'LineWidth', 0.5); % Thinest line possible
title('Noisy AM Signal with AWGN');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlim(zoom_time_window); % Zoom into the first 0.02 seconds
ylim([-Ac-0.5, Ac+0.5]); % Adjust amplitude to see the full signal
grid on; % Add grid
% Demodulate the noisy AM signal (envelope detection using Hilbert transform)
demodulated_signal = abs(hilbert(noisy_signal));
% Apply a low-pass filter to remove high-frequency components (carrier)
% Create a low-pass filter (e.g., with cutoff frequency Fm)
cutoff_freq = 2 * Fm; % Set cutoff to just above the message frequency
[b, a] = butter(6, cutoff_freq / (Fs / 2), 'low'); % 6th-order Butterworth filter
filtered_demodulated_signal = filter(b, a, demodulated_signal);
% Plot the filtered demodulated signal (subplot 3)
subplot(4, 1, 3);
plot(t, filtered_demodulated_signal, 'LineWidth', 0.5); % Thinest line possible
title('Filtered Demodulated Signal (Envelope Detection + Low-pass Filter)');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlim(zoom_time_window); % Zoom into the first 0.02 seconds
ylim([-Ac-0.5, Ac+0.5]); % Adjust vertical limits
grid on; % Add grid
% Extract the message signal by removing the carrier component
demodulated_message = filtered_demodulated_signal - Ac;
% Plot the extracted message signal (subplot 4)
subplot(4, 1, 4);
plot(t, demodulated_message, 'LineWidth', 0.5); % Thinest line possible
title('Extracted Message Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
xlim(zoom_time_window); % Zoom into the first 0.02 seconds
ylim([-Am-0.5, Am+0.5]); % Adjust amplitude to focus on the message signal
grid on; % Add grid
